1
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Perdicchia D. Borane-Trimethylamine Complex: A Versatile Reagent in Organic Synthesis. Molecules 2024; 29:2017. [PMID: 38731507 PMCID: PMC11085582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Borane-trimethylamine complex (Me3N·BH3; BTM) is the most stable of the amine-borane complexes that are commercially available, and it is cost-effective. It is a valuable reagent in organic chemistry with applications in the reduction of carbonyl groups and carbon-nitrogen double bond reduction, with considerable examples in the reduction of oximes, hydrazones and azines. The transfer hydrogenation of aromatic N-heterocycles and the selective N-monomethylation of primary anilines are further examples of recent applications, whereas the reduction of nitrobenzenes to anilines and the reductive deprotection of N-tritylamines are useful tools in the organic synthesis. Moreover, BTM is the main reagent in the regioselective cleavage of cyclic acetals, a reaction of great importance for carbohydrate chemistry. Recent innovative applications of BTM, such as CO2 utilization as feedstock and radical chemistry by photocatalysis, have extended their usefulness in new reactions. The present review is focused on the applications of borane-trimethylamine complex as a reagent in organic synthesis and has not been covered in previous reviews regarding amine-borane complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Perdicchia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
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2
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Li G, Du Z, Shen P, Zhang J. Novel MeON-glycosides of ursolic acid: Synthesis, antitumor evaluation, and mechanism studies. Fitoterapia 2023; 169:105595. [PMID: 37355050 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid widely found in in medicinal plants, edible plants, fruits, and flowers. The great interest in this bioactive compound is related to the positive effects in human health. However, its limited solubility, moderate biological activity and poor bioavailability limit the potential and further applications of UA. Here, we explored the efficacy of MeON-Glycosides of UA in inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. A number of compounds showed significant antitumor activity against tested five cancer cell lines. Among them, compound 2a exhibited the most potent activity against HepG2 cells with IC50 values of 3.1 ± 0.5 μM. Especially, compound 2a could induce HepG2 cells apoptosis and reduce mitochondrial membrane potential. Western blot analysis showed that compound 2a up-regulated Bax, cleaved caspase-3/9, cleaved PARP levels and down-regulated Bcl-2 level of HepG2 cells. These results indicated that compound 2a could obviously induce the apoptosis of HepG2 cells. At the same time, compound 2a significantly decreased the expression of p-AKT and p-mTOR, which indicated that compound 2a might exert its cytotoxic effect by targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Moreover, the in silico ADME predictions showed that compound 2a has improved water solubility and other properties. Thus, compound 2a may be a promising antitumor candidate, which may be potentially used to prevent or treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolong Li
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Resources Industrialization by Shaanxi & Education Ministry, Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of New Drugs and Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, PR China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhichao Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Pingping Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.
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3
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Du Z, Li G, Zhou X, Zhang J. Synthesis of MeON-Glycoside Derivatives of Oleanolic Acid by Neoglycosylation and Evaluation of Their Cytotoxicity Against Selected Cancer Cell Lines. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030772. [PMID: 33540945 PMCID: PMC7867353 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of C-3 and C-28 MeON-neoglycosides of oleanolic acid were designed and synthesized by neoglycosylation as potential antiproliferative agents. Their cytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro against five human cancer cell lines: human non-small cell lung cancer cell line (A549), human melanoma cell line (A375), human colon cancer cell line (HCT116), human liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2), human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Most of C-3 and C-28 MeON-neoglycosides of oleanolic acid exhibited notably inhibitory effects against the tested cancer cells and more sensitive to HepG2 cells than 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). Structure-activities relationship (SAR) analysis revealed that sugar types and the d/l configuration of sugars would significantly affect their antiproliferative activities of neoglycosides. Among them, compound 8a (28-N-methoxyaminooleanane-β-d-glucoside) exhibited the most potent antiproliferative activities against HepG2 cells with IC50 values of 2.1 µM. Further pharmacological experiments revealed that compound 8a could cause morphological changes and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells. These results suggested that neoglycosylation could provide a rapid strategy for the discovery of potential antiproliferative agents and their possible pharmacological mechanisms need more further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; (Z.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Guolong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Xiaoyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; (Z.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China; (Z.D.); (X.Z.)
- Zhenping Expert Workstation for Zhang Jian, Zhenping, Ankang 725699, Shaanxi, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-86185157
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4
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Goel B, Tripathi N, Mukherjee D, Jain SK. Glycorandomization: A promising diversification strategy for the drug development. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113156. [PMID: 33460832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycorandomization is a natural product derivatization strategy in which different sugar moieties are linked to the aglycone part of the naturally existing glycosides to create glycorandomized libraries. Sugars attached to the natural products are responsible for affecting their solubility, mechanism of action, target recognition, and toxicity and thus, by changing the sugar part, these properties could be modified. Glycorandomization can be done via two approaches (i) a synthetic approach known as neoglycorandomization, and (ii) chemoenzymatic approach including in-vitro and in-vivo glycorandomization. Glycorandomization can be a promising technology for the drug discovery that has proved its potential to improve pharmacokinetic (solubility) and pharmacodynamic profile (mechanism of action, toxicity, and target recognition) of the parent compounds. The substrate flexibility of glycosyltransferases and other enzymes towards sugars and/or aglycone substrates has made this technique versatile. Further, the enzymes can be altered by genetic engineering to generate glycorandomized libraries of diverse natural product scaffolds. This technique has the potential to produce new compounds that can be helpful to the mankind by treating the threatening disease states. This review covers the different strategies for glycorandomization as a tool in drug discovery and development. The fundamentals of glycorandomization, different types, and further development of differentially glycorandomized libraries of natural products and small molecule based drugs have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nancy Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debaraj Mukherjee
- Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Shreyans K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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5
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Li GL, Xu HJ, Xu SH, Wang WW, Yu BY, Zhang J. Synthesis of tigogenin MeON-Neoglycosides and their antitumor activity. Fitoterapia 2017; 125:33-40. [PMID: 29269236 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To discover new potent cytotoxic steroidal saponins, a series of tigogenin neoglycosides were synthesized via oxyamine neoglycosylation for the first time. The preliminary bioassays for their in vitro antitumor activities against five human cancer cell lines (A375, A-549, HCT-116, HepG2 and MCF-7) were conducted. The results revealed a sugar-dependent activity profile of their cytotoxicity, the glycoconjugation converted the non-active tigogenin to the most potential product Tg29 ((3R)-N-methoxyamino-tigogenin-β-2-deoxy-d-galactoside) with IC50 value of 2.7μM and 4.6μM against HepG2 and MCF-7 cells respectively. And the 3R-tigogenin neoglycosides exhibited enhanced antitumor activity while the 3S-tigogenin almost showed no activity. Among the five cell lines, HepG2 and MCF-7 cells showed more sensitive cytotoxic responses to the products. Therefore, the neoglycosylation could be a promising strategy for the synthesis of antitumor steroidal saponins and it also proved the essential role of carbohydrate moiety of steroidal saponins in the biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Hong-Jiang Xu
- Institute for Pharmacology&Toxicology, Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shao-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Bo-Yang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
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6
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Liu B, Liu X, Zhang JR, Liu G. A Natural Lipotrisaccharide and Its Derivatives Selectively Lyse Streptococcus pneumoniae via Interaction with Cell Membrane. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:438-453. [PMID: 28264558 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A natural lipotrisaccharide (NP000778, 1a), a new triglycosidic tri-O-substituted glycolipid isolated from the Morinda citrifolia plant, and its chemical derivatives were identified to be active against major Gram-positive pathogens, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae. Additional evidence indicated that 1a and its synthetic derivatives exerted their bactericidal activities against S. pneumoniae by selectively targeting the bacterial membrane, leading to the rapid lysis of the pneumococci. Efficient synthesis of 1a and its derivatives was performed using an application of the intramolecular aglycon delivery (IAD) reaction to establish its structure-activity relationships (SARs). SAR analysis indicated that trisaccharide glycolipid compounds showed good selectivity and high potency against S. pneumoniae. These compounds contain a linear chain with a chain length from C3 to C9 at the 2-position (R1) and 4'-position (R3), as well as a 2-methyl butyryl group at the 3'-position (R2), without an aza substitution in the lipid chain. This is the first lipotrisaccharide identified with potent bactericidal activity via interaction with cell membrane. The results reported herein offer a valuable guideline for the design of glycolipid derivatives that selectively target pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, Beijing 102607, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Liu
- Center
for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ren Zhang
- Center
for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Villadsen K, Martos-Maldonado MC, Jensen KJ, Thygesen MB. Chemoselective Reactions for the Synthesis of Glycoconjugates from Unprotected Carbohydrates. Chembiochem 2017; 18:574-612. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Villadsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Faculty of Science; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Manuel C. Martos-Maldonado
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Faculty of Science; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Knud J. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Faculty of Science; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Mikkel B. Thygesen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Faculty of Science; Thorvaldsensvej 40 1871 Frederiksberg C Denmark
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8
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Xu L, Qi T, Xu L, Lu L, Xiao M. Recent progress in the enzymatic glycosylation of phenolic compounds. J Carbohydr Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2015.1137580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Zhang J, Ponomareva LV, Nandurkar NS, Yuan Y, Fang L, Zhan CG, Thorson JS. Influence of Sugar Amine Regiochemistry on Digitoxigenin Neoglycoside Anticancer Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:1053-8. [PMID: 26487911 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of a set of digitoxigenin neogluco/xylosides and corresponding study of their anticancer SAR revealed sugar amine regiochemistry has a dramatic effect upon activity. Specifically, this study noted sugar 3-amino followed by 4-amino-substitution to be most advantageous where the solvent accessibility of the appended amine within neoglycoside-Na(+),K(+)-ATPase docked models correlated with increased anticancer potency. This study presents a preliminary model for potential further warhead optimization in the context of antibody-directed steroidal glycosides and extends the demonstrated compatibility of aminosugars in the context of neoglycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhang
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and
Innovation and ‡Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Larissa V. Ponomareva
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and
Innovation and ‡Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | - Nitin S. Nandurkar
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and
Innovation and ‡Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
| | | | | | | | - Jon S. Thorson
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and
Innovation and ‡Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
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10
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Nandurkar NS, Zhang J, Ye Q, Ponomareva LV, She QB, Thorson JS. The identification of perillyl alcohol glycosides with improved antiproliferative activity. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7478-84. [PMID: 25121720 PMCID: PMC4161159 DOI: 10.1021/jm500870u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
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A facile
route to perillyl alcohol (POH) differential glycosylation
and the corresponding synthesis of a set of 34 POH glycosides is reported.
Subsequent in vitro studies revealed a sugar dependent antiproliferative
activity and the inhibition of S6 ribosomal protein phosphorylation
as a putative mechanism of representative POH glycosides. The most
active glycoside from this cumulative study (4′-azido-d-glucoside, PG9) represents one of the most cytotoxic
POH analogues reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin S Nandurkar
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky , 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0596, United States
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Goff RD, Thorson JS. Neoglycosylation and neoglycorandomization: Enabling tools for the discovery of novel glycosylated bioactive probes and early stage leads. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014; 5:1036-1047. [PMID: 25071927 PMCID: PMC4111257 DOI: 10.1039/c4md00117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses upon the development, scope, and utility of the highly versatile chemoselective alkoxyamine-based 'neoglycosylation' reaction first described by Peri and Dumy. The fundamentals of neoglycosylation and the subsequent development of a 'neoglycorandomization' platform to afford differentially-glycosylated libraries of plant-based natural products, microbial-based natural products, and small molecule-based drugs for drug discovery applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal D. Goff
- Western Wyoming Community College, 2500 College Dr. Rock Springs, WY 82902-0428, USA
| | - Jon. S. Thorson
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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12
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Attia M, Youssef A, El-Sherif R. Durable diagnosis of seminal vesicle and sexual gland diseases using the nano optical sensor thin film Sm-doxycycline complex. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 835:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Zhang J, Singh S, Hughes RR, Zhou M, Sunkara M, Morris AJ, Thorson JS. A simple strategy for glycosyltransferase-catalyzed aminosugar nucleotide synthesis. Chembiochem 2014; 15:647-52. [PMID: 24677528 PMCID: PMC4051237 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A set of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl glucosamino-/xylosaminosides were synthesized and assessed as potential substrates in the context of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed formation of the corresponding UDP/TDP-α-D-glucosamino-/xylosaminosugars and in single-vessel model transglycosylation reactions. This study highlights a robust platform for aminosugar nucleotide synthesis and reveals OleD Loki to be a proficient catalyst for U/TDP-aminosugar synthesis and utilization
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhang
- Dr. J. Zhang, Prof. S. Singh, R. R. Hughes, Prof. J. S. Thorson Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
| | - Shanteri Singh
- Dr. J. Zhang, Prof. S. Singh, R. R. Hughes, Prof. J. S. Thorson Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
| | - Ryan R. Hughes
- Dr. J. Zhang, Prof. S. Singh, R. R. Hughes, Prof. J. S. Thorson Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
| | - Maoquan Zhou
- Dr. M. Zhou School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705 (USA)
| | - Manjula Sunkara
- M. Sunkara, Prof. A. J. Morris Division of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536(USA)
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- M. Sunkara, Prof. A. J. Morris Division of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536(USA)
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Dr. J. Zhang, Prof. S. Singh, R. R. Hughes, Prof. J. S. Thorson Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation University of Kentucky 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 (USA)
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14
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Loskot SA, Zhang J, Langenhan JM. Nucleophilic catalysis of MeON-neoglycoside formation by aniline derivatives. J Org Chem 2013; 78:12189-93. [PMID: 24180591 DOI: 10.1021/jo401688p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neoglycosylations are increasingly being employed in the synthesis of natural products, drug candidates, glycopeptide mimics, oligosaccharide analogues, and other applications, but the efficiency of these reactions is usually limited by slow reaction times. Here, we show that aniline derivatives such as 2-amino-5-methoxybenzoic acid enhance the rate of acid-catalyzed neoglycosylation for a range of sugar substrates up to a factor of 32 relative to the uncatalyzed reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Loskot
- Department of Chemistry, Seattle University , Seattle, Washington 98122, United States
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