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Pasdaran A, Zare M, Hamedi A, Hamedi A. A Review of the Chemistry and Biological Activities of Natural Colorants, Dyes, and Pigments: Challenges, and Opportunities for Food, Cosmetics, and Pharmaceutical Application. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300561. [PMID: 37471105 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural pigments are important sources for the screening of bioactive lead compounds. This article reviewed the chemistry and therapeutic potentials of over 570 colored molecules from plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, algae, and marine sources. Moreover, related biological activities, advanced extraction, and identification approaches were reviewed. A variety of biological activities, including cytotoxicity against cancer cells, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, anti-microbial, antiviral, and anti-protozoal activities, have been reported for different pigments. Considering their structural backbone, they were classified as naphthoquinones, carotenoids, flavonoids, xanthones, anthocyanins, benzotropolones, alkaloids, terpenoids, isoprenoids, and non-isoprenoids. Alkaloid pigments were mostly isolated from bacteria and marine sources, while flavonoids were mostly found in plants and mushrooms. Colored quinones and xanthones were mostly extracted from plants and fungi, while colored polyketides and terpenoids are often found in marine sources and fungi. Carotenoids are mostly distributed among bacteria, followed by fungi and plants. The pigments isolated from insects have different structures, but among them, carotenoids and quinone/xanthone are the most important. Considering good manufacturing practices, the current permitted natural colorants are: Carotenoids (canthaxanthin, β-carotene, β-apo-8'-carotenal, annatto, astaxanthin) and their sources, lycopene, anthocyanins, betanin, chlorophyllins, spirulina extract, carmine and cochineal extract, henna, riboflavin, pyrogallol, logwood extract, guaiazulene, turmeric, and soy leghemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Pasdaran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Zare
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student research committee, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azar Hamedi
- School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Hamedi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Wu Y, Ma Z, Mai X, Liu X, Li P, Qi X, Li G, Li J. Identification of a Novel Inhibitor of TfR1 from Designed and Synthesized Muriceidine A Derivatives. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050834. [PMID: 35624697 PMCID: PMC9137542 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) plays a key role in cellular iron uptake through its interaction with iron-bound Tf. TfR1 is often reported to be overexpressed in malignant cells, and this increase may be associated with poor prognosis in different types of cancer, which makes it an attractive target for antitumor therapy. The marine natural product Muriceidine A is a potent anticancer agent reported in our previous work. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of Muriceidine A derivatives and described the systematic investigation into their cytotoxic activities against four tumor cells. Most of the derivatives showed stronger antitumor activity and we found that the introduction of electron-donating groups at position C-2 of unsaturated piperidine was beneficial to anticancer activity and unsaturated piperidine was responsible for the antiproliferative activity. Among these compounds, 12b (methyl at position C-2 of unsaturated piperidine) exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells. Further pharmacological research showed that 12b bound to Transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) directly caused iron deprivation and ROS imbalance along with the degradations of several oncoproteins, especially FGFR1, through the proteasome pathway; thus, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Our findings indicate that 12b is a promising lead compound targeting TfR1 for triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (X.M.); (X.L.); (P.L.); (X.Q.)
| | - Zongchen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (X.M.); (X.L.); (P.L.); (X.Q.)
| | - Xiaoyuan Mai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (X.M.); (X.L.); (P.L.); (X.Q.)
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (X.M.); (X.L.); (P.L.); (X.Q.)
| | - Pinglin Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (X.M.); (X.L.); (P.L.); (X.Q.)
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (X.M.); (X.L.); (P.L.); (X.Q.)
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (X.M.); (X.L.); (P.L.); (X.Q.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (Y.W.); (Z.M.); (X.M.); (X.L.); (P.L.); (X.Q.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (J.L.)
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3
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Li L, Zhu C, Zhu Q, Chen Z, Gao X. Design, Synthesis and Bioactivity Evaluation of Guaiazulene Derivatives with Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202204025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Luo X, Wu R, Han X, Tang X, Wang Q, Li P, Li G. Guaiane sesquiterpenes from the gorgonian Echinogorgia flora collected in the South China Sea. RSC Adv 2022; 12:2662-2667. [PMID: 35425307 PMCID: PMC8979180 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08631f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinoflorine (1), a new dimethylamino-substituted guaipyridine alkaloid with a novel γ-lactone-cyclohepta[c]pyridine fused skeleton, and three new guaiane sesquiterpene lactones, echinofloranolides A–C (2–4), together with eight known guaiane sesquiterpenes were isolated from the gorgonian Echinogorgia flora collected in the South China Sea. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS, calculated ECD and DP4+ probability analyses. Echinoflorine (1), a new dimethylamino-substituted guaipyridine alkaloid with a novel γ-lactone-cyclohepta[c]pyridine fused skeleton, and three new guaiane sesquiterpene lactones, echinofloranolides A–C (2–4), together with eight known guaiane sesquiterpenes were isolated from the gorgonian Echinogorgia flora collected in the South China Sea.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongcui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuli Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, People's Republic of China
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinglin Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, People's Republic of China
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Ozakai C, Kitamura K, Horikawa M, Hoshiyama TS, Imamura A, Yoneyama T, Umeyama A, Noji M, Tsunoda T, Kaku H. Strong acid-promoted skeletal remodeling of the aphid pigment: red uroleuconaphin to green viridaphin. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05261f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A strong acid-promoted single-step transformation of red uroleuconaphin A1 to green viridaphins A1 and A2 is described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Ozakai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Kei Kitamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Horikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - To-sho Hoshiyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Akari Imamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Yoneyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Akemi Umeyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Masaaki Noji
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Tetsuto Tsunoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Hiroto Kaku
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
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6
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Brasseur L, Caulier G, Flammang P, Gerbaux P, Eeckhaut I. Mapping of Spinochromes in the Body of Three Tropical Shallow Water Sea Urchins. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801301222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea urchin pigments, also known as spinochromes or polyhydroxynaphthoquinones (PHNQ) have been well studied for their bioactive properties like anti-bacterial, fungicidal, antioxidant and pro-inflammatory effects. Moreover, many studies have analyzed and identified these pigments in sea urchin tests and spines but, and to the best of our knowledge, never in their body compartments or in a quantitative manner. The aim of this work was to investigate the diversity and concentration of pigments in three sea urchins localized in the same coral reef in Madagascar ( Diadema savignyi, Tripneustes gratilla and Toxopneustes pileolus). Their pigment distribution patterns were compared and linked to their behavior in order to understand better the implication of spinochromes in a sea urchin's life. Analyses and quantifications by LC-MS showed the presence of 11 different spinochromes with principally two kinds of patterns. First, D. savignyi showed a high concentration in all its body compartments with a predominance for Echinochrome A and Spinochrome D – Iso 3, a pattern close to the E. mathaei distribution found in our previous study. The presence of these pigments has been linked to their bioactive properties and suggested their implications in UV radiation protection, in reproduction, in feeding as well as in their immune systems. Secondly, T. gratilla and T. pileolus presented few spinochromes, which could explain their restricted diet and their covering behavior facing sunlight. Moreover, the absence of pigments in their gonads could be explained by their seasonal spawning occurring before our collection period. Nevertheless, the near absence of spinochromes may be counterbalanced by other bioactive compounds like their toxic proteins, which may act as either a defense mechanism or immune agents, or like carotenoid pigments already shown in sea urchin and acting as defense agents. In conclusion, spinochromes, and pigments in general, seem to play many roles in sea urchin ecology. Their highly reactive structures confer them with strong bioactive properties involved in most parts of their metabolic system and clearly participate in the survival of the sea urchins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Brasseur
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons – UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Caulier
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons – UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Patrick Flammang
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons – UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons – UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Igor Eeckhaut
- Biology of Marine Organisms and Biomimetics, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons – UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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7
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Patiño Cano LP, Quintana Manfredi R, Pérez M, García M, Blustein G, Cordeiro R, Pérez CD, Schejter L, Palermo JA. Isolation and Antifouling Activity of Azulene Derivatives from the Antarctic Gorgonian Acanthogorgia laxa. Chem Biodivers 2017; 15. [PMID: 29092092 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three azulenoid sesquiterpenes (1 - 3) were isolated from the Antarctic gorgonian Acanthogorgia laxa collected by bottom trawls at -343 m. Besides linderazulene (1), and the known ketolactone 2, a new brominated C16 linderazulene derivative (3) was also identified. This compound has an extra carbon atom at C(7) of the linderazulene framework. The antifouling activity of compounds 1 and 2 was assayed in the laboratory with Artemia salina larvae, and also in field tests, by incorporation in soluble-matrix experimental antifouling paints. The results obtained after a 45 days field trial of the paints, showed that compounds 1 and 2 displayed good antifouling potencies against a wide array of organisms. Compound 3, a benzylic bromide, was unstable and for this reason was not submitted to bioassays. Two known cembranolides: pukalide and epoxypukalide, were also identified as minor components of the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Patiño Cano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Quintana Manfredi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miriam Pérez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas-CIDEPINT, Calle52 e/121 y 122, B1900AYB, La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 122, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mónica García
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas-CIDEPINT, Calle52 e/121 y 122, B1900AYB, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Blustein
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas-CIDEPINT, Calle52 e/121 y 122, B1900AYB, La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 119, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ralf Cordeiro
- GPA-Grupo de Pesquisa em Antozoários, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bela Vista CEP: 55608-680, Vitória de Santo Antão/PE, Brazil
| | - Carlos D Pérez
- GPA-Grupo de Pesquisa em Antozoários, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bela Vista CEP: 55608-680, Vitória de Santo Antão/PE, Brazil
| | - Laura Schejter
- Laboratorio de Bentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP), Paseo Victoria Ocampo 1, B7602HSA, Mar del Plata, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC-CONICET), Rodriguez Peña 4046 Nivel 1, 1260, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Jorge A Palermo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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8
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Almeida MTR, Moritz MIG, Capel KC, Pérez CD, Schenkel EP. Chemical and biological aspects of octocorals from the Brazilian coast. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Kim SM, Kang SW, Lee EA, Seo EK, Song JI, Pan CH. Analysis of Carotenoids in 25 Indigenous Korean Coral Extracts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3839/jabc.2013.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Chen D, Yu S, van Ofwegen L, Proksch P, Lin W. Anthogorgienes A-O, new guaiazulene-derived terpenoids from a Chinese gorgonian Anthogorgia species, and their antifouling and antibiotic activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:112-123. [PMID: 22148226 DOI: 10.1021/jf2040862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen new guaiazulene-based terpenoids designated anthogorgienes A-O (1-15) were isolated from a Chinese gorgonian Anthogorgia sp., together with eight known analogues (16-23). The structural patterns were classified into monomers, dimers, and trimers, which were supposed to be generated from a precursor guaiazulene and followed by side-chain and nucleus oxidation and oxidative rearrangement. The structures of new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic (IR, MS, and 1D and 2D NMR) data analysis. A possible biogenetic relationship of the isolated compounds was postulated. Some of the compounds showed potent antifouling activities against the larval settlement of barnacle Balanus amphitrite , whereas their antibiotic activities were also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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11
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Gers CF, Rosellen J, Merkul E, Müller TJJ. One-pot four-component synthesis of pyrimidyl and pyrazolyl substituted azulenes by glyoxylation-decarbonylative alkynylation-cyclocondensation sequences. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:1173-81. [PMID: 21915223 PMCID: PMC3168959 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel one-pot four-component synthesis of pyrimidyl- and pyrazolylazulenes through the use of glyoxylation-decarbonylative alkynylation-cyclocondensation sequences starting from azulene or guaiazulene as substrates, gives rise to the formation of the target compounds in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte F Gers
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Rosellen
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eugen Merkul
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas J J Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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13
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Fiori J, Teti G, Gotti R, Mazzotti G, Falconi M. Cytotoxic activity of guaiazulene on gingival fibroblasts and the influence of light exposure on guaiazulene-induced cell death. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 25:64-72. [PMID: 20854889 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Guaiazulene (GA) is widely used as a natural ingredient in many health care products and solutions. Although it has been reported to have interesting biological effects, GA and azulene derivatives have been proven to be cytotoxic against normal human cells and human tumor cells; moreover, guaiazulene has shown photomutagenic properties on bacterial strains. Therefore, we evaluated and compared the cytotoxicity of GA at different concentrations on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell cultures under normal conditions and under UV irradiation (UV-A dose: 6.4 J/cm(2)). The compound tested was found to significantly reduce cell viability (dose-dependent trend, IC(50) 72.1 μM), decrease protein procollagen α1 type I synthesis, a marker for HGF protein, and COL1A1 mRNA expression. The cytotoxic effects were accompanied by activation of an intrinsic apoptotic pathway, studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and caspase-3 activation. The light exposure of the cell culture treated decreased GA-induced cell death (IC(50) 128.9 μM), suggesting a photoprotective effect due to the photodegradation of the toxic agent, guaiazulene. Furthermore, the products of the photodegradation reaction of GA proved not to be toxic against HGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fiori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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14
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Fiori J, Gotti R, Albini A, Cavrini V. Study on the photostability of guaiazulene by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:2698-2706. [PMID: 18680092 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The photostability of guaiazulene (1,4-dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene; GA), a natural azulenic compound used in cosmetic and health-care products, as well as in pharmaceutical preparations, was investigated in solution (methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile), by different techniques: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography combined with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and UV detection (LC/APCI-MS and HPLC/UV). A solar simulator (xenon-arc lamp) was used as UV-A radiation source. The study involved: monitoring compound decomposition, identifying products of photodegradation (PPs), assessing the role of oxygen and evaluating the kinetics of the process. Minor PPs are volatile compounds and were characterized by GC/MS, while oligomeric polyoxygenated compounds, tentatively characterized on the basis of MS and MS/MS spectra, were found to be the main photoproducts. The photodegradation was found to be enhanced by the presence of oxygen; nevertheless, determination of the singlet oxygen quantum yield for GA gave a lower value than that for the reference standard Rose Bengal. The obtained results and the developed stability-indicating methods (GC/MS and LC/MS) are of interest for stability studies and/or quality control purposes of GA as raw material or cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fiori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bologna, Italy
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Fiori J, Gotti R, Valgimigli L, Cavrini V. Guaiazulene in health care products: Determination by GC–MS and HPLC-DAD and photostability test. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:710-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Shapo JL, Moeller PD, Galloway SB. Antimicrobial activity in the common seawhip, Leptogorgia virgulata (Cnidaria: Gorgonaceae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 148:65-73. [PMID: 17574467 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial activity was examined in the gorgonian Leptogorgia virgulata (common seawhip) from South Carolina waters. Extraction and assay protocols were developed to identify antimicrobial activity in crude extracts of L. virgulata. Detection was determined by liquid growth inhibition assays using Escherichia coli BL21, Vibrio harveyii, Micrococcus luteus, and a Bacillus sp. isolate. This represents the first report of antimicrobial activity in L. virgulata, a temperate/sub-tropical coral of the western Atlantic Ocean. Results from growth inhibition assays guided a fractionation scheme to identify active compounds. Reverse-phase HPLC, HPLC-mass spectrometry, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy were used to isolate, purify, and characterize metabolites in antimicrobial fractions of L. virgulata. Corroborative HPLC-MS/NMR evidence validated the presence of homarine and a homarine analog, well-known emetic metabolites previously isolated from L. virgulata, in coral extracts. In subsequent assays, partially-purified L. virgulata fractions collected from HPLC-MS fractionation were shown to contain antimicrobial activity using M. luteus and V. harveyii. This study provides evidence that homarine is an active constituent of the innate immune system in L. virgulata. We speculate it may act synergistically with cofactors and/or congeners in this octocoral to mount a response to microbial invasion and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Shapo
- NOAA/NOS/CCEHBR, Hollings Marine Laboratory, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
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Manzo E, Ciavatta ML, Lopez Gresa MP, Gavagnin M, Villani G, Naik CG, Cimino G. New bioactive hydrogenated linderazulene-derivatives from the gorgonian Echinogorgia complexa. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tikhonova EV, Atazhanova GA, Raldugin VA, Bagryanskaya IY, Gatilov YV, Shakirov MM, Adekenov SM. 2,12′-bis-hamazulenyl from Ajania fruticulosa essential oil. Chem Nat Compd 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-006-0103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Marine animals, especially those from tropical waters, are often brilliantly coloured, and bright colouration is widespread in both sessile and non-sessile invertebrates. These spectacular natural colours are common in species inhabiting shallow waters, and appear not only in animals exposed to bright light, but also in those living in dark areas where colours are visible only with artificial illumination. Marine organisms also show variation in colour with depth and geographical location, and display great variety in colour patterning. These colour characteristics are the result of several different processes, and serve various purposes - the distribution and function of pigments seems to vary between invertebrate groups. In addition to playing an important role in how marine organisms interact, pigments may be involved in physiological processes. Although nitrogenous pigments predominate, marine organisms contain pigments belonging to all the major structural classes of natural products, as well as some that are unique to the marine environment. This review discusses the nature and significance of such pigments, the chemical and biological processes involved, the factors responsible for and affecting bright colourations, as well as their evolution and speculation as to their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Faulkner
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0212, USA
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