1
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Cahill PL, Moodie LWK, Hertzer C, Pinori E, Pavia H, Hellio C, Brimble MA, Svenson J. Creating New Antifoulants Using the Tools and Tactics of Medicinal Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:399-412. [PMID: 38277792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The unwanted accumulation of marine micro- and macroorganisms such as algae and barnacles on submerged man-made structures and vessel hulls is a major challenge for any marine operation. Known as biofouling, this problem leads to reduced hydrodynamic efficiency, significantly increased fuel usage, microbially induced corrosion, and, if not managed appropriately, eventual loss of both performance and structural integrity. Ship hull biofouling in the international maritime transport network conservatively accounts for 0.6% of global carbon emissions, highlighting the global scale and the importance of this problem. Improved antifouling strategies to limit surface colonization are paramount for essential activities such as shipping, aquaculture, desalination, and the marine renewable energy sector, representing both a multibillion dollar cost and a substantial practical challenge. From an ecological perspective, biofouling is a primary contributor to the global spread of invasive marine species, which has extensive implications for the marine environment.Historically, heavy metal-based toxic biocides have been used to control biofouling. However, their unwanted collateral ecological damage on nontarget species and bioaccumulation has led to recent global bans. With expanding human activities within aquaculture and offshore energy, it is both urgent and apparent that environmentally friendly surface protection remains key for maintaining the function of both moving and stationary marine structures. Biofouling communities are typically a highly complex network of both micro- and macroorganisms, representing a broad section of life from bacteria to macrophytes and animals. Given this diversity, it is unrealistic to expect that a single antifouling "silver bullet" will prevent colonization with the exception of generally toxic biocides. For that reason, modern and future antifouling solutions are anticipated to rely on novel coating technologies and "combination therapies" where mixtures of narrow-spectrum bioactive components are used to provide coverage across fouling species. In contrast to the existing cohort of outdated, toxic antifouling strategies, such as copper- and tributyltin-releasing paints, modern drug discovery techniques are increasingly being employed for the rational design of effective yet safe alternatives. The challenge for a medicinal chemistry approach is to effectively account for the large taxonomic diversity among fouling organisms combined with a lack of well-defined conserved molecular targets within most taxa.The current Account summarizes our work employing the tools of modern medicinal chemistry to discover, modify, and develop optimized and scalable antifouling solutions based on naturally occurring antifouling and repelling compounds from both marine and terrestrial sources. Inspiration for rational design comes from targeted studies on allelopathic natural products, natural repelling peptides, and secondary metabolites from sessile marine organisms with clean exteriors, which has yielded several efficient and promising antifouling leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Cahill
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | - Lindon W K Moodie
- Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cora Hertzer
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
| | - Emiliano Pinori
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Division for Material and Production, 504 62 Borås, Sweden
| | - Henrik Pavia
- Department of Marine Sciences - Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, SE-452 96 Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Claire Hellio
- Univ. Brest, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement MARin (LEMAR), CNRS, IRD, IFREMER, Brest 29285, France
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Johan Svenson
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson 7010, New Zealand
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2
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Di X, Hardardottir I, Freysdottir J, Wang D, Gustafson KR, Omarsdottir S, Molinski TF. Geobarrettin D, a Rare Herbipoline-Containing 6-Bromoindole Alkaloid from Geodia barretti. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072937. [PMID: 37049700 PMCID: PMC10095911 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Geobarrettin D (1), a new bromoindole alkaloid, was isolated from the marine sponge Geodia barretti collected from Icelandic waters. Its structure was elucidated by 1D, and 2D NMR (including 1H-15N HSQC, 1H-15N HMBC spectra), as well as HRESIMS data. Geobarrettin D (1) is a new 6-bromoindole featuring an unusual purinium herbipoline moiety. Geobarrettin D (1) decreased secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12p40 by human monocyte derived dendritic cells, without affecting secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Thus, compound 1 shows anti-inflammatory activity.
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3
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Grant TM, Rennison D, Arabshahi HJ, Brimble MA, Cahill P, Svenson J. Effect of regio- and stereoisomerism on antifouling 2,5-diketopiperazines. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9431-9446. [PMID: 36408605 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01864k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Marine biofouling is a problem that plagues all maritime industries at vast economic and environmental cost. Previous and current methods to prevent biofouling have employed the use of heavy metals and other toxic or highly persistent chemicals, and these methods are now coming under immense regulatory pressure. Recent studies have illustrated the potential of nature-inspired tetrasubstituted 2,5-diketopiperazines (2,5-DKPs) as eco-friendly marine biocides for biofouling control. These highly active symmetrically substituted 2,5-DKPs can be generated by combining structural motifs from cationic innate defence peptides and natural marine antifoulants. A balance between a threshold hydrophobic contribution and sufficient cationic charge has been established as key for bioactivity, and our current study further increases understanding of the antifouling mechanism by investigating the effect of both regio- and stereochemistry. Novel synthetic routes for the generation of unsymmetrical 2,5-DKPs were developed and a library of nine compounds was prepared. The compounds were screened against a series of four model macrofouling organisms (Ciona savignyi, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Spirobranchus cariniferus, and Undaria pinnatifida). Several of the evaluated compounds displayed inhibitory activity at sub-micromolar concentrations. The structural contributions to antifouling bioactivity were studied using NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling, revealing a strong dependence on a stable amphiphilic solution structure regardless of substitution pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Grant
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - David Rennison
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Homayon J Arabshahi
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Patrick Cahill
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street, Nelson, New Zealand.
| | - Johan Svenson
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street, Nelson, New Zealand.
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4
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Pei J, Chen S, Yu K, Hu J, Wang Y, Zhang J, Qin Z, Zhang R, Kuo TH, Chung HH, Hsu CC. Metabolomics Characterization of Scleractinia Corals with Different Life-History Strategies: A Case Study about Pocillopora meandrina and Seriatopora hystrix in the South China Sea. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111079. [PMID: 36355162 PMCID: PMC9693324 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-history strategies play a critical role in susceptibility to environmental stresses for Scleractinia coral. Metabolomics, which is capable of determining the metabolic responses of biological systems to genetic and environmental changes, is competent for the characterization of species’ biological traits. In this study, two coral species (Pocillopora meandrina and Seriatopora hystrix in the South China Sea) with different life-history strategies (“competitive” and “weedy”) were targeted, and untargeted mass spectrometry metabolomics combined with molecular networking was applied to characterize their differential metabolic pathways. The results show that lyso-platelet activating factors (lyso-PAFs), diacylglyceryl carboxyhydroxymethylcholine (DGCC), aromatic amino acids, and sulfhydryl compounds were more enriched in P. meandrina, whereas new phospholipids, dehydrated phosphoglycerol dihydroceramide (de-PG DHC), monoacylglycerol (MAG), fatty acids (FA) (C < 18), short peptides, and guanidine compounds were more enriched in S. hystrix. The metabolic pathways involved immune response, energy metabolism, cellular membrane structure regulation, oxidative stress system, secondary metabolite synthesis, etc. While the immune system (lysoPAF) and secondary metabolite synthesis (aromatic amino acids and sulfhydryl compounds) facilitates fast growth and resistance to environmental stressors of P. meandrina, the cell membrane structure (structural lipids), energy storage (storage lipids), oxidative stress system (short peptides), and secondary metabolite synthesis (guanidine compounds) are beneficial to the survival of S. hystrix in harsh conditions. This study contributes to the understanding of the potential molecular traits underlying life-history strategies of different coral species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Pei
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530000, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519080, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Junjie Hu
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Yitong Wang
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Zhenjun Qin
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530000, China
| | - Ting-Hao Kuo
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsiang Chung
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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5
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Sarkar PK, Pawar SS, Rath SK, Kandasubramanian B. Anti-barnacle biofouling coatings for the protection of marine vessels: synthesis and progress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:26078-26112. [PMID: 35076840 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine biofouling has gnawed both mobile and non-mobile marine structures since time immemorial, leading to the deterioration of designed operational capabilities as well as a loss of valuable economic revenues. Mitigation of biofouling has been the primary focus of researchers and scientists from across the globe to save billions of dollars wasted due to the biological fouling of marine structures. The availability of an appropriate environment along with favorable substrata initiates biofilm formation within a few minutes. The crucial element in establishing a gelatinous biofilm is the excreted metabolites of destructive nature and exopolymeric substances (EPSs). These help in securing as well as signaling numerous foulants to establish themselves on this substrate. The larvae of various benthic invertebrates adhere to these suitable surfaces and transform from juveniles to adult barnacles depending upon the environment. Despite biofouling being characteristically witnessed for a month or lengthier timeframe, the preliminary phases of the fouling process typically transpire on a much lesser timescale. A few natural and synthetic additives had demonstrated excellent non-toxic anti barnacle establishment capability; however, further development into commercial products is still far-fetched. This review collates the specific anti-barnacle coatings, emphasizing natural additives, their sources of extraction, general life cycle analysis, and concluding future perspectives of this niche product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramit Kumar Sarkar
- Nano Surface Texturing Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced, Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, 411025, India
- Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd, Ministry of Defence, Dockyard Road, Mumbai, 400010, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushil S Pawar
- Protective Coatings Department, Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Ambernath, 421506, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sangram K Rath
- Protective Coatings Department, Naval Materials Research Laboratory, Ministry of Defence, DRDO, Ambernath, 421506, Maharashtra, India
| | - Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian
- Nano Surface Texturing Laboratory, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced, Technology (DU), Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, 411025, India.
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6
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Esposito R, Federico S, Bertolino M, Zupo V, Costantini M. Marine Demospongiae: A Challenging Treasure of Bioactive Compounds. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040244. [PMID: 35447918 PMCID: PMC9032870 DOI: 10.3390/md20040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, it has been demonstrated that marine organisms are a substantial source of bioactive compounds with possible biotechnological applications. Marine sponges, in particular those belonging to the class of Demospongiae, have been considered among the most interesting invertebrates for their biotechnological potential. In this review, particular attention is devoted to natural compounds/extracts isolated from Demospongiae and their associated microorganisms with important biological activities for pharmacological applications such as antiviral, anticancer, antifouling, antimicrobial, antiplasmodial, antifungal and antioxidant. The data here presented show that this class of sponges is an exciting source of compounds, which are worth developing into new drugs, such as avarol, a hydroquinone isolated from the marine sponge Disidea avara, which is used as an antitumor, antimicrobial and antiviral drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Esposito
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (R.E.); (S.F.)
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cin-thia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Federico
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (R.E.); (S.F.)
| | - Marco Bertolino
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), Università degli Studi di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Valerio Zupo
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (R.E.); (S.F.)
- Correspondence: (V.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Costantini
- Department of Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy; (R.E.); (S.F.)
- Correspondence: (V.Z.); (M.C.)
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7
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Oceanographic setting influences the prokaryotic community and metabolome in deep-sea sponges. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3356. [PMID: 35233042 PMCID: PMC8888554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges (phylum Porifera) are leading organisms for the discovery of bioactive compounds from nature. Their often rich and species-specific microbiota is hypothesised to be producing many of these compounds. Yet, environmental influences on the sponge-associated microbiota and bioactive compound production remain elusive. Here, we investigated the changes of microbiota and metabolomes in sponges along a depth range of 1232 m. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and untargeted metabolomics, we assessed prokaryotic and chemical diversities in three deep-sea sponge species: Geodia barretti, Stryphnus fortis, and Weberella bursa. Both prokaryotic communities and metabolome varied significantly with depth, which we hypothesized to be the effect of different water masses. Up to 35.5% of microbial ASVs (amplicon sequence variants) showed significant changes with depth while phylum-level composition of host microbiome remained unchanged. The metabolome varied with depth, with relative quantities of known bioactive compounds increasing or decreasing strongly. Other metabolites varying with depth were compatible solutes regulating osmolarity of the cells. Correlations between prokaryotic community and the bioactive compounds in G. barretti suggested members of Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, or an unclassified prokaryote as potential producers.
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8
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Gaudêncio SP, Pereira F. Predicting Antifouling Activity and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition of Marine-Derived Compounds Using a Computer-Aided Drug Design Approach. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020129. [PMID: 35200658 PMCID: PMC8879326 DOI: 10.3390/md20020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofouling is the undesirable growth of micro- and macro-organisms on artificial water-immersed surfaces, which results in high costs for the prevention and maintenance of this process (billion €/year) for aquaculture, shipping and other industries that rely on coastal and off-shore infrastructure. To date, there are still no sustainable, economical and environmentally safe solutions to overcome this challenging phenomenon. A computer-aided drug design (CADD) approach comprising ligand- and structure-based methods was explored for predicting the antifouling activities of marine natural products (MNPs). In the CADD ligand-based method, 141 organic molecules extracted from the ChEMBL database and literature with antifouling screening data were used to build the quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) classification model. An overall predictive accuracy score of up to 71% was achieved with the best QSAR model for external and internal validation using test and training sets. A virtual screening campaign of 14,492 MNPs from Encinar’s website and 14 MNPs that are currently in the clinical pipeline was also carried out using the best QSAR model developed. In the CADD structure-based approach, the 125 MNPs that were selected by the QSAR approach were used in molecular docking experiments against the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Overall, 16 MNPs were proposed as the most promising marine drug-like leads as antifouling agents, e.g., macrocyclic lactam, macrocyclic alkaloids, indole and pyridine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P. Gaudêncio
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, Blue Biotechnology and Biomedicine Lab, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Florbela Pereira
- LAQV, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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9
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Steffen K, Laborde Q, Gunasekera S, Payne CD, Rosengren KJ, Riesgo A, Göransson U, Cárdenas P. Barrettides: A Peptide Family Specifically Produced by the Deep-Sea Sponge Geodia barretti. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:3138-3146. [PMID: 34874154 PMCID: PMC8713285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural product discovery by isolation and structure elucidation is a laborious task often requiring ample quantities of biological starting material and frequently resulting in the rediscovery of previously known compounds. However, peptides are a compound class amenable to an alternative genomic, transcriptomic, and in silico discovery route by similarity searches of known peptide sequences against sequencing data. Based on the sequences of barrettides A and B, we identified five new barrettide sequences (barrettides C-G) predicted from the North Atlantic deep-sea demosponge Geodia barretti (Geodiidae). We synthesized, folded, and investigated one of the newly described barrettides, barrettide C (NVVPCFCVEDETSGAKTCIPDNCDASRGTNP, disulfide connectivity I-IV, II-III). Co-elution experiments of synthetic and sponge-derived barrettide C confirmed its native conformation. NMR spectroscopy and the anti-biofouling activity on larval settlement of the bay barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus (IC50 0.64 μM) show that barrettide C is highly similar to barrettides A and B in both structure and function. Several lines of evidence suggest that barrettides are produced by the sponge itself and not one of its microbial symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Steffen
- Pharmacognosy,
Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Quentin Laborde
- Pharmacognosy,
Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sunithi Gunasekera
- Pharmacognosy,
Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Colton D. Payne
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, The University of
Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - K. Johan Rosengren
- School
of Biomedical Sciences, The University of
Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Department
of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United
Kingdom
- Department
of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales−CSIC, Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ulf Göransson
- Pharmacognosy,
Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Pharmacognosy,
Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751
23 Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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Natural and Synthetic Halogenated Amino Acids-Structural and Bioactive Features in Antimicrobial Peptides and Peptidomimetics. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237401. [PMID: 34885985 PMCID: PMC8659048 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3D structure and surface characteristics of proteins and peptides are crucial for interactions with receptors or ligands and can be modified to some extent to modulate their biological roles and pharmacological activities. The introduction of halogen atoms on the side-chains of amino acids is a powerful tool for effecting this type of tuning, influencing both the physico-chemical and structural properties of the modified polypeptides, helping to first dissect and then rationally modify features that affect their mode of action. This review provides examples of the influence of different types of halogenation in amino acids that replace native residues in proteins and peptides. Examples of synthetic strategies for obtaining halogenated amino acids are also provided, focusing on some representative compounds and their biological effects. The role of halogenation in native and designed antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their mimetics is then discussed. These are in the spotlight for the development of new antimicrobial drugs to counter the rise of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. AMPs represent an interesting model to study the role that natural halogenation has on their mode of action and also to understand how artificially halogenated residues can be used to rationally modify and optimize AMPs for pharmaceutical purposes.
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11
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Labriere C, Cervin G, Pavia H, Hansen JH, Svenson J. Structure-Activity Relationship Probing of the Natural Marine Antifoulant Barettin. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 23:904-916. [PMID: 34727298 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10074-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sponge derived 2,5-diketopiperazine metabolite barettin is a potent antifouling compound effective against the settlement and metamorphosis of barnacles. Simplified derivatives of barettin have previously been shown to display similar inhibitory properties. The synthetic derivative benzo[g]dipodazine has been reported to display significantly improved antifouling properties in comparison with the native barettin with inhibitory activities as low a 0.034 µM reported against barnacle cyprid settlement. In the current study we report the antifouling activity of 29 synthetic analogs designed and inspired by the potent antifouling effect seen for benzo[g]dipodazine. The library contains mainly not only dipodazine derivatives but also disubstituted diketopiperazines and compounds incorporating alternative heterocyclic cores such as hydantoin, creatinine, and rhodanine. Several of the prepared compounds inhibit the settlement of Amphibalanus improvisus cyprids at low micromolar concentrations, in parity with the natural barettin. While several highly active compounds were prepared by incorporating the benzo[g]indole as hydrophobic substituent, the remarkable antifouling effect reported for benzo[g]dipodazine was not observed when evaluated in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Labriere
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Synthesis and Analysis Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gunnar Cervin
- Department of Marine Sciences - Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, 452 96, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Henrik Pavia
- Department of Marine Sciences - Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, 452 96, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Jørn H Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Synthesis and Analysis Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Johan Svenson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Synthesis and Analysis Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
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12
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Erngren I, Smit E, Pettersson C, Cárdenas P, Hedeland M. The Effects of Sampling and Storage Conditions on the Metabolite Profile of the Marine Sponge Geodia barretti. Front Chem 2021; 9:662659. [PMID: 34041223 PMCID: PMC8141568 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.662659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Geodia barretti is a deep-sea marine sponge common in the north Atlantic and waters outside of Norway and Sweden. The sampling and subsequent treatment as well as storage of sponges for metabolomics analyses can be performed in different ways, the most commonly used being freezing (directly upon collection or later) or by storage in solvent, commonly ethanol, followed by freeze-drying. In this study we therefore investigated different sampling protocols and their effects on the detected metabolite profiles in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using an untargeted metabolomics approach. Sponges (G. barretti) were collected outside the Swedish west coast and pieces from three sponge specimens were either flash frozen in liquid nitrogen, frozen later after the collection cruise, stored in ethanol or stored in methanol. The storage solvents as well as the actual sponge pieces were analyzed, all samples were analyzed with hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography as well as reversed phase liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry using full-scan in positive and negative ionization mode. The data were evaluated using multivariate data analysis. The highest metabolite intensities were found in the frozen samples (flash frozen and frozen after sampling cruise) as well as in the storage solvents (methanol and ethanol). Metabolites extracted from the sponge pieces that had been stored in solvent were found in very low intensity, since the majority of metabolites were extracted to the solvents to a high degree. The exception being larger peptides and some lipids. The lowest variation between replicates were found in the flash frozen samples. In conclusion, the preferred method for sampling of sponges for metabolomics was found to be immediate freezing in liquid nitrogen. However, freezing the sponge samples after some time proved to be a reliable method as well, albeit with higher variation between the replicates. The study highlights the importance of saving ethanol extracts after preservation of specimens for biology studies; these valuable extracts could be further used in studies of natural products, chemosystematics or metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Erngren
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Smit
- BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Curt Pettersson
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Varijakzhan D, Loh JY, Yap WS, Yusoff K, Seboussi R, Lim SHE, Lai KS, Chong CM. Bioactive Compounds from Marine Sponges: Fundamentals and Applications. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:246. [PMID: 33925365 PMCID: PMC8146879 DOI: 10.3390/md19050246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges are sessile invertebrates that can be found in temperate, polar and tropical regions. They are known to be major contributors of bioactive compounds, which are discovered in and extracted from the marine environment. The compounds extracted from these sponges are known to exhibit various bioactivities, such as antimicrobial, antitumor and general cytotoxicity. For example, various compounds isolated from Theonella swinhoei have showcased various bioactivities, such as those that are antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal. In this review, we discuss bioactive compounds that have been identified from marine sponges that showcase the ability to act as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-malarial and antifungal agents against human pathogens and fish pathogens in the aquaculture industry. Moreover, the application of such compounds as antimicrobial agents in other veterinary commodities, such as poultry, cattle farming and domesticated cats, is discussed, along with a brief discussion regarding the mode of action of these compounds on the targeted sites in various pathogens. The bioactivity of the compounds discussed in this review is focused mainly on compounds that have been identified between 2000 and 2020 and includes the novel compounds discovered from 2018 to 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha Varijakzhan
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Jiun-Yan Loh
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (J.-Y.L.); (W.-S.Y.)
| | - Wai-Sum Yap
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, UCSI Heights, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (J.-Y.L.); (W.-S.Y.)
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Rabiha Seboussi
- Health Sciences Division, Al Ain Men’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Al Ain 17155, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Swee-Hua Erin Lim
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Kok-Song Lai
- Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi 41012, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Chou-Min Chong
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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14
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Herzberg M, Berglin M, Eliahu S, Bodin L, Agrenius K, Zlotkin A, Svenson J. Efficient Prevention of Marine Biofilm Formation Employing a Surface-Grafted Repellent Marine Peptide. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:3360-3373. [PMID: 35014421 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Creation of surfaces resistant to the formation of microbial biofilms via biomimicry has been heralded as a promising strategy to protect a range of different materials ranging from boat hulls to medical devices and surgical instruments. In our current study, we describe the successful transfer of a highly effective natural marine biofilm inhibitor to the 2D surface format. A series of cyclic peptides inspired by the natural equinatoxin II protein produced by Beadlet anemone (Actinia equine) have been evaluated for their ability to inhibit the formation of a mixed marine microbial consortium on polyamide reverse osmosis membranes. In solution, the peptides are shown to effectively inhibit settlement and biofilm formation in a nontoxic manner down to 1 nM concentrations. In addition, our study also illustrates how the peptides can be applied to disperse already established biofilms. Attachment of a hydrophobic palmitic acid tail generates a peptide suited for strong noncovalent surface interactions and allows the generation of stable noncovalent coatings. These adsorbed peptides remain attached to the surface at significant shear stress and also remain active, effectively preventing the biofilm formation over 24 h. Finally, the covalent attachment of the peptides to an acrylate surface was also evaluated and the prepared coatings display a remarkable ability to prevent surface colonization at surface loadings of 55 ng/cm2 over 48 h. The ability to retain the nontoxic antibiofilm activity, documented in solution, in the covalent 2D-format is unprecedented, and this natural peptide motif displays high potential in several material application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Herzberg
- The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 84990, Israel
| | - Mattias Berglin
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Borås 501 15, Sweden.,Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg SE405 30, Sweden
| | - Sarai Eliahu
- The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 84990, Israel
| | - Lovisa Bodin
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Borås 501 15, Sweden
| | - Karin Agrenius
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Borås 501 15, Sweden
| | - Amir Zlotkin
- DisperseBio Ltd, 27 Kehilat lvov Street, Tel-Aviv 6972513, Israel
| | - Johan Svenson
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Borås 501 15, Sweden
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15
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Labriere C, Elumalai V, Staffansson J, Cervin G, Le Norcy T, Denardou H, Réhel K, Moodie LWK, Hellio C, Pavia H, Hansen JH, Svenson J. Phidianidine A and Synthetic Analogues as Naturally Inspired Marine Antifoulants. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:3413-3423. [PMID: 33054188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stationary and slow-moving marine organisms regularly employ a natural product chemical defense to prevent being colonized by marine micro- and macroorganisms. While these natural antifoulants can be structurally diverse, they often display highly conserved chemistries and physicochemical properties, suggesting a natural marine antifouling pharmacophore. In our current report, we investigate the marine natural product phidianidine A, which displays several chemical properties found in highly potent marine antifoulants. Phidianidine A and synthetic analogues were screened against the settlement and metamorphosis of Amphibalanus improvisus cyprids, and several of the compounds displayed inhibitory activities at low micromolar concentrations with IC50 values down to 0.7 μg/mL observed. The settlement study highlights that phidianidine A is a potent natural antifoulant and that the scaffold can be tuned to generate simpler and improved synthetic analogues. The bioactivity is closely linked to the size of the compound and to its basicity. The study also illustrates that active analogues can be prepared in the absence of the natural constrained 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring. A synthetic lead analogue of phidianidine A was incorporated in a coating and included in antifouling field trials, where it was shown that the coating induced potent inhibition of marine bacteria and microalgae settlement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Labriere
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Synthesis and Analysis Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Vijayaragavan Elumalai
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Synthesis and Analysis Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jannie Staffansson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Synthesis and Analysis Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gunnar Cervin
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, SE-452 96 Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Tiffany Le Norcy
- Univ. Bretagne-Sud, EA 3884, LBCM, IUEM, F-56100 Lorient, France
| | - Hugo Denardou
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Synthesis and Analysis Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Karine Réhel
- Univ. Bretagne-Sud, EA 3884, LBCM, IUEM, F-56100 Lorient, France
| | - Lindon W K Moodie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Uppsala Antibiotic Centre, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claire Hellio
- Univ. Brest, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement MARin (LEMAR), CNRS, IRD, IFREMER, Brest 29285, France
| | - Henrik Pavia
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, SE-452 96 Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Jørn H Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Synthesis and Analysis Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Johan Svenson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Synthesis and Analysis Group, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Biomaterial & Textile, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Box 857, 501 15 Borås, Sweden
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16
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Nieto-Domínguez M, Nikel PI. Intersecting Xenobiology and Neometabolism To Bring Novel Chemistries to Life. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2551-2571. [PMID: 32274875 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of life relies on a handful of chemical elements (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus) as part of essential building blocks; some other atoms are needed to a lesser extent, but most of the remaining elements are excluded from biology. This circumstance limits the scope of biochemical reactions in extant metabolism - yet it offers a phenomenal playground for synthetic biology. Xenobiology aims to bring novel bricks to life that could be exploited for (xeno)metabolite synthesis. In particular, the assembly of novel pathways engineered to handle nonbiological elements (neometabolism) will broaden chemical space beyond the reach of natural evolution. In this review, xeno-elements that could be blended into nature's biosynthetic portfolio are discussed together with their physicochemical properties and tools and strategies to incorporate them into biochemistry. We argue that current bioproduction methods can be revolutionized by bridging xenobiology and neometabolism for the synthesis of new-to-nature molecules, such as organohalides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nieto-Domínguez
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pablo I Nikel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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Analysis of alkaloids (indole alkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids, tropane alkaloids). RECENT ADVANCES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS ANALYSIS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7153348 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816455-6.00015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Jimenez EC. Bromotryptophan and its Analogs in Peptides from Marine Animals. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:251-260. [PMID: 30663557 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666190119170020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bromotryptophan is a nonstandard amino acid that is rarely incorporated in ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (ribosomal peptides). Bromotryptophan and its analogs sometimes occur in non-ribosomal peptides. This paper presents an overview of ribosomal and non-ribosomal peptides that are known to contain bromotryptophan and its analogs. This work further covers the biological activities and therapeutic potential of some of these peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsie C Jimenez
- Department of Physical Sciences, College of Science, University of the Philippines Baguio, Baguio City 2600, Philippines
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19
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Pubill‐Ulldemolins C, Sharma SV, Cartmell C, Zhao J, Cárdenas P, Goss RJM. Heck Diversification of Indole-Based Substrates under Aqueous Conditions: From Indoles to Unprotected Halo-tryptophans and Halo-tryptophans in Natural Product Derivatives. Chemistry 2019; 25:10866-10875. [PMID: 31125453 PMCID: PMC6772188 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The blending of synthetic chemistry with biosynthetic processes provides a powerful approach to synthesis. Biosynthetic halogenation and synthetic cross-coupling have great potential to be used together, for small molecule generation, access to natural product analogues and as a tool for chemical biology. However, to enable enhanced generality of this approach, further synthetic tools are needed. Though considerable research has been invested in the diversification of phenylalanine and tyrosine, functionalisation of tryptophans thorough cross-coupling has been largely neglected. Tryptophan is a key residue in many biologically active natural products and peptides; in proteins it is key to fluorescence and dominates protein folding. To this end, we have explored the Heck cross-coupling of halo-indoles and halo-tryptophans in water, showing broad reaction scope. We have demonstrated the ability to use this methodology in the functionalisation of a brominated antibiotic (bromo-pacidamycin), as well as a marine sponge metabolite, barettin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pubill‐Ulldemolins
- Department of Chemistry and BSRCUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
- Present address: Department of ChemistrySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonBN19QJUK
| | - Sunil V. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and BSRCUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | | | - Jinlian Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and BSRCUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal ChemistryUppsala UniversityUppsala75123Sweden
| | - Rebecca J. M. Goss
- Department of Chemistry and BSRCUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsKY16 9STUK
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20
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Labrière C, Andersen JH, Albrigtsen M, Hansen JH, Svenson J. Heterocyclic cellular lipid peroxidation inhibitors inspired by the marine antioxidant barettin. Bioorg Chem 2019; 84:106-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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21
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6-Bromoindole Derivatives from the Icelandic Marine Sponge Geodia barretti: Isolation and Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16110437. [PMID: 30413031 PMCID: PMC6266195 DOI: 10.3390/md16110437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An UPLC-qTOF-MS-based dereplication study led to the targeted isolation of seven bromoindole alkaloids from the sub-Arctic sponge Geodia barretti. This includes three new metabolites, namely geobarrettin A–C (1–3) and four known compounds, barettin (4), 8,9-dihydrobarettin (5), 6-bromoconicamin (6), and l-6-bromohypaphorine (7). The chemical structures of compounds 1–7 were elucidated by extensive analysis of the NMR and HRESIMS data. The absolute stereochemistry of geobarrettin A (1) was assigned by ECD analysis and Marfey’s method employing the new reagent l-Nα-(1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl)tryptophanamide (l-FDTA). The isolated compounds were screened for anti-inflammatory activity using human dendritic cells (DCs). Both 2 and 3 reduced DC secretion of IL-12p40, but 3 concomitantly increased IL-10 production. Maturing DCs treated with 2 or 3 before co-culturing with allogeneic CD4+ T cells decreased T cell secretion of IFN-γ, indicating a reduction in Th1 differentiation. Although barettin (4) reduced DC secretion of IL-12p40 and IL-10 (IC50 values 11.8 and 21.0 μM for IL-10 and IL-12p40, respectively), maturing DCs in the presence of 4 did not affect the ability of T cells to secrete IFN-γ or IL-17, but reduced their secretion of IL-10. These results indicate that 2 and 3 may be useful for the treatment of inflammation, mainly of the Th1 type.
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22
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Kelley EW, Norman SG, Scheerer JR. Synthesis of monoalkylidene diketopiperazines and application to the synthesis of barettin. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:8634-8640. [PMID: 28980696 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02297b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of barettin, a selective serotonin receptor inhibitor and potent antibiofouling natural product, is described. The synthesis starts with the diketopiperazine nucleus intact and the side chains are installed using iterative aldol condensations. The route represents a general strategy for synthesis of a wide array of mono-alkylidene diketopiperazine structures, including those derived from non-canonical amino acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William & Mary, P.O. Box 8795, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187, USA.
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23
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Nithya Deva Krupa A, Vimala R. AgNPs doped TEOS sol–gel coatings to prevent the adhesion of marine fouling organisms. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raghavan Vimala
- Centre for Nanotechnology ResearchVIT UniversityVelloreTamil Nadu 632014India
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24
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Tout J, Astudillo-García C, Taylor MW, Tyson GW, Stocker R, Ralph PJ, Seymour JR, Webster NS. Redefining the sponge-symbiont acquisition paradigm: sponge microbes exhibit chemotaxis towards host-derived compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 9:750-755. [PMID: 28892304 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Marine sponges host stable and species-specific microbial symbionts that are thought to be acquired and maintained by the host through a combination of vertical transmission and filtration from the surrounding seawater. To assess whether the microbial symbionts also actively contribute to the establishment of these symbioses, we performed in situ experiments on Orpheus Island, Great Barrier Reef, to quantify the chemotactic responses of natural populations of seawater microorganisms towards cellular extracts of the reef sponge Rhopaloeides odorabile. Flow cytometry analysis revealed significant levels of microbial chemotaxis towards R. odorabile extracts and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing showed enrichment of 'sponge-specific' microbial phylotypes, including a cluster within the Gemmatimonadetes and another within the Actinobacteria. These findings infer a potential mechanism for how sponges can acquire bacterial symbionts from the surrounding environment and suggest an active role of the symbionts in finding their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Tout
- Plant Functional Biology & Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Michael W Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gene W Tyson
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Roman Stocker
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J Ralph
- Plant Functional Biology & Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Plant Functional Biology & Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole S Webster
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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25
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Bjerketorp J, Levenfors JJ, Sahlberg C, Nord CL, Andersson PF, Guss B, Öberg B, Broberg A. Antibacterial 3,6-Disubstituted 4-Hydroxy-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-ones from Serratia plymuthica MF371-2. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:2997-3002. [PMID: 29083894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of culture extracts of Serratia plymuthica strain MF371-2 resulted in the isolation of two new antibacterial compounds with potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus LMG 15975 (MRSA). A spectroscopic investigation, in combination with synthesis, enabled the characterization of the compounds as 3-butyryl-4-hydroxy-6-heptyl-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one (plymuthipyranone A, 1) and 3-butyryl-4-hydroxy-6-nonyl-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one (plymuthipyranone B, 2). The MIC values for 1 and 2 against S. aureus LMG 15975 were determined to be 1-2 μg mL-1 and 0.8 μg mL-1, respectively. Compound 2 was found to have potent activity against many strains of S. aureus, including several mupirocin-resistant strains, other species of Staphylococcus, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Compound 2 was slightly cytotoxic for human cells, with CC50 values between 4.7 and 40 μg mL-1, but the CC50/MIC ratio was ≥10 for many tested combinations of human cells and bacteria, suggesting its possible use as an antibacterial agent. Several analogues were synthesized with different alkyl groups in the 3- and 6-positions (6-13), and their biological properties were evaluated. It was concluded that the activity of the compounds increased with the lengths of the alkyl and acyl substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Bjerketorp
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jolanta J Levenfors
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Christina L Nord
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pierre F Andersson
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Guss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , P.O. Box 7036, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo Öberg
- Ultupharma AB , Södra Rudbecksgatan 13, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University , P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Broberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , P.O. Box 7015, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Qi SH, Ma X. Antifouling Compounds from Marine Invertebrates. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15090263. [PMID: 28846623 PMCID: PMC5618402 DOI: 10.3390/md15090263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, a comprehensive overview about the antifouling compounds from marine invertebrates is described. In total, more than 198 antifouling compounds have been obtained from marine invertebrates, specifically, sponges, gorgonian and soft corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Qi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Xuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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Bohlin L, Cárdenas P, Backlund A, Göransson U. 35 Years of Marine Natural Product Research in Sweden: Cool Molecules and Models from Cold Waters. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 55:1-34. [PMID: 28238034 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-51284-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Currents efforts in marine biodiscovery have essentially focused on temperate to tropical shallow water organisms. With more than 6000 species of marine plants and animals, the Kosterfjord area has the richest marine biodiversity in Swedish waters, but it remains understudied. The overall objective of our marine pharmacognosy research is to explore and reveal the pharmacological potential of organisms from this poorly explored region. More generally, we wish to understand aspects of structure-activity relationships of chemical interactions in cold-water marine environment (shallow and deep). Our strategy is based on ecologically guided search for compounds through studies of physiology and organism interactions coupled to identification of bioactive molecules guided by especially in vivo assays. The research programme originated in the beginning of the 1980s with a broad screening of Swedish marine organisms using both in vitro and in vivo assays, resulting in isolation and identification of several different bioactive molecules. Two congenerous cyclopeptides, i.e. barettin and 8,9-dihydrobarettin, were isolated from the deep-sea sponge Geodia barretti, and structurally elucidated, guided by their antifouling activity and their affinity to a selection of human serotonin receptors. To optimize the activity a number of analogues of barettin were synthezised and tested for antifouling activity. Within the EU project BlueGenics, two larger homologous peptides, barrettides A and B, were isolated from G. baretti. Also, metabolic fingerprinting combined with sponge systematics was used to further study deep-sea natural product diversity in the genus Geodia. Finally, the chemical property space model 'ChemGPS-NP' has been developed and used in our research group, enabling a more efficient use of obtained compounds and exploration of possible biological activities and targets. Another approach is the broad application of phylogenetic frameworks, which can be used in prediction of where-in which organisms-to search for novel molecules or better sources of known molecules in marine organisms. In a further perspective, the deeper understanding of evolution and development of life on Earth can also provide answers to why marine organisms produce specific molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Bohlin
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Backlund
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Göransson
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Olsen EK, Hansen E, W K Moodie L, Isaksson J, Sepčić K, Cergolj M, Svenson J, Andersen JH. Marine AChE inhibitors isolated from Geodia barretti: natural compounds and their synthetic analogs. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1629-40. [PMID: 26695619 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02416a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Barettin, 8,9-dihydrobarettin, bromoconicamin and a novel brominated marine indole were isolated from the boreal sponge Geodia barretti collected off the Norwegian coast. The compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of electric eel acetylcholinesterase. Barettin and 8,9-dihydrobarettin displayed significant inhibition of the enzyme, with inhibition constants (Ki) of 29 and 19 μM respectively towards acetylcholinesterase via a reversible noncompetitive mechanism. These activities are comparable to those of several other natural acetylcholinesterase inhibitors of marine origin. Bromoconicamin was less potent against acetylcholinesterase, and the novel compound was inactive. Based on the inhibitory activity, a library of 22 simplified synthetic analogs was designed and prepared to probe the role of the brominated indole, common to all the isolated compounds. From the structure-activity investigation it was shown that the brominated indole motif is not sufficient to generate a high acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity, even when combined with natural cationic ligands for the acetylcholinesterase active site. The four natural compounds were also analysed for their butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in addition and shown to display comparable activities. The study illustrates how both barettin and 8,9-dihydrobarettin display additional bioactivities which may help to explain their biological role in the producing organism. The findings also provide new insights into the structure-activity relationship of both natural and synthetic acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth K Olsen
- MabCent-SFI, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Espen Hansen
- Marbio, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Lindon W K Moodie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Umeå, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Isaksson
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marija Cergolj
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia and Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Johan Svenson
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Box 857, SE-501 15 Borås, Sweden.
| | - Jeanette H Andersen
- Marbio, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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Olsen EK, Søderholm KL, Isaksson J, Andersen JH, Hansen E. Metabolomic Profiling Reveals the N-Acyl-Taurine Geodiataurine in Extracts from the Marine Sponge Geodia macandrewii (Bowerbank). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:1285-1291. [PMID: 27100857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A metabolomic approach was used to identify known and new natural products from the marine sponges Geodia baretti and G. macandrewii. G. baretti is known to produce bioactive natural products such as barettin (1), 8,9-dihydrobarettin (2), and bromobenzisoxazolone barettin (3), while secondary metabolites from G. macandrewii are not reported in the literature. Specimens of the two sponges were collected from different sites along the coast of Norway, and their extracts were analyzed using UHPLC-HR-MS. Metabolomic analyses revealed that extracts from both species contained barettin (1) and 8,9-dihydrobarettin (2), and all samples of G. baretti contained higher amounts of both compounds compared to G. macandrewii. The analysis of the MS data also revealed that samples of G. macandrewii contained a compound that was not present in any of the G. baretti samples. This new compound was isolated and identified as the N-acyl-taurine geodiataurine (4), and it was tested for antioxidant, anticancer, and antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth K Olsen
- MabCent-SFI, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Marbio, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kine L Søderholm
- MabCent-SFI, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Marbio, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Johan Isaksson
- MabCent-SFI, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Marbio, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jeanette H Andersen
- MabCent-SFI, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Marbio, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Espen Hansen
- MabCent-SFI, ‡Department of Chemistry, and §Marbio, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Carstens BB, Rosengren KJ, Gunasekera S, Schempp S, Bohlin L, Dahlström M, Clark RJ, Göransson U. Isolation, Characterization, and Synthesis of the Barrettides: Disulfide-Containing Peptides from the Marine Sponge Geodia barretti. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1886-1893. [PMID: 26222779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Two disulfide-containing peptides, barrettides A (1) and B (2), from the cold-water marine sponge Geodia barretti are described. Those 31 amino acid residue long peptides were sequenced using mass spectrometry methods and structurally characterized using NMR spectroscopy. The structure of 1 was confirmed by total synthesis using the solid-phase peptide synthesis approach that was developed. The two peptides were found to differ only at a single position in their sequence. The three-dimensional structure of 1 revealed that these peptides possess a unique fold consisting of a long β-hairpin structure that is cross-braced by two disulfide bonds in a ladder-like arrangement. The peptides are amphipathic in nature with the hydrophobic and charged residues clustered on separate faces of the molecule. The barrettides were found not to inhibit the growth of either Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus but displayed antifouling activity against barnacle larvae (Balanus improvisus) without lethal effects in the concentrations tested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sunithi Gunasekera
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University , Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefanie Schempp
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University , Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Bohlin
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University , Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mia Dahlström
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden , Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Ulf Göransson
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University , Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
Marine indole alkaloids comprise a large and steadily growing group of secondary metabolites. Their diverse biological activities make many compounds of this class attractive starting points for pharmaceutical development. Several marine-derived indoles were found to possess cytotoxic, antineoplastic, antibacterial and antimicrobial activities, in addition to the action on human enzymes and receptors. The newly isolated indole alkaloids of marine origin since the last comprehensive review in 2003 are reported, and biological aspects will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Netz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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32
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Jiang J, Ma Z, Castle SL. Bulky α,β-dehydroamino acids: their occurrence in nature, synthesis, and applications. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Al-Mourabit A, Laville R, Binh Nguyen T, Moriou C, Petek S, Debitus C. Marine Natural Occurring 2,5-Diketopiperazines: Isolation, Synthesis and Optical Properties. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-s(k)87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Trepos R, Cervin G, Pile C, Pavia H, Hellio C, Svenson J. Evaluation of cationic micropeptides derived from the innate immune system as inhibitors of marine biofouling. BIOFOULING 2015; 31:393-403. [PMID: 26057499 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2015.1048238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of 13 short synthetic amphiphilic cationic micropeptides, derived from the antimicrobial iron-binding innate defence protein lactoferrin, have been evaluated for their capacity to inhibit the marine fouling process. The whole biofouling process was studied and microfouling organisms such as marine bacteria and microalgae were included as well as the macrofouling barnacle Balanus improvisus. In total 19 different marine fouling organisms (18 microfoulers and one macrofouler) were included and both the adhesion and growth of the microfoulers were investigated. It was shown that the majority of the peptides inhibited barnacle cyprid settlement via a reversible nontoxic mechanism, with IC50 values as low as 0.5 μg ml(-1). Six peptides inhibited adhesion and growth of microorganisms. Two of these were particularly active against the microfoulers with MIC-values ranging between 0.01 and 1 μg ml(-1), which is comparable with the commercial reference antifoulant SeaNine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozenn Trepos
- a School of Biological Sciences , University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth , UK
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35
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Hanssen KO, Cervin G, Trepos R, Petitbois J, Haug T, Hansen E, Andersen JH, Pavia H, Hellio C, Svenson J. The bromotyrosine derivative ianthelline isolated from the arctic marine sponge Stryphnus fortis inhibits marine micro- and macrobiofouling. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 16:684-694. [PMID: 25051957 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-014-9583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of marine biofouling by the bromotyrosine derivative ianthelline, isolated from the Arctic marine sponge Stryphnus fortis, is described. All major stages of the fouling process are investigated. The effect of ianthelline on adhesion and growth of marine bacteria and microalgae is tested to investigate its influence on the initial microfouling process comparing with the known marine antifoulant barettin as a reference. Macrofouling is studied via barnacle (Balanus improvisus) settlement assays and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) phenoloxidase inhibition. Ianthelline is shown to inhibit both marine micro- and macrofoulers with a pronounced effect on marine bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values 0.1-10 μg/mL) and barnacle larval settlement (IC50 = 3.0 μg/mL). Moderate effects are recorded on M. edulis (IC50 = 45.2 μg/mL) and microalgae, where growth is more affected than surface adhesion. The effect of ianthelline is also investigated against human pathogenic bacteria. Ianthelline displayed low micromolar MIC values against several bacterial strains, both Gram positive and Gram negative, down to 2.5 μg/mL. In summary, the effect of ianthelline on 20 different representative marine antifouling organisms and seven human pathogenic bacterial strains is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kine O Hanssen
- Centre for Research-based Innovation on Marine Bioactivities and Drug Discovery (MabCent), UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Breivika, Tromsø, Norway
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36
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Trepos R, Cervin G, Hellio C, Pavia H, Stensen W, Stensvåg K, Svendsen JS, Haug T, Svenson J. Antifouling compounds from the sub-arctic ascidian Synoicum pulmonaria: synoxazolidinones A and C, pulmonarins A and B, and synthetic analogues. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:2105-2113. [PMID: 25181423 DOI: 10.1021/np5005032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The current study describes the antifouling properties of four members belonging to the recently discovered synoxazolidinone and pulmonarin families, isolated from the sub-Arctic sessile ascidian Synoicum pulmonaria collected off the Norwegian coast. Four simplified synthetic analogues were also prepared and included in the study. Several of the studied compounds displayed MIC values in the micro-nanomolar range against 16 relevant marine species involved in both the micro- and macrofouling process. Settlement studies on Balanus improvisus cyprids indicated a deterrent effect and a low toxicity for selected compounds. The two synoxazolidinones displayed broad activity and are shown to be among the most active natural antifouling bromotyrosine derivatives described. Synoxazolidinone C displayed selected antifouling properties comparable to the commercial antifouling product Sea-Nine-211. The pulmonarins prevented the growth of several bacterial strains at nanomolar concentrations but displayed a lower activity toward microalgae and no effect on barnacles. The linear and cyclic synthetic peptidic mimics also displayed potent antifouling activities mainly directed against bacterial adhesion and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozenn Trepos
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth , Portsmouth PO1 2DY, U.K
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Cui YT, Teo SLM, Leong W, Chai CLL. Searching for "environmentally-benign" antifouling biocides. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9255-84. [PMID: 24865489 PMCID: PMC4100093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As the result of the ecological impacts from the use of tributyltins (TBT) in shipping, environmental legislation for the registration of chemicals for use in the environment has grown to a monumental challenge requiring product dossiers to include information on the environmental fate and behavior of any chemicals. Specifically, persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity, collectively known as PBT, are properties of concern in the assessment of chemicals. However, existing measurements of PBT properties are a cumbersome and expensive process, and thus not applied in the early stages of the product discovery and development. Inexpensive methods for preliminary PBT screening would minimize risks arising with the subsequent registration of products. In this article, we evaluated the PBT properties of compounds reported to possess anti-fouling properties using QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship) prediction programs such as BIOWIN™ (a biodegradation probability program), KOWWIN™ (log octanol-water partition coefficient calculation program) and ECOSAR™ (Ecological Structure Activity Relationship Programme). The analyses identified some small (Mr < 400) synthetic and natural products as potential candidates for environmentally benign biocides. We aim to demonstrate that while these methods of estimation have limitations, when applied with discretion, they are powerful tools useful in the early stages of research for compound selection for further development as anti-foulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ting Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Serena L M Teo
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227, Singapore.
| | - Wai Leong
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227, Singapore.
| | - Christina L L Chai
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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Nishanth SK, Nambisan B, Dileep C. Three bioactive cyclic dipeptides from the Bacillus sp. N strain associated with entomopathogenic nematode. Peptides 2014; 53:59-69. [PMID: 24291459 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In continuation of our search for new bioactive secondary metabolites from Bacillus cereus associated with entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), three cyclic dipeptides (CDPs), cyclo(L-Leu-D-Arg) (1), cyclo(2-hydroxy-Pro-L-Leu) (2), and cyclo(L-Val-L-Pro) (3) were purified from the ethyl acetate extract of B. cereus. The chemical structure of the compounds was identified by 1D, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS. Cyclo(L-Leu-D-Arg) recorded best antifungal activity and the highest activity was recorded against Cryptococcus neoformans (1 μg/mL), which is better than the standard antifungal agent amphotericin B. MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used for finding cell proliferation inhibition and cyclo(L-Leu-D-Arg) recorded significant activity against breast cancer cell line (MDAM-B231) (IC50 value: 25 μM) and the three cyclic dipeptides recorded no toxicity against normal human cell (fore skin (FS) normal fibroblast) up to 50 μM except cyclo(L-Val-L-Pro). Cyclo(L-Leu-D-Arg) induced significant morphological changes and DNA fragmentation associated with apoptosis in MDAM-B231 cells by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and flow cytometry analysis. Out of three cyclic dipeptides tested only cyclo(2-hydroxy-Pro-L-Leu) recorded significant antioxidant activity. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of cyclo(2-hydroxy-Pro-L-Leu) is greater than BHA, the standard antioxidant agent. Cyclo(L-Leu-D-Arg) was isolated for the first time from a natural source with a d-arginine residue. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the bioactivity of the isolated cyclic dipeptides is reported against medically important fungi and cancer cells. This study is a significant contribution to the knowledge of cyclo(L-Leu-D-Arg) from B. cereus as potential sources of new drugs in the pharmacological industry, especially as potent antifungal and anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasidharan Kumar Nishanth
- Division of Crop Protection, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram 695017, India.
| | - Bala Nambisan
- Division of Crop Protection, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram 695017, India
| | - C Dileep
- Department of Botany, SD College, Alappuzha, Kerala, India
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Strömstedt AA, Felth J, Bohlin L. Bioassays in natural product research - strategies and methods in the search for anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2014; 25:13-28. [PMID: 24019222 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identifying bioactive molecules from complex biomasses requires careful selection and execution of relevant bioassays in the various stages of the discovery process of potential leads and targets. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to share our long-term experience in bioassay-guided isolation, and mechanistic studies, of bioactive compounds from different organisms in nature with emphasis on anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. METHODS In the search for anti-inflammatory activity, in vivo and in vitro model combinations with enzymes and cells involved in the inflammatory process have been used, such as cyclooxygenases, human neutrophils and human cancer cell lines. Methods concerning adsorption and perforation of bacteria, fungi, human cells and model membranes, have been developed and optimised, with emphasis on antimicrobial peptides and their interaction with the membrane target, in particular their ability to distinguish host from pathogen. RESULTS A long-term research has provided experience of selection and combination of bioassay models, which has led to an increased understanding of ethnopharmacological and ecological observations, together with in-depth knowledge of mode of action of isolated compounds. CONCLUSION A more multidisciplinary approach and a higher degree of fundamental research in development of bioassays are often necessary to identify and to fully understand the mode of action of bioactive molecules with novel structure-activity relationships from natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam A Strömstedt
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
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Cárdenas P, Rapp HT, Klitgaard AB, Best M, Thollesson M, Tendal OS. Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes ofGeodiaspecies (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region. Zool J Linn Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paco Cárdenas
- Department of Systematic Biology; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Norbyvägen 18D 752 36 Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Biology; University of Bergen; PO Box 7803 N-5020 Bergen Norway
| | - Hans Tore Rapp
- Department of Biology; University of Bergen; PO Box 7803 N-5020 Bergen Norway
- Centre for Geobiology; University of Bergen; Allégaten 41 5007 Bergen Norway
- Uni Research; Uni Environment; Thormøhlensgate 49B N-5006 Bergen Norway
| | - Anne Birgitte Klitgaard
- Zoological Museum, SNM; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 15 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
- Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation; Ministry of Science, Innovation and Higher Education; Bredgade 40 DK-1260 Copenhagen K Denmark
| | - Megan Best
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans; Bedford Institute of Oceanography; Dartmouth Nova Scotia Canada B2Y 4A2
| | - Mikael Thollesson
- Department of Systematic Biology; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Norbyvägen 18D 752 36 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Ole Secher Tendal
- Zoological Museum, SNM; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 15 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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Lind KF, Hansen E, Østerud B, Eilertsen KE, Bayer A, Engqvist M, Leszczak K, Jørgensen TØ, Andersen JH. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of barettin. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2655-66. [PMID: 23880935 PMCID: PMC3736444 DOI: 10.3390/md11072655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present novel bioactivity for barettin isolated from the marine sponge Geodia barretti. We found that barettin showed strong antioxidant activity in biochemical assays as well as in a lipid peroxidation cell assay. A de-brominated synthetic analogue of barettin did not show the same activity in the antioxidant cell assay, indicating that bromine is important for cellular activity. Barettin was also able to inhibit the secretion of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα from LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells. This combination of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities could indicate that barettin has an atheroprotective effect and may therefore be an interesting product to prevent development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karianne F. Lind
- MabCent-SFI, University of Tromsø, Breivika N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +47-776-49268
| | - Espen Hansen
- Marbio, University of Tromsø, Breivika N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-Mails: (E.H.); (J.H.A.)
| | - Bjarne Østerud
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Karl-Erik Eilertsen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Annette Bayer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-Mails: (A.B.); (M.E.); (K.L.)
| | - Magnus Engqvist
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-Mails: (A.B.); (M.E.); (K.L.)
| | - Kinga Leszczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-Mails: (A.B.); (M.E.); (K.L.)
| | - Trond Ø. Jørgensen
- MabCent-SFI, University of Tromsø, Breivika N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Jeanette H. Andersen
- Marbio, University of Tromsø, Breivika N-9037 Tromsø, Norway; E-Mails: (E.H.); (J.H.A.)
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2011 for marine natural products, with 870 citations (558 for the period January to December 2011) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1152 for 2011), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Noro JC, Kalaitzis JA, Neilan BA. Bioactive natural products from Papua New Guinea marine sponges. Chem Biodivers 2013; 9:2077-95. [PMID: 23081914 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of novel natural products for drug development relies heavily upon a rich biodiversity, of which the marine environment is an obvious example. Marine natural product research has spawned several drugs and many other candidates, some of which are the focus of current clinical trials. The sponge megadiversity of Papua New Guinea is a rich but underexplored source of bioactive natural products. Here, we review some of the many natural products derived from PNG sponges with an emphasis on those with interesting biological activity and, therefore, drug potential. Many bioactive natural products discussed here appear to be derived from non-ribosomal peptide and polyketide biosynthesis pathways, strongly suggesting a microbial origin of these compounds. With this in mind, we also explore the notion of sponge-symbiont biosynthesis of these bioactive compounds and present examples to support the working hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery C Noro
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Borthwick AD. 2,5-Diketopiperazines: synthesis, reactions, medicinal chemistry, and bioactive natural products. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3641-716. [PMID: 22575049 DOI: 10.1021/cr200398y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Park HB, Kim YJ, Park JS, Yang HO, Lee KR, Kwon HC. Glionitrin B, a cancer invasion inhibitory diketopiperazine produced by microbial coculture. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:2309-2312. [PMID: 21954885 DOI: 10.1021/np200563x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new diketopiperazine, glionitrin B (1), was produced using a microbial coculture of the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus KMC-901 and the bacterium Sphingomonas sp. KMK-001 that were isolated from acidic coal mine drainage. The structure of 1 was determined to be (3S,10aS)-dithiomethylglionitrin A. This structure was determined by the analyses of extensive NMR data and the circular dichroism spectra of the natural product and a semisynthetic compound derived from glionitrin A. In contrast to glionitrin A (2), glionitrin B (1) is not cytotoxic against the human prostate cancer cell line DU145. However, compound 1 caused suppression of DU145 cell invasion, producing 46% inhibition at 60 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Bong Park
- Natural Medicine Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
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Trianto A, Hermawan I, Suzuka T, Tanaka J. Two new cytotoxic candidaspongiolides from an indonesian sponge. ISRN PHARMACEUTICS 2011; 2011:852619. [PMID: 22389864 PMCID: PMC3263731 DOI: 10.5402/2011/852619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Marine sponges have been recognized as potentially rich sources of various bioactive molecules. In our continuing search for new secondary metabolites from Indonesian marine invertebrates, we collected a sponge, whose extract showed cytotoxicity against cultured cells at 0.1 μg/mL. Purification of the extract yielded two new macrolides 2 and 3 along with known candidaspongiolide (1). The structures for compounds 2 and 3 were elucidated by spectral analysis (1H, 13C, COSY, HMQC, HMBC) and by comparison of their NMR data with those of 1. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited a little more potent cytotoxicity (IC50 4.7 and 19 ng/mL) than that (IC50 37 ng/mL) of candidaspongiolide (1) against NBT-T2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agus Trianto
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
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Sjögren M, Jonsson PR, Dahlström M, Lundälv T, Burman R, Göransson U, Bohlin L. Two brominated cyclic dipeptides released by the coldwater marine sponge Geodia barretti act in synergy as chemical defense. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:449-454. [PMID: 21338120 DOI: 10.1021/np1008812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The current work shows that two structurally similar cyclodipeptides, barettin (1) and 8,9-dihydrobarettin (2), produced by the coldwater marine sponge Geodia barretti Bowerbank act in synergy to deter larvae of surface settlers and may also be involved in defense against grazers. Previously, 1 and 2 were demonstrated to bind specifically to serotonergic 5-HT receptors. It may be suggested that chemical defense in G. barretti involves a synergistic action where one of the molecular targets is a 5-HT receptor. A mixture of 1 and 2 lowered the EC(50) of larval settlement as compared to the calculated theoretical additive effect of the two compounds. Moreover, an in situ sampling at 120 m depth using a remotely operated vehicle revealed that the sponge releases these two compounds to the ambient water. Thus, it is suggested that the synergistic action of 1 and 2 may benefit the sponge by reducing the expenditure of continuous production and release of its chemical defense substances. Furthermore, a synergistic action between structurally closely related compounds produced by the same bioenzymatic machinery ought to be the most energy effective for the organism and, thus, is more common than synergy between structurally indistinct compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sjögren
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Qian PY, Xu Y, Fusetani N. Natural products as antifouling compounds: recent progress and future perspectives. BIOFOULING 2010; 26:223-34. [PMID: 19960389 DOI: 10.1080/08927010903470815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Since early 2008, an increasing number of countries have ratified an international treaty to ban the application of antifouling (AF) coatings based on organotin compounds (eg tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin). As a result, the demand for environmentally friendly, non-toxic or low-toxicity AF compounds and technologies (green AF agents) has become an urgent reality. Marine coatings based on Cu2O and various other biocides have a negative impact on the environment and they must eventually be replaced by new, effective, and environmentally friendly AF compounds. This mini-review describes important AF compounds discovered from a variety of organisms from 2004 until mid 2009, and discusses recent and general trends in the discovery of AF compounds. Finally, a perspective on the future of AF compound development is presented. The discussion is aimed at updating scientists and engineers on the current challenges facing AF research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yuan Qian
- KAUST Global Partnership Program, Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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