1
|
Asghar A, Chohan TA, Khurshid U, Saleem H, Mustafa MW, Khursheed A, Alafnan A, Batul R, Bin Break MK, Almansour K, Anwar S. A systematic review on understanding the mechanistic pathways and clinical aspects of natural CDK inhibitors on cancer progression.: Unlocking cellular and biochemical mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 393:110940. [PMID: 38467339 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Cell division, differentiation, and controlled cell death are all regulated by phosphorylation, a key biological function. This mechanism is controlled by a variety of enzymes, with cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) being particularly important in phosphorylating proteins at serine and threonine sites. CDKs, which contain 20 unique components, serve an important role in regulating vital physiological functions such as cell cycle progression and gene transcription. Methodologically, an extensive literature search was performed using reputable databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science. Keywords encompassed "cyclin kinase," "cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors," "CDK inhibitors," "natural products," and "cancer therapy." The inclusion criteria, focused on relevance, publication date, and language, ensured a thorough representation of the most recent research in the field, encompassing articles published from January 2015 to September 2023. Categorization of CDKs into those regulating transcription and those orchestrating cell cycle phases provides a comprehensive understanding of their diverse functions. Ongoing clinical trials featuring CDK inhibitors, notably CDK7 and CDK4/6 inhibitors, illuminate their promising potential in various cancer treatments. This review undertakes a thorough investigation of CDK inhibitors derived from natural (marine, terrestrial, and peptide) sources. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive comprehension of the chemical classifications, origins, target CDKs, associated cancer types, and therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andleeb Asghar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Ali Chohan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Umair Khurshid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100 Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Saleem
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IPS), University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Mian Waqar Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anjum Khursheed
- Department of Pharmacy, Grand Asian University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Alafnan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahila Batul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Khaled Bin Break
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled Almansour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sirajudheen Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nandi S, Dey R, Dey S, Samadder A, Saxena A. Naturally Sourced CDK Inhibitors and Current Trends in Structure-Based Synthetic Anticancer Drug Design by Crystallography. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:485-498. [PMID: 34503422 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210908101751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are the chief regulators in cell proliferation; the kinase activities are largely regulated by their interactions with CDK inhibitors (CKIs) and Cyclins. The association of different CDKs with CDKIs and Cyclins at the cell-cycle checkpoints of different stages of mitotic cell cycle function act more likely as the molecular switches that regulate different transcriptional events required for progression through the cell cycle. A fine balance in response to extracellular and intracellular signals is highly maintained in the orchestrated function of CDKs along with Cyclins and CDKIs for normal cell proliferation. This fine-tuning in mitotic cell cycle progression sometimes gets lost due to dysregulation of CDKs. The aberrant functioning of the CDKIs is therefore studied for its contributions as a vital hallmark of cancers. It has attracted our focus to maneuver cancer therapy. Hence, several synthetic CDKIs and their crystallography-based drug design have been explained to understand their mode of action with CDKs. Since most of the synthetic drugs function by inhibiting the CDK4/6 kinases by competitively binding to their ATP binding cleft, these synthetic drugs are reported to attack the normal, healthy growing cells adjacent to the cancer cells leading to the decrease in the life span of the cancer patients. The quest for traditional natural medicines may have a great impact on the treatment of cancer. Therefore, in the present studies, a search for naturally sourced CDK inhibitors has been briefly focused. Additionally, some synthetic crystallography-based drug design has been explained to elucidate different avenues to develop better anticancer chemotherapeutics, converting natural scaffolds into inhibitors of the CDK mediated abnormal signal transduction with lesser side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sisir Nandi
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur-244713. India
| | - Rishita Dey
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur-244713. India
| | - Sudatta Dey
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235. India
| | - Asmita Samadder
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Lab., Department of Zoology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, 741235. India
| | - Anil Saxena
- Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Affiliated to Uttarakhand Technical University), Kashipur-244713. India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grygorenko OO, Biitseva AV, Zhersh S. Amino sulfonic acids, peptidosulfonamides and other related compounds. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
4
|
Sponges: A Reservoir of Genes Implicated in Human Cancer. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16010020. [PMID: 29320389 PMCID: PMC5793068 DOI: 10.3390/md16010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it was shown that the majority of genes linked to human diseases, such as cancer genes, evolved in two major evolutionary transitions—the emergence of unicellular organisms and the transition to multicellularity. Therefore, it has been widely accepted that the majority of disease-related genes has already been present in species distantly related to humans. An original way of studying human diseases relies on analyzing genes and proteins that cause a certain disease using model organisms that belong to the evolutionary level at which these genes have emerged. This kind of approach is supported by the simplicity of the genome/proteome, body plan, and physiology of such model organisms. It has been established for quite some time that sponges are an ideal model system for such studies, having a vast variety of genes known to be engaged in sophisticated processes and signalling pathways associated with higher animals. Sponges are considered to be the simplest multicellular animals and have changed little during evolution. Therefore, they provide an insight into the metazoan ancestor genome/proteome features. This review compiles current knowledge of cancer-related genes/proteins in marine sponges.
Collapse
|
5
|
García PA, Valles E, Díez D, Castro MÁ. Marine Alkylpurines: A Promising Group of Bioactive Marine Natural Products. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16010006. [PMID: 29301246 PMCID: PMC5793054 DOI: 10.3390/md16010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine secondary metabolites with a purine motif in their structure are presented in this review. The alkylpurines are grouped according to the size of the alkyl substituents and their location on the purine ring. Aspects related to the marine source, chemical structure and biological properties are considered together with synthetic approaches towards the natural products and bioactive analogues. This review contributes to studies of structure–activity relationships for these metabolites and highlights the potential of the sea as a source of new lead compounds in diverse therapeutic fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A García
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, Pharmacy Faculty, CIETUS, IBSAL, University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Elena Valles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, Pharmacy Faculty, CIETUS, IBSAL, University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - David Díez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, University of Salamanca, E-37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - María-Ángeles Castro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry Section, Pharmacy Faculty, CIETUS, IBSAL, University of Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ruocco N, Costantini S, Palumbo F, Costantini M. Marine Sponges and Bacteria as Challenging Sources of Enzyme Inhibitors for Pharmacological Applications. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15060173. [PMID: 28604647 PMCID: PMC5484123 DOI: 10.3390/md15060173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes play key roles in different cellular processes, for example, in signal transduction, cell differentiation and proliferation, metabolic processes, DNA damage repair, apoptosis, and response to stress. A deregulation of enzymes has been considered one of the first causes of several diseases, including cancers. In the last several years, enzyme inhibitors, being good candidates as drugs in the pathogenic processes, have received an increasing amount of attention for their potential application in pharmacology. The marine environment is considered a challenging source of enzyme inhibitors for pharmacological applications. In this review, we report on secondary metabolites with enzyme inhibitory activity, focusing our attention on marine sponges and bacteria as promising sources. In the case of sponges, we only reported the kinase inhibitors, because this class was the most representative isolated so far from these marine organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Ruocco
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Unit, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli, 80078 Naples, Italy.
| | - Susan Costantini
- Unità di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale", IRCCS, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Flora Palumbo
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Maria Costantini
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, CNR, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bharate SB, Sawant SD, Singh PP, Vishwakarma RA. Kinase inhibitors of marine origin. Chem Rev 2013; 113:6761-815. [PMID: 23679846 DOI: 10.1021/cr300410v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip B Bharate
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Skropeta D, Pastro N, Zivanovic A. Kinase inhibitors from marine sponges. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:2131-2154. [PMID: 22073013 PMCID: PMC3210622 DOI: 10.3390/md9102131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases play a critical role in cell regulation and their deregulation is a contributing factor in an increasing list of diseases including cancer. Marine sponges have yielded over 70 novel compounds to date that exhibit significant inhibitory activity towards a range of protein kinases. These compounds, which belong to diverse structural classes, are reviewed herein, and ordered based upon the kinase that they inhibit. Relevant synthetic studies on the marine natural product kinase inhibitors have also been included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Skropeta
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; E-Mails: (N.P.); (A.Z.)
- Centre for Medicinal Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +61-2-42214360; Fax: +61-2-42214287
| | - Natalie Pastro
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; E-Mails: (N.P.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ana Zivanovic
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; E-Mails: (N.P.); (A.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sakurada T, Gill MB, Frausto S, Copits B, Noguchi K, Shimamoto K, Swanson GT, Sakai R. Novel N-methylated 8-oxoisoguanines from Pacific sponges with diverse neuroactivities. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6089-99. [PMID: 20681583 DOI: 10.1021/jm100490m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Marine organisms have yielded a variety of metabolites with neuropharmacological applications. Here we describe the isolation and pharmacological characterization of four novel, neurologically active purines 1-4, isolated from Haplosclerida sponges collected in the Republic of Palau. The structures were determined by analyses of spectral and X-ray data. Compound 1 induced convulsions upon intracerebroventricular injection into mice, with a CD50 value of 2.4 nmol/mouse. Purines 2-4 were active in mouse bioassays at higher doses. The seizurogenic activity of 1 was correlated with inhibition of neuronal GABAergic transmission, with only a modest impact on excitatory signaling, in electrophysiological recordings from hippocampal neurons. Despite having a purine template structure, the inhibitory activity of 1 was not prevented by a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. Thus, 1 represents a novel substituted purine that elicits convulsions through its actions on inhibitory neurotransmission. These 8-oxoisoguanine analogs comprise a new family of compounds closely related in structure to endogenous neurosignaling molecules and commonly used CNS stimulants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Sakurada
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wright AE, Roth GP, Hoffman JK, Divlianska DB, Pechter D, Sennett SH, Guzmán EA, Linley P, McCarthy PJ, Pitts TP, Pomponi SA, Reed JK. Isolation, synthesis, and biological activity of aphrocallistin, an adenine-substituted bromotyramine metabolite from the Hexactinellida sponge Aphrocallistes beatrix. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:1178-1183. [PMID: 19459694 PMCID: PMC3031448 DOI: 10.1021/np900183v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A new adenine-substituted bromotyrosine-derived metabolite designated as aphrocallistin (1) has been isolated from the deep-water Hexactinellida sponge Aphrocallistes beatrix. Its structure was elucidated on the basis of spectral data and confirmed through a convergent, modular total synthetic route that is amenable toward future analogue preparation. Aphrocallistin inhibits the growth of a panel of human tumor cell lines with IC(50) values ranging from 7.5 to >100 microM and has been shown to induce G1 cell cycle arrest in the PANC-1 pancreatic carcinoma cell line. Aphrocallistin has been fully characterized in the NCI cancer cell line panel and has undergone in vitro ADME pharmacological profiling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Wright
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Isolation, Tumor biology: Wright: Tel: 772-465-2400 x 459; FAX: 772-461-2221; . Synthesis, Pharmacology: Roth Tel: 407-745-2062; FAX: 407-745-2001;
| | - Gregory P. Roth
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Isolation, Tumor biology: Wright: Tel: 772-465-2400 x 459; FAX: 772-461-2221; . Synthesis, Pharmacology: Roth Tel: 407-745-2062; FAX: 407-745-2001;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang H, Capon RJ. Phorbasins D−F: Diterpenyl-taurines from a Southern Australian Marine Sponge, Phorbas sp. Org Lett 2008; 10:1959-62. [DOI: 10.1021/ol8004744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Centre for Molecular Biodiversity, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert J. Capon
- Centre for Molecular Biodiversity, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nakao Y, Fusetani N. Enzyme inhibitors from marine invertebrates. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2007; 70:689-710. [PMID: 17362037 DOI: 10.1021/np060600x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine invertebrates are rich sources of small molecules with unique chemical skeletons and potent bioactivities. Historically, such compounds were discovered mainly through the use of assays for phenotype-oriented activities, such as cytotoxicity or antimicrobial effects. More recently, target-oriented searches for bioactive substances, as exemplified by enzyme inhibitors, have become much more common, given a growing need for small-molecule inhibitors essential for studies of complex processes at the interface of chemistry and biology. In this review, selected enzyme inhibitors from marine invertebrates are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Nakao
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Makarieva TN, Guzii AG, Dmitrenok AS, Dmitrenok PS, Krasokhin VB, Stonik VA. 8-Oxoadenine, 9-Methyl-8-Oxoadenine, and Trihydroxylated Sterols from a Far Eastern Thorectidae Sponge. Nat Prod Commun 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0600100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Oxoadenine (1) was found as a main secondary metabolite of a far-eastern Thorectidae sponge. In addition, a related minor compound, 9-methyl-8-oxoadenine (2), was isolated for the first time as a natural product, along with the previously known 3-methyladenine (3). Two known trihydroxylated sterols of the Δ7 series (4, 5) were also identified. Structural identification of 1–5 was carried out by analysis of spectroscopic data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana N. Makarieva
- Laboratory of Chemistry MaNaPro, Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Alla G. Guzii
- Laboratory of Chemistry MaNaPro, Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Andrei S. Dmitrenok
- Laboratory of Chemistry MaNaPro, Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Pavel S. Dmitrenok
- Laboratory of Chemistry MaNaPro, Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vladimir B. Krasokhin
- Laboratory of Chemistry MaNaPro, Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Valentin A. Stonik
- Laboratory of Chemistry MaNaPro, Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nagle DG, Zhou YD, Mora FD, Mohammed KA, Kim YP. Mechanism targeted discovery of antitumor marine natural products. Curr Med Chem 2004; 11:1725-56. [PMID: 15279579 PMCID: PMC2908268 DOI: 10.2174/0929867043364991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Antitumor drug discovery programs aim to identify chemical entities for use in the treatment of cancer. Many strategies have been used to achieve this objective. Natural products have always played a major role in anticancer medicine and the unique metabolites produced by marine organisms have increasingly become major players in antitumor drug discovery. Rapid advances have occurred in the understanding of tumor biology and molecular medicine. New insights into mechanisms responsible for neoplastic disease are significantly changing the general philosophical approach towards cancer treatment. Recently identified molecular targets have created exciting new means for disrupting tumor-specific cell signaling, cell division, energy metabolism, gene expression, drug resistance and blood supply. Such tumor-specific treatments could someday decrease our reliance on traditional cytotoxicity-based chemotherapy and provide new less toxic treatment options with significantly fewer side effects. Novel molecular targets and state-of-the-art, molecular mechanism-based screening methods have revitalized antitumor research and these changes are becoming an ever-increasing component of modern antitumor marine natural products research. This review describes marine natural products identified using tumor-specific mechanism-based assays for regulators of angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell cycle, macromolecule synthesis, mitochondrial respiration, mitosis, multidrug efflux and signal transduction. Special emphasis is placed on natural products directly discovered using molecular mechanism-based screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale G Nagle
- Department of Phamacognosy, National Center for Natural Products Research, and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ham YM, Choi KJ, Song SY, Jin YH, Chun MW, Lee SK. Xylocydine, a novel inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases, prevents the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptotic cell death of SK-HEP-1 cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 308:814-9. [PMID: 14617691 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.059568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylocydine (4-amino-6-bromo-7-(beta-l-xylofuranosyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide) blocks cyclin-dependent kinase CDK1 and CDK2/cyclin A activity in vitro (IC(50) 1.4 and 61 nM, respectively) while minimally inhibiting the three other Ser/Thr protein kinases tested (IC(50) 21-86 microM). Reduced phosphorylated nucleolin and retinoblastoma protein levels showed it also efficiently inhibited cellular CDK1 and CDK2 activity (IC(50) 50-100 and 200-500 nM, respectively). Moreover, it blocked the functional activity of CDKs in tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced SK-HEP-1 cell apoptosis 20 to 1000-fold more potently than olomoucine and roscovitine. Xylocydine is thus a novel and potent CDK inhibitor that could be used to interfere with cell cycle- and apoptosis-related CDK activity in various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Ham
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Shillim-Dong, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mesguiche V, Parsons RJ, Arris CE, Bentley J, Boyle FT, Curtin NJ, Davies TG, Endicott JA, Gibson AE, Golding BT, Griffin RJ, Jewsbury P, Johnson LN, Newell DR, Noble MEM, Wang LZ, Hardcastle IR. 4-Alkoxy-2,6-diaminopyrimidine derivatives: inhibitors of cyclin dependent kinases 1 and 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:217-22. [PMID: 12482427 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00884-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor NU6027, 4-cyclohexylmethoxy-5-nitroso-pyrimidine-2,6-diamine (IC(50) vs cdk1/cyclinB1=2.9+/-0.1 microM and IC(50) vs cdk2/cyclinA3=2.2+/-0.6 microM), was used as the basis for the design of a series of 4-alkoxy-2,6-diamino-5-nitrosopyrimidine derivatives. The synthesis and evaluation of 21 compounds as potential inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases 1 and 2 is described and the structure-activity relationships relating to NU6027 have been probed. Simple alkoxy- or cycloalkoxy-groups at the O(4)-position were tolerated, with the 4-(2-methylbutoxy)-derivative (IC(50) vs cdk1/cyclinB1=12+/-2 microM and cdk2/cyclinA3=13+/-4 microM) retaining significant activity. Substitutions at the N(6) position were not tolerated. Replacement of the 5-nitroso substituent with ketone, oxime and semicarbazone groups essentially abolished activity. However, the derivative bearing an isosteric 5-formyl group, 2,6-diamino-4-cyclohexylmethoxy-pyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde, showed modest activity (IC(50) vs cdk1/cyclinB1=35+/-3 microM and cdk2/cyclinA3=43+/-3 microM). The X-ray crystal structure of the 5-formyl compound bound to cdk2 has been determined to 2.3A resolution. The intramolecular H-bond deduced from the structure with NU6027 bound to cdk2 is not evident in the structure with the corresponding formyl compound. Thus the parent compound, 4-cyclohexylmethoxy-5-nitrosopyrimidine-2,6-diamine (NU6027), remains the optimal basis for future structure-activity studies for cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in this series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Mesguiche
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research and Department of Chemistry, Bedson Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Prinsep MR. Sulfur-Containing Natural Products from Marine Invertebrates. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART I) 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(03)80151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|