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Baily P, Del Castillo HP, Vinales I, Urbay JEM, Paez A, Weaver MR, Iturralde R, Estevao IL, Jankuru SR, Almeida IC, Li C, Dirk CW, Michael K. Synthesis and Photoreactivity of 7-Nitroindoline- S-thiocarbamates. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9486-9498. [PMID: 36936343 PMCID: PMC10018502 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The photolytic properties of N-acyl-7-nitroindolines make these compounds attractive as photocleavable protecting groups and "caged" compounds for the light-induced release ("uncaging") of biologically active compounds and as acylating reagents under neutral conditions. However, the synthesis of N-acyl-7-nitroindolines usually requires multiple steps, and the direct acylation of 7-nitroindolines can be quite challenging. 7-Nitroindolines with other types of N-carbonyl-containing groups may also be photoreactive and could potentially be better accessible. Here we demonstrate the short and efficient synthesis of 5-bromo-7-nitroindoline-S-thiocarbamates, a new class of photoreactive compounds, and the study of some of their photochemical and photophysical properties. Using 5-bromo-7-nitroindoline-S-ethylthiocarbamate as a model compound, we show that it can undergo one-photon and two-photon photolysis at 350 and 710 nm, respectively. Our experimental data and quantum chemistry calculations support a photolysis pathway that differs from photolysis pathways previously reported for N-acyl-7-nitroindolines. The photolysis with 350 nm light results in 5-bromo-7-nitrosoindoline, which is in equilibrium with its dimeric form(s), as supported by experiment and theory. This study expands the scope of photoreactive 7-nitroindoline derivatives and informs the development of novel photocleavable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip
T. Baily
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - H. Patricio Del Castillo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Irodiel Vinales
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Juan E. M. Urbay
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Aurelio Paez
- Department
of Metallurgical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Matthew R. Weaver
- Department
of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Roberto Iturralde
- Department
of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Igor L. Estevao
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Texas
at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United
States
| | - Sohan R. Jankuru
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Igor C. Almeida
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Texas
at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United
States
| | - Chunqiang Li
- Department
of Physics, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Carl W. Dirk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Katja Michael
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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2
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Xiong W, Wang Y, Yang X, Liu WH. Selective Hydrolysis of Primary and Secondary Amides Enabled by Visible Light. Org Lett 2023; 25:2948-2952. [PMID: 36853098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Amide hydrolysis is a fundamentally important transformation in organic chemistry. Developing hydrolysis procedures under mild conditions with a broad substrate scope is desirable. Herein, by leveraging a photoresponsive auxiliary o-nitroanilide, we established a mild two-step protocol for the hydrolysis of primary and secondary amides. This protocol is driven by visible light irradiation at room temperature under neutral conditions, which tolerates numerous acid- and base-sensitive functional groups. Various drugs, natural product-, and amino acid-derived amides can be selectively hydrolyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhang Xiong
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yichun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, China
| | - Wenbo H Liu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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3
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Puppala M, Carrothers JE, Asad N, Bernard MA, Kim DS, Widegren MB, Dore TM. Sensitized 1-Acyl-7-nitroindolines with Enhanced Two-Photon Cross Sections for Release of Neurotransmitters. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:3578-3596. [PMID: 36484374 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise photochemical control, using two-photon excitation (2PE), of the timing and location of activation of glutamate is useful for studying the molecular and cellular physiology of the brain. Antenna-based light harvesting strategies represent a general method to increase the sensitivity to 2PE of otherwise insensitive photoremovable protecting groups (PPGs). This was applied to the most commonly used form of "caged" glutamate, MNI-Glu. Computational investigation showed that a four- or six-carbon linker attached between the 4-position of thioxanthone (THX) and the 4-position of the 5-methyl derivative of MNI-Glu (MMNI-Glu) would position the antenna and PPG close to one another to enable Dexter energy transfer. Nine THX-MMNI-Glu conjugates were prepared and their photochemical properties determined. Installation of the THX antenna resulted in a red shift of the absorption (λmax = 385-405 nm) along with increased quantum yield compared to the parent compound MNI-Glu (λmax = 347 nm). The THX-MMNI-Glu conjugate with a four-carbon linker and attachment to the 4-position of THX underwent photolysis via 1PE at 405 and 430 nm and via 2PE at 770 and 860 nm, yielding glutamate. The two-photon uncaging action cross section (δu) was 0.11 and 0.29 GM at 770 and 860, respectively, which was greater than for MNI-Glu (0.06 and 0.072 GM at 720 and 770 nm, respectively). The THX sensitizer harvested the light via 2PE and transferred its resulting triplet energy to MMNI-Glu. Release of glutamate through 2PE at 860 nm from the compound (100 μM) activated iGluSnFR, a genetically encoded, fluorescent glutamate sensor, on the surface of cells in culture, portending its usefulness in studies of neurophysiology in acute brain slice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manohar Puppala
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jasmine E Carrothers
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nadeem Asad
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mark A Bernard
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Daniel S Kim
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Magnus B Widegren
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Timothy M Dore
- New York University Abu Dhabi, Saadiyat Island, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Mangubat-Medina AE, Ball ZT. Triggering biological processes: methods and applications of photocaged peptides and proteins. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10403-10421. [PMID: 34320043 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01434f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There has been a significant push in recent years to deploy fundamental knowledge and methods of photochemistry toward biological ends. Photoreactive groups have enabled chemists to activate biological function using the concept of photocaging. By granting spatiotemporal control over protein activation, these photocaging methods are fundamental in understanding biological processes. Peptides and proteins are an important group of photocaging targets that present conceptual and technical challenges, requiring precise chemoselectivity in complex polyfunctional environments. This review focuses on recent advances in photocaging techniques and methodologies, as well as their use in living systems. Photocaging methods include genetic and chemical approaches that require a deep understanding of structure-function relationships based on subtle changes in primary structure. Successful implementation of these ideas can shed light on important spatiotemporal aspects of living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary T Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian G. Bochet
- Department of chemistry University of Fribourg 9 Chemin du Musée CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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Morgante P, Guruge C, Ouedraogo YP, Nesnas N, Peverati R. Competition between cyclization and unusual Norrish type I and type II nitro-acyl migration pathways in the photouncaging of 1-acyl-7-nitroindoline revealed by computations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1396. [PMID: 33446751 DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv.11991651.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The 7-nitroindolinyl family of caging chromophores has received much attention in the past two decades. However, its uncaging mechanism is still not clearly understood. In this study, we performed state-of-the-art density functional theory calculations to unravel the photo-uncaging mechanism in its entirety, and we compared the probabilities of all plausible pathways. We found competition between a classical cyclization and an acyl migration pathway, and here we explain the electronic and steric reasons behind such competition. The migration mechanism possesses the characteristics of a combined Norrish type I and a 1,6-nitro-acyl variation of a Norrish type II mechanism, which is reported here for the first time. We also found negligible energetic differences in the uncaging mechanisms of the 4-methoxy-5,7-dinitroindolinyl (MDNI) cages and their mononitro analogues (MNI). We traced the experimentally observed improved quantum yields of MDNI to a higher population of the reactants in the triplet surface. This fact is supported by a more favorable intersystem crossing due to the availability of a higher number of triplet excited states with the correct symmetry in MDNI than in MNI. Our findings may pave the way for improved cage designs that possess higher quantum yields and a more efficient agonist release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Morgante
- Chemistry Program, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W. University Blvd, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Charitha Guruge
- Chemistry Program, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W. University Blvd, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Yannick P Ouedraogo
- Chemistry Program, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W. University Blvd, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Nasri Nesnas
- Chemistry Program, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W. University Blvd, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA.
| | - Roberto Peverati
- Chemistry Program, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W. University Blvd, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA.
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7
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Competition between cyclization and unusual Norrish type I and type II nitro-acyl migration pathways in the photouncaging of 1-acyl-7-nitroindoline revealed by computations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1396. [PMID: 33446751 PMCID: PMC7809399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The 7-nitroindolinyl family of caging chromophores has received much attention in the past two decades. However, its uncaging mechanism is still not clearly understood. In this study, we performed state-of-the-art density functional theory calculations to unravel the photo-uncaging mechanism in its entirety, and we compared the probabilities of all plausible pathways. We found competition between a classical cyclization and an acyl migration pathway, and here we explain the electronic and steric reasons behind such competition. The migration mechanism possesses the characteristics of a combined Norrish type I and a 1,6-nitro-acyl variation of a Norrish type II mechanism, which is reported here for the first time. We also found negligible energetic differences in the uncaging mechanisms of the 4-methoxy-5,7-dinitroindolinyl (MDNI) cages and their mononitro analogues (MNI). We traced the experimentally observed improved quantum yields of MDNI to a higher population of the reactants in the triplet surface. This fact is supported by a more favorable intersystem crossing due to the availability of a higher number of triplet excited states with the correct symmetry in MDNI than in MNI. Our findings may pave the way for improved cage designs that possess higher quantum yields and a more efficient agonist release.
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8
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Ornelas A, Williams KN, Hatch KA, Paez A, Aguilar AC, Ellis CC, Tasnim N, Ray S, Dirk CW, Boland T, Joddar B, Li C, Michael K. Synthesis and characterization of a photocleavable collagen-like peptide. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:1000-1013. [PMID: 29345707 PMCID: PMC5951682 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02198d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A 34-amino acid long collagen-like peptide rich in proline, hydroxyproline, and glycine, and with four photoreactive N-acyl-7-nitroindoline units incorporated into the peptide backbone was synthesized by on-resin fragment condensation. Its circular dichroism supports a stable triple helix structure. The built-in photochemical function enables the decomposition of the peptide into small peptide fragments by illumination with UV light of 350 nm in aqueous solution. Illumination of a thin film of the peptide, or a thin film of a photoreactive amino acid model compound containing a 5-bromo-7-nitroindoline moiety, with femtosecond laser light at 710 nm allows for the creation of well-resolved micropatterns. The cytocompatibility of the peptide was demonstrated using human mesenchymal stem cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Our data show that the full-length peptide is cytocompatible as it can support cell growth and maintain cell viability. In contrast, the small peptide fragments created by photolysis are somewhat cytotoxic and therefore less cytocompatible. These data suggest that biomimetic collagen-like photoreactive peptides could potentially be used for growing cells in 2D micropatterns based on patterns generated by photolysis prior to cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ornelas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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9
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Komori N, Jakkampudi S, Motoishi R, Abe M, Kamada K, Furukawa K, Katan C, Sawada W, Takahashi N, Kasai H, Xue B, Kobayashi T. Design and synthesis of a new chromophore, 2-(4-nitrophenyl)benzofuran, for two-photon uncaging using near-IR light. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:331-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07664a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A new chromophore, 2-(4-nitrophenyl)benzofuran (NPBF), was designed for two-photon (TP) uncaging using near-IR light.
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10
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Pardo A, Hogenauer TJ, Cai Z, Vellucci JA, Castillo EM, Dirk CW, Franz AH, Michael K. Efficient Photochemical Synthesis of Peptide-α-Phenylthioesters. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1884-1889. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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11
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Klán P, Šolomek T, Bochet CG, Blanc A, Givens R, Rubina M, Popik V, Kostikov A, Wirz J. Photoremovable protecting groups in chemistry and biology: reaction mechanisms and efficacy. Chem Rev 2013; 113:119-91. [PMID: 23256727 PMCID: PMC3557858 DOI: 10.1021/cr300177k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1229] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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12
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Chromophores for the Delivery of Bioactive Molecules with Two-Photon Excitation. NEUROMETHODS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-031-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Moth-Poulsen K, Kofod-Hansen V, Kamounah FS, Hatzakis NS, Stamou D, Schaumburg K, Christensen JB. Optically induced linking of protein and nanoparticles to gold surfaces. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1056-61. [PMID: 20491443 DOI: 10.1021/bc900561m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of molecules and proteins to surfaces is of great interest for the development of a large variety of applications. We present herein a novel approach to efficiently couple a molecule of choice to biological building blocks. We synthesized and employed a new derivative of 5-bromo-7-nitroindoline to attach nucleophilic molecules and proteins to gold surfaces by photochemical activation. The reaction can be seen as a photoactivated alternative to the activated ester type chemistries that are commonly used to attach proteins or molecules to surfaces. We characterize the reaction by UV-vis and NMR spectroscopy, and as test of principle experiment, we show that we can attach proteins to surfaces and demonstrate that we can functionalize gold nanoparticles by this optically induced cross-linking reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Débieux JL, Bochet CG. Preparation of Photoactivable Amino Acid Derivatives. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4519-24. [PMID: 19476329 DOI: 10.1021/jo900442p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Débieux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, 9 Chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christian G. Bochet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, 9 Chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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16
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Débieux JL, Cosandey A, Helgen C, Bochet CG. Photoacylation of Alcohols in Neutral Medium. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Hogenauer TJ, Wang Q, Sanki AK, Gammon AJ, Chu CHL, Kaneshiro CM, Kajihara Y, Michael K. Virtually epimerization-free synthesis of peptide-α-thioesters. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:759-62. [PMID: 17315060 DOI: 10.1039/b618442a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Under slightly basic or neutral reaction conditions peptide-alpha-thioesters are photochemically synthesized from peptide-alpha-nitroindoline precursors, either in solution, or by direct photorelease from a solid support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrone J Hogenauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Clyde M Kaneshiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Papageorgiou G, Ogden D, Kelly G, Corrie JET. Synthetic and photochemical studies of substituted 1-acyl-7-nitroindolines. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 4:887-96. [PMID: 16252044 DOI: 10.1039/b508756b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A previous study of substituent effects on the photo-cleavage of 1-acyl-7-nitroindolines has been extended to examine the effects of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents. 1-Acetyl-4,5-methylenedioxy-7-nitroindoline was inert to 350 nm irradiation, reinforcing an earlier finding that excessive electron-donation by substituents can divert the excited state into non-productive pathways. By contrast, the 1-acetyl-5,7-dinitro- and 1-acetyl-4-methoxy-5,7-dinitroindolines and respectively both showed improved photolysis efficiency in aqueous solution compared to the 1-acyl-4-methoxy-7-nitro compound . Unlike , both and gave mixed photoproducts, the corresponding dinitroindolines and the 5-nitro-7-nitrosoindoles. These results are interpreted in terms of a previous mechanistic study. Investigation of the 4-methoxy-5,7-dinitroindoline conjugate of L-glutamate showed that the stoichiometry of glutamate release upon photolysis was only 65-77% of the theoretical value, suggesting that photolysis of these dinitro compounds may involve pathways other than the clean photolysis previously observed for mono-nitro compounds such as .
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Affiliation(s)
- George Papageorgiou
- National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, UKNW7 1AA
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