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Vacariu CM, Tanner ME. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Biological Applications of Peptidoglycan Fragments. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200788. [PMID: 35560956 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The biosynthesis, breakdown, and modification of peptidoglycan (PG) play vital roles in both bacterial viability and in the response of human physiology to bacterial infection. Studies on PG biochemistry are hampered by the fact that PG is an inhomogeneous insoluble macromolecule. Chemical synthesis is therefore an important means to obtain PG fragments that may serve as enzyme substrates and elicitors of the human immune response. This review outlines the recent advances in the synthesis and biochemical studies of PG fragments, PG biosynthetic intermediates (such as Park's nucleotides and PG lipids), and PG breakdown products (such as muramyl dipeptides and anhydro-muramic acid-containing fragments). A rich variety of synthetic approaches has been applied to preparing such compounds since carbohydrate, peptide, and phospholipid chemical methodologies must all be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Condurache M Vacariu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin E Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Klier L, Aranzamendi E, Ziegler D, Nickel J, Karaghiosoff K, Carell T, Knochel P. Lewis Acid Triggered Regioselective Magnesiation and Zincation of Uracils, Uridines, and Cytidines. Org Lett 2016; 18:1068-71. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Klier
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Eider Aranzamendi
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Dorothée Ziegler
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Johannes Nickel
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Department
Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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Sable GA, Lim D. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Triostin A Using a Symmetrical Bis(diphenylmethyl) Linker System. J Org Chem 2015; 80:7486-94. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh A. Sable
- Department
of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeol Lim
- Department
of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Mitachi K, Mohan P, Siricilla S, Kurosu M. One-pot protection-glycosylation reactions for synthesis of lipid II analogues. Chemistry 2014; 20:4554-8. [PMID: 24623584 PMCID: PMC4030666 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201400307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
(2,6-Dichloro-4-methoxyphenyl)(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl trichloroacetimidate (3) and its polymer-supported reagent 4 can be successfully applied to a one-pot protection-glycosylation reaction to form the disaccharide derivative 7 d for the synthesis of lipid II analogues. The temporary protecting group or linker at the C-6 position and N-Troc protecting group of 7 d can be cleaved simultaneously through a reductive condition. Overall yields of syntheses of lipid II (1) and neryl-lipid II N(ε)-dansylthiourea are significantly improved by using the described methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Mitachi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001 (USA)
| | - Priya Mohan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001 (USA)
| | - Shajila Siricilla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001 (USA)
| | - Michio Kurosu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163-0001 (USA)
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Wang Y, Siricilla S, Aleiwi BA, Kurosu M. Improved synthesis of capuramycin and its analogues. Chemistry 2013; 19:13847-58. [PMID: 24014478 PMCID: PMC3929971 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Capuramycin and its congeners are considered to be important lead molecules for the development of a new drug for multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Extensive structure-activity relationship studies of capuramycin to improve the efficacy have been limited because of difficulties in selectively chemically modifying the desired position(s) of the natural product with biologically interesting functional groups. We have developed efficient syntheses of capuramycin and its analogues by using new protecting groups, derived from the chiral (chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)(chlorophenyl)methanols, for the uridine ureido nitrogen and primary alcohol. The chiral nonracemic (2,6-dichloro-4-methoxyphenyl)(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methanol derivative is a useful reagent to resolve rac-3-amino-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one, the (S)-configuration isomer of which plays a significant role in improving the mycobactericidal activity of capuramycin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michio Kurosu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison, Memphis, TN 38163-0001 (USA), FAX: (+1) 901-448-6940
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Aleiwi BA, Kurosu M. A reliable Pd-mediated hydrogenolytic deprotection of BOM group of uridine ureido nitrogen. Tetrahedron Lett 2012; 53:3758-3762. [PMID: 22711944 PMCID: PMC3375701 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The benzyloxymethyl (BOM) group has been utilized widely in syntheses of a variety of natural and non-natural products. The BOM group is also one of few choices to protect uridine ureido nitrongen. However, hydrogenolytic cleavage of the BOM group of uridine derivatives has been unrealizably performed via heterogeneous conditions using Pd catalysts. One of the undesirable by-products formed by Pd-mediated hydrogenation conditions is the over-reduced product of which the C5-C6 double bond of the uracil moiety was saturated. To date, we have generated a wide range of uridine-containing antibacterial agents, where the BOM group has been utilized in their syntheses. In screening of deprotection conditions of the BOM group of uridine ureido nitrogen under Pd-mediated hydrogenation conditions, we realized that the addition of water to the (i)PrOH-based hydrogenation conditions can suppress the formation of over-reduced uridine derivatives and the addition of HCO(2)H (0.5%) dramatically improve the reaction rate. An optimized hydrogenation condition described here can be applicable to the BOM-deprotections of a wide range of uridine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal A. Aleiwi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Michio Kurosu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Abstract
(2,6-Dichloro-4-methoxyphenyl) (2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) methoxymethyl chloride [1, monomethoxydiphenylmethoxylmethyl chloroide (MDPM-Cl)] shows a significant relative stability and 1 reacts with uridine ureido nitrogen in the presence of DBU to form the corresponding protected uridine 8 in 95% yield. The MDPM-protected uridines are stable to a wide variety of conditions utilized for the synthesis of analogs of capuramycin and muraymycins. Significantly, the MDPM protecting group can conveniently be deprotected by using 30% TFA in CH(2)Cl(2). In addition, polymer-bound MDPM-Cl 23 is useful for immobilization of uridine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Abstract
A wide variety of p-tolyl thioriboside donors are examined for O-ribosylations of primary and secondary alcohols. p-Tolylsulfenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (p-TolSOTf) is very effective in promoting O-ribosylations with p-tolyl thioriboside; all reactions are completed within 1-15 min to provide the desired products in good yield with reliable alpha/beta selectivity. A wide range of functional groups are tolerated under these conditions. The described O-ribosylation conditions are very useful for the generation of ribosaminouridine library molecules in solution or on polymer support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Kurosu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1682, USA.
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Dolle RE, Bourdonnec BL, Goodman AJ, Morales GA, Thomas CJ, Zhang W. Comprehensive Survey of Chemical Libraries for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology: 2007. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 10:753-802. [PMID: 18991466 DOI: 10.1021/cc800119z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland E. Dolle
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Bertrand Le Bourdonnec
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Allan J. Goodman
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Guillermo A. Morales
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
| | - Wei Zhang
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, Massachusetts 02125
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