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Wang Y, Liang W, Hao D, Li M, Chen H, Gu Y, Wang S. Flexible, Stable, and Efficient Counter Electrode for Quantum-Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Carbon Nanotube Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:35474-35483. [PMID: 38926902 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development in information, communication, energy, medical care, and other fields, the demand for light, strong, flexible, and stable materials continues to grow. Carbon nanotube (CNT) films possess outstanding properties, such as flexibility, good tensile properties, low density, and high electrical conductivity, making them promising materials for a wide range of applications. This paper reports an effective strategy that combines stretching treatment, laser etching, and electron beam deposition to fabricate an iron-deposited CNT film, which can serve as a counter electrode (CE) of quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells. The study also investigates the influences of processing parameters, such as stretching ratio and iron-depositing thickness on the film's stacking structure, electrical conductivity, and catalytic activity. Under optimized stretching ratios and depositing thicknesses, the catalytic activity of the reacted deposited layer and the high electrical conductivity of the flexible film basis can be fully utilized, allowing the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of the solar cells to reach approximately 4.58%. Additionally, the CE exhibits flexibility, light transmission, and good stability, with its primary properties remaining above 97% after nearly 50 days. Thus, this research provides innovative material options and development strategies for the development of electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weitao Liang
- School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Diyi Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haining Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yizhuo Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shaokai Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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2
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Li J, Chu H, Chen Z, Yiu CK, Qu Q, Li Z, Yu X. Recent Advances in Materials, Devices and Algorithms Toward Wearable Continuous Blood Pressure Monitoring. ACS NANO 2024; 18:17407-17438. [PMID: 38923501 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Continuous blood pressure (BP) tracking provides valuable insights into the health condition and functionality of the heart, arteries, and overall circulatory system of humans. The rapid development in flexible and wearable electronics has significantly accelerated the advancement of wearable BP monitoring technologies. However, several persistent challenges, including limited sensing capabilities and stability of flexible sensors, poor interfacial stability between sensors and skin, and low accuracy in BP estimation, have hindered the progress in wearable BP monitoring. To address these challenges, comprehensive innovations in materials design, device development, system optimization, and modeling have been pursued to improve the overall performance of wearable BP monitoring systems. In this review, we highlight the latest advancements in flexible and wearable systems toward continuous noninvasive BP tracking with a primary focus on materials development, device design, system integration, and theoretical algorithms. Existing challenges, potential solutions, and further research directions are also discussed to provide theoretical and technical guidance for the development of future wearable systems in continuous ambulatory BP measurement with enhanced sensing capability, robustness, and long-term accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongwei Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhenlin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Ki Yiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
| | - Qing'ao Qu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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3
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Fukumoto M, Akai R, Yoshida Y, Sakuma SN, Ono H, Mori R, Sano M. Synchronized oscillations of carbon nanotubes dispersed in solution. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4522. [PMID: 36941325 PMCID: PMC10027871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31813-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although synchronized oscillations are found in a variety of systems and living organisms in nature, there has been no report on technologically important materials. We have observed by a fluorescence microscope that a large number of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) dispersed in an aqueous mixture of the surfactant and dye execute synchronized oscillations spontaneously. The movement was quantified to give a power spectrum, revealing a single, sharp synchronization peak at 20 Hz. It was found not to be affected nor created by external vibrations. The surfactant concentration dependence demonstrates that the Kuramoto model is applicable to describe the CNT synchronization. It is always associated with the power-law noise, indicating the presence of complex heterogeneous networks. These results suggest a highly cooperative form of the sparse CNT network connected with variable linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Fukumoto
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jyonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Akai
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jyonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yume Yoshida
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jyonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shin-Nosuke Sakuma
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jyonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hayato Ono
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jyonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Rintaro Mori
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jyonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Masahito Sano
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jyonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata, 992-8510, Japan.
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4
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Browning LA, Watterson W, Happe E, Silva S, Abril Valenzuela R, Smith J, Dierkes MP, Taylor RP, Plank NOV, Marlow CA. Investigation of Fractal Carbon Nanotube Networks for Biophilic Neural Sensing Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030636. [PMID: 33806365 PMCID: PMC8000135 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We propose a carbon-nanotube-based neural sensor designed to exploit the electrical sensitivity of an inhomogeneous fractal network of conducting channels. This network forms the active layer of a multi-electrode field effect transistor that in future applications will be gated by the electrical potential associated with neuronal signals. Using a combination of simulated and fabricated networks, we show that thin films of randomly-arranged carbon nanotubes (CNTs) self-assemble into a network featuring statistical fractal characteristics. The extent to which the network's non-linear responses will generate a superior detection of the neuron's signal is expected to depend on both the CNT electrical properties and the geometric properties of the assembled network. We therefore perform exploratory experiments that use metallic gates to mimic the potentials generated by neurons. We demonstrate that the fractal scaling properties of the network, along with their intrinsic asymmetry, generate electrical signatures that depend on the potential's location. We discuss how these properties can be exploited for future neural sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo A. Browning
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6021, New Zealand; (L.A.B.); (E.H.); (N.O.V.P.)
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - William Watterson
- Materials Science Institute, Physics Department, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1274, USA; (W.W.); (J.S.); (R.P.T.)
| | - Erica Happe
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6021, New Zealand; (L.A.B.); (E.H.); (N.O.V.P.)
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
- Physics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (S.S.); (R.A.V.); (M.P.D.)
| | - Savannah Silva
- Physics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (S.S.); (R.A.V.); (M.P.D.)
| | - Roberto Abril Valenzuela
- Physics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (S.S.); (R.A.V.); (M.P.D.)
| | - Julian Smith
- Materials Science Institute, Physics Department, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1274, USA; (W.W.); (J.S.); (R.P.T.)
| | - Marissa P. Dierkes
- Physics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (S.S.); (R.A.V.); (M.P.D.)
| | - Richard P. Taylor
- Materials Science Institute, Physics Department, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1274, USA; (W.W.); (J.S.); (R.P.T.)
| | - Natalie O. V. Plank
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6021, New Zealand; (L.A.B.); (E.H.); (N.O.V.P.)
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Colleen A. Marlow
- Physics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; (S.S.); (R.A.V.); (M.P.D.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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He M, Zhang S, Zhang J. Horizontal Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Arrays: Controlled Synthesis, Characterizations, and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12592-12684. [PMID: 33064453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) emerge as a promising material to advance carbon nanoelectronics. However, synthesizing or assembling pure metallic/semiconducting SWNTs required for interconnects/integrated circuits, respectively, by a conventional chemical vapor deposition method or by an assembly technique remains challenging. Recent studies have shown significant scientific breakthroughs in controlled SWNT synthesis/assembly and applications in scaled field effect transistors, which are a critical component in functional nanodevices, thereby rendering the horizontal SWNT array an important candidate for innovating nanotechnology. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the controlled synthesis, surface assembly, characterization techniques, and potential applications of horizontally aligned SWNT arrays. This review begins with the discussion of synthesis of horizontally aligned SWNTs with regulated direction, density, structure, and theoretical models applied to understand the growth results. Several traditional procedures applied for assembling SWNTs on target surface are also briefly discussed. It then discusses the techniques adopted to characterize SWNTs, ranging from electron/probe microscopy to various optical spectroscopy methods. Prototype applications based on the horizontally aligned SWNTs, such as interconnects, field effect transistors, integrated circuits, and even computers, are subsequently described. Finally, this review concludes with challenges and a brief outlook of the future development in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoshuai He
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shuchen Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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6
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Park B, Jang J, Kim H, Seo J, Yoo H, Kim T, Hong Y. Dense Assembly of Finely Patterned Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes via a Selective Transfer Method of Nanotube-Attracting Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:38441-38450. [PMID: 32790276 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Development of technology for assembled single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) film with the fine resolution is an essential technique for penetrating practical electronic applications. A promising approach is the assembly method by adding a chemical-functionalizing substrate to enhance affinity between the SWCNTs and the substrate. However, the various introduced approaches for solution-based assembly have suffered from low SWCNT deposition selectivity or low SWCNT deposition density. Herein, we demonstrated a facile method for selectively assembling semiconducting SWCNT network on the substrate. The substrate was prepared via a transfer printing of a poly-l-lysine (PLL)-coated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamp. The thermal-assisted transfer method enabled an ultrafine PLL pattern (≤4 μm) and a high transfer yield (96.5%) by only one-time stamping without a change of the SWCNT-attracting nature. So, semiconducting SWCNTs were deposited on the patterned regions selectively and precisely. The benefit of the patterned semiconducting SWCNTs was lowering leakage current and turn-on voltage in the transfer characteristics by suppressing attachment of unnecessary SWCNT network. They showed excellent electrical performance, a log10(Ion/Ioff) ratio of 4.76, and an average value of linear field-effect mobility of 7.56 cm2/(V s). This research provides a simple but high-quality assembling technique of semiconducting SWCNTs, thereby improving the feasibility of solution-processed SWCNT-TFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boik Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsu Jang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonggyu Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseok Seo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Yoo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongtaek Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE), Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center (ISRC), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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7
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Shin H, Oh J, Kim Y, Son JG, Lee C, Shin KY. Improved electrical performance and transparency of bottom-gate, bottom-contact single-walled carbon nanotube transistors using graphene source/drain electrodes. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2019.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Hirotani J, Ohno Y. Carbon Nanotube Thin Films for High-Performance Flexible Electronics Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2019; 377:3. [PMID: 30600416 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube thin films have attracted considerable attention because of their potential use in flexible/stretchable electronics applications, such as flexible displays and wearable health monitoring devices. Due to recent progress in the post-purification processes of carbon nanotubes, high-purity semiconducting carbon nanotubes can be obtained for thin-film transistor applications. One of the key challenges for the practical use of carbon nanotube thin-film transistors is the thin-film formation technology, which is required for achieving not only high performance but also uniform device characteristics. In this paper, after describing the fundamental thin-film formation techniques, we review the recent progress of thin-film formation technologies for carbon nanotube-based flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hirotani
- Department of Electronics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ohno
- Department of Electronics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.
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9
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Metallic-semiconducting junctions create sensing hot-spots in carbon nanotube FET aptasensors near percolation. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 130:408-413. [PMID: 30266423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Easily fabricated random network carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNT-FETs) have benefitted from improved separation techniques to deliver CNTs with current formulations providing at least 99% semiconducting tube content. Amongst the most promising applications of this device platform are electronic biosensors, where the network conduction is affected through tethered probes such as aptamers which act as molecular scale electrostatic gates. However, the prevailing assumption that these biosensor devices would be optimized if metallic tubes were entirely eliminated has not been examined. Here, we show that metallic-semiconducting junctions in aptasensors are sensing hotspots and that their impact on sensing is heightened by the CNT network's proximity to percolation. First, we use a biased conducting AFM tip to gate a CNT-FET at the nanoscale and demonstrate that the strongest device response occurs when gating at metallic-semiconducting junctions. Second, we resolve the target sensitivity of an aptasensor as a function of tube density and show heightened sensitivity at densities close to the percolation threshold. We find the strongest sensing response where the 1% of metallic tubes generate a high density of metallic-semiconducting junctions but cannot form a percolated metallic path across the network. These findings highlight the critical role of metallic tubes in CNT-FET biosensor devices and demonstrate that network composition is an important variable to boost the performance of electronic biosensors.
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10
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Liang X, Xia J, Dong G, Tian B, Peng L. Carbon Nanotube Thin Film Transistors for Flat Panel Display Application. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:80. [PMID: 27873286 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0083-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising materials for both high performance transistors for high speed computing and thin film transistors for macroelectronics, which can provide more functions at low cost. Among macroelectronics applications, carbon nanotube thin film transistors (CNT-TFT) are expected to be used soon for backplanes in flat panel displays (FPDs) due to their superior performance. In this paper, we review the challenges of CNT-TFT technology for FPD applications. The device performance of state-of-the-art CNT-TFTs are compared with the requirements of TFTs for FPDs. Compatibility of the fabrication processes of CNT-TFTs and current TFT technologies are critically examined. Though CNT-TFT technology is not yet ready for backplane production line of FPDs, the challenges can be overcome by close collaboration between research institutes and FPD manufacturers in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Liang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Jiye Xia
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guodong Dong
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Boyuan Tian
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lianmao Peng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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11
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Ibrahim I, Gemming T, Weber WM, Mikolajick T, Liu Z, Rümmeli MH. Current Progress in the Chemical Vapor Deposition of Type-Selected Horizontally Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7248-7266. [PMID: 27427780 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exciting electrical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes show promise as a future class of electronic materials, yet the manufacturing challenges remain significant. The key challenges are to determine fabrication approaches for complex and flexible arrangements of nanotube devices that are reliable, rapid, and reproducible. Realizing regular array structures is an important step toward this goal. Considerable efforts have and are being made in this vein, although the progress to date is somewhat modest. However, there are reasons to be optimistic. Positive steps of being able to control not only the spatial location and diameter of the tubes but also their electronic type (chiral control) are being made. Two primary approaches are being exploited to address the challenges. Tube deposition techniques, on the one hand, and direct growth of the desired tube at the target location are being explored. While this review covers both approaches, the emphasis is on recent developments in the direct fabrication of type-selected horizontally aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Ibrahim
- NaMLab gGmbH , Nöthnitzer Strasse 64, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Gemming
- IFW Dresden , P.O. Box 270116, 01171 Dresden, Saxony, Germany
| | - Walter M Weber
- NaMLab gGmbH , Nöthnitzer Strasse 64, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Dresden University of Technology , 01062 Dresden, Saxony, Germany
| | - Thomas Mikolajick
- NaMLab gGmbH , Nöthnitzer Strasse 64, D-01187 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Dresden University of Technology , 01062 Dresden, Saxony, Germany
- Chair of Nanoelectronic Materials, TU Dresden , D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- College of Physics Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215006, China
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Centre for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mark H Rümmeli
- College of Physics Optoelectronics and Energy & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University , Suzhou 215006, China
- IFW Dresden , P.O. Box 270116, 01171 Dresden, Saxony, Germany
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences , M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
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12
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Liu C, Cheng HM. Controlled Growth of Semiconducting and Metallic Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6690-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory
for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenyang National Laboratory
for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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13
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Zhang F, Hou PX, Liu C, Wang BW, Jiang H, Chen ML, Sun DM, Li JC, Cong HT, Kauppinen EI, Cheng HM. Growth of semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes with a narrow band-gap distribution. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11160. [PMID: 27025784 PMCID: PMC4820937 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of high-quality semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes with a narrow band-gap distribution is crucial for the fabrication of high-performance electronic devices. However, the single-wall carbon nanotubes grown from traditional metal catalysts usually have diversified structures and properties. Here we design and prepare an acorn-like, partially carbon-coated cobalt nanoparticle catalyst with a uniform size and structure by the thermal reduction of a [Co(CN)6](3-) precursor adsorbed on a self-assembled block copolymer nanodomain. The inner cobalt nanoparticle functions as active catalytic phase for carbon nanotube growth, whereas the outer carbon layer prevents the aggregation of cobalt nanoparticles and ensures a perpendicular growth mode. The grown single-wall carbon nanotubes have a very narrow diameter distribution centred at 1.7 nm and a high semiconducting content of >95%. These semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes have a very small band-gap difference of ∼0.08 eV and show excellent thin-film transistor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Advanced Carbon Division, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Peng-Xiang Hou
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Advanced Carbon Division, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Advanced Carbon Division, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bing-Wei Wang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Advanced Carbon Division, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Nano Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics and Center for New Materials, School of Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mao-Lin Chen
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Advanced Carbon Division, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Dong-Ming Sun
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Advanced Carbon Division, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jin-Cheng Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Advanced Carbon Division, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hong-Tao Cong
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Advanced Carbon Division, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Esko I. Kauppinen
- Nano Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics and Center for New Materials, School of Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Advanced Carbon Division, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Abstract
Nano-bioelectronics represents a rapidly expanding interdisciplinary field that combines nanomaterials with biology and electronics and, in so doing, offers the potential to overcome existing challenges in bioelectronics. In particular, shrinking electronic transducer dimensions to the nanoscale and making their properties appear more biological can yield significant improvements in the sensitivity and biocompatibility and thereby open up opportunities in fundamental biology and healthcare. This review emphasizes recent advances in nano-bioelectronics enabled with semiconductor nanostructures, including silicon nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. First, the synthesis and electrical properties of these nanomaterials are discussed in the context of bioelectronics. Second, affinity-based nano-bioelectronic sensors for highly sensitive analysis of biomolecules are reviewed. In these studies, semiconductor nanostructures as transistor-based biosensors are discussed from fundamental device behavior through sensing applications and future challenges. Third, the complex interface between nanoelectronics and living biological systems, from single cells to live animals, is reviewed. This discussion focuses on representative advances in electrophysiology enabled using semiconductor nanostructures and their nanoelectronic devices for cellular measurements through emerging work where arrays of nanoelectronic devices are incorporated within three-dimensional cell networks that define synthetic and natural tissues. Last, some challenges and exciting future opportunities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
| | - Charles M. Lieber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
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15
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Chang HC, Wang JT, Li DH, Lu C, Hsu HW, Wu HC, Liu CL, Chen WC. Conjugated fluorene-moiety-containing pendant polymers for the dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes: polymer wrapping abilities and electrical properties. Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2015.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Li J, Franklin AD, Liu J. Gate-Free Electrical Breakdown of Metallic Pathways in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Crossbar Networks. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:6058-6065. [PMID: 26263184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) synthesized by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method have exceptional potential for next-generation nanoelectronics. However, the coexistence of semiconducting (s-) and metallic (m-) SWNTs remains a considerable challenge since the latter causes significant degradation in device performance. Here we demonstrate a facile and effective approach to selectively break all m-SWNTs by stacking two layers of horizontally aligned SWNTs to form crossbars and applying a voltage to the crossed SWNT arrays. The introduction of SWNT junctions amplifies the disparity in resistance between s- and m-pathways, leading to a complete deactivation of m-SWNTs while minimizing the degradation of the semiconducting counterparts. Unlike previous approaches that required an electrostatic gate to achieve selectivity in electrical breakdown, this junction process is gate-free and opens the way for straightforward integration of thin-film s-SWNT devices. Comparison to electrical breakdown in junction-less SWNT devices without gating shows that this junction-based breakdown method yields more than twice the average on-state current retention in the resultant s-SWNT arrays. Systematic studies show that the on/off ratio can reach as high as 1.4 × 10(6) with a correspondingly high retention of on-state current compared to the initial current value before breakdown. Overall, this method provides important insight into transport at SWNT junctions and a simple route for obtaining pure s-SWNT thin film devices for broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Li
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Aaron D Franklin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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17
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Li J, Ke CT, Liu K, Li P, Liang S, Finkelstein G, Wang F, Liu J. Importance of diameter control on selective synthesis of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8564-72. [PMID: 25111952 DOI: 10.1021/nn503265g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The coexistence of semiconducting and metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) during synthesis is one of the major bottlenecks that prevent their broad application for the next-generation nanoelectronics. Herein, we present more understanding and demonstration of the growth of highly enriched semiconducting SWNTs (s-SWNTs) with a narrow diameter distribution. An important fact discovered in our experiments is that the selective elimination of metallic SWNTs (m-SWNTs) from the mixed arrays grown on quartz is diameter-dependent. Our method emphasizes controlling the diameter distribution of SWNTs in a narrow range where m-SWNTs can be effectively and selectively etched during growth. In order to achieve narrow diameter distribution, uniform and stable Fe-W nanoclusters were used as the catalyst precursors. About 90% of as-prepared SWNTs fall into the diameter range 2.0-3.2 nm. Electrical measurement results on individual SWNTs confirm that the selectivity of s-SWNTs is ∼95%. The present study provides an effective strategy for increasing the purity of s-SWNTs via controlling the diameter distribution of SWNTs and adjusting the etchant concentration. Furthermore, by carefully comparing the chirality distributions of Fe-W-catalyzed and Fe-catalyzed SWNTs under different water vapor concentrations, the relationship between the diameter-dependent and electronic-type-dependent etching mechanisms was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Li
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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18
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Liu J, Moo-Young J, McInnis M, Pasquinelli MA, Zhai L. Conjugated Polymer Assemblies on Carbon Nanotubes. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401609q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Liu
- NanoScience
Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Joseph Moo-Young
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, 2401 Research Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Matthew McInnis
- NanoScience
Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Melissa A. Pasquinelli
- Department
of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, 2401 Research Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Lei Zhai
- NanoScience
Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
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19
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Hammock ML, Chortos A, Tee BCK, Tok JBH, Bao Z. 25th anniversary article: The evolution of electronic skin (e-skin): a brief history, design considerations, and recent progress. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5997-6038. [PMID: 24151185 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 882] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Human skin is a remarkable organ. It consists of an integrated, stretchable network of sensors that relay information about tactile and thermal stimuli to the brain, allowing us to maneuver within our environment safely and effectively. Interest in large-area networks of electronic devices inspired by human skin is motivated by the promise of creating autonomous intelligent robots and biomimetic prosthetics, among other applications. The development of electronic networks comprised of flexible, stretchable, and robust devices that are compatible with large-area implementation and integrated with multiple functionalities is a testament to the progress in developing an electronic skin (e-skin) akin to human skin. E-skins are already capable of providing augmented performance over their organic counterpart, both in superior spatial resolution and thermal sensitivity. They could be further improved through the incorporation of additional functionalities (e.g., chemical and biological sensing) and desired properties (e.g., biodegradability and self-powering). Continued rapid progress in this area is promising for the development of a fully integrated e-skin in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory L Hammock
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 381 N. South Axis, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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20
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Allen R, Fuller GG, Bao Z. Aligned SWNT films from low-yield stress gels and their transparent electrode performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:7244-7252. [PMID: 23823600 DOI: 10.1021/am401592v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube films are promising for transparent electrodes for solar cells and displays. Large-area alignment of the nanotubes in these films is needed to minimize the sheet resistance. We present a novel coating method to coat high-density, aligned nanotubes over large areas. Carbon nanotube gel dispersions used in this study have aligned domains and a low yield stress. A simple shearing force allows these domains to uniformly align. We use this to correlate the transparent electrode performance of single-walled carbon nanotube films with the level of partial alignment. We have found that the transparent electrode performance improves with increasing levels of alignment and in a manner slightly better than what has been previously predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranulfo Allen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
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21
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Abstract
Chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising materials for sensing of gases and volatile organic compounds. However, the poor solubility of carbon nanotubes hinders their chemical functionalization and the subsequent integration of these materials into devices. This manuscript describes a solvent-free procedure for rapid prototyping of selective chemiresistors from CNTs and graphite on the surface of paper. This procedure enables fabrication of functional gas sensors from commercially available starting materials in less than 15 min. The first step of this procedure involves the generation of solid composites of CNTs or graphite with small molecule selectors--designed to interact with specific classes of gaseous analytes--by solvent-free mechanical mixing in a ball mill and subsequent compression. The second step involves deposition of chemiresistive sensors by mechanical abrasion of these solid composites onto the surface of paper. Parallel fabrication of multiple chemiresistors from diverse composites rapidly generates cross-reactive arrays capable of sensing and differentiating gases and volatile organic compounds at part-per-million and part-per-thousand concentrations.
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22
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Sundramoorthy AK, Mesgari S, Wang J, Kumar R, Sk. MA, Yeap SH, Zhang Q, Sze SK, Lim KH, Chan-Park MB. Scalable and Effective Enrichment of Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by a Dual Selective Naphthalene-Based Azo Dispersant. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5569-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ja312282g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Sundramoorthy
- School of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Sara Mesgari
- School of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Raj Kumar
- Microelectronics Center, School
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Mahasin Alam Sk.
- School of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Siew Hooi Yeap
- School of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Qing Zhang
- Microelectronics Center, School
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798,
Singapore
| | - Kok Hwa Lim
- School of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Mary B. Chan-Park
- School of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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23
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Lei Y, Du L. Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes with Self‐Templating Assembly Behavior. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201201513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youan Lei
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467036, P. R. China, Fax: +86‐375‐2089‐043, http://www.hncj.edu.cn/
| | - Lingzhi Du
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan 467036, P. R. China, Fax: +86‐375‐2089‐043, http://www.hncj.edu.cn/
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24
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Park S, Vosguerichian M, Bao Z. A review of fabrication and applications of carbon nanotube film-based flexible electronics. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:1727-52. [PMID: 23381727 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr33560g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronics offer a wide-variety of applications such as flexible circuits, flexible displays, flexible solar cells, skin-like pressure sensors, and conformable RFID tags. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a promising material for flexible electronics, both as the channel material in field-effect transistors (FETs) and as transparent electrodes, due to their high intrinsic carrier mobility, conductivity, and mechanical flexibility. In this feature article, we review the recent progress of CNTs in flexible electronics by describing both the processing and the applications of CNT-based flexible devices. To employ CNTs as the channel material in FETs, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are used. There are generally two methods of depositing SWNTs on flexible substrates-transferring CVD-grown SWNTs or solution-depositing SWNTs. Since CVD-grown SWNTs can be highly aligned, they often outperform solution-processed SWNT films that are typically in the form of random network. However, solution-based SWNTs can be printed at a large-scale and at low-cost, rendering them more appropriate for manufacturing. In either case, the removal of metallic SWNTs in an effective and a scalable manner is critical, which must still be developed and optimized. Nevertheless, promising results demonstrating SWNT-based flexible circuits, displays, RF-devices, and biochemical sensors have been reported by various research groups, proving insight into the exciting possibilities of SWNT-based FETs. In using carbon nanotubes as transparent electrodes (TEs), two main strategies have been implemented to fabricate highly conductive, transparent, and mechanically compliant films-superaligned films of CNTs drawn from vertically grown CNT forests using the "dry-drawing" technique and the deposition or embedding of CNTs onto flexible or stretchable substrates. The main challenge for CNT based TEs is to fabricate films that are both highly conductive and transparent. These CNT based TEs have been used in stretchable and flexible pressure, strain, and chemical and biological sensors. In addition, they have also been used as the anode and cathode in flexible light emitting diodes, solar cells, and supercapacitors. In summary, there are a number of challenges yet to overcome to optimize the processing and performance of CNT-based flexible electronics; nonetheless, CNTs remain a highly suitable candidate for various flexible electronic applications in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Park
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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25
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Tvrdy K, Jain RM, Han R, Hilmer AJ, McNicholas TP, Strano MS. A kinetic model for the deterministic prediction of gel-based single-chirality single-walled carbon nanotube separation. ACS NANO 2013; 7:1779-89. [PMID: 23351006 DOI: 10.1021/nn305939k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We propose a kinetic model that describes the separation of single-chirality semiconducting carbon nanotubes based on the chirality-selective adsorption to specific hydrogels. Experimental elution profiles of the (7,3), (6,4), (6,5), (8,3), (8,6), (7,5), and (7,6) species are well described by an irreversible, first-order site association kinetic model with a single rate constant describing the adsorption of each SWNT to the immobile gel phase. Specifically, we find first-order binding rate constants for seven experimentally separated nanotubes normalized by the binding site molarity (M(θ)): k₇,₃ = 3.5 × 10⁻⁵ M(θ)⁻¹ s⁻¹, k₆,₄ = 7.7 × 10⁻⁸ M(θ)⁻¹ s⁻¹, k₈,₃ = 2.3 × 10⁻⁹ M(θ)⁻¹ s⁻¹, k₆,₅ = 3.8 × 10⁻⁹ M(θ)⁻¹ s⁻¹, k₇,₅ = 1.9 × 10⁻¹¹ M(θ)⁻¹ s⁻¹, k₈,₆ = 7.7 × 10⁻¹² M(θ)⁻¹ s⁻¹, and k₇,₆ = 3.8 × 10⁻¹² M(θ)⁻¹ s⁻¹. These results, as well as additional control experiments, unambiguously identify the separation process as a selective adsorption. Unlike certain chromatographic processes with retention time dependence, this separation procedure can be scaled to arbitrarily large volumes, as we demonstrate. This study provides a foundation for both the mechanistic understanding of gel-based SWNT separation as well as the potential industrial-scale realization of single-chirality production of carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tvrdy
- Departments of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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26
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Choi SJ, Bennett P, Takei K, Wang C, Lo CC, Javey A, Bokor J. Short-channel transistors constructed with solution-processed carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2013; 7:798-803. [PMID: 23259742 DOI: 10.1021/nn305277d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We develop short-channel transistors using solution-processed single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to evaluate the feasibility of those SWNTs for high-performance applications. Our results show that even though the intrinsic field-effect mobility is lower than the mobility of CVD nanotubes, the electrical contact between the nanotube and metal electrodes is not significantly affected. It is this contact resistance which often limits the performance of ultrascaled transistors. Moreover, we found that the contact resistance is lowered by the introduction of oxygen treatment. Therefore, high-performance solution-processed nanotube transistors with a 15 nm channel length were obtained by combining a top-gate structure and gate insulators made of a high-dielectric-constant ZrO(2) film. The combination of these elements yields a performance comparable to that obtained with CVD nanotube transistors, which indicates the potential for using solution-processed SWNTs for future aggressively scaled transistor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Choi
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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27
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Dubacheva GV, Liang CK, Bassani DM. Functional monolayers from carbon nanostructures – fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene – as novel materials for solar energy conversion. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Zhou W, Zhan S, Ding L, Liu J. General Rules for Selective Growth of Enriched Semiconducting Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Water Vapor as in Situ Etchant. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14019-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3038992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Shutong Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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29
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Xie J, Wang H, Bai H, Yang P, Shi M, Guo P, Wang C, Yang W, Song H. Wormlike micelle assisted rod coating: a general method for facile fabrication of large-area conductive nanomaterial thin layer onto flexible plastics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:2891-2896. [PMID: 22551382 DOI: 10.1021/am201830t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Through combined application of wormlike-micelle and rod-coating technique, a general method was demonstrated for the facile reparation of thin transparent conductive films (TCF) of various nanomaterials and their hybrids on flexible plastics. The cetyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (CTAOH)/p-toluenesulfonic acid (CTAT) wormlike micelle system was selected for both the dispersion of different nanomaterials and the enhancement of viscosities of the coating fluids. With the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)/wormlike micelle aqueous dispersions as coating fluid, TCFs of SWNTs on flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrates made by rod-coating method were demonstrated. After doping by immersion into thionyl chloride solution, the sheet resistance of SWNTs thin films, which had a transmittance of about 78%, was as low as 480Ω/sq. This coating method was extended to the preparation of thin films or networks of other materials such as reduced graphene oxide and Ag nanowires. The obtained TCF from Ag nanowire networks has a low sheet resistance of 17Ω/sq, which is comparable to the value of best indium tin oxide (ITO) coating on plastic substrates. Finally, hybrid thin films of different nanomaterials were demonstrated by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering , Beijing 100029, China
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30
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Opatkiewicz JP, LeMieux MC, Liu D, Vosgueritchian M, Barman SN, Elkins CM, Hedrick J, Bao Z. Using nitrile functional groups to replace amines for solution-deposited single-walled carbon nanotube network films. ACS NANO 2012; 6:4845-4853. [PMID: 22588018 DOI: 10.1021/nn300124y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Amine-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) can be utilized to selectively adsorb semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (S-SWNTs), but are not ideal. Formation of these monolayer films from silanes can be dramatically influenced by atmospheric and other processing conditions, resulting in poor-quality SAMs or irreproducible results. The surface sorting method of fabricating these semiconducting nanotube networks (SWNTnts) can become ineffective if the functionalized surface is not smooth with high amine density. However, by replacing the amine with a nitrile group, SAM formation can be made more controllable and reproducible. Upon SWNT deposition, the nitrile group was found to not only adsorb higher density SWNTnts but also sort the nanotubes efficiently, as shown by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Upon testing these SWNTnts for device performance, these thin-film transistors (TFTs) were also found to yield higher quality devices than those fabricated on amine surfaces. Overall, these results expand the applicability of surface sorting and SWNT adsorption to other organic functionalities for nanotube separation. This report provides an outline of the merits and characterization of using the nitrile functional group for the separation and adsorption of SWNTs and its integration in network TFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Opatkiewicz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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31
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Nishino T, Kanata S, Hirata C. Immobilization of Carbon Nanotubes on Au(111) via Self-assembled Monolayers. CHEM LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2011.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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Strus MC, Chiaramonti AN, Kim YL, Jung YJ, Keller RR. Accelerated reliability testing of highly aligned single-walled carbon nanotube networks subjected to DC electrical stressing. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:265713. [PMID: 21586818 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/26/265713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the electrical reliability of nanoscale lines of highly aligned, networked, metallic/semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) fabricated through a template-based fluidic assembly process. We find that these SWCNT networks can withstand DC current densities larger than 10 MA cm(-2) for several hours and, in some cases, several days. We develop test methods that show that the degradation rate, failure predictability and total device lifetime can be linked to the initial resistance. Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy suggest that fabrication variability plays a critical role in the rate of degradation, and we offer an empirical method of quickly determining the long-term performance of a network. We find that well-fabricated lines subject to constant electrical stress show a linear accumulation of damage reminiscent of electromigration in metallic interconnects, and we explore the underlying physical mechanisms that could cause such behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Strus
- Materials Reliability Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
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33
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Timmermans MY, Grigoras K, Nasibulin AG, Hurskainen V, Franssila S, Ermolov V, Kauppinen EI. Lithography-free fabrication of carbon nanotube network transistors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:065303. [PMID: 21212490 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/6/065303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel non-lithographic technique for the fabrication of carbon nanotube thin film transistors is presented. The whole transistor fabrication process requires only one mask which is used both to pattern transistor channels based on aerosol synthesized carbon nanotubes and to deposit electrodes by metal evaporation at different angles. An important effect of electrodynamic focusing was utilized for the directed assembly of transistor channels with feature sizes smaller than the mask openings. This dry non-lithographic method opens up new avenues for device fabrication especially for low cost flexible and transparent electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Y Timmermans
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science and Technology, Aalto, Finland.
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34
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Liu R, Liu JF, Yu SJ, Liu Q, Jiang GB. Capping agent replacement induced self-organization of ultrathin nanowires: a new and general approach for fabricating noble metal nanoporous films with small ligament sizes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:1613-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04490c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vosgueritchian M, LeMieux MC, Dodge D, Bao Z. Effect of surface chemistry on electronic properties of carbon nanotube network thin film transistors. ACS NANO 2010; 4:6137-6145. [PMID: 20857943 DOI: 10.1021/nn1012226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Thin films of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are a viable nanomaterial for next generation sensors, transistors, and electrodes for solar cells and displays. Despite their remarkable properties, challenges in synthesis and processing have hindered integration in current electronics. Challenges include the inability to precisely assemble and control the deposition of SWNT films on a variety of surfaces and the lack of understanding of the transport properties of these films. Here, we utilize an optimized "dry transfer" technique that facilitates the complete intact transfer of SWNT films between different surfaces. We then show the effect of surface chemistry on the electronic properties of SWNT films. By isolating the effect of the surface, we gain insight into the fundamental transport properties of SWNTs on surfaces with different chemical functionalities. Thin film transistor (TFT) characteristics, corroborated with μ-Raman spectroscopy, show that by using different surface chemical functionalities it is possible to alter the electronic properties of SWNT films. This opens up another route to tune the electronic properties of integrated SWNT films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vosgueritchian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stauffer III, 381 North-South Mall, Stanford, California 94305-5025, USA
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Barman SN, LeMieux MC, Baek J, Rivera R, Bao Z. Effects of dispersion conditions of single-walled carbon nanotubes on the electrical characteristics of thin film network transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:2672-2678. [PMID: 20738099 DOI: 10.1021/am1005223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate solution deposition of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) for integration into electronic devices they need to be purified and dispersed into solutions. The vigorous sonication process for preparing these dispersions leads to large variations in the length and defect density of SWNTs, affecting the resulting electronic properties. Understanding the effects of solution processing steps can have important implications in the design of SWNT films for electronic applications. Here, we alter the SWNTs by varying the sonication time, followed by deposition of sub-monolayer SWNT network films onto functionalized substrates. The corresponding electrical performance characteristics of the resulting field effect transistors (FETs) are correlated with SWNT network sorting and morphology. As sonication exposure increases, the SWNTs shorten, which not only affects electrical current by increasing the number of junctions but also presumably leads to more defects. The off current of the resulting transistors initially increased with sonication exposure, presumably due to less efficient sorting of semiconducting SWNTs as the defect density increases. After extended sonication, the on and off current decreased because of increased bundling and fewer percolation pathways. The final transistor properties are influenced by the nanotube solution concentration, density, alignment, and the selectivity of surface sorting of the SWNT networks. These results show that in addition to chirality, careful consideration of SWNT dispersion conditions that affect SWNT length, bundle diameter, and defect density is critical for optimal SWNT-FET performance and potentially other SWNT-based electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumendra N Barman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94395, USA
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Opatkiewicz J, Lemieux MC, Bao Z. Nanotubes on display: how carbon nanotubes can be integrated into electronic displays. ACS NANO 2010; 4:2975-2978. [PMID: 20565139 DOI: 10.1021/nn101092d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Random networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes show promise for use in the field of flexible electronics. Nanotube networks have been difficult to utilize because of the mixture of electronic types synthesized when grown. A variety of separation techniques have been developed, but few can readily be scaled up. Despite this issue, when metallic percolation pathways can be separated out or etched away, these networks serve as high-quality thin-film transistors with impressive device characteristics. A new article in this issue illustrates this point and the promise of these materials. With more work, these devices can be implemented in transparent displays in the next generation of hand-held electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Opatkiewicz
- Stanford University, 381 North-South Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Sun Q, Zorin NA, Chen D, Chen M, Liu TX, Miyake J, Qian DJ. Langmuir-Blodgett films of pyridyldithio-modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a support to immobilize hydrogenase. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:10259-10265. [PMID: 20355722 DOI: 10.1021/la100432t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pyridylthio-modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (pythio-MWNTs) have been prepared by a reaction of the oxidized MWNTs with S-(2-aminoethylthio)-2-thiopyridine hydrochloride. The obtained pythio-MWNTs nanocomposites formed stable floating monolayers at the air-water interface, which were transferred onto substrate surfaces by the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method. Compositions and morphologies of the LB films were characterized by absorption, Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectra as well as by scan electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. These pythio-MWNTs LB films were then used as a support to immobilize hydrogenase (H(2)ase) to form bionanocomposite of pythio-MWNTs-H(2)ase. Cyclic voltammograms for indium tin oxide electrode covered with the pythio-MWNTs-H(2)ase films were investigated in both Ar and H(2) saturated 0.05 M KCl electrolyte solutions at pH from 4.0 to 9.0. A reversible redox couple of [4Fe-4S](2+/1+) clusters of H(2)ase was recorded when the pH value was 6.0 and 9.0, with reduction and oxidation potentials appearing at about -0.70 and -0.35 V vs Ag/AgCl, respectively. It was revealed that the H(2)ase was of high catalytic activity and strong stability in the LB films of pythio-MWNTs-H(2)ase. Hence, we suggested that the present bionanocomposites could be used as heterogeneous biocatalyst to catalyze reversible reaction between protons and H(2), resulting in potential applications in biohydrogen evolution and H(2) biofuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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Opatkiewicz JP, Lemieux MC, Bao Z. Influence of electrostatic interactions on spin-assembled single-walled carbon nanotube networks on amine-functionalized surfaces. ACS NANO 2010; 4:1167-1177. [PMID: 20112967 DOI: 10.1021/nn901388v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Preferential interactions between self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) terminated with amine functional groups and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were exploited to produce nanotube networks (SWNTnts) via spin coating. We provide insight into the mechanisms of this system while simultaneously demonstrating a facile approach toward controllable arrays of SWNTnts. The chirality, density, and alignment of the SWNTnt was heavily influenced by adsorption onto amine-functionalized surfaces that were exposed to varying pH solutions, as evidenced by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy. This pH treatment altered the charge density on the surface, allowing for the examination of the contribution from electrostatic interaction to SWNT adsorption and SWNTnt characteristics. Secondary and tertiary amines with methyl substitutions were utilized to confirm that adsorption and chirality specific adsorption is largely due to the nitrogen lone pair, not the neighboring hydrogen atoms. Thus, the nature of adsorption is predominantly electrostatic and not due to van der Waals forces or localized polarization on the SWNTs. Moreover, the overall density of SWNTnts is different for the various amines, indicating that the accessibility to the lone pair electrons on the nitrogen plays a crucial role in SWNT adsorption. With greater understanding of the amine-SWNT interaction, these findings can be utilized to control SWNTnt formation for the precise integration into electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Opatkiewicz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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