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Nugraha AS, Firli LN, Rani DM, Hidayatiningsih A, Lestari ND, Wongso H, Tarman K, Rahaweman AC, Manurung J, Ariantari NP, Papu A, Putra MY, Pratama ANW, Wessjohann LA, Keller PA. Indonesian marine and its medicinal contribution. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2023; 13:38. [PMID: 37843645 PMCID: PMC10579215 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-023-00403-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The archipelagic country of Indonesia is populated by the densest marine biodiversity in the world which has created strong global interest and is valued by both Indigenous and European settlements for different purposes. Nearly 1000 chemicals have been extracted and identified. In this review, a systematic data curation was employed to collate bioprospecting related manuscripts providing a comprehensive directory based on publications from 1988 to 2022. Findings with significant pharmacological activities are further discussed through a scoping data collection. This review discusses macroorganisms (Sponges, Ascidian, Gorgonians, Algae, Mangrove) and microorganism (Bacteria and Fungi) and highlights significant discoveries, including a potent microtubule stabilizer laulimalide from Hyattella sp., a prospective doxorubicin complement papuamine alkaloid from Neopetrosia cf exigua, potent antiplasmodial manzamine A from Acanthostrongylophora ingens, the highly potent anti trypanosomal manadoperoxide B from Plakortis cfr. Simplex, mRNA translation disrupter hippuristanol from Briareum sp, and the anti-HIV-1 (+)-8-hydroxymanzamine A isolated from Acanthostrongylophora sp. Further, some potent antibacterial extracts were also found from a limited biomass of bacteria cultures. Although there are currently no examples of commercial drugs from the Indonesian marine environment, this review shows the molecular diversity present and with the known understudied biodiversity, reveals great promise for future studies and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Satia Nugraha
- Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Jember, Jember, 68121, Indonesia.
- Leibniz Institute Für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Lilla Nur Firli
- Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Jember, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
| | - Dinar Mutia Rani
- Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Jember, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
| | - Ayunda Hidayatiningsih
- Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Jember, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
| | - Nadya Dini Lestari
- Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Jember, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
| | - Hendris Wongso
- Research Center for Radioisotope, Radiopharmaceutical, and Biodosimetry Technology, Research Organization for Nuclear Energy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Puspiptek, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Theranostic Radiopharmaceuticals, National Research and Innovation Agency, J1. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Kustiariyah Tarman
- Department of Aquatic Product Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences; and Division of Marine Biotechnology, Centre for Coastal and Marine Resources Studies (CCMRS), IPB University, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | | | - Jeprianto Manurung
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ni Putu Ariantari
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Badung, Bali, 80361, Indonesia
| | - Adelfia Papu
- Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, 95115, Indonesia
| | - Masteria Yunovilsa Putra
- Vaccine and Drug Research Center, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Jawa Barat, 16911, Indonesia
| | | | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Leibniz Institute Für Pflanzenbiochemie, Weinberg 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Paul A Keller
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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2
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Gribble GW. Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds-A Comprehensive Review. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 121:1-546. [PMID: 37488466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26629-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total number-from fewer than 25 in 1968-to approximately 8000 compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still, fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals, bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events), organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation, biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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3
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de Sousa LHN, de Araújo RD, Sousa-Fontoura D, Menezes FG, Araújo RM. Metabolities from Marine Sponges of the Genus Callyspongia: Occurrence, Biological Activity, and NMR Data. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:663. [PMID: 34940662 PMCID: PMC8706505 DOI: 10.3390/md19120663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Callyspongia (Callyspongiidae) encompasses a group of demosponges including 261 described species, of which approximately 180 have been accepted after taxonomic reviews. The marine organisms of Callyspongia are distributed in tropical ecosystems, especially in the central and western Pacific, but also in the regions of the Indian, the West Atlantic, and the East Pacific Oceans. The reason for the interest in the genus Callyspongia is related to its potential production of bioactive compounds. In this review, we group the chemical information about the metabolites isolated from the genus Callyspongia, as well as studies of the biological activity of these compounds. Through NMR data, 212 metabolites were identified from genus Callyspongia (15 species and Callyspongia sp.), belonging to classes such as polyacetylenes, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, polyketides, simple phenols, phenylpropanoids, nucleosides, cyclic peptides, and cyclic depsipeptides. A total of 109 molecules have been reported with bioactive activity, mainly cytotoxic and antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) action. Thus, we conclude that polyacetylenes, terpenoids and steroids correspond to the largest classes of compounds of the genus, and that future research involving the anticancer action of the species' bioactive metabolites may become relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Hilário Nogueira de Sousa
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil; (L.H.N.d.S.); (R.D.d.A.); (F.G.M.)
| | - Rusceli Diego de Araújo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil; (L.H.N.d.S.); (R.D.d.A.); (F.G.M.)
| | | | - Fabrício Gava Menezes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil; (L.H.N.d.S.); (R.D.d.A.); (F.G.M.)
| | - Renata Mendonça Araújo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil; (L.H.N.d.S.); (R.D.d.A.); (F.G.M.)
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4
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Lever J, Brkljača R, Rix C, Urban S. Application of Networking Approaches to Assess the Chemical Diversity, Biogeography, and Pharmaceutical Potential of Verongiida Natural Products. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:582. [PMID: 34677481 PMCID: PMC8539549 DOI: 10.3390/md19100582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study provides a review of all isolated natural products (NPs) reported for sponges within the order Verongiida (1960 to May 2020) and includes a comprehensive compilation of their geographic and physico-chemical parameters. Physico-chemical parameters were used in this study to infer pharmacokinetic properties as well as the potential pharmaceutical potential of NPs from this order of marine sponge. In addition, a network analysis for the NPs produced by the Verongiida sponges was applied to systematically explore the chemical space relationships between taxonomy, secondary metabolite and drug score variables, allowing for the identification of differences and correlations within a dataset. The use of scaffold networks as well as bipartite relationship networks provided a platform to explore chemical diversity as well as the use of chemical similarity networks to link pharmacokinetic properties with structural similarity. This study paves the way for future applications of network analysis procedures in the field of natural products for any order or family.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lever
- School of Science (Applied Chemistry and Environmental Sciences), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; (J.L.); (C.R.)
| | - Robert Brkljača
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia;
| | - Colin Rix
- School of Science (Applied Chemistry and Environmental Sciences), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; (J.L.); (C.R.)
| | - Sylvia Urban
- School of Science (Applied Chemistry and Environmental Sciences), RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; (J.L.); (C.R.)
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Muzychka L, Voronkina A, Kovalchuk V, Smolii OB, Wysokowski M, Petrenko I, Youssef DTA, Ehrlich I, Ehrlich H. Marine biomimetics: bromotyrosines loaded chitinous skeleton as source of antibacterial agents. APPLIED PHYSICS. A, MATERIALS SCIENCE & PROCESSING 2021; 127:15. [PMID: 33424135 PMCID: PMC7776313 DOI: 10.1007/s00339-020-04167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The marine sponges of the order Verongiida (Demospongiae: Porifera) have survived on our planet for more than 500 million years due to the presence of a unique strategy of chemical protection by biosynthesis of more than 300 derivatives of biologically active bromotyrosines as secondary metabolites. These compounds are synthesized within spherulocytes, highly specialized cells located within chitinous skeletal fibers of these sponges from where they can be extruded in the sea water and form protective space against pathogenic viruses, bacteria and other predators. This chitin is an example of unique biomaterial as source of substances with antibiotic properties. Traditionally, the attention of researchers was exclusively drawn to lipophilic bromotyrosines, the extraction methods of which were based on the use of organic solvents only. Alternatively, we have used in this work a biomimetic water-based approach, because in natural conditions, sponges actively extrude bromotyrosines that are miscible with the watery environment. This allowed us to isolate 3,5-dibromoquinolacetic acid from an aqueous extract of the dried demosponge Aplysina aerophoba and compare its antimicrobial activity with the same compound obtained by the chemical synthesis. Both synthetic and natural compounds have shown antimicrobial properties against clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Propionibacterium acnes. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00339-020-04167-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Muzychka
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Murmanska Str. 1, Kiev, 02094 Ukraine
| | - Alona Voronkina
- Department of Pharmacy, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, Vinnytsia 21018 Ukraine
| | - Valentine Kovalchuk
- Department of Microbiology, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, Vinnytsia 21018 Ukraine
| | - Oleg B. Smolii
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Murmanska Str. 1, Kiev, 02094 Ukraine
| | - Marcin Wysokowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
- Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner Str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Iaroslav Petrenko
- Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner Str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Diaa T. A. Youssef
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522 Egypt
| | | | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner Str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61614 Poznan, Poland
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6
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Li C, Shi D. Structural and Bioactive Studies of Halogenated Constituents from Sponges. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2335-2360. [PMID: 30417770 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181112092159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Marine organisms are abundant sources of bioactive natural products. Among metabolites produced by sponges and their associated microbial communities, halogenated natural compounds accounted for an important part due to their potent biological activities. The present review updates and compiles a total of 258 halogenated organic compounds isolated in the past three decades, especially brominated derivatives derived from 31 genera of marine sponges. These compounds can be classified as the following classes: brominated polyunsaturated lipids, nitrogen compounds, brominated tyrosine derivatives and other halogenated compounds. These substances were listed together with their source organisms, structures and bioactivities. For this purpose, 84 references were consulted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dayong Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Chen M, Yan Y, Ge H, Jiao WH, Zhang Z, Lin HW. Pseudoceroximes A-E and Pseudocerolides A-E - Bromotyrosine Derivatives from a Pseudoceratina
sp. Marine Sponge Collected in the South China Sea. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxuan Chen
- Ocean College, Zhoushan Campus; Zhejiang University; 316021 Zhoushan P.R. China
| | - Yizhen Yan
- Research Center for Marine Drugs; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes; Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 200127 Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Hengju Ge
- Ocean College, Zhoushan Campus; Zhejiang University; 316021 Zhoushan P.R. China
| | - Wei-Hua Jiao
- Research Center for Marine Drugs; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes; Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 200127 Shanghai P.R. China
| | - Zhizhen Zhang
- Ocean College, Zhoushan Campus; Zhejiang University; 316021 Zhoushan P.R. China
| | - Hou-Wen Lin
- Research Center for Marine Drugs; State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes; Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 200127 Shanghai P.R. China
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8
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Schubert M, Binnewerg B, Voronkina A, Muzychka L, Wysokowski M, Petrenko I, Kovalchuk V, Tsurkan M, Martinovic R, Bechmann N, Ivanenko VN, Fursov A, Smolii OB, Fromont J, Joseph Y, Bornstein SR, Giovine M, Erpenbeck D, Guan K, Ehrlich H. Naturally Prefabricated Marine Biomaterials: Isolation and Applications of Flat Chitinous 3D Scaffolds from Ianthella labyrinthus (Demospongiae: Verongiida). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5105. [PMID: 31618840 PMCID: PMC6829448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine sponges remain representative of a unique source of renewable biological materials. The demosponges of the family Ianthellidae possess chitin-based skeletons with high biomimetic potential. These three-dimensional (3D) constructs can potentially be used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this study, we focus our attention, for the first time, on the marine sponge Ianthella labyrinthus Bergquist & Kelly-Borges, 1995 (Demospongiae: Verongida: Ianthellidae) as a novel potential source of naturally prestructured bandage-like 3D scaffolds which can be isolated simultaneously with biologically active bromotyrosines. Specifically, translucent and elastic flat chitinous scaffolds have been obtained after bromotyrosine extraction and chemical treatments of the sponge skeleton with alternate alkaline and acidic solutions. For the first time, cardiomyocytes differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-CMs) have been used to test the suitability of I. labyrinthus chitinous skeleton as ready-to-use scaffold for their cell culture. Results reveal a comparable attachment and growth on isolated chitin-skeleton, compared to scaffolds coated with extracellular matrix mimetic Geltrex®. Thus, the natural, unmodified I. labyrinthus cleaned sponge skeleton can be used to culture iPSC-CMs and 3D tissue engineering. In addition, I. labyrinthus chitin-based scaffolds demonstrate strong and efficient capability to absorb blood deep into the microtubes due to their excellent capillary effect. These findings are suggestive of the future development of new sponge chitin-based absorbable hemostats as alternatives to already well recognized cellulose-based fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Schubert
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Björn Binnewerg
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Alona Voronkina
- Department of Pharmacy, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, 21018 Vinnytsia, Ukraine.
| | - Lyubov Muzychka
- V.P Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Murmanska Str. 1, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Marcin Wysokowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland.
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Iaroslav Petrenko
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Valentine Kovalchuk
- Department of Microbiology, National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, 21018 Vinnytsia, Ukraine.
| | - Mikhail Tsurkan
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Rajko Martinovic
- Institute of Marine Biology, University of Montenegro, 85330 Kotor, Montenegro.
| | - Nicole Bechmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Viatcheslav N Ivanenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Andriy Fursov
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Oleg B Smolii
- V.P Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Murmanska Str. 1, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Jane Fromont
- Aquatic Zoology Department, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, WA 6986, Australia.
| | - Yvonne Joseph
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK.
| | - Marco Giovine
- Department of Sciences of Earth, Environment and Life, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132 Genova, Italy.
| | - Dirk Erpenbeck
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences & GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Richard-Wagner-Str. 10, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Kaomei Guan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Hermann Ehrlich
- Institute of Electronics and Sensor Materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
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Hanif N, Murni A, Tanaka C, Tanaka J. Marine Natural Products from Indonesian Waters. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17060364. [PMID: 31248122 PMCID: PMC6627775 DOI: 10.3390/md17060364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are primal and have been a driver in the evolution of organic chemistry and ultimately in science. The chemical structures obtained from marine organisms are diverse, reflecting biodiversity of genes, species and ecosystems. Biodiversity is an extraordinary feature of life and provides benefits to humanity while promoting the importance of environment conservation. This review covers the literature on marine natural products (MNPs) discovered in Indonesian waters published from January 1970 to December 2017, and includes 732 original MNPs, 4 structures isolated for the first time but known to be synthetic entities, 34 structural revisions, 9 artifacts, and 4 proposed MNPs. Indonesian MNPs were found in 270 papers from 94 species, 106 genera, 64 families, 32 orders, 14 classes, 10 phyla, and 5 kingdoms. The emphasis is placed on the structures of organic molecules (original and revised), relevant biological activities, structure elucidation, chemical ecology aspects, biosynthesis, and bioorganic studies. Through the synthesis of past and future data, huge and partly undescribed biodiversity of marine tropical invertebrates and their importance for crucial societal benefits should greatly be appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novriyandi Hanif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
| | - Anggia Murni
- Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor 16128, Indonesia.
| | - Chiaki Tanaka
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
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Mayer AMS, Rodríguez AD, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Fusetani N. Marine Pharmacology in 2012-2013: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis, and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15090273. [PMID: 28850074 PMCID: PMC5618412 DOI: 10.3390/md15090273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2012 to 2013 was systematically reviewed, consistent with the 1998–2011 reviews of this series. Marine pharmacology research from 2012 to 2013, conducted by scientists from 42 countries in addition to the United States, reported findings on the preclinical pharmacology of 257 marine compounds. The preclinical pharmacology of compounds isolated from marine organisms revealed antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, antiviral and anthelmitic pharmacological activities for 113 marine natural products. In addition, 75 marine compounds were reported to have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities and affect the immune and nervous system. Finally, 69 marine compounds were shown to display miscellaneous mechanisms of action which could contribute to novel pharmacological classes. Thus, in 2012–2013, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline provided novel pharmacology and lead compounds to the clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and contributed significantly to potentially novel therapeutic approaches to several global disease categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M S Mayer
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Abimael D Rodríguez
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, 1390 Ponce de León Avenue, San Juan, PR 00926, USA.
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11
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Varinska L, Kubatka P, Mojzis J, Zulli A, Gazdikova K, Zubor P, Büsselberg D, Caprnda M, Opatrilova R, Gasparova I, Klabusay M, Pec M, Fibach E, Adamek M, Kruzliak P. Angiomodulators in cancer therapy: New perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:578-590. [PMID: 28258040 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of new blood vessels plays a crucial for the development and progression of pathophysiological changes associated with a variety of disorders, including carcinogenesis. Angiogenesis inhibitors (anti-angiogenics) are an important part of treatment for some types of cancer. Some natural products isolated from marine invertebrates have revealed antiangiogenic activities, which are diverse in structure and mechanisms of action. Many preclinical studies have generated new models for further modification and optimization of anti-angiogenic substances, and new information for mechanistic studies and new anti-cancer drug candidates for clinical practice. Moreover, in the last decade it has become apparent that galectins are important regulators of tumor angiogenesis, as well as microRNA. MicroRNAs have been validated to modulate endothelial cell migration or endothelial tube organization. In the present review we summarize the current knowledge regarding the role of marine-derived natural products, galectins and microRNAs in tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Varinska
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia; Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Jan Mojzis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- The Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health & Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Werribee Campus, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katarina Gazdikova
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Professional Health Studies, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Pavol Zubor
- Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Martin Caprnda
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Radka Opatrilova
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho tr. 1/1946, 612 42 Brno, Czechia
| | - Iveta Gasparova
- Institute of Biology, Genetics and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Klabusay
- Department of Haemato-Oncology and Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Martin Pec
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Eitan Fibach
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mariusz Adamek
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho tr. 1/1946, 612 42 Brno, Czechia.
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12
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Determination of the Halogenated Skeleton Constituents of the Marine Demosponge Ianthella basta. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15020034. [PMID: 28208597 PMCID: PMC5334614 DOI: 10.3390/md15020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Demosponges of the order Verongida such as Ianthella basta exhibit skeletons containing spongin, a collagenous protein, and chitin. Moreover, Verongida sponges are well known to produce bioactive brominated tyrosine derivatives. We recently demonstrated that brominated compounds do not only occur in the cellular matrix but also in the skeletons of the marine sponges Aplysina cavernicola and I. basta. Further investigations revealed the amino acid composition of the skeletons of A. cavernicola including the presence of several halogenated amino acids. In the present work, we investigated the skeletal amino acid composition of the demosponge I. basta, which belongs to the Ianthellidae family, and compared it with that of A. cavernicola from the Aplysinidae family. Seventeen proteinogenic and five non-proteinogenic amino acids were detected in I. basta. Abundantly occurring amino acids like glycine and hydroxyproline show the similarity of I. basta and A. cavernicola and confirm the collagenous nature of their sponging fibers. We also detected nine halogenated tyrosines as an integral part of I. basta skeletons. Since both sponges contain a broad variety of halogenated amino acids, this seems to be characteristic for Verongida sponges. The observed differences of the amino acid composition confirm that spongin exhibits a certain degree of variability even among the members of the order Verongida.
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13
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AlTarabeen M, Daletos G, Ebrahim W, Müller WEG, Hartmann R, Lin W, Proksch P. Ircinal E, a New Manzamine Derivative from the Indonesian Marine Sponge Acanthostrongylophora ingens. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the MeOH extract of the sponge Acanthostrongylophora ingens afforded the new manzamine derivative ircinal E (1), in addition to six known metabolites (2–7). The structure of the new compound was unequivocally elucidated using one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, as well as high-resolution mass spectrometry. Compounds 1–6 exhibited strong to moderate cytotoxicity against the murine lymphoma L5178Y cell line with IC50 values ranging from 2.8 to 21.7 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa AlTarabeen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Georgios Daletos
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Weaam Ebrahim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Werner E. G. Müller
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz. Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hartmann
- Institute of Complex Systems: Strukturbiochemie, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Health Science Center, 100191 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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14
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2013 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 982 citations (644 for the period January to December 2013) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1163 for 2013), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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15
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Gribble GW. Biological Activity of Recently Discovered Halogenated Marine Natural Products. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:4044-136. [PMID: 26133553 PMCID: PMC4515607 DOI: 10.3390/md13074044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents the biological activity-antibacterial, antifungal, anti-parasitic, antiviral, antitumor, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and enzymatic activity-of halogenated marine natural products discovered in the past five years. Newly discovered examples that do not report biological activity are not included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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16
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Gotsbacher MP, Karuso P. New antimicrobial bromotyrosine analogues from the sponge Pseudoceratina purpurea and its predator Tylodina corticalis. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1389-409. [PMID: 25786066 PMCID: PMC4377990 DOI: 10.3390/md13031389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of extracts from temperate Australian collections of the marine sponge Pseudoceratina purpurea resulted in the isolation and characterisation of two new and six known bromotyrosine-derived alkaloids with antibiotic activity. Surprisingly, a single specimen of the mollusc Tylodina corticalis, which was collected while feeding on P. purpurea, contained only a few of the compounds found in the sponge suggesting selective accumulation and chemical modification of sponge metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Gotsbacher
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Peter Karuso
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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17
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Niemann H, Marmann A, Lin W, Proksch P. Sponge Derived Bromotyrosines: Structural Diversity through Natural Combinatorial Chemistry. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponge derived bromotyrosines are a multifaceted class of marine bioactive compounds that are important for the chemical defense of sponges but also for drug discovery programs as well as for technical applications in the field of antifouling constituents. These compounds, which are mainly accumulated by Verongid sponges, exhibit a diverse range of bioactivities including antibiotic, cytotoxic and antifouling effects. In spite of the simple biogenetic building blocks, which consist only of brominated tyrosine and tyramine units, an impressive diversity of different compounds is obtained through different linkages between these precursors and through structural modifications of the side chains and/or aromatic rings resembling strategies that are known from combinatorial chemistry. As examples for bioactive, structurally divergent bromotyrosines psammaplin A, Aplysina alkaloids featuring aerothionin, aeroplysinin-1 and the dienone, and the bastadins, including the synthetically derived hemibastadin congeners, have been selected for this review. Whereas all of these natural products are believed to be involved in the chemical defense of sponges, some of them may also be of particular relevance to drug discovery due to their interaction with specific molecular targets in eukaryotic cells. These targets involve important enzymes and receptors, such as histone deacetylases (HDAC) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), which are inhibited by psammaplin A, as well as ryanodine receptors that are targeted by bastadine type compounds. The hemibastadins such as the synthetically derived dibromohemibastadin are of particular interest due to their antifouling activity. For the latter, a phenoloxidase which catalyzes the bioglue formation needed for firm attachment of fouling organisms to a given substrate was identified as a molecular target. The Aplysina alkaloids finally provide a vivid example for dynamic wound induced bioconversions of natural products that generate highly efficient chemical weapons precisely when and where needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Niemann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Marmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing100191, China
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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18
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Stonik VA, Fedorov SN. Marine low molecular weight natural products as potential cancer preventive compounds. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:636-71. [PMID: 24473167 PMCID: PMC3944507 DOI: 10.3390/md12020636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to taxonomic positions and special living environments, marine organisms produce secondary metabolites that possess unique structures and biological activities. This review is devoted to recently isolated and/or earlier described marine compounds with potential or established cancer preventive activities, their biological sources, molecular mechanisms of their action, and their associations with human health and nutrition. The review covers literature published in 2003–2013 years and focuses on findings of the last 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin A Stonik
- Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok 690950, Russia.
| | - Sergey N Fedorov
- Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Prospect 100 let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok 690950, Russia.
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19
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El Amrani M, Lai D, Debbab A, Aly AH, Siems K, Seidel C, Schnekenburger M, Gaigneaux A, Diederich M, Feger D, Lin W, Proksch P. Protein kinase and HDAC inhibitors from the endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:49-56. [PMID: 24328302 DOI: 10.1021/np4005745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A chemical investigation of the endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum isolated from leaves of Mentha suaveolens collected in Morocco resulted in the isolation of five new polyketides, epicocconigrones A and B (1 and 2), 3-methoxyepicoccone B (3), 3-methoxyepicoccone (4), and 2,3,4-trihydroxy-6-(methoxymethyl)-5-methylbenzaldehyde (5), together with five known compounds (6-10). The structures of the new compounds were unambiguously determined by extensive analysis of the 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic data. Compounds 1 and 10 showed potent inhibition of at least 15 protein kinases with IC50 values ranging from 0.07 to 9.00 μM. Moreover, compounds 1 and 10 inhibited histone deacetylase (HDAC) activities with IC50 values of 9.8 and 14.2 μM, respectively. A preliminary structure-activity relationship is discussed. Interestingly, compounds 1 and 10 exert mainly cytostatic effects in human lymphoma RAJI and U-937 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha El Amrani
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf , Universitätsstrasse 1, Geb. 26.23, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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20
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Pham CD, Hartmann R, Böhler P, Stork B, Wesselborg S, Lin W, Lai D, Proksch P. Callyspongiolide, a cytotoxic macrolide from the marine sponge Callyspongia sp. Org Lett 2013; 16:266-9. [PMID: 24329175 DOI: 10.1021/ol403241v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel macrolide, callyspongiolide, whose structure was determined by comprehensive analysis of the NMR and HRMS spectra, was isolated from the marine sponge Callyspongia sp. collected in Indonesia. The compound features a carbamate-substituted 14-membered macrocyclic lactone ring with a conjugated structurally unprecedented diene-ynic side chain terminating at a brominated benzene ring. Callyspongiolide showed strong cytotoxicity against human Jurkat J16 T and Ramos B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Dat Pham
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology and §Institute of Molecular Medicine, Heinrich-Heine University , 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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21
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Bharate SB, Sawant SD, Singh PP, Vishwakarma RA. Kinase inhibitors of marine origin. Chem Rev 2013; 113:6761-815. [PMID: 23679846 DOI: 10.1021/cr300410v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip B Bharate
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India
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22
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Pham CD, Weber H, Hartmann R, Wray V, Lin W, Lai D, Proksch P. New cytotoxic 1,2,4-thiadiazole alkaloids from the ascidian Polycarpa aurata. Org Lett 2013; 15:2230-3. [PMID: 23582084 DOI: 10.1021/ol400791n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two new alkaloids, polycarpathiamines A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from the ascidian Polycarpa aurata. Their structures were unambiguously determined by 1D, 2D NMR, and HRESIMS measurements and further confirmed by comparison with a closely related analogue, 3-dimethylamino-5-benzoyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole (4), that was prepared by chemical synthesis. Compounds 1 and 2 both feature an uncommon 1,2,4-thiadiazole ring whose biosynthetic origin is proposed. Compound 1 showed significant cytotoxic activity against L5178Y murine lymphoma cells (IC50 0.41 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Dat Pham
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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