1
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Venkatakrishnan P, Kuklin AV, Suresh R, Subramaniam V. Superatom molecular orbital in C 80. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:827-833. [PMID: 38135482 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The Superatom Molecular Orbitals (SAMO) in fullerene derivatives are of great interests which gives a wide basement for many electronic applications. In this work, the Density Functional Theory reveals the SAMO states of endohedrally doped C80 derivatives with Li, Sc, Mn, Ti, Ca, Fe, and Co atoms in molecular and periodic structures. The choice and position of metal atoms in endohedrally doped C80 derivatives largely affects the orientation of SAMO energies and wavefunction distributions. Among various derivatives, the Co-substituted C80 constitutes the lowest SAMO energy. The charge transfer study infers the influence of metal atoms inside the cage on SAMO energies. At higher energies, pz-, 2s-, and pxy- SAMO bands have been overlapped with higher dispersion bands which depict the increased intermolecular interaction in delocalized bands causing a larger dispersion. These results give new insights for future studies on lowering SAMO energy nearly to the fermi level in higher fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artem V Kuklin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rahul Suresh
- International Research Center of Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemistry - IRC SQC, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
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2
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Wu Y, Zhou Z, Xu D, Jiang Y, Zhou D, Wang Z. Dual Stabilization of a Tri-Metallofullerene Radical Er 3@C 80: Exohedral Derivatization and Endohedral Three-Center Bonding. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300912. [PMID: 38369921 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The enclosed space within fullerene molecules, capable of trapping metal clusters, offers an opportunity to investigate the behavior of metal atoms in a highly confined sub-nanometer environment. However, the studies on trimetallofullerenes M3@C80 have been very limited due to their difficult obtainability. In this paper, we present a new method for obtaining a tri-metallofullerene Er3@C80 through exohedral modification of the fullerene cage. Our findings reveal that Er3@C80 exhibits a radical character and can react with the dichlorobenzene radical to generate a stable derivative Er3@C80PhCl2. Theoretical calculations demonstrate the presence of a three-center two-electron metal-metal bond in the center of the fullerene cage. This bond serves to counterbalance the Coulomb repulsion between the Er ions. Consequently, both exohedral derivatization and endohedral three-center bonding contribute to the substantial stability of Er3@C80PhCl2. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the Er3 cluster within the molecule possesses a rigid triangle structure. The availability of M3@C80 derivatives opens avenues for future investigations into interactions among metal atoms, such as magnetic coupling, within fullerene cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Zhonghao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Yuhang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Dingyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
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3
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Wu Y, Zhou Z, Wang Z. Stability and Electronic Properties of Mixed Rare-Earth Tri-Metallofullerenes YxDy 3-x@C 80 (x = 1 or 2). Molecules 2024; 29:447. [PMID: 38257360 PMCID: PMC11154314 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Tri-metallofullerenes, specifically M3@C80 where M denotes rare-earth metal elements, are molecules that possess intriguing magnetic properties. Typically, only one metal element is involved in a given tri-metallofullerene molecule. However, mixed tri-metallofullerenes, denoted as M1xM23-x@C80 (x = 1 or 2, M1 and M2 denote different metal elements), have not been previously discovered. The investigation of such mixed tri-metallofullerenes is of interest due to the potential introduction of distinct properties resulting from the interaction between different metal atoms. This paper presents the preparation and theoretical analysis of mixed rare-earth tri-metallofullerenes, specifically YxDy3-x@C80 (x = 1 or 2). Through chemical oxidation of the arc-discharge produced soot, the formation of tri-metallofullerene cations, namely Y2Dy@C80+ and YDy2@C80+, has been observed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have revealed that the tri-metallofullerenes YxDy3-x@C80 (x = 1 or 2) exhibit a low oxidation potential, significantly lower than other fullerenes such as C60 and C70. This low oxidation potential can be attributed to the relatively high energy level of a singly occupied orbital. Additionally, the oxidized species demonstrate a large HOMO-LUMO gap similar to that of YxDy3-xN@C80, underscoring their high chemical stability. Theoretical investigations have uncovered the presence of a three-center two-electron metal-metal bond at the center of Y2DY@C80+ and YDy2@C80+. This unique multi-center bond assists in alleviating the electrostatic repulsion between the metal ions, thereby contributing to the overall stability of the cations. These mixed rare-earth tri-metallofullerenes hold promise as potential candidates for single-molecule magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China;
| | - Zhonghao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China;
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Yang W, Velkos G, Rosenkranz M, Schiemenz S, Liu F, Popov AA. Nd─Nd Bond in I h and D 5h Cage Isomers of Nd 2 @C 80 Stabilized by Electrophilic CF 3 Addition. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305190. [PMID: 37946664 PMCID: PMC10767449 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of molecular compounds with metal-metal bonds between 4f elements is recognized as one of the fascinating milestones in lanthanide metallochemistry. The main focus of such studies is on heavy lanthanides due to the interest in their magnetism, while bonding between light lanthanides remains unexplored. In this work, the Nd─Nd bonding in Nd-dimetallofullerenes as a case study of metal-metal bonding between early lanthanides is demonstrated. Combined experimental and computational study proves that pristine Nd2 @C80 has an open shell structure with a single electron occupying the Nd─Nd bonding orbital. Nd2 @C80 is stabilized by a one-electron reduction and further by the electrophilic CF3 addition to [Nd2 @C80 ]- . Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals the formation of two Nd2 @C80 (CF3 ) isomers with D5h -C80 and Ih -C80 carbon cages, both featuring a single-electron Nd─Nd bond with the length of 3.78-3.79 Å. The mutual influence of the exohedral CF3 group and endohedral metal dimer in determining the molecular structure of the adducts is analyzed. Unlike Tb or Dy analogs, which are strong single-molecule magnets with high blocking temperature of magnetization, the slow relaxation of magnetization in Nd2 @Ih -C80 (CF3 ) is detectable via out-of-phase magnetic susceptibility only below 3 K and in the presence of magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Georgios Velkos
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Marco Rosenkranz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Sandra Schiemenz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Fupin Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials ResearchHelmholtzstraße 2001069DresdenGermany
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Moreno-Vicente A, Roselló Y, Chen N, Echegoyen L, Dunk PW, Rodríguez-Fortea A, de Graaf C, Poblet JM. Are U-U Bonds Inside Fullerenes Really Unwilling Bonds? J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6710-6718. [PMID: 36872864 PMCID: PMC10064334 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Previous characterizations of diactinide endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) Th2@C80 and U2@C80 have shown that although the two Th3+ ions form a strong covalent bond within the carbon cage, the interaction between the U3+ ions is weaker and described as an "unwilling" bond. To evaluate the feasibility of covalent U-U bonds, which are neglected in classical actinide chemistry, we have first investigated the formation of smaller diuranium EMFs by laser ablation using mass spectrometric detection of dimetallic U2@C2n species with 2n ≥ 50. DFT, CASPT2 calculations, and MD simulations for several fullerenes of different sizes and symmetries showed that thanks to the formation of strong U(5f3)-U(5f3) triple bonds, two U3+ ions can be incarcerated inside the fullerene. The formation of U-U bonds competes with U-cage interactions that tend to separate the U ions, hindering the observation of short U-U distances in the crystalline structures of diuranium endofullerenes as in U2@C80. Smaller cages like C60 exhibit the two interactions, and a strong triple U-U bond with an effective bond order higher than 2 is observed. Although 5f-5f interactions are responsible for the covalent interactions at distances close to 2.5 Å, overlap between 7s6d orbitals is still detected above 4 Å. In general, metal ions within fullerenes should be regarded as templates in cage formation, not as statistically confined units that have little chance of being observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Moreno-Vicente
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Yannick Roselló
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Ning Chen
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Paul W Dunk
- Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Coen de Graaf
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Josep M Poblet
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
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Jiang Y, Li Z, Wu Y, Wang Z. Ln3@C80+ (Ln = lanthanide): a new class of stable metallofullerene cations with multicenter metal-metal bonding in sub-nanometer confined space. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00051b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the large number of members in the metallofullerene family, the nitride clusterfullerene M3N@C80 (M = trivalent metal) is a special one with unordinary high stability. It is generally thought...
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7
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Sa B, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Si Y, Li H, Zhu C, Wen C, Wu B, Yu T. Computational mining of endohedral C 70 electrides: tri-metal alkali and alkaline-earth encapsulation. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:16836-16844. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02919g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the atoms in molecules analysis, electron localization functions, and nonlinear optical property analysis, M3@C70 (M = Li, Be, Mg, Ca) fullerenes are identified as electrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baisheng Sa
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhanlin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yitao Si
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, P. R. China
| | - Hengyi Li
- Fujian Applied Technology Engineering Center of Power Battery Materials, Fujian College of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Yongan, Fujian 366000, P. R. China
| | - Changfeng Zhu
- Xiamen Funano New Materials Technology Co., Ltd, Xiamen 361006, P. R. China
| | - Cuilian Wen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
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8
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Jin F, Xin J, Guan R, Xie XM, Chen M, Zhang Q, Popov AA, Xie SY, Yang S. Stabilizing a three-center single-electron metal-metal bond in a fullerene cage. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6890-6895. [PMID: 34123317 PMCID: PMC8153215 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00965f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimetallic carbide clusterfullerenes (TCCFs) encapsulating a quinary M3C2 cluster represent a special family of endohedral fullerenes with an open-shell electronic configuration. Herein, a novel TCCF based on a medium-sized rare earth metal, dysprosium (Dy), is synthesized for the first time. The molecular structure of Dy3C2@I h(7)-C80 determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction shows that the encapsulated Dy3C2 cluster adopts a bat ray configuration, in which the acetylide unit C2 is elevated above the Dy3 plane by ∼1.66 Å, while Dy-Dy distances are ∼3.4 Å. DFT computational analysis of the electronic structure reveals that the endohedral cluster has an unusual formal charge distribution of (Dy3)8+(C2)2-@C80 6- and features an unprecedented three-center single-electron Dy-Dy-Dy bond, which has never been reported for lanthanide compounds. Moreover, this electronic structure is different from that of the analogous Sc3C2@I h(7)-C80 with a (Sc3)9+(C2)3-@C80 6- charge distribution and no metal-metal bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Jinpeng Xin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Xiao-Ming Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Mate-rials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Qianyan Zhang
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Mate-rials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden) Helmholtzstrasse 20 Dresden 01069 Germany
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Mate-rials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
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9
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Fuertes-Espinosa C, Pujals M, Ribas X. Supramolecular Purification and Regioselective Functionalization of Fullerenes and Endohedral Metallofullerenes. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Zheng H, Dang H, Zhao Y, Gu YX, Li M, Li QZ, Zhao X. Theoretical Investigations of Lu2C84: Unexpected Impact of Metal Electronic Configuration toward the Metal–Metal σ-Bond in Fullerene. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10113-10122. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Haiping Dang
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yaoxiao Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yong-Xin Gu
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Qiao-Zhi Li
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry, School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, and MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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11
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Hao D, Yang L, Li B, Hou Q, Li L, Jin P. Discovery of a Superatom inside the Fullerene Cage. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2694-2699. [PMID: 32167770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The stability of endohedral clusterfullerenes is generally understood in terms of the metal cluster shape, cage structure, and metal-cage interactions, with the electronic state of the internal cluster mostly neglected. Herein, theoretical calculations reveal that the (Ti3C3)6+ unit of recently synthesized Ti3C3@Ih(7)-C80 exhibits a superatomic state with a perfect closed-shell 1S21P61D10 electronic configuration in accordance with the famous jellium model. This "trapped superatom" features considerable aromaticity and hyperconjugation interactions never reported for other clusterfullerenes. Besides the localized two-center two-electron (2c-2e) Ti-C/C-C bonds, it also has two 3c-2e Ti-C-Ti bonds. Furthermore, the ring strain of the cyclopropane-like C3 core is effectively released upon the metal coordination. All these factors greatly stabilize the (Ti3C3)6+ cluster, showing the critical role of metal-to-cage charge transfer and cage encapsulation in enhancing the stability of this exotic metal cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debo Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Le Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Qinghua Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Lanlan Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
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12
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Liu A, Nie M, Hao Y, Yang Y, Wang T, Slanina Z, Cong H, Feng L, Wang C, Uhlik F. Ho2O@C74: Ho2O Cluster Expands within a Small Non-IPR Fullerene Cage of C2(13333)-C74. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:4774-4781. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Along Liu
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS & Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Laboratory for New Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, Growing Base for State Key Laboratory, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mingzhe Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yajuan Hao
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS & Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS & Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Taishan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zdenek Slanina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721−0041, United States
| | - Hailin Cong
- Laboratory for New Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, Growing Base for State Key Laboratory, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lai Feng
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS & Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Filip Uhlik
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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13
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Wang Z, Omachi H, Shinohara H. Non-Chromatographic Purification of Endohedral Metallofullerenes. Molecules 2017; 22:E718. [PMID: 28468241 PMCID: PMC6154004 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purification of endohedral metallofullerenes by high performance liquid chromatography is very time-consuming and expensive. A number of rapid and inexpensive non-chromatographic methods have thus been developed for large-scale purification of metallofullerenes. In this review, we summarize recent advances in non-chromatographic purification methods of metallofullerenes. Lewis acid-based complexation is one of the most efficient and powerful methods for separation of metallofullerenes from empty fullerenes. The first oxidation potential of metallofullerenes is a critical factor that affects the separation efficiency of the Lewis acid-based method. Supramolecular methods are effective for separation of fullerenes and metallofullerenes that are different in size and shape. Chemical/electrochemical reduction and exohedral functionalization are also utilized to separate and purify metallofullerenes on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Haruka Omachi
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Hisanori Shinohara
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
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14
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The Role of Super-Atom Molecular Orbitals in Doped Fullerenes in a Femtosecond Intense Laser Field. Sci Rep 2017; 7:121. [PMID: 28273922 PMCID: PMC5427842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of gas phase endohedral fullerene Ho3N@C80 with intense (0.1–5 × 1014 W/cm2), short (30 fs), 800 nm laser pulses was investigated. The power law dependence of Ho3N@C80q+, q = 1–2, was found to be different from that of C60. Time-dependent density functional theory computations revealed different light-induced ionization mechanisms. Unlike in C60, in doped fullerenes, the breaking of the cage spherical symmetry makes super atomic molecular orbital (SAMO) states optically active. Theoretical calculations suggest that the fast ionization of the SAMO states in Ho3N@C80 is responsible for the n = 3 power law for singly charged parent molecules at intensities lower than 1.2 × 1014 W/cm2.
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15
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Cui JB, Guo YJ, Li QZ, Zhao P, Zhao X. Theoretical survey on M@C80 (M=Ca, Sr, and Ba): Behavior of different alkaline earth metal impacting the chemical stability and electronic properties. Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Sarina EA, Mercado BQ, Franco JU, Thompson CJ, Easterling ML, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. 2-Aminoethanol Extraction as a Method for Purifying Sc3N@C80 and for Differentiating Classes of Endohedral Fullerenes on the Basis of Reactivity. Chemistry 2015; 21:17035-43. [PMID: 26437717 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Extraction with 2-aminoethanol is an inexpensive method for removing empty cage fullerenes from the soluble extract from electric-arc-generated fullerene soot that contains endohedral metallofullerenes of the type Sc3N@C2n (n = 34, 39, 40). Our method of separation exploits the fact that C60, C70, and other larger, empty cage fullerenes are more susceptible to nucleophilic attack than endohedral fullerenes and that these adducts can be readily extracted into 2-aminoethanol. This methodology has also been employed to examine the reactivity of the mixture of soluble endohedral fullerenes that result from doping graphite rods used in the Krätschmer-Huffman electric-arc generator with the oxides of Y, Lu, Dy, Tb, and Gd. For example, with Y2O3, we were able to detect by mass spectrometry several new families of endohedral fullerenes, namely Y3C108 to Y3C126, Y3C107 to Y3C125, Y4C128 to Y4C146, that resisted reactivity with 2-aminoethanol more than the empty cage fullerenes and the mono- and dimetallo fullerenes. The discovery of the family Y3C107 to Y3C125 with odd numbers of carbon atoms is remarkable, since fullerene cages must involve even numbers of carbon atoms. The newly discovered families of endohedral fullerenes with the composition M4C2n (M = Y, Lu, Dy, Tb, and Gd) are unusually resistant to reaction with 2-aminoethanol. Additionally, the individual endohedrals, Y3C112 and M3C102 (M = Lu, Dy, Tb and Gd), were remarkably less reactive toward 2-aminoethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Sarina
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA, 95616 (USA)
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA, 95616 (USA)
| | - Jimmy U Franco
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA, 95616 (USA)
| | | | | | - Marilyn M Olmstead
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA, 95616 (USA)
| | - Alan L Balch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA, 95616 (USA). ,
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17
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Guo YJ, Zhao X, Zhao P, Yang T. Theoretical Insight into Sc2O@C84: Interplay between Small Cluster and Large Carbon Cage. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:10428-39. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b07336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tao Yang
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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18
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Guo YJ, Zheng H, Yang T, Nagase S, Zhao X. Theoretical Insight into the Ambiguous Endohedral Metallofullerene Er3C74: Covalent Interactions among Three Lanthanide Atoms. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:8066-76. [PMID: 26230214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
All of C74-based endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) are found to be monometallofullerenes with the same D3h(14246)-C74 cage so far. An opening question is whether other C74 cages could survive during the production of some novel C74-EMFs. Theoretically, we studied the trimetallic endohedral fullerene Er3C74, the existence of which had been proven without any further characterizations. Two thermodynamically stable Er3C74 isomers were obtained, both of which could be expressed as Er3@C74, meaning that previously synthesized Er3C74 is indeed an endohedral trierbium fullerene. Besides the isomer with well-known D3h(14246)-C74 cage which obeys isolated pentagon rule (IPR), another one possesses the C1(13771)-C74 cage with two adjacent pentagons. Notably, it is the first time an endohedral metallofullerene containing the C1(13771)-C74 cage has been reported. Frontier orbitals analysis, bonding analysis in terms of quantum theory of atoms-in-molecule (QTAIM) and Mayer bond order, together with two-dimensional maps of electron localization function (ELF) and Laplacian of electron density of Er3@D3h(14246)-C74 and Er3@C1(13771)-C74 show obvious covalent interactions not only between metallic atoms and carbon cage but also among three erbium atoms. Finally, simulated IR spectra of Er3@D3h(14246)-C74 and Er3@C1(13771)-C74 were simulated, which should be useful to distinguish those two isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tao Yang
- ‡Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- §Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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19
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Deng Q, Junghans K, Popov AA. Carbide clusterfullerenes with odd number of carbon atoms: molecular and electronic structures of Sc4C@C80, Sc4C@C82, and Sc4C3@C80. Theor Chem Acc 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-014-1610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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20
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Zhao YL, Zhou Q, Lian YF, Yu HT. Molecular structures of Pr@C72 and Pr@C72(C6H3Cl2): a combined experimental–theoretical investigation. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17608e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The carbon-cage structure of the lowest-lying Pr@C72 and its dichlorophenyl-functionalized derivative is C2(10612)-C72.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education of China) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
- PR China
- School of Pharmacy
| | - Qin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education of China) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
- PR China
| | - Yong-fu Lian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education of China) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
- PR China
| | - Hai-tao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education of China) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Heilongjiang University
- Harbin 150080
- PR China
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21
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22
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Berski S, Gordon AJ, Latajka Z. Electron Localization Function Study on the Chemical Bonding in a Real Space for Tetrahedrane, Cubane, Adamantane, and Dodecahedrane and Their Perfluorinated Derivatives and Radical Anions. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:4147-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501838g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Berski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka J. Gordon
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Zdzislaw Latajka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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23
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Wang T, Wang C. Endohedral metallofullerenes based on spherical I(h)-C(80) cage: molecular structures and paramagnetic properties. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:450-8. [PMID: 24328037 DOI: 10.1021/ar400156z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes are carbon cages assembled from fused hexagons andpentagons that have closed networks and conjugated π systems. The curve of the fullerene structure requires that the constituent carbon atoms take on a pyramidal shape and produces extra strain energy. However, the highly symmetrical geometry of the fullerene decreases the surface tension in these structures, so highly symmetrical fullerenes are usually very stable. For example, C60 with icosahedral symmetry (Ih) is the most stable fullerene molecule. However, another highly symmetrical fullerene, Ih-C80, is extremely unstable. The reason for this difference is the open-shell electronic structure of Ih-C80, which has a 4-fold degenerate HOMO occupied by only two electrons. Predictably, once the degenerate HOMO of Ih-C80 accepts six more electrons, it forms a closed-shell electronic structure similar to Ih-C60 and with comparable stability. Because the hollow structure of fullerenes can encapsulate metal atoms and those internal metals can transfer electrons to the fullerene cage, the encapsulation of metal clusters may provide an ideal technique for the stabilization of the Ih-C80 fullerenes. In this Account, we focus on the molecular structures and paramagnetic properties of spherical Ih-C80 endohedral fullerenes encaging a variety of metal moieties, such as metal atoms (Mn), metal nitride (M3N), metal carbide (MnC2), metal carbonitride (M3CN), and metal oxides (M4Om). We introduce several types of endohedral metallofullerenes such as Sc4C2@Ih-C80, which exhibits a Russian-doll-like structure, and Sc3CN@Ih-C80, which encapsulates a planar metal carbonitride cluster. In addition, we emphasize the paramagnetic properties of Ih-C80-based metallofullerenes, such as Sc3C2@Ih-C80, Y2@C79N, and M3N@Ih-C80, to show how those spin-active species can present a controllable paramagnetism. This Account highlights an inspiring molecular world within the spherical Ih-C80 cages of various metallofullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Nagase S. Theory and Calculations of Molecules Containing Heavier Main Group Elements and Fullerenes Encaging Transition Metals: Interplay with Experiment. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20130266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University
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25
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Cerón MR, Li FF, Echegoyen LA. Endohedral fullerenes: the importance of electronic, size and shape complementarity between the carbon cages and the corresponding encapsulated clusters. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maira R. Cerón
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at El Paso; El Paso TX 79968 USA
| | - Fang-Fang Li
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at El Paso; El Paso TX 79968 USA
| | - Luis A. Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at El Paso; El Paso TX 79968 USA
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26
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27
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Garcia-Borràs M, Osuna S, Luis JM, Swart M, Solà M. A Complete Guide on the Influence of Metal Clusters in the Diels-Alder Regioselectivity ofIh-C80Endohedral Metallofullerenes. Chemistry 2013; 19:14931-40. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden , D-01171 Dresden, Germany
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29
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Lu X, Feng L, Akasaka T, Nagase S. Current status and future developments of endohedral metallofullerenes. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 41:7723-60. [PMID: 22907208 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), a new class of hybrid molecules formed by encapsulation of metallic species inside fullerene cages, exhibit unique properties that differ distinctly from those of empty fullerenes because of the presence of metals and their hybridization effects via electron transfer. This critical review provides a balanced but not an exhaustive summary regarding almost all aspects of EMFs, including the history, the classification, current progress in the synthesis, extraction, isolation, and characterization of EMFs, as well as their physiochemical properties and applications in fields such as electronics, photovoltaics, biomedicine, and materials science. Emphasis is assigned to experimentally obtained results, especially the X-ray crystallographic characterizations of EMFs and their derivatives, rather than theoretical calculations, although the latter has indeed enhanced our knowledge of metal-cage interactions. Finally, perspectives related to future developments and challenges in the research of EMFs are proposed. (381 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.
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30
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Xu W, Feng L, Calvaresi M, Liu J, Liu Y, Niu B, Shi Z, Lian Y, Zerbetto F. An Experimentally Observed Trimetallofullerene Sm3@Ih-C80: Encapsulation of Three Metal Atoms in a Cage without a Nonmetallic Mediator. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4187-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ja400490u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials
Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Lai Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin
Films and School of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, P. R. China
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G.
Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jia Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials
Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials
Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ben Niu
- School of Chemistry and Materials
Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin
150080, P. R. China
| | - Zujin Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials
Chemistry and Applications, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yongfu Lian
- School of Chemistry and Materials
Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin
150080, P. R. China
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G.
Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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31
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Liu Y, Wu S, Kan Y, Zhang H, Su Z. Structural and Bonding Analyses on a Homologous Metal–Metal Bond Guest–Host Series M
2
@C
50
X
10
(M = Zn, Cd, Hg; X = CH, N, B). Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201201416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Chun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China, Fax: +86‐431‐85684009, http://supramol.jlu.edu.cn/en/
| | - Shui‐Xing Wu
- Institution of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
| | - Yu‐He Kan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low‐Dimensional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, P. R. China
| | - Hou‐Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China, Fax: +86‐431‐85684009, http://supramol.jlu.edu.cn/en/
| | - Zhong‐Min Su
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China, Fax: +86‐431‐85684009, http://supramol.jlu.edu.cn/en/
- Institution of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, P. R. China
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32
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Maki S, Nishibori E, Terauchi I, Ishihara M, Aoyagi S, Sakata M, Takata M, Umemoto H, Inoue T, Shinohara H. A Structural Diagnostics Diagram for Metallofullerenes Encapsulating Metal Carbides and Nitrides. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:918-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ja311070v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Maki
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148,
Japan
| | - Eiji Nishibori
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148,
Japan
| | - Ikuya Terauchi
- Department of Applied
Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603,
Japan
| | - Masayuki Ishihara
- Department of Applied
Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603,
Japan
| | - Shinobu Aoyagi
- Department of Information
and
Biological Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan
| | - Makoto Sakata
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho,
Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Masaki Takata
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148,
Japan
| | - Hisashi Umemoto
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takashi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hisanori Shinohara
- Department of Chemistry and
Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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33
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Lanthanides and actinides: Annual survey of their organometallic chemistry covering the year 2010. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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34
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Popov AA, Avdoshenko SM, Pendás AM, Dunsch L. Bonding between strongly repulsive metal atoms: an oxymoron made real in a confined space of endohedral metallofullerenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:8031-50. [PMID: 22774003 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32568c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) are able to encapsulate up to four metal atoms. In EMFs, metal atoms are positively charged because of the electron transfer from the endohedral metal atoms to the carbon cage. It results in the strong Coulomb repulsion between the positively charged ions trapped in the confined inner space of the fullerene. At the same time, in many EMFs, such as Lu(2)@C(76), Y(2)@C(79)N, M(2)@C(82) (M = Sc, Y, Lu, etc.), Y(3)@C(80), or Sc(4)O(2)@C(80), metals do not adopt their highest oxidation states, thus yielding a possibility of the covalent metal-metal bonding. In some other EMFs (e.g., La(2)@C(80)), metal-metal bonding evolves as the result of the electrochemical or chemical reduction, which leads to the population of the metal-based LUMO with pronounced metal-metal bonding character. This article highlights different aspects of the metal-metal bonding in EMFs. It is concluded that the valence state of the metal atoms in dimetallofullerenes is not dependent on their third ionization potential, but is determined by their ns(2)(n- 1)d(1)→ns(1)(n- 1)d(2) excitation energies. Peculiarities of the metal-metal bonding in EMFs are described in terms of molecular orbital analysis as well as topological approaches such as Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules and Electron Localization Function. Interplay of Coulomb repulsion and covalent bonding is analyzed in the framework of the Interacting Quantum Atom approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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35
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Garcia-Borràs M, Osuna S, Luis JM, Swart M, Solà M. The Exohedral Diels-Alder Reactivity of the Titanium Carbide Endohedral Metallofullerene Ti2C2@D3h-C78: Comparison withD3h-C78and M3N@D3h-C78(M=Sc and Y) Reactivity. Chemistry 2012; 18:7141-54. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Lu X, Akasaka T, Nagase S. Chemistry of endohedral metallofullerenes: the role of metals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:5942-57. [PMID: 21437332 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc10123d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs achieved in the chemical functionalization of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), especially single crystallographic X-ray characterizations of their derivatives, have presented fundamentally new insights into the structures and properties of these metal-carbon hybrid molecules, and have also brought immense potential applications. In particular, the interplay between the encapsulated metallic species and the fullerene cage has been well investigated. On one hand, the position and motion of the encapsulated metals can be effectively controlled by exohedral modification. On the other hand, the cage structures, the chemical behaviours of cage carbons and thus the chemical reactivity of the whole molecule are also apparently influenced by the electronic configuration and geometrical conformation of the internal metals via strong metal-cage interactions. In this article, we contribute a systematic review of the important chemical transformations of EMFs reported to date, including disilylation, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with ylides, cyclopropanation with carbenes and carbanions, cycloaddition with dienes and benzyne, radical reactions, and other miscellaneous reactions, in addition to noncovalent interactions such as supramolecular complexation. The roles that internal metals play in controlling the reactivity of cage carbons are particularly emphasized. Finally, some applicable materials based on EMFs and their derivatives are summarized and practical perspectives are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lu
- Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA Center), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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Rodríguez-Fortea A, Irle S, Poblet JM. Fullerenes: formation, stability, and reactivity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Popov AA, Dunsch L. Charge controlled changes in the cluster and spin dynamics of Sc3N@C80(CF3)2: the flexible spin density distribution and its impact on ESR spectra. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:8977-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02070b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Grimm B, Schornbaum J, Cardona CM, van Paauwe JD, Boyd PDW, Guldi DM. Enhanced binding strengths of acyclic porphyrin hosts with endohedral metallofullerenes. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00569j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Popov AA, Chen C, Yang S, Lipps F, Dunsch L. Spin-flow vibrational spectroscopy of molecules with flexible spin density: electrochemistry, ESR, cluster and spin dynamics, and bonding in TiSc2N@C80. ACS NANO 2010; 4:4857-4871. [PMID: 20731461 DOI: 10.1021/nn101115d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The recently isolated TiSc(2)N@C(80) was used to study the spin state of a Ti(3+) ion in a mixed metal nitride cluster in a fullerene cage. The electronic state of the new clusterfullerene is characterized starting with the redox behavior of this structure. It differs markedly from that of homometallic nitride clusterfullerenes in giving reversible one-electron transfers even on the cathodic scale. Both oxidation and reduction of TiSc(2)N@C(80) occur at the endohedral cluster changing the valence state of Ti from Ti(II) in anion to Ti(IV) in cation. The unpaired electron in TiSc(2)N@C(80) is largely fixed at the Ti ion as shown by low temperature ESR measurements. Isotropic g-factor 1.9454 points to the significant spin-orbit coupling with an unquenched orbital momentum of the 3d electron localized on Ti. Measurements with the frozen solution also point to the strong anisotropy of the g-tensor. DFT computations show that the cluster can adopt several nearly isoenergetic configurations. DFT-based Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) simulations reveal that, unlike in Sc(3)N@C(80), the cluster dynamics in TiSc(2)N@C(80) cannot be described as a 3D rotation. The cluster rotates around the Ti-N axis, while the Ti atom oscillates in one position around the pentagon/hexagon edge. Evolution of the spin populations along the BOMD trajectory has shown that the spin distribution in the cluster is very flexible, and both an intracluster and cluster-cage spin flows take place. Fourier transformation of the time dependencies of the spin populations results in the spin-flow vibrational spectra, which reveal the major spin-flow channels. It is shown that the cluster-cage spin flow is selectively coupled to one vibrational mode, thus, pointing to the utility of the clusterfullerene for the molecular spin transport. Spin-flow vibrational spectroscopy is thus shown to be a useful method for characterization of the spin dynamics in radicals with flexible spin density distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research IFW, Dresden, D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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Dunsch L, Yang S, Zhang L, Svitova A, Oswald S, Popov AA. Metal sulfide in a C82 fullerene cage: a new form of endohedral clusterfullerenes. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:5413-21. [PMID: 20345137 DOI: 10.1021/ja909580j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The row of endohedral fullerenes is extended by a new type of sulfur-containing clusterfullerenes: the metal sulfide (M(2)S) has been stabilized within a fullerene cage for the first time. The new sulfur-containing clusterfullerenes M(2)S@C(82)-C(3v)(8) have been isolated for a variety of metals (M = Sc, Y, Dy, and Lu). The UV-vis-NIR, electrochemical, and FTIR spectroscopic characterization and extended DFT calculations point to a close similarity of the M(2)S@C(82) cage isomeric and electronic structure to that of the carbide clusterfullerenes M(2)C(2)@C(2n). The bonding in M(2)S@C(82) is studied in detail by molecular orbital analysis as well as with the use of quantum theory of atom-in-molecules (QTAIM) and electron localization function (ELF) approaches. The metal sulfide cluster formally transfers four electrons to the carbon cage, and metal-sulfur and metal-carbon cage bonds with a high degree of covalency are formed. Molecular dynamics simulations show that Sc(2)S cluster exhibits an almost free rotation around the C(3) axis of the carbon cage, resulting thus in a single line (45)Sc NMR spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Dunsch
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers and Institute of Complex Materials, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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