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Dejan F, Daneshi A, Aslani JR, Ahmadi N, Roozbahani NE, Rahmanian E, Behmanesh R, Gheisari HR. Hepatoprotective effect of Holothuria leucospilota methanolic extract on dimethyl nitrosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Animal Model Exp Med 2024; 7:544-552. [PMID: 38949064 PMCID: PMC11369027 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complementary medicine is an interesting field for extracting bioactive compounds from various plant and animal sources. The hepatoprotective effect of the methanolic extract of a species of sea cucumber called Holothuria leucospilota in an animal model of liver cancer caused by dimethyl nitrosamine (DMN) was studied. METHODS Wistar female rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 12): control (intact), positive control (received 1% DMN [10 mg/kg/week, intraperitoneally] for 12 weeks), and three treatment groups (received 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day H. leucospilota extract orally for 12 weeks along with intraperitoneal administration of 1% DMN [10 mg/kg/week]). In all groups, ultrasound was performed on the liver every week to check its density. Blood sampling and liver isolation were performed on three occasions, at 4, 8, and 12 weeks, to check liver enzymes and the histopathological condition of the liver tissue (every week, four animals from each group were randomly selected). RESULTS Liver density changes were evident from the eighth week onward in the positive control group. Histopathological results indicated pathologic changes in the positive control group after 4 weeks. The increase in liver enzymes in the positive control group was significantly different from that in the treatment and control groups. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the hepatoprotective effect of H. leucospilota on DMN-induced liver damage in rats using biochemical and histological parameters and ultrasonography. More additional research (in silico or in vitro) is needed to find the exact mechanism and the main biological compound in H. leucospilota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Dejan
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Amineh Daneshi
- Department of EducationFarzanegan High SchoolTehranKohgiluyeh and Boyer AhmadIran
| | - Javad Rajabi Aslani
- Food Hygiene Department, School of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Nasrollah Ahmadi
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
| | - Narges Eskandari Roozbahani
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza HospitalKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Elaham Rahmanian
- Molecular Dermatology Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Department of Anatomy, School of MedicineShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Reza Behmanesh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Garmsar Branch, Department of RadiologyIslamic Azad UniversityGarmsarIran
| | - Hamid Reza Gheisari
- Food Hygiene Department, School of Veterinary MedicineShiraz UniversityShirazIran
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Zare A, Izanloo S, Khaledi S, Maratovich MN, Kaliyev AA, Abenova NA, Rahmanifar F, Mahdipour M, Bakhshalizadeh S, Shirazi R, Tanideh N, Tamadon A. A Bibliometric and In Silico-Based Analysis of Anti-Lung Cancer Compounds from Sea Cucumber. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21050283. [PMID: 37233477 DOI: 10.3390/md21050283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies in the world. However, current curative approaches for treating this type of cancer have some weaknesses. Therefore, scientists are attempting to discover new anti-lung cancer agents. Sea cucumber is a marine-derived source for discovering biologically active compounds with anti-lung cancer properties. To explore the anti-lung cancer properties of sea cucumber, we analyzed surveys using VOSviewer software and identified the most frequently used keywords. We then searched the Google Scholar database for compounds with anti-lung cancer properties within that keyword family. Finally, we used AutoDock 4 to identify the compounds with the highest affinity for apoptotic receptors in lung cancer cells. The results showed that triterpene glucosides were the most frequently identified compounds in studies examining the anti-cancer properties of sea cucumbers. Intercedenside C, Scabraside A, and Scabraside B were the three triterpene glycosides with the highest affinity for apoptotic receptors in lung cancer cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that anti-lung cancer properties of sea cucumber-derived compounds have been examined in in silico conditions. Ultimately, these three components displayed anti-lung cancer properties in in silico conditions and may be used for the manufacture of anti-lung cancer agents in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Zare
- The PerciaVista Biotechnology Company, Shiraz 71676-83745, Iran
| | - Safoura Izanloo
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14496-14535, Iran
- School of Nursing, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd 94149-74877, Iran
| | - Sajed Khaledi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14117-13116, Iran
| | | | | | - Nurgul Abdullayevna Abenova
- Department of Internal Diseases, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030019, Kazakhstan
| | - Farhad Rahmanifar
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahdipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-53431, Iran
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-53431, Iran
| | - Shabnam Bakhshalizadeh
- Reproductive Development, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Reza Shirazi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, Biomedical & Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 1466, Australia
| | - Nader Tanideh
- The PerciaVista Biotechnology Company, Shiraz 71676-83745, Iran
- Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Amin Tamadon
- The PerciaVista Biotechnology Company, Shiraz 71676-83745, Iran
- Department for Scientific Work, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030010, Kazakhstan
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Li G, Zhou Y, Yang WY, Zhang C, Hong L, Jia L. Inhibitory Effects of Sulfated Polysaccharides from the Sea Cucumber Cucumaria Frondosa against Aβ40 Aggregation and Cytotoxicity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1854-1859. [PMID: 33999600 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal aggregation and deposition of Aβ is one of the causative agents for Alzheimer's disease. The development of inhibitors for Aβ aggregation has been considered a possible method to prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease. Edible sea cucumbers contain many bioactive molecules, including saponins, phospholipids, peptides, and polysaccharides. Herein, we report that polysaccharides extracted from sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa could reduce the aggregation and cytotoxicity of Aβ40. By utilizing multiple biochemical and biophysical instruments, we found that the polysaccharides could inhibit the aggregation of Aβ40. A chemical kinetics analysis further suggested that the major inhibitory effects of the polysaccharides were achieved by disassembling mature fibrils, which in turn reduced the cytotoxicity of Aβ. These results suggested that the polysaccharides extracted from sea cucumber could be used as an effective inhibitor for Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Li
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Wu-Yue Yang
- Yau Mathematical Sciences Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Liu Hong
- School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Lee Jia
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
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Quaisie J, Ma H, Yiting G, Tuly JA, Igbokwe CJ, Zhang X, Ekumah JN, Akpabli-Tsigbe NDK, Nianzhen S. Impact of sonication on slurry shear -thinning of protein from sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus): Proteolytic reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, and conformational modification. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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A new sulfated triterpene glycoside from the sea cucumber Colochirus quadrangularis, and evaluation of its antifungal, antitumor and immunomodulatory activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 41:116188. [PMID: 34000508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our continuing search for marine bioactive secondary metabolites led to the screening of crude extracts of sea cucumbers by the model of Pyricularia oryzae. A new sulfated triterpene glycoside, coloquadranoside A (1), together with four known triterpene glycosides, philinopside A, B, E and pentactaside B (2-5) were isolated from the sea cucumber Colochirus quadrangularis, and their structures were elucidated using extensive spectroscope analysis (ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR) and chemical methods. Coloquadranoside A possesses a 16-acetyloxy group in the holostane-type triterpene aglycone with a 7(8)-double bond, a double bond (25,26) at its side chain, and two β-d-xylose in the carbohydrate chain. Coloquadranoside A exhibits in vitro some antifungus, considerable cytotoxicity (IC50 of 0.46-2.03 μM) against eight human tumor cell lines, in vivo antitumor, and immunomodulatory activity.
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Ceesay A, Nor Shamsudin M, Aliyu-Paiko M, Ismail IS, Nazarudin MF, Mohamed Alipiah N. Extraction and Characterization of Organ Components of the Malaysian Sea Cucumber Holothuria leucospilota Yielded Bioactives Exhibiting Diverse Properties. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2640684. [PMID: 31119160 PMCID: PMC6500702 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2640684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to extract and characterize bioactive components from separate body organs of Holothuria leucospilota. Preliminary qualitative assessment of the crude extracts was positive for phenols, terpenoids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, steroids, phlobatannins, and tannins in all body organs evaluated. Phenolics were the most abundant group of bioactives accounting for approximately 80%. The extraction solvent mixtures that yielded most compounds evaluated were methanol/acetone (3:1, v:v) and methanol/distilled water (3:1, v:v). In other analyses, GC-MS data revealed diverse metabolic and biologically active compounds, where those in high concentrations included 2-Pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl- among the ketones; phenol- 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, a phenol group; and 2-Chlorooctane, a hydrocarbon. Among FA and their methyl/ethyl esters, n-hexadecanoic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid ethyl ester (arachidonic acid), and 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid methyl ester (EPA) were among the most abundant FAMEs accounting for approximately 50% of the subgroups measured. Data from GC-FID analysis revealed methyl laurate (C12:0), methyl myristate (C14:0), methyl palmitate (C16:0), and methyl stearate (18:0) methyl esters as the most abundant saturated FA, whereas cis-9-oleic methyl ester (C18:1) and methyl linoleate (C18:2) were found as the major monounsaturated FA and PUFA FAMEs, respectively, in the body wall of the species. Taken together, the extraction and characterization of different categories of metabolically and biologically active compounds in various organ extracts of H. leucospilota suggest that the species is potentially a rich source of cholesterol-lowering, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer agents. These substances are known to benefit human health and assist in disease prevention. These findings justify the use of sea cucumbers in traditional folklore medication and the current interest and attention focused on the species to mine for bioactives in new drugs research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdoulie Ceesay
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mariana Nor Shamsudin
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Aliyu-Paiko
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida (IBB) University, P. M. B. 11 Lapai, Nigeria
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Farhan Nazarudin
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norfarrah Mohamed Alipiah
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Encarnacion-Dimayuga R, Murillo-Álvarez JI, Christophersen C, Chan-Bacab M, Reiriz MLG, Zacchino S. Leishmanicidal, Antifungal, and Cytotoxic Activity of Triterpenoid Glycosides Isolated from the Sea Cucumber Neothyone Gibbosa. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0600100705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neothyosides A - C, isolated from the body walls of the sea cucumber Neothyone gibbosa Deichmann, and a partially purified mixture of these saponins, were tested in vitro against promastigotes of two strains of Leishmania mexicana and a panel of several fungi using the broth microdilution technique. In addition, the cytotoxicity of these saponins was tested against Artemia salina. The IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic and FAB MS data of neothyoside C revealed that its structure was identical to that of pervicoside B, isolated from another sea cucumber species, Holothuria pervicax. Neothyoside C was the most active antiparasitic compound, inhibiting 100% of the promastigotes at 5 and 10 μg/mL of both L. mexicana strains. The mixture of saponins and pure neothyoside C showed the best activity against Aspergillus niger strains with MIC values between 15.6 μg/mL and 16.7 μg/mL for the mixture, and 4.65 μg/mL and 7.8 μg/mL for neothyoside C. Assays for cytotoxicity using Artemia salina showed that neothyosides A and C caused 50% brine-shrimp deaths at 130 and 63 μg/mL with this cytotoxicity 4 to 6 times greater than the concentration at which these compounds produce an antimicrobial effect. This is the first report describing the antileishmanial, antifungal, and cytotoxic activity of N. gibbosa saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Encarnacion-Dimayuga
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Departamento de Agronomía, Km 5.5 Carretera al Sur, A. P. 19-B, La Paz B. C. S., C. P. 23080, México
| | - Jesús Iván Murillo-Álvarez
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Departamento de Agronomía, Km 5.5 Carretera al Sur, A. P. 19-B, La Paz B. C. S., C. P. 23080, México
| | - Carsten Christophersen
- University of Copenhagen, Section of Marine Chemistry, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manuel Chan-Bacab
- Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Departamento de Microbiología Ambiental y Biotecnología, Av. Agustín Melgar s/n, Campeche, Campeche, C. P. 24030, México
| | - María Luz García Reiriz
- Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Bioquímicas, Departamento de Farmacognosia, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Susana Zacchino
- Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Bioquímicas, Departamento de Farmacognosia, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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Distribution of Saponins in the Sea Cucumber Holothuria lessoni; the Body Wall Versus the Viscera, and Their Biological Activities. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16110423. [PMID: 30388793 PMCID: PMC6266130 DOI: 10.3390/md16110423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers are an important ingredient of traditional folk medicine in many Asian countries, which are well-known for their medicinal, nutraceutical, and food values due to producing an impressive range of distinctive natural bioactive compounds. Triterpene glycosides are the most abundant and prime secondary metabolites reported in this species. They possess numerous biological activities ranging from anti-tumour, wound healing, hypolipidemia, pain relieving, the improvement of nonalcoholic fatty livers, anti-hyperuricemia, the induction of bone marrow hematopoiesis, anti-hypertension, and cosmetics and anti-ageing properties. This study was designed to purify and elucidate the structure of saponin contents of the body wall of sea cucumber Holothurialessoni and to compare the distribution of saponins of the body wall with that of the viscera. The body wall was extracted with 70% ethanol, and purified by a liquid-liquid partition chromatography, followed by isobutanol extraction. A high-performance centrifugal partition chromatography (HPCPC) was conducted on the saponin-enriched mixture to obtain saponins with a high purity. The resultant purified saponins were analyzed using MALDI-MS/MS and ESI-MS/MS. The integrated and hyphenated MS and HPCPC analyses revealed the presence of 89 saponin congeners, including 35 new and 54 known saponins, in the body wall in which the majority of glycosides are of the holostane type. As a result, and in conjunction with existing literature, the structure of four novel acetylated saponins, namely lessoniosides H, I, J, and K were characterized. The identified triterpene glycosides showed potent antifungal activities against tested fungi, but had no antibacterial effects on the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The presence of a wide range of saponins with potential applications is promising for cosmeceutical, medicinal, and pharmaceutical products to improve human health.
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Saponins of sea cucumber attenuate atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice via lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory properties. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Cytotoxic Desulfated Saponin from Holothuria atra Predicted to Have High Binding Affinity to the Oncogenic Kinase PAK1: A Combined In Vitro and In Silico Study. Sci Pharm 2018; 86:scipharm86030032. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm86030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers have long been utilized in foods and Asiatic folk medicines for their nutritive and health benefits. Herein, three sea cucumber species were investigated and Holothuria atra showed the highest cytotoxicity among these. Next, a desulfated saponin, desulfated echinoside B (DEB), was purified from H. atra through bioassay-guided fractionation. LC-ESI-MS (Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) analysis also showed H. atra to be a rich source of saponins. DEB showed cytotoxicity on cancer cells with IC50 values of 0.5–2.5 µM, and on brine shrimps with an IC50 value of 9.2 µM. In molecular docking studies, DEB was found to bind strongly with the catalytic domain of PAK1 (p21-activated kinase 1) and it showed binding energy of −8.2 kcal/mol compared to binding energy of −7.7 kcal/mol for frondoside A (FRA). Both of them bind to the novel allosteric site close to the ATP-binding cleft. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation demonstrated that DEB can form a more stable complex with PAK1, remaining inside the allosteric binding pocket and forming the maximum number of hydrogen bonds with the surrounding residues. Moreover, important ligand binding residues were found to be less fluctuating in the DEB-PAK1 complex than in the FRA-PAK1 complex throughout MD simulation. Our experimental and computational studies showed that both DEB and FRA can act as natural allosteric PAK1 inhibitors and DEB appeared to be more promising than FRA.
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Vaseghi G, Hajakbari F, Sajjadi S, Dana N, Ghasemi A, Yegdaneh A. Cytotoxic Screening of Marine Organisms from Persian Gulf. Adv Biomed Res 2018; 7:108. [PMID: 30069439 PMCID: PMC6050974 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marine organisms produce a variety of compounds with pharmacological activities, including anticancer effects. They contain several secondary metabolites with interesting biological activities. This study attempted to find cytotoxicity of Hexane, Dichloromethane and Butanol partitions of Holothuria leucospilota and Echinometra mathaei. MATERIALS AND METHODS H. leucospilota and E. mathaei were collected from Persian Gulf. The animals were extracted by maceration with methanol-ethyl acetate (1:1). The H. leucospilota extract was partitioned by Kupchan method to hexane, dichloromethane, butanol, and water partitions. The cytotoxic activity of the extracts was investigated against HeLa (cervical cancer) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells cell lines by mitochondrial tetrazolium test assay after 72 h. RESULTS The cell survivals of HeLa cell were decreased by increasing the concentration of extracts. A significant reduction in cell viability at the doses of 30 (μg/ml) of dichloromethane (DCM) partition, 0.3, 3, and 30 (μg/ml) of ButOH partitions of sea cucumber, and 0.5 (μg/ml) of E. mathaei was observed. The median growth inhibitory concentration value of Hex, DCM, ButoH, and water partitions were 0.301, 0.21, 2.29, and 0.229 μg/ml, respectively. CONCLUSION This study reveals that different partitions of H. leucospilota and total extract of E. mathaei have cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines. More study is necessary to find the active metabolites in the more active partitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Vaseghi
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farideh Hajakbari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Isfahan Pharmacy Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shabnam Sajjadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Nasim Dana
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ghasemi
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Yegdaneh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Isfahan Pharmacy Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Khotimchenko Y. Pharmacological Potential of Sea Cucumbers. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1342. [PMID: 29724051 PMCID: PMC5983632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents a detailed analysis of published research data focused on the pharmacological activity exerted by biologically active compounds isolated from sea cucumbers belonging to the class of Holothuroidea, phylum Echinodermata. The review contains descriptions of the structure, physico-chemical properties and pharmacological effects of these active substances. Particular attention is given to compounds with anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-infectious, immune-stimulating and anti-ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) activities as well as to the substances exerting a regulating influence on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. All these compounds may be considered as prototypes for development of new pharmaceutical substances and medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Khotimchenko
- School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, 8 ul. Sukhanova, Vladivostok 690950, Russia.
- National Scientific Center for Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
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Yang L, Wang Y, Yang S, Lv Z. Separation, purification, structures and anticoagulant activities of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates from Holothuria scabra. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 108:710-718. [PMID: 29174356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (HsG) with an average molecular weight of 69.1 kDa was isolated from sea cucumber Holothuria scabra. We investigated the structure of the HsG by adopting monosaccharide composition analysis, disaccharide composition analysis, IR,1H and13C NMR spectra and methylation analysis. According to methylation results of desulfated/carboxyl-reduced polysaccharides and the analysis of unsaturated disaccharides generated through the enzymolysis of the defucosed polysaccharides, it is shown that each branch is formed by one fucopyranosyl residue, wherein 55.7% of the fucopyranosyl residues are linked to the O-6 position of the N-acetylgalactosamine moiety, 21.2% of the fucopyranosyl residues are linked to the O-3 position of β-d-glucuronic acid, 13.0% of the fucopyranosyl residues are linked to the O-4 positions of the N-acetylgalactosamine moiety, and 10.1% of the fucopyranosyl residues are not linked to sulfate groups on the backbone. The backbone →4)GlcUAβ(1 → 3)GalNAcβ(1→ and sulfated fucose branches were composed of the β-d-glucuronic acid, N-acetyl-β-d- galactosamine, α-l-fucose and sulfate groups by the molar ratio of 1:1.72:2.34:3.29. The anticoagulant activities of the HsG was evaluated and compared with heparin. The result showed that the HsG could prolong the activated partial thromboplastin time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology (Ocean University of China), Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuanhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology (Ocean University of China), Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology (Ocean University of China), Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhihua Lv
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology (Ocean University of China), Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266003, China.
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14
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Mondol MAM, Shin HJ, Rahman MA, Islam MT. Sea Cucumber Glycosides: Chemical Structures, Producing Species and Important Biological Properties. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15100317. [PMID: 29039760 PMCID: PMC5666425 DOI: 10.3390/md15100317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers belonging to echinoderm are traditionally used as tonic food in China and other Asian countries. They produce abundant biologically active triterpene glycosides. More than 300 triterpene glycosides have been isolated and characterized from various species of sea cucumbers, which are classified as holostane and nonholostane depending on the presence or absence of a specific structural unit γ(18,20)-lactone in the aglycone. Triterpene glycosides contain a carbohydrate chain up to six monosaccharide units mainly consisting of d-xylose, 3-O-methy-d-xylose, d-glucose, 3-O-methyl-d-glucose, and d-quinovose. Cytotoxicity is the common biological property of triterpene glycosides isolated from sea cucumbers. Besides cytotoxicity, triterpene glycosides also exhibit antifungal, antiviral and hemolytic activities. This review updates and summarizes our understanding on diverse chemical structures of triterpene glycosides from various species of sea cucumbers and their important biological activities. Mechanisms of action and structural-activity relationships (SARs) of sea cucumber glycosides are also discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hee Jae Shin
- Marine Natural Products Laboratory, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 787 Haeanro, Ansan 427-744, Korea.
| | - M Aminur Rahman
- World Fisheries University Pilot Programme, Pukyong National University (PKNU), 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea.
| | - Mohamad Tofazzal Islam
- Department of Biotechnology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh.
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15
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Mechanisms of cancer cell killing by sea cucumber-derived compounds. Invest New Drugs 2017; 35:820-826. [PMID: 28920157 PMCID: PMC5694523 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of cancer therapy is to specifically eradicate tumor cells while causing minimal damage to normal tissues and minimal side-effects. Because of this, the use of natural substances with low toxicity is a good option. Sea cucumbers are one of many potential marine animals that contain valuable nutrients and medicinal properties. The medicinal value of sea cucumbers is attributed to the presence of bioactive agents with promising biological and pharmacological properties that include cytotoxic activity, induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of tumor growth, anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic properties, and inhibition of drug resistance. This review discusses the mechanisms of cancer cell death induced by sea cucumber-derived compounds with regard to exploring the potential use of these marine natural products for cancer therapy.
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Song S, Zhang L, Cao J, Xiang G, Cong P, Dong P, Li Z, Xue C, Xue Y, Wang Y. Characterization of Metabolic Pathways and Absorption of Sea Cucumber Saponins, Holothurin A and Echinoside A,in Vitroandin Vivo. J Food Sci 2017; 82:1961-1967. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean Univ. of China; Qingdao 266003 PR China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean Univ. of China; Qingdao 266003 PR China
| | - Jian Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean Univ. of China; Qingdao 266003 PR China
| | - Gao Xiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean Univ. of China; Qingdao 266003 PR China
| | - Peixu Cong
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean Univ. of China; Qingdao 266003 PR China
| | - Ping Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean Univ. of China; Qingdao 266003 PR China
| | - Zhaojie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean Univ. of China; Qingdao 266003 PR China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean Univ. of China; Qingdao 266003 PR China
| | - Yong Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean Univ. of China; Qingdao 266003 PR China
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering; Ocean Univ. of China; Qingdao 266003 PR China
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17
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Mou J, Wang C, Li W, Yang J. Purification, structural characterization and anticoagulant properties of fucosylated chondroitin sulfate isolated from Holothuria mexicana. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 98:208-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Chari A, Mazumder A, Lau K, Catamero D, Galitzeck Z, Jagannath S. A phase II trial of TBL-12 sea cucumber extract in patients with untreated asymptomatic myeloma. Br J Haematol 2016; 180:296-298. [PMID: 27714761 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajai Chari
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Kenneth Lau
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna Catamero
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Bahrami Y, Franco CMM. Acetylated Triterpene Glycosides and Their Biological Activity from Holothuroidea Reported in the Past Six Decades. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E147. [PMID: 27527190 PMCID: PMC4999908 DOI: 10.3390/md14080147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers have been valued for many centuries as a tonic and functional food, dietary delicacies and important ingredients of traditional medicine in many Asian countries. An assortment of bioactive compounds has been described in sea cucumbers. The most important and abundant secondary metabolites from sea cucumbers are triterpene glycosides (saponins). Due to the wide range of their potential biological activities, these natural compounds have gained attention and this has led to their emergence as high value compounds with extended application in nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, medicinal and pharmaceutical products. They are characterized by bearing a wide spectrum of structures, such as sulfated, non-sulfated and acetylated glycosides. Over 700 triterpene glycosides have been reported from the Holothuroidea in which more than 145 are decorated with an acetoxy group having 38 different aglycones. The majority of sea cucumber triterpene glycosides are of the holostane type containing a C18 (20) lactone group and either Δ(7(8)) or Δ(9(11)) double bond in their genins. The acetoxy group is mainly connected to the C-16, C-22, C-23 and/or C-25 of their aglycone. Apparently, the presence of an acetoxy group, particularly at C-16 of the aglycone, plays a significant role in the bioactivity; including induction of caspase, apoptosis, cytotoxicity, anticancer, antifungal and antibacterial activities of these compounds. This manuscript highlights the structure of acetylated saponins, their biological activity, and their structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadollah Bahrami
- Medical Biotechnology, Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5042, Australia.
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5042, Australia.
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415185, Iran.
| | - Christopher M M Franco
- Medical Biotechnology, Flinders Medical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5042, Australia.
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, Flinders University, Adelaide SA 5042, Australia.
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20
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Absorption and pharmacokinetic study of two sulphated triterpenoid saponins in rat after oral and intravenous administration of saponin extracts of Pearsonothuria graeffei by HPLC-MS. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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21
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Li S, Wang Y, Jiang T, Wang H, Yang S, Lv Z. Absorption and Transport of Sea Cucumber Saponins from Apostichopus japonicus. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14060114. [PMID: 27322290 PMCID: PMC4926073 DOI: 10.3390/md14060114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study is focused on the intestinal absorption of sea cucumber saponins. We determined the pharmacokinetic characteristics and bioavailability of Echinoside A and Holotoxin A₁; the findings indicated that the bioavailability of Holotoxin A₁ was lower than Echinoside A. We inferred that the differences in chemical structure between compounds was a factor that explained their different characteristics of transport across the intestine. In order to confirm the absorption characteristics of Echinoside A and Holotoxin A₁, we examined their transport across Caco-2 cell monolayer and effective permeability by single-pass intestinal perfusion. The results of Caco-2 cell model indicate that Echinoside A is transported by passive diffusion, and not influenced by the exocytosis of P-glycoprotein (P-gp, expressed in the apical side of Caco-2 monolayers as the classic inhibitor). The intestinal perfusion also demonstrated well the absorption of Echinoside A and poor absorption of Holotoxin A₁, which matched up with the result of the Caco-2 cell model. The results demonstrated our conjecture and provides fundamental information on the relationship between the chemical structure of these sea cucumber saponins and their absorption characteristics, and we believe that our findings build a foundation for the further metabolism study of sea cucumber saponins and contribute to the further clinical research of saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Marine Drug and Food Institute, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Yuanhong Wang
- Marine Drug and Food Institute, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Tingfu Jiang
- Marine Drug and Food Institute, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Han Wang
- Marine Drug and Food Institute, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Shuang Yang
- Marine Drug and Food Institute, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zhihua Lv
- Marine Drug and Food Institute, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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22
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WEN M, FU X, HAN X, HU X, DONG P, XU J, XUE Y, WANG J, XUE C, WANG Y. Sea Cucumber Saponin Echinoside A (EA) Stimulates Hepatic Fatty Acid β-Oxidation and Suppresses Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Coupling in a Diurnal Pattern. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2016; 62:170-7. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.62.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min WEN
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Xueyuan FU
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Xiuqing HAN
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Xiaoqian HU
- College of Food Science and Technology, ShangHai Ocean University
| | - Ping DONG
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Jie XU
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Yong XUE
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Jingfeng WANG
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Changhu XUE
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
| | - Yuming WANG
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China
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23
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24
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Colochirosides B 1, B 2, B 3 and C, Novel Sulfated Triterpene Glycosides from the Sea Cucumber Colochirus robustus (Cucumariidae, Dendrochirotida). Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501001014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new triterpene glycosides, colochirosides B1 (1), B2 (2), B3 (3) and C (4) have been isolated from the sea cucumber Colochirus robustus (Cucumariidae, Dendrochirotida). Six known earlier glycosides from representatives of two families of the order Dendrochirotida have also been found in C. robustus. Structures of the glycosides have been elucidated by 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. All the glycosides belong to the holostane series and contain tetrasaccharide linear carbohydrate chains with one or two sulfate groups. Cytotoxic activities of glycosides 1-4 against the ascite form of mouse Ehrlich carcinoma cells and hemolytic activities against mouse erythrocytes have been studied. Hemolytic activity of the glycosides was higher than cytotoxic. Glycosides 3 and 4 demonstrated strong effects, whereas compounds 1 and 2 containing the hydroxy-group in the side chains showed moderate hemolytic activity and were not cytotoxic.
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25
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2013 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 982 citations (644 for the period January to December 2013) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1163 for 2013), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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26
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Janakiram NB, Mohammed A, Rao CV. Sea Cucumbers Metabolites as Potent Anti-Cancer Agents. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2909-23. [PMID: 25984989 PMCID: PMC4446612 DOI: 10.3390/md13052909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers and their extracts have gained immense popularity and interest among researchers and nutritionists due to their nutritive value, potential health benefits, and use in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. Many areas of the world use sea cucumbers in traditional foods and folk medicine. Though the actual components and their specific functions still remain to be investigated, most sea cucumber extracts are being studied for their anti-inflammatory functions, immunostimulatory properties, and for cancer prevention and treatment. There is large scope for the discovery of additional bioactive, valuable compounds from this natural source. Sea cucumber extracts contain unique components, such as modified triterpene glycosides, sulfated polysaccharides, glycosphingolipids, and esterified phospholipids. Frondanol A5, an isopropyl alcohol/water extract of the enzymatically hydrolyzed epithelia of the edible North Atlantic sea cucumber, Cucumaria frondosa, contains monosulfated triterpenoid glycoside Frondoside A, the disulfated glycoside Frondoside B, the trisulfated glycoside Frondoside C, 12-methyltetradecanoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and fucosylated chondroitin sulfate. We have extensively studied the efficacy of this extract in preventing colon cancer in rodent models. In this review, we discuss the anti-inflammatory, immunostimulatory, and anti-tumor properties of sea cucumber extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveena B Janakiram
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Altaf Mohammed
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
| | - Chinthalapally V Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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27
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Janakiram NB, Mohammed A, Bryant T, Lightfoot S, Collin PD, Steele VE, Rao CV. Improved innate immune responses by Frondanol A5, a sea cucumber extract, prevent intestinal tumorigenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:327-37. [PMID: 25657017 PMCID: PMC4839268 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sea cucumbers are a source of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer compounds. We show that sea cucumber extract Frondanol A5 is capable of enhancing innate immune responses and inhibiting intestinal tumors in APC(Min/+) mice. APC(Min/+) mice were fed semi-purified diets containing 0, 250, or 500 ppm FrondanolA5 for 14 weeks before we assessed intestinal tumor inhibition. Dietary Frondanol A5 suppressed small intestinal polyp sizes and formation up to 30% (P < 0.02) in males and up to 50% (P < 0.01) in females. Importantly, 250 and 500 ppm Frondanol A5 diet suppressed colon tumor multiplicities by 65% (P < 0.007) and 75% (P < 0.0001), compared with untreated male APC(Min/+) mice. In female APC(Min/+) mice, both dose levels of Frondanol A5 suppressed colon tumor multiplicities up to 80% (P < 0.0001). Isolated peritoneal macrophages from treated mice showed increased phagocytosis efficiency (control 24% vs. treated 50%; P < 0.01) and an increase in GILT mRNA expression, indicating increased innate immune responses by these cells in treated animals. Similarly, we observed an increase in GILT expression in treated tumors, compared with untreated tumors. Furthermore, an increase in G-CSF cytokine, a decrease in inflammatory cytokines and marker 5-LOX, its regulator FLAP, proliferation (PCNA), and angiogenesis (VEGF) markers were observed in treatment groups. These data suggest that Frondanol A5 decreased inflammatory angiogenic molecules and increased GILT expression and macrophage phagocytosis. These decreases may have improved the innate immune systems of the treated mice, thus aiding in inhibition of intestinal tumor formation. These results suggest that Frondanol A5 exhibits significant chemopreventive potential against intestinal tumorigenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Complex Mixtures/pharmacology
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Genes, APC/physiology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Intestinal Neoplasms/immunology
- Intestinal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Intestinal Neoplasms/pathology
- Intestinal Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Oxidoreductases/genetics
- Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Oxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group Donors
- Phagocytosis/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sea Cucumbers/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveena B Janakiram
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
| | - Altaf Mohammed
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Taylor Bryant
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Stan Lightfoot
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Vernon E Steele
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Chinthalapally V Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Department of Medicine, Hem-Onc Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
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28
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Yuan HL, Liu XL, Dai QC, Song H. Exogenous natural glycoprotein multiple mechanisms of anti-tumor activity. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:1331-6. [PMID: 25743794 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.4.1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural glycoproteins can induce apoptosis of tumor cells and exert anti-tumor activity by immunomodulatory functions, cytotoxic and anti-inflammation effects, and inhibition of endothelial growth factor. Given their prospects as novel agents, sources of natural antitumor glycoproteins have attracted attention and new research directions in glycoprotein biology are gradually shifting to the direction of cancer treatment and prevention of neoplastic disease. In this review, we summarize the latest findings with regard to the tumor suppressor signature of glycoproteins and underlying regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Liang Yuan
- Harbin Commercial University Life Science and Environmental Science Research Center, Harbin, China E-mail :
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29
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Aminin DL, Menchinskaya ES, Pisliagin EA, Silchenko AS, Avilov SA, Kalinin VI. Anticancer activity of sea cucumber triterpene glycosides. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1202-23. [PMID: 25756523 PMCID: PMC4377980 DOI: 10.3390/md13031202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpene glycosides are characteristic secondary metabolites of sea cucumbers (Holothurioidea, Echinodermata). They have hemolytic, cytotoxic, antifungal, and other biological activities caused by membranotropic action. These natural products suppress the proliferation of various human tumor cell lines in vitro and, more importantly, intraperitoneal administration in rodents of solutions of some sea cucumber triterpene glycosides significantly reduces both tumor burden and metastasis. The anticancer molecular mechanisms include the induction of tumor cell apoptosis through the activation of intracellular caspase cell death pathways, arrest of the cell cycle at S or G2/M phases, influence on nuclear factors, NF-κB, and up-down regulation of certain cellular receptors and enzymes participating in cancerogenesis, such as EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), Akt (protein kinase B), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinases), FAK (focal adhesion kinase), MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9) and others. Administration of some glycosides leads to a reduction of cancer cell adhesion, suppression of cell migration and tube formation in those cells, suppression of angiogenesis, inhibition of cell proliferation, colony formation and tumor invasion. As a result, marked growth inhibition of tumors occurs in vitro and in vivo. Some holothurian triterpene glycosides have the potential to be used as P-gp mediated MDR reversal agents in combined therapy with standard cytostatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry L Aminin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 letya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina S Menchinskaya
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 letya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Evgeny A Pisliagin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 letya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Alexandra S Silchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 letya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Sergey A Avilov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 letya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Vladimir I Kalinin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 letya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
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30
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Elekofehinti OO. Saponins: Anti-diabetic principles from medicinal plants - A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:95-103. [PMID: 25753168 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) represents a global health problem. It is the most common of the endocrine disorders and is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to relative or absolute lack of insulin secretion or insulin actions. According to the World Health Organization projections, the diabetes population is likely to increase to 300 million or more by the year 2025. Current synthetic agents and insulin used effectively for the treatment of diabetes are scarce especially in rural areas, expensive and have prominent adverse effects. Complementary and alternative approaches to diabetes management such as isolation of phytochemicals with anti-hyperglycemic activities from medicinal plants is therefore imperative. Saponins are phytochemical with structural diversity and biological activities. This paper reviews saponins and various plants from which they were isolated as well as properties that make them ideal for antidiabetic remedy.
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Yang J, Wang Y, Zhang R, Jiang T, Lv Z. Determination of the triterpene glycosides in sea cucumbers by liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering and mass spectrometry detection. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:1117-22. [PMID: 25604752 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201401253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Holothurian triterpene glycosides possess various kinds of biological activities, including antifungal, cytotoxic, hemolytic, cytostatic, and immunomodulatory effects. In this study, a rapid extraction method of triterpene glycosides from sea cucumbers using a small column of C18 solid phase was first developed. Furthermore, a novel high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled with evaporative light scattering detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was established for the determination of each triterpene glycosides from different sea cucumbers. Simultaneous separation of all kind of triterpene glycoside were achieved on a C18 column. A gradient of aqueous acetonitrile was applied, and the method was validated. The liquid chromatography method was applied to the online mass detection to identify the triterpene glycosides in the purified extraction of eight kinds of pulverized sea cucumber from the market of Qingdao, China. The negative mode of [M-H](-)/[M-Na](-) exclusively shown signals corresponding to the triterpene glycosides previously reported and the MS(2) product ions of those ions indicate the specific structure of each triterpene glycoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Structure elucidation of new acetylated saponins, Lessoniosides A, B, C, D, and E, and non-acetylated saponins, Lessoniosides F and G, from the viscera of the sea cucumber Holothuria lessoni. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:597-617. [PMID: 25603350 PMCID: PMC4306954 DOI: 10.3390/md13010597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers produce numerous compounds with a wide range of chemical structural diversity. Among these, saponins are the most diverse and include sulfated, non-sulfated, acetylated and methylated congeners with different aglycone and sugar moieties. In this study, MALDI and ESI tandem mass spectrometry, in the positive ion mode, were used to elucidate the structure of new saponins extracted from the viscera of H. lessoni. Fragmentation of the aglycone provided structural information on the presence of the acetyl group. The presence of the O-acetyl group was confirmed by observing the mass transition of 60 u corresponding to the loss of a molecule of acetic acid. Ion fingerprints from the glycosidic cleavage provided information on the mass of the aglycone (core), and the sequence and type of monosaccharides that constitute the sugar moiety. The tandem mass spectra of the saponin precursor ions [M + Na]+ provided a wealth of detailed structural information on the glycosidic bond cleavages. As a result, and in conjunction with existing literature, we characterized the structure of five new acetylated saponins, Lessoniosides A–E, along with two non-acetylated saponins Lessoniosides F and G at m/z 1477.7, which are promising candidates for future drug development. The presented strategy allows a rapid, reliable and complete analysis of native saponins.
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Wang J, Han H, Chen X, Yi Y, Sun H. Cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing activity of triterpene glycosides from Holothuria scabra and Cucumaria frondosa against HepG2 cells. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4274-90. [PMID: 25062508 PMCID: PMC4145316 DOI: 10.3390/md12084274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic effects of thirteen triterpene glycosides from Holothuria scabra Jaeger and Cucumaria frondosa Gunnerus (Holothuroidea) against four human cell lines were detected and their cytotoxicity-structure relationships were established. The apoptosis-inducing activity of a more potent glycoside echinoside A (1) in HepG2 cells was further investigated by determining its effect on the morphology, mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm) and mRNA expression levels of the apoptosis-related genes. The results showed that the number of glycosyl residues in sugar chains and the side chain of aglycone could affect their cytotoxicity towards tumor cells and selective cytotoxicity. 1 significantly inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. 1 also markedly decreased the Δψm and Bcl-2/Bax mRNA express ratio, and up-regulated the mRNA expression levels of Caspase-3, Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 in HepG2 cells. Therefore, 1 induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathway. These findings could potentially promote the usage of these glycosides as leading compounds for developing new antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Hua Han
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yanghua Yi
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Wang XH, Zou ZR, Yi YH, Han H, Li L, Pan MX. Variegatusides: new non-sulphated triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber Stichopus variegates semper. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:2004-18. [PMID: 24699115 PMCID: PMC4012462 DOI: 10.3390/md12042004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new triterpene glycosides, variegatusides C–F (1–4), together with three structurally known triterpene glycosides, variegatusides A and B (5, 6), and holothurin B (7), were isolated from the sea cucumber Stichopus variegates Semper (Holothuriidae), collected from the South China Sea. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectral analysis (nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS)) and chemical evidence. Variegatusides C–F exhibit the same structural feature consisting of the presence of a 23-hydroxyl group at the holostane-type triterpene aglycone side chain. Variegatuside C (1) has a double bond (24, 25) in this same chain, while variegatuside D (2) exhibits a 8(9)-ene bond in the holostane-type triterpene aglycone, which has not been extracted from other sea cucumber species. Compound 4 is a native compound from the sea cucumber S. variegates Semper, which has been reported to be desacetylstichloroside B1. Except for holothurin B, these glycosides have no sulfate group in their sugar chain and show potent antifungal activities in vitro biotests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Wang
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zheng-Rong Zou
- College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, China.
| | - Yang-Hua Yi
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hua Han
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Ling Li
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Min-Xiang Pan
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Silchenko AS, Kalinovsky AI, Avilov SA, Andryjaschenko PV, Dmitrenok PS, Kalinin VI, Yurchenko EA, Dautov SS. Structures of Violaceusosides C, D, E and G, Sulfated Triterpene Glycosides from the Sea Cucumber Pseudocolochirus violaceus (Cucumariidae, Dendrochirotida). Nat Prod Commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1400900329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new triterpene glycosides, violaceusosides C (1), D (2), E (3) and G (4) have been isolated from the sea cucumber Pseudocolochirus violaceus (Cucumariidae, Dendrochirotida). Eight known glycosides, DS-holothurin A and holothurinoside A, isolated earlier from Holothuria forskalii (order Aspidochirotida); and violaceuside A, lefevreoside C, philinopside E, intercedenside B, violaceuside II and liovilloside A isolated earlier from representatives of the family Cucumariidae, order Dendrochirotida have also been found in P. violaceus. The chemical structures of the glycosides were elucidated by 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Violaceusosides C (1), D (2), E (3) and G (4) have holostane-type aglycones and tetrasaccharide linear carbohydrate chains differing in the sugar composition and the number and position of sulfate groups. Violaceusosides E (3) and G (4) are characterized by the presence of a sulfate group at C-3 of the quinovose residue that is very rare among sea cucumber glycosides. Cytotoxic activities of the glycosides 1–4 against cells of the ascite form of mouse Ehrlich carcinoma and hemolytic activities against mouse erythrocytes have been studied. Violaceusosides C (1) and D (2) demonstrated moderate cytotoxic and hemolytic effects, while violaceusosides E (3) and G (4) have more powerful activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S. Silchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly I. Kalinovsky
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A. Avilov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Pelageya V. Andryjaschenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel S. Dmitrenok
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir I. Kalinin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A. Yurchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Salim S. Dautov
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevsky St. 17, 690041, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
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Wang Y, Wang J, Yanagita RC, Liu C, Hu X, Dong P, Xue C, Xue Y. Effects of two sulfated triterpene saponins echinoside A and holothurin A on the inhibition of dietary fat absorption and obesity reduction. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:139-46. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.877830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Two similarly sulfated triterpene saponins from Pearsonothuria graeffei were prepared to investigate the anti-obesity effects of echinoside A (EA) and holothurin A (HA). The in vitro inhibitory activities of EA and HA toward pancreatic lipase were investigated, and two in vivo studies were performed: (i) Male Wistar rats were orally administered the lipid emulsion with or without a saponin (HA or EA). The serum’s total triglyceride concentration was measured at various times. (ii) C57BL/6 mice were assigned to four groups, high fat (HF), EA (0.03%), HA (0.04%), and orlistat (0.01%), and the weight of adipose tissue and level of fatty acids excreted in the feces were determined. Both EA and HA repressed the pancreatic lipase activity and increased fatty acid excretion in the feces. Treatment with EA and HA significantly decreased the adipose tissue accumulation in mice. EA and HA manifested different inhibitory activities in vitro, but each of them dramatically inhibited lipid absorption in vivo and showed strong anti-obesity activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ryo C Yanagita
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Applied Biological Science, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Chunhua Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoqian Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Ping Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Adibpour N, Nasr F, Nematpour F, Shakouri A, Ameri A. Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Holothuria leucospilota Isolated From Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e8708. [PMID: 25147657 PMCID: PMC4138674 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.8708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Emergence of antimicrobial resistance toward a number of conventional antibiotics has triggered the search for antimicrobial agents from a variety of sources including the marine environment. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of Holothuria leucospilota from Qeshm and Kharg Islands against some selected bacteria and fungi. Materials and Methods: In this investigation, sea cucumbers from two coastal cities of Persian Gulf were collected in March and May 2011 and identified by the scale method according to the food and agriculture organization of the United Nations. Antibacterial activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of the body wall, cuvierian organs and coelomic fluid, methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane extracts of the body wall were evaluated by the spot test. In addition, their antifungal activity was assessed by the broth dilution method. Results: The displayed effect was microbiostatic at concentrations of 1000 and 2000 µg/mL rather than microbicidal. The highest activity of hydroalcoholic extracts was exhibited by body wall, cuvierian organs and coelomic fluid against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa;Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, A. flavus and A. brasilensis. However, none of the methanol, chloroform and n-haxane extracts showed appreciable effects against Shigella dysenteriae, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus cereus, S. epidermidis and Candida albicans. Moreover, cuvierian organs did not possess any antifungal potential. Conclusions: Our data indicated that water-methanol extracts from the body wall of H. leucospilota possess antibacterial and antifungal activity. However, additional and in-depth studies are required to isolate and identify the active component(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Adibpour
- Marine Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Farhad Nasr
- Marine Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nematpour
- School of Marine Sciences, Chabahar Maritime University, Chahbahar, IR Iran
| | - Arash Shakouri
- School of Marine Sciences, Chabahar Maritime University, Chahbahar, IR Iran
| | - Abdolghani Ameri
- Marine Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Department of Food and Drug Control, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Abdolghani Ameri, Marine Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, IR Iran. Tel: +98-6113738378, Fax: +98-6113738381, E-mail:
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Li YX, Himaya SWA, Kim SK. Triterpenoids of marine origin as anti-cancer agents. Molecules 2013; 18:7886-909. [PMID: 23884125 PMCID: PMC6269678 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18077886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids are the most abundant secondary metabolites present in marine organisms, such as marine sponges, sea cucumbers, marine algae and marine-derived fungi. A large number of triterpenoids are known to exhibit cytotoxicity against a variety of tumor cells, as well as anticancer efficacy in preclinical animal models. In this review efforts have been taken to review the structural features and the potential use of triterpenoids of marine origin to be used in the pharmaceutical industry as potential anti-cancer drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xin Li
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - S. W. A. Himaya
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail:
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-51-629-7097; Fax: +82-51-629-7099
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Silchenko AS, Kalinovsky AI, Avilov SA, Andryjaschenko PV, Dmitrenok PS, Martyyas EA, Kalinin VI, Jayasandhya P, Rajan GC, Padmakumar KP. Structures and Biological Activities of Typicosides A 1, A 2, B 1, C 1 and C 2, Triterpene Glycosides from the Sea Cucumber Actinocucumis typica. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Five new minor triterpene glycosides, typicosides A1 (1), A2 (2), B1 (3), C1 (4) and C2 (5), along with two known glycosides, intercedenside A and holothurin B3, have been isolated from the sea cucumber Actinocucumis typica. Structures of the glycosides were elucidated by 2D NMR spectroscopy and MS. Glycosides 1–5 are linear mono- and disulfated tetraosides differing from each other in both aglycone structures and monosaccharide composition of the carbohydrate chains. Typicosides A1 (1) and A2 (2) have identical monosulfated carbohydrate moieties with a xylose residue as the third monosaccharide unit and differ from each other in aglycon structures. Typicoside B1 (3) has glucose as the third monosaccharide residue. Typicosides C1 (4) and C2 (5) contain the same disulfated carbohydrate chains and differ from each other in structures of aglycone side chains. Antifungal activity of glycosides 1–5 against three species of fungi along with cytotoxic activity against mouse spleen lymphocytes and mouse Ehrlich carcinoma cells (ascite form), as well as hemolytic activities against mouse erythrocytes have been studied. All new glycosides, except for typicoside C1 (4), containing a hydroxy-group in the aglycone side chain, demonstrate rather strong hemolytic and cytotoxic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S. Silchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly I. Kalinovsky
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A. Avilov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Pelageya V. Andryjaschenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel S. Dmitrenok
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A. Martyyas
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir I. Kalinin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - P. Jayasandhya
- Center for Marine Biodiversity, University of Kerala, Kariavatton, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, Kerala, India
| | - Gigi C. Rajan
- Center for Marine Biodiversity, University of Kerala, Kariavatton, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, Kerala, India
| | - Krishna P. Padmakumar
- Center for Marine Biodiversity, University of Kerala, Kariavatton, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, Kerala, India
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Hu X, Li Z, Xue Y, Xu J, Xue C, Wang J, Wang Y. Dietary Saponins of Sea Cucumber Ameliorate Obesity, Hepatic Steatosis, and Glucose Intolerance in High-Fat Diet–Fed Mice. J Med Food 2012; 15:909-16. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.2042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaojie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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41
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Careaga VP, Muniain C, Maier MS. Patagonicosides B and C, two antifungal sulfated triterpene glycosides from the sea cucumber Psolus patagonicus. Chem Biodivers 2012; 8:467-75. [PMID: 21404430 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two new triterpene glycosides, patagonicosides B and C (2 and 3, resp.), together with the known patagonicoside A (1), have been isolated from the EtOH extract of the sea cucumber Psolus patagonicus. The structures of the new compounds were established on the basis of extensive NMR spectroscopic analysis ((1)H- and (13)C-NMR, (1)H,(1)H-COSY, HMBC, HSQC, TOCSY, and NOESY), HR-ESI-MS data, and chemical transformations. Compounds 1-3 and their desulfated analogs showed antifungal activities against the phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium cladosporoides in a dose-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria P Careaga
- UMYMFOR (CONICET - UBA) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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42
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Kim SK, Himaya SWA. Triterpene glycosides from sea cucumbers and their biological activities. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2012; 65:297-319. [PMID: 22361196 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416003-3.00020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Triterpenoid glycosides are abundantly present in sea cucumbers, which are responsible for the toxicity of these echinoderms. More than 100 triterpenoid glycosides have been isolated in the past 20 years and those are grouped into four main structural categories considering their aglycone structure: 3β-hydroxyholost-9(ll)-ene aglycone skeleton, 3β-hydroxyholost-7-ene skeleton, other holostane type aglycones and nonholostane aglycone. Most of the triterpenoid glycosides are found to be possessing potential biological activities. Among the biological activities, anticancer activity and antiviral activity are the most widely studied areas. In this communication, we have presented a general view of the structural characteristics of triterpenoid glycosides and their major biological activities. The structural significance and the application limitations of triterpene glycosides are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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Kiew PL, Don MM. Jewel of the seabed: sea cucumbers as nutritional and drug candidates. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 63:616-36. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.641944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Li G, Chen S, Wang Y, Xue Y, Chang Y, Li Z, Wang J, Xue C. A novel glycosaminoglycan-like polysaccharide from abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino: Purification, structure identification and anticoagulant activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:1160-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bordbar S, Anwar F, Saari N. High-value components and bioactives from sea cucumbers for functional foods--a review. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:1761-1805. [PMID: 22072996 PMCID: PMC3210605 DOI: 10.3390/md9101761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers, belonging to the class Holothuroidea, are marine invertebrates, habitually found in the benthic areas and deep seas across the world. They have high commercial value coupled with increasing global production and trade. Sea cucumbers, informally named as bêche-de-mer, or gamat, have long been used for food and folk medicine in the communities of Asia and Middle East. Nutritionally, sea cucumbers have an impressive profile of valuable nutrients such as Vitamin A, Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), and minerals, especially calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc. A number of unique biological and pharmacological activities including anti-angiogenic, anticancer, anticoagulant, anti-hypertension, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antithrombotic, antitumor and wound healing have been ascribed to various species of sea cucumbers. Therapeutic properties and medicinal benefits of sea cucumbers can be linked to the presence of a wide array of bioactives especially triterpene glycosides (saponins), chondroitin sulfates, glycosaminoglycan (GAGs), sulfated polysaccharides, sterols (glycosides and sulfates), phenolics, cerberosides, lectins, peptides, glycoprotein, glycosphingolipids and essential fatty acids. This review is mainly designed to cover the high-value components and bioactives as well as the multiple biological and therapeutic properties of sea cucumbers with regard to exploring their potential uses for functional foods and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bordbar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; E-Mails: (S.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Farooq Anwar
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; E-Mails: (S.B.); (F.A.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; E-Mails: (S.B.); (F.A.)
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Silchenko AS, Kalinovsky AI, Avilov SA, Andryjaschenko PV, Dmitrenok PS, Yurchenko EA, Kalinin VI. Structure of Cucumariosides H5, H6, H7 and H8, Triterpene Glycosides from the Sea Cucumber Eupentacta fraudatrix and Unprecedented Aglycone with 16,22-Epoxy-group. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100600806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new triterpene glycosides cucumariosides H5 (1), H6 (2), H7 (3) and H8 (4) along with the known cucumarioside H (5) have been isolated from the Far Eastern sea cucumber Eupentacta fraudatrix. The structures of glycosides 1–4 were elucidated on the basis of spectral data (2D NMR and MS). Glycosides 1–4 belong to the group of cucumariosides H, having branched rare pentasaccharide carbohydrate moieties with one sulfate group and 3- O-methyl-D-xylose as a terminal monosaccharide unit. Glycosides 1–3 and 5 differ from each other in structures of side chains of the aglycones, while cucumarioside H8 (4) has a novel aglycone with unprecedented 16(22)-epoxy-group, never found in the sea cucumbers glycosides. Glycosides 1–3, and 5 were cytotoxic against mouse lymphocytes and hemolytic against mouse erythrocytes. Glycoside 2 was less active in comparison with others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S. Silchenko
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Far East Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Anatoly I. Kalinovsky
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Far East Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A. Avilov
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Far East Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Pelageya V. Andryjaschenko
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Far East Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel S. Dmitrenok
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Far East Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina A. Yurchenko
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Far East Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir I. Kalinin
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Far East Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russian Federation
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Chen S, Xue C, Yin L, Tang Q, Yu G, Chai W. Comparison of structures and anticoagulant activities of fucosylated chondroitin sulfates from different sea cucumbers. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Han H, Zhang W, Yi YH, Liu BS, Pan MX, Wang XH. A novel sulfated holostane glycoside from sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:1764-9. [PMID: 20658664 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new sulfated holostane glycoside, leucospilotaside B (1), together with the two related structurally known compounds holothurin B(2) (2) and holothurin B (3), was isolated from sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota collected from the South China Sea. The structure of 1 was elucidated by spectral analysis (1H-, 13C-, and 2D-NMR, ESI-MS, and HR-ESI-MS) and chemical methods. The compounds 1-3 possess the same disaccharide moiety, but were different in the side chains of the triterpene aglycone. Compound 1 showed significant cytotoxicities against four human tumor cell lines, HL-60, MOLT-4, A-549, and BEL-7402.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Han
- Research Center for Marine Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guo-He Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China.
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HAN H, YI YH, LI L, LIU BS, PAN MX, YAN B, WANG XH. Triterpene Glycosides from Sea Cucumber Holothuria leucospilota. Chin J Nat Med 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1009.2009.00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Han H, Xu QZ, Yi YH, Gong W, Jiao BH. Two new cytotoxic disulfated holostane glycosides from the sea cucumber Pentacta quadrangularis. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:158-67. [PMID: 20087982 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200800324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two new disulfated triterpene glycosides, pentactasides B and C (1 and 2, resp.), were isolated from the sea cucumber Pentacta quadrangularis collected from the South China Sea. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectral analysis (2D-NMR and MS) and chemical methods. The compounds 1 and 2 possess the same tetrasaccharide moieties with two sulfated groups, but are different in the side chains of the triterpene aglycone. Pentactasides B and C (1 and 2, resp.) showed significant cytotoxicities (IC(50) 0.09-2.30 microM) against different human tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 268 Kai-Xuan Road, Hangzhou 310029, P R China
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