1
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Koser L, Bach T. Total Synthesis of (-)-5-Deoxyenterocin and Attempted Late-Stage Functionalization Reactions. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301996. [PMID: 37452638 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of (-)-5-deoxyenterocin has been accomplished starting from pentane-1,3,5-triol (16 steps in the longest linear sequence, 0.2 % overall yield). (-)-Menthone served as the source of chirality to distinguish the enantiotopic hydroxymethyl groups of the substrate. Key steps of the synthesis include two aldol reactions to either end of the C5 -skeleton, a diastereoselective hydroxylation reaction and a biomimetic twofold intramolecular aldol reaction as the final step. Although this step suffered from geometrical constraints and was low yielding (10 %), enough synthetic material could be secured to substantiate the relative and absolute configuration of the natural product. Additional experiments were directed toward a C-H functionalization at carbon atom C5. Despite the fact that several protocols could be successfully applied to (3aR)-(+)-sclareolide as model substrate, (-)-5-deoxyenterocin withstood any selective functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Koser
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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2
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Xia K, Shang J, Sun J, Zhu W, Fu P. Expanding the Chemical Diversity of Secondary Metabolites Produced by Two Marine-Derived Enterocin- and Wailupemycin-Producing Streptomyces Strains. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:28886-28897. [PMID: 37576654 PMCID: PMC10413459 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
To expand the chemical diversity of secondary metabolites produced by two marine-derived enterocin- and wailupemycin-producing Streptomyces strains, OUCMDZ-3434 and OUCMDZ-2599, precursor feeding and solid fermentation strategies were used. Two new compounds, wailupemycins Q (1) and R (2), were isolated from the extracts of liquid and solid fermentation of OUCMDZ-3434. Furthermore, during the fermentation of OUCMDZ-3434, p-fluorobenzoic acid was added as the key biosynthetic precursor, which resulted in the isolation of eight new fluorinated enterocin and wailupemycin derivatives (3-10) and 10 previously reported analogues (11-20). From the solid fermentation extract of OUCMDZ-2599, a new sulfur-containing compound thiotetromycin B (21) and its known analogue thiotetromycin (22) were identified. Moreover, the solid fermentation strategy effectively activated the biosynthesis of siderophores (23-25) of strain OUCMDZ-2599. Compound 3 showed moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus with MIC values of 4 μg/mL. Compounds 23-25 were significantly capable of binding Fe(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Xia
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University
of China, Qingdao 266003, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Jiaxu Shang
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University
of China, Qingdao 266003, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Sun
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University
of China, Qingdao 266003, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University
of China, Qingdao 266003, People’s
Republic of China
- Laboratory
for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for
Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Fu
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University
of China, Qingdao 266003, People’s
Republic of China
- Laboratory
for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for
Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Bouthillette LM, Aniebok V, Colosimo DA, Brumley D, MacMillan JB. Nonenzymatic Reactions in Natural Product Formation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14815-14841. [PMID: 36006409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthetic mechanisms of natural products primarily depend on systems of protein catalysts. However, within the field of biosynthesis, there are cases in which the inherent chemical reactivity of metabolic intermediates and substrates evades the involvement of enzymes. These reactions are difficult to characterize based on their reactivity and occlusion within the milieu of the cellular environment. As we continue to build a strong foundation for how microbes and higher organisms produce natural products, therein lies a need for understanding how protein independent or nonenzymatic biosynthetic steps can occur. We have classified such reactions into four categories: intramolecular, multicomponent, tailoring, and light-induced reactions. Intramolecular reactions is one of the most well studied in the context of biomimetic synthesis, consisting of cyclizations and cycloadditions due to the innate reactivity of the intermediates. There are two subclasses that make up multicomponent reactions, one being homologous multicomponent reactions which results in dimeric and pseudodimeric natural products, and the other being heterologous multicomponent reactions, where two or more precursors from independent biosynthetic pathways undergo a variety of reactions to produce the mature natural product. The third type of reaction discussed are tailoring reactions, where postmodifications occur on the natural products after the biosynthetic machinery is completed. The last category consists of light-induced reactions involving ecologically relevant UV light rather than high intensity UV irradiation that is traditionally used in synthetic chemistry. This review will cover recent nonenzymatic biosynthetic mechanisms and include sources for those reviewed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Bouthillette
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Victor Aniebok
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Dominic A Colosimo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390 United States
| | - David Brumley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390 United States
| | - John B MacMillan
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390 United States
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4
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Biosynthesis of rumbrins and inspiration for discovery of HIV inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4193-4203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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5
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Toplak M, Teufel R. Three Rings to Rule Them All: How Versatile Flavoenzymes Orchestrate the Structural Diversification of Natural Products. Biochemistry 2021; 61:47-56. [PMID: 34962769 PMCID: PMC8772269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The structural diversification
of natural products is instrumental
to their versatile bioactivities. In this context, redox tailoring
enzymes are commonly involved in the modification and functionalization
of advanced pathway intermediates en route to the mature natural products.
In recent years, flavoprotein monooxygenases have been shown to mediate
numerous redox tailoring reactions that include not only (aromatic)
hydroxylation, Baeyer–Villiger oxidation, or epoxidation reactions
but also oxygenations that are coupled to extensive remodeling of
the carbon backbone, which are often central to the installment of
the respective pharmacophores. In this Perspective, we will highlight
recent developments and discoveries in the field of flavoenzyme catalysis
in bacterial natural product biosynthesis and illustrate how the flavin
cofactor can be fine-tuned to enable chemo-, regio-, and stereospecific
oxygenations via distinct flavin-C4a-peroxide and flavin-N5-(per)oxide
species. Open questions remain, e.g., regarding the breadth of chemical
reactions enabled particularly by the newly discovered flavin-N5-oxygen
adducts and the role of the protein environment in steering such cascade-like
reactions. Outstanding cases involving different flavin oxygenating
species will be exemplified by the tailoring of bacterial aromatic
polyketides, including enterocin, rubromycins, rishirilides, mithramycin,
anthracyclins, chartreusin, jadomycin, and xantholipin. In addition,
the biosynthesis of tropone natural products, including tropolone
and tropodithietic acid, will be presented, which features a recently
described prototypical flavoprotein dioxygenase that may combine flavin-N5-peroxide
and flavin-N5-oxide chemistry. Finally, structural and mechanistic
features of selected enzymes will be discussed as well as hurdles
for their application in the formation of natural product derivatives
via bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Toplak
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robin Teufel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Moore SJ, Tosi T, Bell D, Hleba YB, Polizzi KM, Freemont PS. High-yield 'one-pot' biosynthesis of raspberry ketone, a high-value fine chemical. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2021; 6:ysab021. [PMID: 34712844 PMCID: PMC8546603 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free extract and purified enzyme-based systems provide an attractive solution to study biosynthetic strategies towards a range of chemicals. 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-butan-2-one, also known as raspberry ketone, is the major fragrance component of raspberry fruit and is used as a natural additive in the food and sports industry. Current industrial processing of the natural form of raspberry ketone involves chemical extraction from a yield of ∼1–4 mg kg−1 of fruit. Due to toxicity, microbial production provides only low yields of up to 5–100 mg L−1. Herein, we report an efficient cell-free strategy to probe into a synthetic enzyme pathway that converts either L-tyrosine or the precursor, 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-buten-2-one, into raspberry ketone at up to 100% conversion. As part of this strategy, it is essential to recycle inexpensive cofactors. Specifically, the final enzyme step in the pathway is catalyzed by raspberry ketone/zingerone synthase (RZS1), an NADPH-dependent double bond reductase. To relax cofactor specificity towards NADH, the preferred cofactor for cell-free biosynthesis, we identify a variant (G191D) with strong activity with NADH. We implement the RZS1 G191D variant within a ‘one-pot’ cell-free reaction to produce raspberry ketone at high-yield (61 mg L−1), which provides an alternative route to traditional microbial production. In conclusion, our cell-free strategy complements the growing interest in engineering synthetic enzyme cascades towards industrially relevant value-added chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Moore
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Tommaso Tosi
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - David Bell
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Yonek B Hleba
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Karen M Polizzi
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Paul S Freemont
- Centre for Synthetic Biology and Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
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7
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Synthesis of C2-Symmetrical Bis-(β-Enamino-Pyran-2,4-dione) Derivative Linked via 1,6-Hexylene Spacer: X-ray Crystal Structures, Hishfeld Studies and DFT Calculations of Mono- and Bis-(Pyran-2,4-diones) Derivatives. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13091646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of C2-symmetrical bis(β-enamino-pyran-2,4-dione) derivative 3 connected via 1,6-hexylene linker was reported for the first time. X-ray structures and Hirshfeld studies of the new bis- β-enamino-pyran-2,4-dione derivative 3 along with two structurally related pyran-2,4-dione derivatives 2a,b were discussed. A comparative analysis of the different intermolecular contacts affecting the crystal stability was presented. Generally, the H…H, O…H, and H…C interactions are common in all compounds and are considered the most abundant contacts. In addition, DFT calculations were used to compute the electronic properties as well as the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the studied systems. All compounds (except 3) are polar where 2a (3.540 Debye) has a higher dipole moment than 2b (2.110 Debye). The NMR chemical shifts were calculated and excellent correlations between the calculated and experimental data were obtained (R2 = 0.93–0.94).
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8
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Yi D, Bayer T, Badenhorst CPS, Wu S, Doerr M, Höhne M, Bornscheuer UT. Recent trends in biocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8003-8049. [PMID: 34142684 PMCID: PMC8288269 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01575j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has undergone revolutionary progress in the past century. Benefited by the integration of multidisciplinary technologies, natural enzymatic reactions are constantly being explored. Protein engineering gives birth to robust biocatalysts that are widely used in industrial production. These research achievements have gradually constructed a network containing natural enzymatic synthesis pathways and artificially designed enzymatic cascades. Nowadays, the development of artificial intelligence, automation, and ultra-high-throughput technology provides infinite possibilities for the discovery of novel enzymes, enzymatic mechanisms and enzymatic cascades, and gradually complements the lack of remaining key steps in the pathway design of enzymatic total synthesis. Therefore, the research of biocatalysis is gradually moving towards the era of novel technology integration, intelligent manufacturing and enzymatic total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yi
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Thomas Bayer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Shuke Wu
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Mark Doerr
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Matthias Höhne
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, University GreifswaldFelix-Hausdorff-Str. 4D-17487 GreifswaldGermany
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9
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Xia K, Luo H, Ma R, Zhang R, Zhu W, Fu P. Aromatic Polyketides and Hydroxamate Siderophores from a Marine-Algae-Derived Streptomyces Species. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1550-1555. [PMID: 33983744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Four new aromatic polyketides, wailupemycins M-P (1-4), and two new hydroxamate siderophores, streptamides A (5) and B (6), together with the previously reported nocardamine (7), were isolated from the marine-algae-derived Streptomyces sp. OUCMDZ-3434. Wailupemycins M-P (1-4), possessing an α-pyrone moiety, were isolated from the extract of a liquid fermentation, and the siderophores (5-7) were isolated from the extract of a solid fermentation. Their structures were assigned based on detailed spectroscopic analysis and quantum chemical calculations. Compounds 5-7 were capable of binding Fe(III). Compound 5 can form a tighter Fe(III) complex than that of deferoxamine B mesylate (DFB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Luo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
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10
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V. Singh F, B. Kole P. Recent Development on the Ring Transformation Reactions: Synthesis of Functionalized Benzenes, N-Heterocycles and Fused Ring Systems. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-20-sr(k)8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Cowled MS, Lacey E, Karuso P, Piggott AM. Rechoreographing Enterocin’s Ballet of Isomers: Structure Revision of Enterocins C, D, and F. Org Lett 2020; 22:9688-9692. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Cowled
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ernest Lacey
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
- Microbial Screening Technologies, Smithfield, NSW 2164, Australia
| | - Peter Karuso
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Andrew M. Piggott
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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12
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Cowled MS, Vuong D, Crombie A, Lacey E, Karuso P, Piggott AM. The chemical gymnastics of enterocin: evidence for stereodivergence in Nature. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5879-5890. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01099e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stereodivergence in Nature encapsulates both enzymatic (biosynthetic) and non-enzymatic (chemical) diversification of natural product scaffolds arising from a single biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Vuong
- Microbial Screening Technologies Pty. Ltd
- Smithfield
- Australia
| | - Andrew Crombie
- Microbial Screening Technologies Pty. Ltd
- Smithfield
- Australia
| | - Ernest Lacey
- Department of Molecular Sciences
- Macquarie University
- Australia
- Microbial Screening Technologies Pty. Ltd
- Smithfield
| | - Peter Karuso
- Department of Molecular Sciences
- Macquarie University
- Australia
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13
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Enzyme alchemy: cell-free synthetic biochemistry for natural products. Emerg Top Life Sci 2019; 3:529-535. [PMID: 33523168 DOI: 10.1042/etls20190083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free synthetic biochemistry aims to engineer chemical biology by exploiting biosynthetic dexterity outside of the constraints of a living cell. One particular use is for making natural products, where cell-free systems have initially demonstrated feasibility in the biosynthesis of a range of complex natural products classes. This has shown key advantages over total synthesis, such as increased yield, enhanced regioselectivity, use of reduced temperatures and less reaction steps. Uniquely, cell-free synthetic biochemistry represents a new area that seeks to advance upon these efforts and is particularly useful for defining novel synthetic pathways to replace natural routes and optimising the production of complex natural product targets from low-cost precursors. Key challenges and opportunities will include finding solutions to scaled-up cell-free biosynthesis, as well as the targeting of high value and toxic natural products that remain challenging to make either through whole-cell biotransformation platforms or total synthesis routes. Although underexplored, cell-free synthetic biochemistry could also be used to develop 'non-natural' natural products or so-called xenobiotics for novel antibiotics and drugs, which can be difficult to engineer directly within a living cell.
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14
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Zheng L, Jiang X, Zhang Q, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Zhang W, Saurav K, Liu J, Zhang C. Discovery and Biosynthesis of Neoenterocins Indicate a Skeleton Rearrangement of Enterocin. Org Lett 2019; 21:9066-9070. [PMID: 31657934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liujuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, Institutions of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaodong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, Institutions of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, Institutions of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yiguang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, Institutions of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, Institutions of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, Institutions of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Kumar Saurav
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, Institutions of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, RNAM Center for Marine Microbiology, Institutions of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China
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15
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Zhang JJ, Tang X, Moore BS. Genetic platforms for heterologous expression of microbial natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:1313-1332. [PMID: 31197291 PMCID: PMC6750982 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00025a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2005 up to 2019Natural products are of paramount importance in human medicine. Not only are most antibacterial and anticancer drugs derived directly from or inspired by natural products, many other branches of medicine, such as immunology, neurology, and cardiology, have similarly benefited from natural product-based drugs. Typically, the genetic material required to synthesize a microbial specialized product is arranged in a multigene biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC), which codes for proteins associated with molecule construction, regulation, and transport. The ability to connect natural product compounds to BGCs and vice versa, along with ever-increasing knowledge of biosynthetic machineries, has spawned the field of genomics-guided natural product genome mining for the rational discovery of new chemical entities. One significant challenge in the field of natural product genome mining is how to rapidly link orphan biosynthetic genes to their associated chemical products. This review highlights state-of-the-art genetic platforms to identify, interrogate, and engineer BGCs from diverse microbial sources, which can be broken into three stages: (1) cloning and isolation of genomic loci, (2) heterologous expression in a host organism, and (3) genetic manipulation of cloned pathways. In the future, we envision natural product genome mining will be rapidly accelerated by de novo DNA synthesis and refactoring of whole biosynthetic pathways in combination with systematic heterologous expression methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia Zhang
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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16
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Abstract
Enzyme-mediated cascade reactions are widespread in biosynthesis. To facilitate comparison with the mechanistic categorizations of cascade reactions by synthetic chemists and delineate the common underlying chemistry, we discuss four types of enzymatic cascade reactions: those involving nucleophilic, electrophilic, pericyclic, and radical reactions. Two subtypes of enzymes that generate radical cascades exist at opposite ends of the oxygen abundance spectrum. Iron-based enzymes use O2 to generate high valent iron-oxo species to homolyze unactivated C-H bonds in substrates to initiate skeletal rearrangements. At anaerobic end, enzymes reversibly cleave S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to generate the 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical as a powerful oxidant to initiate C-H bond homolysis in bound substrates. The latter enzymes are termed radical SAM enzymes. We categorize the former as "thwarted oxygenases".
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Walsh
- Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (CheM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Walsh
- Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (CheM-H)Stanford University Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and BiomedicineScripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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18
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Jackson DR, Shakya G, Patel AB, Mohammed LY, Vasilakis K, Wattana-Amorn P, Valentic TR, Milligan JC, Crump MP, Crosby J, Tsai SC. Structural and Functional Studies of the Daunorubicin Priming Ketosynthase DpsC. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:141-151. [PMID: 29161022 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Daunorubicin is a type II polyketide, one of a large class of polyaromatic natural products with anticancer, antibiotic, and antiviral activity. Type II polyketides are formed by the assembly of malonyl-CoA building blocks, though in rare cases, biosynthesis is initiated by the incorporation of a nonmalonyl derived starter unit, which adds molecular diversity to the poly-β-ketone backbone. Priming mechanisms for the transfer of novel starter units onto polyketide synthases (PKS) are still poorly understood. Daunorubicin biosynthesis incorporates a unique propionyl starter unit thought to be selected for by a subclass ("DpsC type") of priming ketosynthases (KS III). To date, however, no structural information exists for this subclass of KS III enzymes. Although selectivity for self-acylation with propionyl-CoA has previously been implied, we demonstrate that DpsC shows no discrimination for self-acylation or acyl-transfer to the cognate acyl carrier protein, DpsG with short acyl-CoAs. We present five crystal structures of DpsC, including apo-DpsC, acetyl-DpsC, propionyl-DpsC, butyryl-DpsC, and a cocrystal of DpsC with a nonhydrolyzable phosphopantetheine (PPant) analogue. The DpsC crystal structures reveal the architecture of the active site, the molecular determinants for catalytic activity and homology to O-malonyl transferases, but also indicate distinct differences. These results provide a structural basis for rational engineering of starter unit selection in type II polyketide synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Jackson
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Gaurav Shakya
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Avinash B. Patel
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Lina Y. Mohammed
- School
of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Kostas Vasilakis
- School
of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Pakorn Wattana-Amorn
- School
of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy R. Valentic
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jacob C. Milligan
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Matthew P. Crump
- School
of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - John Crosby
- School
of Chemistry, Cantock’s Close, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Shiou-Chuan Tsai
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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19
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Bebbington MWP. Natural product analogues: towards a blueprint for analogue-focused synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:5059-5109. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00842a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A review of approaches to natural product analogues leads to the suggestion of new methods for the generation of biologically active natural product-like scaffolds.
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20
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Chen Z, Hao J, Wang L, Wang Y, Kong F, Zhu W. New α-glucosidase inhibitors from marine algae-derived Streptomyces sp. OUCMDZ-3434. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20004. [PMID: 26822662 PMCID: PMC4731795 DOI: 10.1038/srep20004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wailupemycins H (1) and I (2) with a new skeleton coupled two 6-(2-phenylnaphthalene-1-yl)pyrane-2-one nuclei to a –CH2– linkage were identified from the culture of Streptomyces sp. OUCMDZ-3434 associated with the marine algae, Enteromorpha prolifera. Compounds 1 and 2 are two new α-glucosidase inhibitors with the Ki/IC50 values of 16.8/19.7 and 6.0/8.3 μM, respectively. In addition, the absolute configurations of wailupemycins D (3) and E (4) are also resolved in this paper for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengbo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiejie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Fandong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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21
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Jackson DR, Tu SS, Nguyen M, Barajas JF, Schaub AJ, Krug D, Pistorius D, Luo R, Müller R, Tsai SC. Structural Insights into Anthranilate Priming during Type II Polyketide Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:95-103. [PMID: 26473393 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of nonacetate starter units during type II polyketide biosynthesis helps diversify natural products. Currently, there are few enzymatic strategies for the incorporation of nonacetate starter units in type II polyketide synthase (PKS) pathways. Here we report the crystal structure of AuaEII, the anthranilate:CoA ligase responsible for the generation of anthraniloyl-CoA, which is used as a starter unit by a type II PKS in aurachin biosynthesis. We present structural and protein sequence comparisons to other aryl:CoA ligases. We also compare the AuaEII crystal structure to a model of a CoA ligase homologue, AuaE, which is present in the same gene cluster. AuaE is predicted to have the same fold as AuaEII, but instead of CoA ligation, AuaE catalyzes acyl transfer of anthranilate from anthraniloyl-CoA to the acyl carrier protein (ACP). Together, this work provides insight into the molecular basis for starter unit selection of anthranilate in type II PKS biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Krug
- Department
of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical
Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research
(HZI) and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dominik Pistorius
- Department
of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical
Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research
(HZI) and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Müller
- Department
of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical
Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research
(HZI) and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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22
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Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the biosynthesis of 2-pyrrolidone. Metab Eng Commun 2015; 3:1-7. [PMID: 29468109 PMCID: PMC5779725 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Pyrrolidone is a valuable bulk chemical with myriad applications as a solvent, polymer precursor and active pharmaceutical intermediate. A novel 2-pyrrolidone synthase, ORF27, from Streptomyces aizunensis was identified to catalyze the ring closing dehydration of γ-aminobutyrate. ORF27's tendency to aggregate was resolved by expression at low temperature and fusion to the maltose binding protein (MBP). Recombinant Escherichia coli was metabolically engineered for the production of 2-pyrrolidone from glutamate by expressing both the genes encoding GadB, a glutamate decarboxylase, and ORF27. Incorporation of a GadB mutant lacking H465 and T466, GadB_ΔHT, improved the efficiency of one-pot 2-pyrrolidone biosynthesis in vivo. When the recombinant E. coli strain expressing the E. coli GadB_ΔHT mutant and the ORF27-MBP fusion was cultured in ZYM-5052 medium containing 9 g/L of l-glutamate, 7.7 g/L of l-glutamate was converted to 1.1 g/L of 2-pyrrolidone within 31 h, achieving 25% molar yield from the consumed substrate. ORF27 from Streptomyces aizunensis catalyzes formation of 2-pyrrolidone from γ-aminobutyrate. Recombinant Escherichia coli with GadB and ORF27 produces 2-pyrrolidone from glutamate. Engineered strain capable of producing 1.1 g/L of 2-pyrrolidone from 9 g/L of glutamate within 31 h.
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23
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Sucipto H, Sahner JH, Prusov E, Wenzel SC, Hartmann RW, Koehnke J, Müller R. In vitro reconstitution of α-pyrone ring formation in myxopyronin biosynthesis. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5076-5085. [PMID: 29308173 PMCID: PMC5724707 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01013f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxopyronins are α-pyrone antibiotics produced by the terrestrial bacterium Myxococcus fulvus Mx f50 and possess antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. They target the bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) "switch region" as non-competitive inhibitors and display no cross-resistance to the established RNAP inhibitor rifampicin. Recent analysis of the myxopyronin biosynthetic pathway led to the hypothesis that this secondary metabolite is produced from two separate polyketide parts, which are condensed by the stand-alone ketosynthase MxnB. Using in vitro assays we show that MxnB catalyzes a unique condensation reaction forming the α-pyrone ring of myxopyronins from two activated acyl chains in form of their β-keto intermediates. MxnB is able to accept thioester substrates coupled to either N-acetylcysteamine (NAC) or a specific carrier protein (CP). The turnover rate of MxnB for substrates bound to CP was 12-fold higher than for NAC substrates, demonstrating the importance of protein-protein interactions in polyketide synthase (PKS) systems. The crystal structure of MxnB reveals the enzyme to be an unusual member of the ketosynthase group capable of binding and condensing two long alkyl chains bound to carrier proteins. The geometry of the two binding tunnels supports the biochemical data and allows us to propose an order of reaction, which is supported by the identification of novel myxopyronin congeners in the extract of the producer strain. Insights into the mechanism of this unique condensation reaction do not only expand our knowledge regarding the thiolase enzyme family but also opens up opportunities for PKS bioengineering to achieve directed structural modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sucipto
- Department of Microbial Natural Products , Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland , Building C2 3 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| | - J H Sahner
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization , Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland , Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Saarland University , Building C2 3 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - E Prusov
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Inhoffenstrasse 7 , 38124 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - S C Wenzel
- Department of Microbial Natural Products , Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland , Building C2 3 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| | - R W Hartmann
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization , Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland , Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Saarland University , Building C2 3 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - J Koehnke
- Workgroup Structural Biology of Biosynthetic Enzymes , Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland , Building C2 2 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
| | - R Müller
- Department of Microbial Natural Products , Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland , Building C2 3 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany .
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24
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Recent advances in the synthesis of 2-pyrones. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1581-620. [PMID: 25806468 PMCID: PMC4378001 DOI: 10.3390/md13031581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review summarizes the recent progresses in the synthesis of 2-pyrones and the application to the synthesis of marine natural products. Especially, much attention was placed on the transition metal catalyzed synthetic methodologies in this review.
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25
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26
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Singh SS, Kunui K, Minj RA, Singh P. Diversity and distribution pattern analysis of cyanobacteria isolated from paddy fields of Chhattisgarh, India. JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC BIODIVERSITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japb.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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27
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Abstract
Natural products are important sources of pharmaceuticals, in part owing to their diverse biological activities. Enzymes from natural product biosynthetic pathways have become attractive candidates as biocatalysts for modifying the structures and bioactivities of these complex compounds. Numerous enzymes have been harvested to generate innovative scaffolds, large-scale synthesis of chiral building blocks, and semisynthesis of medicinally relevant natural product derivatives. This review discusses recent examples from three areas: (a) polyketide catalytic domain engineering geared toward synthesis of new polyketides, (b) engineering of tailoring enzymes (other than oxidative enzymes) as biocatalysts, and (c) in vitro total synthesis of natural products using purified enzyme components. With the availability of exponentially increasing genomic information and new genome mining tools, many new and powerful biocatalysts tailored for pharmaceutical synthesis will likely emerge from secondary metabolism.
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28
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Chen Y, Wang L, Sun N, Xie X, Zhou X, Chen H, Li Y, Liu Y. Gold(I)-Catalyzed Furan-yne Cyclizations Involving 1,2-Rearrangement: Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized 1-Naphthols and Its Application to the Synthesis of Wailupemycin G. Chemistry 2014; 20:12015-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Kalaitzis JA. Discovery, biosynthesis, and rational engineering of novel enterocin and wailupemycin polyketide analogues. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1055:171-89. [PMID: 23963911 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-577-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The marine actinomycete Streptomyces maritimus produces a structurally diverse set of unusual polyketide natural products including the major metabolite enterocin. Investigations of enterocin biosynthesis revealed that the unique carbon skeleton is derived from an aromatic polyketide pathway which is genetically coded by the 21.3 kb enc gene cluster in S. maritimus. Characterization of the enc biosynthesis gene cluster and subsequent manipulation of it via heterologous expression and/or mutagenesis enabled the discovery of other enc-based metabolites that were produced in only very minor amounts in the wild type. Also described are techniques used to harness the enterocin biosynthetic machinery in order to generate unnatural enc-derived polyketide analogues. This review focuses upon the molecular methods used in combination with classical natural products detection and isolation techniques to access minor metabolites of the S. maritimus secondary metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Kalaitzis
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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30
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Zotchev SB. Marine actinomycetes as an emerging resource for the drug development pipelines. J Biotechnol 2011; 158:168-75. [PMID: 21683100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Many representatives of the order Actinomycetales are prolific producers of thousands of biologically active secondary metabolites. Actinomycetes from terrestrial sources have been studied and screened since the 1950s, yielding many important anti-infective and anti-cancer drugs. However, frequent re-discovery of the same compounds in terrestrial actinomycetes have made them less attractive for screening programs in the recent years. At the same time, actinomycetes isolated from the marine environment currently receive considerable attention due to the structural diversity and unique biological activities of their secondary metabolites. This review highlights achievements and challenges in the isolation of marine actinomycetes, some examples of bioactive metabolites identified by conventional screening, and presents new developments in the field of genome mining and heterologous expression of biosynthetic gene clusters leading to the discovery of novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey B Zotchev
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælands Vei 6/8, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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31
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Abstract
The years 2000 through mid-2010 marked a transformational period in understanding of the biosynthesis of marine natural products. During this decade the field emerged from one largely dominated by chemical approaches to understanding biosynthetic pathways to one incorporating the full force of modern molecular biology and bioinformatics. Fusion of chemical and biological approaches yielded great advances in understanding the genetic and enzymatic basis for marine natural product biosynthesis. Progress was particularly pronounced for marine microbes, especially actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. During this single decade, both the first complete marine microbial natural product biosynthetic gene cluster sequence was released as well as the first entire genome sequence for a secondary metabolite-rich marine microbe. The decade also saw tremendous progress in recognizing the key role of marine microbial symbionts of invertebrates in natural product biosynthesis. Application of genetic and enzymatic knowledge led to genetic engineering of novel “unnatural” natural products during this time, as well as opportunities for discovery of novel natural products through genome mining. The current review highlights selected seminal studies from 2000 through to June 2010 that illustrate breakthroughs in understanding of marine natural product biosynthesis at the genetic, enzymatic, and small-molecule natural product levels. A total of 154 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Lane
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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32
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Meehan MJ, Xie X, Zhao X, Xu W, Tang Y, Dorrestein PC. FT-ICR-MS characterization of intermediates in the biosynthesis of the α-methylbutyrate side chain of lovastatin by the 277 kDa polyketide synthase LovF. Biochemistry 2010; 50:287-99. [PMID: 21069965 DOI: 10.1021/bi1014776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There are very few fungal polyketide synthases that have been characterized by mass spectrometry. In this paper we describe the in vitro reconstitution and FT-ICR-MS verification of the full activity of an intact 277 kDa fungal polyketide synthase LovF of the lovastatin biosynthetic pathway. We report here both the verification of the reconstitution of fully functional holo-LovF by using (13)C-labeled malonyl-CoA to form α-methylbutyrate functionality and also detection of five predicted intermediates covalently bound to the 4'-phosphopantetheine at the acyl carrier protein (ACP) active site utilizing the phosphopantetheine ejection assay and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Under in vitro conditions, the diketide acetoacetyl intermediate did not accumulate on the ACP active site of holo-LovF following incubation with malonyl-CoA substrate. We found that incubation of holo-LovF with acetoacetyl-CoA served as an effective means of loading the diketide intermediate onto the ACP active site of LovF. Our results demonstrate that subsequent α-methylation of the acetoacetyl intermediate stabilizes the intermediate onto the ACP active site and facilitates the formation and mass spectrometric detection of additional intermediates en route to the formation of α-methylbutyrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Meehan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 92093, United States
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33
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Blunt JW, Copp BR, Munro MHG, Northcote PT, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 28:196-268. [PMID: 21152619 DOI: 10.1039/c005001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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34
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Roberts AA, Ryan KS, Moore BS, Gulder TA. Total (bio)synthesis: strategies of nature and of chemists. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2010; 297:149-203. [PMID: 21495259 PMCID: PMC3109256 DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthetic pathways to a number of natural products have been reconstituted in vitro using purified enzymes. Many of these molecules have also been synthesized by organic chemists. Here we compare the strategies used by nature and by chemists to reveal the underlying logic and success of each total synthetic approach for some exemplary molecules with diverse biosynthetic origins.
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35
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Beerhues L, Liu B. Biosynthesis of biphenyls and benzophenones--evolution of benzoic acid-specific type III polyketide synthases in plants. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1719-27. [PMID: 19699497 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) generate a diverse array of secondary metabolites by varying the starter substrate, the number of condensation reactions, and the mechanism of ring closure. Among the starter substrates used, benzoyl-CoA is a rare starter molecule. Biphenyl synthase (BIS) and benzophenone synthase (BPS) catalyze the formation of identical linear tetraketide intermediates from benzoyl-CoA and three molecules of malonyl-CoA but use alternative intramolecular cyclization reactions to form 3,5-dihydroxybiphenyl and 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzophenone, respectively. In a phylogenetic tree, BIS and BPS group together closely, indicating that they arise from a relatively recent functional diversification of a common ancestral gene. The functionally diverse PKSs, which include BIS and BPS, and the ubiquitously distributed chalcone synthases (CHSs) form separate clusters, which originate from a gene duplication event prior to the speciation of the angiosperms. BIS is the key enzyme of biphenyl metabolism. Biphenyls and the related dibenzofurans are the phytoalexins of the Maloideae. This subfamily of the Rosaceae includes a number of economically important fruit trees, such as apple and pear. When incubated with ortho-hydroxybenzoyl (salicoyl)-CoA, BIS catalyzes a single decarboxylative condensation with malonyl-CoA to form 4-hydroxycoumarin. A well-known anticoagulant derivative of this enzymatic product is dicoumarol. Elicitor-treated cell cultures of Sorbus aucuparia also formed 4-hydroxycoumarin when fed with the N-acetylcysteamine thioester of salicylic acid (salicoyl-NAC). BPS is the key enzyme of benzophenone metabolism. Polyprenylated benzophenone derivatives with bridged polycyclic skeletons are widely distributed in the Clusiaceae (Guttiferae). Xanthones are regioselectively cyclized benzophenone derivatives. BPS was converted into a functional phenylpyrone synthase (PPS) by a single amino acid substitution in the initiation/elongation cavity. The functional behavior of this Thr135Leu mutant was rationalized by homology modeling. The intermediate triketide may be redirected into a smaller pocket in the active site cavity, resulting in phenylpyrone formation by lactonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Beerhues
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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36
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