1
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Horváth Á, Benkő Z. Phthalazine as a Diene in Diels-Alder Reactions With P- and As-Containing Anionic Dienophiles: Comparison of Possible Reaction Channels. Chempluschem 2024:e202400140. [PMID: 38819996 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Phthalazine can behave as a diene in Diels-Alder (DA) cycloadditions, typically at the pyridazine ring, however, its application is somewhat limited because these reactions usually require harsh conditions or sophisticated catalysts. As an unconventional example, phthalazine was reported to undergo cycloaddition with the [PCO]- anion without any catalyst. In this computational study, we scrutinise the mechanism of the DA reactions between phthalazine and the so far known [ECX]- (E: P, As; X: O, S, Se) anions as dienophiles. In principle, the attack of an [ECX]- anion may occur at two different sites of phthalazine, either at the benzene or the pyridazine ring, and both of these possible reaction channels were juxtaposed on the basis of energetic aspects. In all of the investigated cases, the analysis of the energy profiles reveals a clear regioselectivity that favours the attack at the pyridazine ring. As a result, so far unprecedented 2-pnictanaphth-3-olate analogues seem achievable as final products. Comparing the characteristics of these pathways allowed us to clarify the source of this regioselectivity: The pyridazine ring of phthalazine exhibits lower aromaticity than the benzene subring; therefore, in the DA step, the former ring shows a higher affinity toward a dienophile than the latter, leading to lower activation barriers. To further map the electronic and structural features of the cycloaddition steps, the local interactions evolving in the transition states were analysed and compared using global and local descriptors. In most aspects, the characteristics of both pathways were found to be rather similar, in contrast to the markedly differing activation barriers on the two routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Horváth
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp 3., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benkő
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp 3., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp 3., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Chen B, Jäkle F. Boron-Nitrogen Lewis Pairs in the Assembly of Supramolecular Macrocycles, Molecular Cages, Polymers, and 3D Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313379. [PMID: 37815889 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Covering an exceptionally wide range of bond strengths, the dynamic nature and facile tunability of dative B-N bonds is highly attractive when it comes to the assembly of supramolecular polymers and materials. This Minireview offers an overview of advances in the development of functional materials where Lewis pairs (LPs) play a key role in their assembly and critically influence their properties. Specifically, we describe the reversible assembly of linear polymers with interesting optical, electronic and catalytic properties, discrete macrocycles and molecular cages that take up diverse guest molecules and undergo structural changes triggered by external stimuli, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with intriguing interlocked structures that can embed and separate gases such as CO2 and acetylene, and soft polymer networks that serve as recyclable, self-healing, and responsive thermosets, gels and elastomeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beijia Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Frieder Jäkle
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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3
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Metzler M, Bolte M, Virovets A, Lerner HW, Wagner M. Vicinal Vinylation of Boron-Doped Acenes via Heck Coupling. Org Lett 2023; 25:5827-5832. [PMID: 37523592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Silylated and halogenated benzenes 1,2-(Me3Si)2-4,5-X2-C6H2 [X = Br (3), I (4)] are versatile synthetic building blocks. 3 was prepared from known 1,2-(Me3Si)2-4,5-Cl2-C6H2 via C-Cl borylation/bromodeboronation; CuI-catalyzed Br/I exchange on 3 affords 4. 3 or 4 and BBr3 yield 9,10-dibromo-9,10-dihydro-9,10-diboraanthracenes (DBAs) 7 or 8. The B centers were protected with mesityl (Mes; 9, 10) or 2,4,6-tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyl (FMes; 11, 12) groups. Heck coupling of 9 and styrene/2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene furnishes the two tetravinyl-substituted green/blue emitters 13/14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Metzler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, D-60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, D-60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Alexander Virovets
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, D-60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, D-60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, D-60438 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
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4
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Prey SE, Gilmer J, Teichmann SV, Čaić L, Wenisch M, Bolte M, Virovets A, Lerner HW, Fantuzzi F, Wagner M. Synthesis, bridgehead functionalization, and photoisomerization of 9,10-diboratatriptycene dianions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5316-5322. [PMID: 37234897 PMCID: PMC10207881 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00555k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
9,10-Diboratatriptycene salts M2[RB(μ-C6H4)3BR] (R = H, Me; M+ = Li+, K+, [n-Bu4N]+) have been synthesized via [4 + 2] cycloaddition between doubly reduced 9,10-dihydro-9,10-diboraanthracenes M2[DBA] and benzyne, generated in situ from C6H5F and C6H5Li or LiN(i-Pr)2. [HB(μ-C6H4)3BH]2- reacts with CH2Cl2 to form quantitatively the bridgehead-derivatized [ClB(μ-C6H4)3BCl]2-, while twofold H- abstraction with B(C6F5)3 in the presence of SMe2 leads cleanly to the diadduct (Me2S)B(μ-C6H4)3B(SMe2). Photoisomerization of K2[HB(μ-C6H4)3BH] (THF, medium-pressure Hg lamp) provides facile access to diborabenzo[a]fluoranthenes, a little explored form of boron-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. According to DFT calculations, the underlying reaction mechanism consists of three main steps: (i) photoinduced di-π-borate rearrangement, (ii) "walk reaction" of a BH unit, and (iii) boryl anion-like C-H activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven E Prey
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Jannik Gilmer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Samira V Teichmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Luis Čaić
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Mischa Wenisch
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Alexander Virovets
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent Park Wood Rd Canterbury CT2 7NH UK
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 D-60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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5
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Beagan DM, Kiernicki JJ, Zeller M, Szymczak NK. A Bidentate Ligand Featuring Ditopic Lewis Acids in the Second Sphere for Selective Substrate Capture and Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218907. [PMID: 36720708 PMCID: PMC10023486 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a ligand platform featuring appended ditopic Lewis acids to facilitate capture/activation of diatomic substrates. We show that incorporation of two 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) units on a single carbon tethered to a pyridine pyrazole scaffold maintains a set of unquenched nitrogen donors available to coordinate FeII , ZnII , and NiII . Using hydride ion affinity and competition experiments, we establish an additive effect for ditopic secondary sphere boranes, compared to the monotopic analogue. These effects are exploited to achieve high selectivity for binding NO2 - in the presence of competitive anions such as F- and NO3 - . Finally, we demonstrate hydrazine capture within the second-sphere of metal complexes, followed by unique activation pathways to generate hydrazido and diazene ligands on Zn and Fe, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Beagan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John J Kiernicki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Present address: Drury University, Department of Chemistry and Physics, 900 North Benton Ave., Springfield, MO 65802, USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- H.C. Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Nathaniel K Szymczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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6
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Wu ZC, Boger DL. 1,2,3,5-Tetrazines: A General Synthesis, Cycloaddition Scope, and Fundamental Reactivity Patterns. J Org Chem 2022; 87:16829-16846. [PMID: 36461931 PMCID: PMC9771955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Despite the explosion of interest in heterocyclic azadienes, 1,2,3,5-tetrazines remain unexplored. Herein, the first general synthesis of this new class of heterocycles is disclosed. Its use in the preparation of a series of derivatives, and the first study of substituent effects on their cycloaddition reactivity, mode, and regioselectivity provide the foundation for future use. Their reactions with amidine, electron-rich, and strained dienophiles reveal unique fundamental reactivity patterns (4,6-dialkyl-1,2,3,5-tetrazines > 4,6-diaryl-1,2,3,5-tetrazines for amidines but slower with strained dienophiles), an exclusive C4/N1 mode of cycloaddition, and dominant alkyl versus aryl control on regioselectivity. An orthogonal reactivity of 1,2,3,5-tetrazines and the well-known isomeric 1,2,4,5-tetrazines is characterized, and detailed kinetic and mechanistic investigations of the remarkably fast reaction of 1,2,3,5-tetrazines with amidines, especially 4,6-dialkyl-1,2,3,5-tetrazines, established the mechanistic origins underlying the reactivity patterns and key features needed for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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7
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Zhu Z, Boger DL. Acyclic and Heterocyclic Azadiene Diels-Alder Reactions Promoted by Perfluoroalcohol Solvent Hydrogen Bonding: Comprehensive Examination of Scope. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14657-14672. [PMID: 36239452 PMCID: PMC9637783 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the first use of perfluoroalcohol H-bonding in accelerating acyclic azadiene inverse electron demand cycloaddition reactions is described, and its use in the promotion of heterocyclic azadiene cycloaddition reactions is generalized through examination of a complete range of azadienes. The scope of dienophiles was comprehensively explored; relative reactivity trends and solvent compatibilities were established with respect to the dienophile as well as azadiene; H-bonding solvent effects that lead to rate enhancements, yield improvements, and their impact on regioselectivity and mode of cycloaddition are defined; new viable diene/dienophile reaction partners in the cycloaddition reactions are disclosed; and key comparison rate constants are reported. The perfluoroalcohol effectiveness at accelerating an inverse electron demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition is directly correlated with its H-bond potential (pKa). Not only are the reactions of electron-rich dienophiles accelerated but those of strained and even unactivated alkenes and alkynes are improved, including representative bioorthogonal click reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical-Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical-Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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8
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Zhu Z, Boger DL. N1/N4 1,4-Cycloaddition of 1,2,4,5-Tetrazines with Enamines Promoted by the Lewis Acid ZnCl 2. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6288-6301. [PMID: 35417656 PMCID: PMC9081262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The second example of selective N1/N4 1,4-cycloaddition (vs C3/C6 1,4-cycloaddition) of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines with preformed or in situ generated enamines now promoted by the Lewis acid ZnCl2 and with an expanded scope is described. The reaction constitutes a formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition across two nitrogen atoms (N1/N4 vs C3/C6) of a 1,2,4,5-tetrazine followed by retro [4 + 2] cycloaddition loss of a nitrile and aromatization to provide 1,2,4-triazines. Optimization of reaction parameters, simplification of its implementation through in situ enamine generation from ketones, definition of the enamine reaction scope for 3,6-bis(thiomethyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, exploration of the 1,2,4,5-tetrazine scope, and representative applications of the product 1,2,4-triazines are detailed. The work establishes and further extends a powerful method for efficient one-step regioselective synthesis of 1,2,4-triazines under mild reaction conditions directly now from easily accessible ketones. It extends the substrate scope of a solvent (hexafluoroisopropanol) hydrogen bonding-promoted reaction that we recently reported with aryl-conjugated enamines, permitting the use of simple ketone-derived enamines and expanding the generality of the remarkable reaction. The reaction is regioselective with respect to the site of reaction with unsymmetrical ketones and provides exclusively a single 1,2,4-triazine regioisomer consistent with our previously established stepwise mechanism of formal N1/N4 1,4-cycloaddition, overcoming the challenges observed in conventional approaches to 1,2,4-triazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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9
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Xie R, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Li R, Yao J, Miao M. Synthesis of Trisubstituted Furans via Copper(I)-Catalyzed Strain-Driving Cycloisomerization/Annulative Fragmentation. Org Lett 2022; 24:2220-2225. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruyu Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
| | - Yongxing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
| | - Jinzhong Yao
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Maozhong Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Surface & Interface Science of Polymer Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
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10
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Beeck S, Ahles S, Wegner HA. Orthogonal Catalysis for an Enantioselective Domino Inverse-Electron Demand Diels-Alder/Substitution Reaction. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104085. [PMID: 34813113 PMCID: PMC9299787 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective domino process for the synthesis of substituted 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes has been developed by the combination of chiral amines and a bidentate Lewis acid in an orthogonal catalysis. This new method is based on an inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder and a subsequent group exchange reaction. An enamine is generated in situ from an aldehyde and a chiral secondary amine catalyst that reacts with phthalazine, activated by the coordination to a bidentate Lewis acid catalyst. The absolute configuration of the product is controlled by chiral information provided by the amine. The formed ortho-quinodimethane intermediate is then transformed via a group exchange reaction with thiols. The new method shows a broad scope and tolerates a wide range of functional groups with enantiomeric ratios up to 91 : 9. All-in-all, this enantioselective synthesis tool provides an easy access to complex 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes starting from readily available phthalazine, aldehydes and thiols in a combinatorial way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Beeck
- Justus Liebig University GiessenInstitute of Organic ChemistryHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Sebastian Ahles
- Justus Liebig University GiessenInstitute of Organic ChemistryHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Justus Liebig University GiessenInstitute of Organic ChemistryHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
- Justus Liebig University GiessenCenter for Materials Research (LaMa)Heinrich-Buff-Ring 1635392GiessenGermany
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11
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Chen Q, Zheng X, Guo F, Liang K, Zhou F. Transition-Metal-Free Addition of Dialkyl Phosphites to Phthalazin-2-ium Bromide: Synthesis of α-Aminophosphonate Analogues. J Org Chem 2021; 86:18278-18286. [PMID: 34870429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
α-Aminophosphonate analogues containing a phthalazine skeleton were efficiently obtained by a new transition-metal-free addition of dialkyl phosphites to phthalazin-2-ium bromide under mild conditions. A mechanistic study using isotope labeling and radical inhibition experiment revealed that the present transformation passes through a nucleophilic addition of dialkyl phosphates, rather than an insertion of P-H to carbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, College of Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xuanming Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Fang Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Kun Liang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, College of Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Fanrui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, College of Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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12
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Xu S, Essex LA, Nguyen JQ, Farias P, Ziller JW, Harman WH, Evans WJ. Cooperative dinitrogen capture by a diboraanthracene/samarocene pair. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15000-15002. [PMID: 34693957 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03220h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The combination of a boron Lewis acid and a decamethylsamarocene, specifically 9,10-Me2-9,10-diboraanthracene with (C5Me5)2SmII(THF)2, in toluene leads to cooperative reductive capture of N2. The product crystallizes as the salt, [(C5Me5)2SmIII(THF)2][(C5Me5)2SmIII(η2-N2B2C14H14)], 1, which formally is comprised of an (NN)2- moiety sandwiched between a [(C5Me5)2SmIII]1+ metallocene cation and the diboraanthracene ditopic Lewis acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Laura A Essex
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| | - Joseph Q Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA.
| | - Phillip Farias
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| | - Joseph W Ziller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA.
| | - W Hill Harman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| | - William J Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA.
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13
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Schnell SD, González JA, Sklyaruk J, Linden A, Gademann K. Boron Trifluoride-Mediated Cycloaddition of 3-Bromotetrazine and Silyl Enol Ethers: Synthesis of 3-Bromo-pyridazines. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12008-12023. [PMID: 34342995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyridazines are important scaffolds for medicinal chemistry or crop protection agents, yet the selective preparation of 3-bromo-pyridazines with high regiocontrol remains difficult. We achieved the Lewis acid-mediated inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction between 3-monosubstituted s-tetrazine and silyl enol ethers and obtained functionalized pyridazines. In the case of 1-monosubstituted silyl enol ethers, exclusive regioselectivity was observed. Downstream functionalization of the resulting 3-bromo-pyridazines was demonstrated utilizing several cross-coupling protocols to synthesize 3,4-disubstituted pyridazines with excellent control over the substitution pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Schnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jorge A González
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Sklyaruk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Strauss MA, Kohrs D, Ruhl J, Wegner HA. Mechanistic Study of Domino Processes Involving the Bidentate Lewis Acid Catalyzed Inverse Electron‐Demand Diels−Alder Reaction. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A. Strauss
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Daniel Kohrs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Julia Ruhl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
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15
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Zhang C, Wang J, Su W, Lin Z, Ye Q. Synthesis, Characterization, and Density Functional Theory Studies of Three-Dimensional Inorganic Analogues of 9,10-Diboraanthracene-A New Class of Lewis Superacids. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8552-8558. [PMID: 33984238 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional inorganic analogues of 9,10-diboraanthracene, B2X2(C2B10H10)2 (X = Cl, 1; X = Br, 2), were attained by salt elimination of Li2C2B10H10 and trihaloboranes. The methyl- and phenyl-substituted compounds B2Me2(C2B10H10)2 (3) and B2Ph2(C2B10H10)2 (4) were obtained by treating 1 or 2 with the corresponding Grignard reagents. These compounds were fully characterized by NMR, cyclic voltammetry (CV), IR, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Experimental (CV and Gutmann-Beckett method) and computational (fluoride ion affinity, hydride ion affinity and LUMO energy) results suggest that the order of Lewis acidity is 2 > 1 > 4 > 3 > SbF5. Treatment of 1 or 2 with HSiEt3 gave a rare neutral borane-silane adduct, (Et3SiH)2B2H2(C2B10H10)2 (5). The equilibrium of 5 in solution was thoroughly investigated by spectroscopy and quantum calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonghe Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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16
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Zhang Y, Wei Y, Shi M. A silver-catalyzed domino inverse electron-demand oxo-Diels-Alder reaction of 3-cyclopropylideneprop-2-en-1-ones with 2,3-dioxopyrrolidines via cyclobutane-fused furan. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3599-3602. [PMID: 33710234 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00707f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A silver-catalyzed diastereoselective one-pot domino cyclization-migration/inverse electron-demand oxo-Diels-Alder reaction has been disclosed in this communication through the in situ generated cyclobutane-fused furan intermediate with 4-vinyl-2,3-dioxopyrrolidine for the construction of 2-oxopyrrolidine-fused tricyclic compounds in moderate to good yields with a broad substrate scope under mild conditions. This new synthetic protocol features good efficiency and atom- and step-economy. A plausible reaction mechanism has also been proposed on the basis of previous reports, NMR tracing and control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Shcherbina NA, Kazakov IV, Spiridonova DV, Suslonov VV, Khoroshilova OV, Mikhailov VN, Timoshkin AY. Reaction of In(C6F5)3Et2O with Complexes of Copper and Silver Monochlorides with N,N′-Bis(isopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363220120440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Prey SE, Wagner M. Threat to the Throne: Can Two Cooperating Boron Atoms Rival Transition Metals in Chemical Bond Activation and Catalysis? Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven E. Prey
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main Max-von-Laue-Str. 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
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19
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Zhu Z, Glinkerman CM, Boger DL. Selective N1/N4 1,4-Cycloaddition of 1,2,4,5-Tetrazines Enabled by Solvent Hydrogen Bonding. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20778-20787. [PMID: 33252223 PMCID: PMC7725851 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented 1,4-cycloaddition (vs 3,6-cycloaddition) of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines is described with preformed or in situ generated aryl-conjugated enamines promoted by the solvent hydrogen bonding of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) that is conducted under mild reaction conditions (0.1 M HFIP, 25 °C, 12 h). The reaction constitutes a formal [4 + 2] cycloaddition across the two nitrogen atoms (N1/N4) of the 1,2,4,5-tetrazine followed by a formal retro [4 + 2] cycloaddition loss of a nitrile and aromatization to generate a 1,2,4-triazine derivative. The factors that impact the remarkable change in the reaction mode, optimization of reaction parameters, the scope and simplification of its implementation through in situ enamine generation from aldehydes and ketones, the reaction scope for 3,6-bis(thiomethyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, a survey of participating 1,2,4,5-tetrazines, and key mechanistic insights into this reaction are detailed. Given its simplicity and breath, the study establishes a novel method for the simple and efficient one-step synthesis of 1,2,4-triazines under mild conditions from readily accessible starting materials. Whereas alternative protic solvents (e.g., MeOH vs HFIP) provide products of the conventional 3,6-cycoladdition, the enhanced hydrogen bonding capability of HFIP uniquely results in promotion of the unprecedented formal 1,4-cycloaddition. As such, the studies represent an example of not just an enhancement in the rate or efficiency of a heterocyclic azadiene cycloaddition by hydrogen bonding catalysis but also the first to alter the mode (N1/N4 vs C3/C6) of cycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Christopher M. Glinkerman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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20
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Zaib S, Khan I. Synthetic and medicinal chemistry of phthalazines: Recent developments, opportunities and challenges. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104425. [PMID: 33157344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fused diaza-heterocycles constitute the core structure of numerous bioactive natural products and effective therapeutic drugs. Among them, phthalazines have been recognized as remarkable structural leads in medicinal chemistry due to their wide application in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Accessing such challenging pharmaceutical agents/drug candidates with high chemical complexity through synthetically efficient approaches remains an attractive goal in the contemporary medicinal chemistry and drug discovery arena. In this review, we focus on the recent developments in the synthetic routes towards the generation of phthalazine-based active pharmaceutical ingredients and their biological potential against various targets. The general reaction scope of these innovative and easily accessible strategies was emphasized focusing on the functional group tolerance, substrate and coupling partner compatibility/limitation, the choice of catalyst, and product diversification. These processes were also accompanied by the mechanistic insights where deemed appropriate to demonstrate meaningful information. Moreover, the rapid examination of the structure-activity relationship analyses around the phthalazine core enabled by the pharmacophore replacement/integration revealed the generation of robust, efficient, and more selective compounds with pronounced biological effects. A large variety of in silico methods and ADME profiling tools were also employed to provide a global appraisal of the pharmacokinetics profile of diaza-heterocycles. Thus, the discovery of new structural leads offers the promise of improving treatments for various tropical diseases such as tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, malaria, Chagas disease, among many others including various cancers, atherosclerosis, HIV, inflammatory, and cardiovascular diseases. We hope this review would serve as an informative collection of structurally diverse molecules enabling the generation of mature, high-quality, and innovative routes to support the drug discovery endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Zaib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom.
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21
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He Z, Liu L, Zhao Z, Mellerup SK, Ge Y, Wang X, Wang N, Wang S. Divergent and Multi-Stage Photoisomerization of Four-Coordinated Boron Compounds with a Naphthyl-Pyridyl/Thiazolyl Backbone. Chemistry 2020; 26:12403-12410. [PMID: 32311174 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Examination of the photoreactivity of a new class of N,C-chelate organoboron compounds, including a series of unsymmetrically substituted boron molecules, B(naph-pyridyl)(Ar1 )(Ar2 ) and B(naph-thiazolyl)(Ar1 )(Ar2 ), led to the discovery of new and divergent photothermal isomerization phenomena. These include the clean and regioselective photoisomerization by unsymmetrical boron, forming borepin isomers, some of which further isomerize to the corresponding boratanorcaradiene diastereomer pairs as a result of the generation of two chiral centers. Significantly, the boratanorcaradienes involving a 3-thienyl substituent on boron were found to thermally convert to BN-fluoranthene annulated borapentalene via an unprecedented reversible boratacyclopropane-boratacyclopentene rearrangement. Changing the pyridyl donor to a thiazolyl donor on the boron was found to provide the B(naph-thiazolyl)(Mes)2 compounds with a distinct new photoisomerization pathway-instead of borepin, forming new blue fluorescent polycyclic azaborinine species. This work illustrates the richness and complexity of boron photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhechang He
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Lijie Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic, Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhui Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic, Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Soren K Mellerup
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Yuxin Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Nan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic, Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Suning Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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22
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Silylium ion mediated 2+2 cycloaddition leads to 4+2 Diels-Alder reaction products. Commun Chem 2020; 3:126. [PMID: 36703398 PMCID: PMC9814679 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of silver(I) and copper(I) catalyzed cycloaddition between 1,2-diazines and siloxy alkynes remains controversial. Here we explore the mechanism of this reaction with density functional theory. Our calculations show that the reaction takes place through a metal (Ag+, Cu+) catalyzed [2+2] cycloaddition pathway and the migration of a silylium ion [triisopropylsilyl ion (TIPS+)] further controls the reconstruction of four-member ring to give the final product. The lower barrier of this silylium ion mediated [2+2] cycloaddition mechanism (SMC) indicates that well-controlled [2+2] cycloaddition can obtain some poorly-accessible IEDDA (inverse-electron demand Diels-Alder reaction) products. Strong interaction of d10 metals (Ag+, Cu+) and alkenes activates the high acidity silylium ion (TIPS+) in situ. This п-acid (Ag+, Cu+) and hard acid (TIPS+) exchange scheme will be instructive in silylium ion chemistry. Our calculations not only provide a scheme to design IEDDA catalysts but also imply a concise way to synthesise 1,2-dinitrogen substituted cyclooctatetraenes (1,2-NCOTs).
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23
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Chen Q, Luo M, Guo F, Liang K, Zhou F, Gao G. An Addition of Terminal Alkynes to Phthalazin‐2‐Ium Bromide Catalyzed by Copper. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, College of Chemical EngineeringSouthwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, College of Chemical EngineeringSouthwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjian Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Liang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, College of Chemical EngineeringSouthwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
| | - Fanrui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, College of Chemical EngineeringSouthwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
| | - Guolin Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
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24
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Novoseltseva P, Li H, Wang X, Sauriol F, Wang S. Structural Dynamics and Stereoselectivity of Chiral Benzylideneamine N,C-Chelate Borane Photo-Thermal Isomerization. Chemistry 2020; 26:2276-2284. [PMID: 31899573 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
New chiral N,C-chelate organoboron compounds based on benzylideneamines (bza) with the general formula of B(bza-R)Mes2 (R=H or Me; Mes=mesityl) are reported. A chiral substituent group R- or S-CH(CH3 )Ph (Ph=phenyl) was introduced to the imine center, which imposed a previously unobserved pseudo- or axial-chirality on the BMes2 , creating distinct diastereomers. NMR spectroscopic studies established that the diastereomers undergo slow exchange in solution at ambient temperature. The chiral N,C-chelate B(bza-R)Mes2 molecules undergo photoisomerization in the same manner as their non-chiral analogues, generating chiral BN-cyclooctatriene (BN-COT) derivatives. Most significantly, by tracking the photoisomerization with circular dichroism (CD) and 1 H NMR spectra along with time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) computational studies, the photoisomerization was established to proceed in a highly stereoselective manner, that is, one diastereomer converts exclusively to the corresponding diastereomer product in the photoreaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Novoseltseva
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Haijun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Francoise Sauriol
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Suning Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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25
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Avcı ÖN, Catak S, Dereli B, Aviyente V, Dedeoglu B. Elucidation of the Mechanism of Silver‐Catalyzed Inverse Electron‐Demand Diels‐Alder (IEDDA) Reaction of 1,2‐Diazines and Siloxy Alkynes. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Öyküm Naz Avcı
- Department of ChemistryBoğaziçi University Bebek Istanbul 34342 Turkey
| | - Saron Catak
- Department of ChemistryBoğaziçi University Bebek Istanbul 34342 Turkey
| | - Büşra Dereli
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Viktorya Aviyente
- Department of ChemistryBoğaziçi University Bebek Istanbul 34342 Turkey
| | - Burcu Dedeoglu
- Department of ChemistryGebze Technical University Gebze Kocaeli 41400 Turkey
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26
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Wu ZC, Boger DL. Synthesis, Characterization, and Cycloaddition Reactivity of a Monocyclic Aromatic 1,2,3,5-Tetrazine. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16388-16397. [PMID: 31524389 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein we disclose the synthesis and full characterization of the first monocyclic aromatic 1,2,3,5-tetrazine, 4,6-diphenyl-1,2,3,5-tetrazine. Initial studies of its cycloaddition reactivity, mode, regioselectivity, and scope illustrate that it participates as the 4π-component of well-behaved inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions where it preferentially reacts with electron-rich or strained dienophiles. It was found to exhibit an intrinsic reactivity comparable to that of the isomeric 3,6-diphenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine, display a single mode of cycloaddition with reaction only across C4/N1 (no N2/N5 cycloaddition observed), proceed with a predictable regioselectivity (dienophile most electron-rich atom attaches to C4), and manifest additional reactivity complementary to the isomeric 1,2,4,5-tetrazines. It not only exhibits a remarkable cycloaddition reactivity, surprisingly good stability (e.g., stable to chromatography, long-term storage, presence of H2O even as reaction co-solvent), and broad cycloaddition scope, but it also displays powerful orthogonal reactivity with the 1,2,4,5-tetrazines. Whereas the latter reacts at extraordinary cycloaddition rates with strained dienophiles (tetrazine ligation), the new and isomeric 1,2,3,5-tetrazine displays similarly remarkable cycloaddition rates and efficiencies with amidines (1,2,3,5-tetrazine/amidine ligation). The crossover reactivities (1,2,4,5-tetrazines with amidines and 1,2,3,5-tetrazines with strained dienophiles) are sufficiently low to indicate they may be capable of use concurrently without competitive reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chen Wu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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27
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Ahles S, Ruhl J, Strauss MA, Wegner HA. Combining Bidentate Lewis Acid Catalysis and Photochemistry: Formal Insertion of o-Xylene into an Enamine Double Bond. Org Lett 2019; 21:3927-3930. [PMID: 31079462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A bidentate Lewis acid catalyzed domino inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction combined with a photoinduced ring opening formally inserts o-xylene moieties into enamine double bonds. After reduction, phenethylamines were obtained in good yields. The scope of the reaction was determined by variation of all three starting compounds: phthalazines, aldehydes, and amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ahles
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Julia Ruhl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Marcel A Strauss
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
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28
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Balkenhohl M, Jangra H, Lenz T, Ebeling M, Zipse H, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Lewis‐Säure‐dirigierte regioselektive Metallierungen an Pyridazin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Harish Jangra
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Tobias Lenz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Marian Ebeling
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Deutschland
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29
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Balkenhohl M, Jangra H, Lenz T, Ebeling M, Zipse H, Karaghiosoff K, Knochel P. Lewis Acid Directed Regioselective Metalations of Pyridazine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9244-9247. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Balkenhohl
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Harish Jangra
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Tobias Lenz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Marian Ebeling
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Konstantin Karaghiosoff
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment Chemie Butenandtstrasse 5–13, Haus F 81377 München Germany
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30
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Essex LA, Taylor JW, Harman WH. Nickel complexes of phosphine-appended benzannulated boron heterocycles. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Borger M, Frederich JH. Pyridazine N-Oxides as Precursors to 2-Aminofurans: Scope and Limitations in Complexity Building Cascade Reactions. Org Lett 2019; 21:2397-2401. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Borger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - James H. Frederich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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32
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Kitamoto Y, Kobayashi F, Suzuki T, Miyata Y, Kita H, Funaki K, Oi S. Investigation of the Lewis acidic behaviour of an oxygen-bridged planarized triphenylborane toward amines and the properties of their Lewis acid–base adducts. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:2118-2127. [PMID: 30667001 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00128f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lewis acid behavior of an oxygen-bridged triphenylborane (1) to amines and the properties of Lewis acid–base adducts of 1 with amines have been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kitamoto
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8579
- Japan
| | - Fumiaki Kobayashi
- Advanced Technology Center
- Corporate R&D Headquarters
- Konica Minolta
- Inc
- Tokyo 192-8505
| | - Takatsugu Suzuki
- Advanced Technology Center
- Corporate R&D Headquarters
- Konica Minolta
- Inc
- Tokyo 192-8505
| | - Yasuo Miyata
- Advanced Technology Center
- Corporate R&D Headquarters
- Konica Minolta
- Inc
- Tokyo 192-8505
| | - Hiroshi Kita
- Advanced Technology Center
- Corporate R&D Headquarters
- Konica Minolta
- Inc
- Tokyo 192-8505
| | - Kenji Funaki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8579
- Japan
| | - Shuichi Oi
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8579
- Japan
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33
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Tejedor D, Díaz-Díaz A, Diana-Rivero R, Delgado-Hernández S, García-Tellado F. Synthesis and Utility of 2,2-Dimethyl-2 H-pyrans: Dienes for Sequential Diels-Alder/Retro-Diels-Alder Reactions. Org Lett 2018; 20:7987-7990. [PMID: 30525705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The practical use of 2,2-dimethyl-2 H-pyrans as electron-rich dienes in sequential Diels-Alder/retro-Diels-Alder (DA/rDA) domino processes to generate aromatic platforms has been demonstrated. Different polysubstituted alkyl 2-naphthoates have been synthesized by the DA/rDA reaction of benzynes and 2,2-dimethyl-2 H-pyrans. The use of other activated alkynes allows the access of substituted alkyl benzoate derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tejedor
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 , 38206 La Laguna , Canary Islands , Spain
| | - Abián Díaz-Díaz
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 , 38206 La Laguna , Canary Islands , Spain
| | - Raquel Diana-Rivero
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 , 38206 La Laguna , Canary Islands , Spain
| | - Samuel Delgado-Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 , 38206 La Laguna , Canary Islands , Spain
| | - Fernando García-Tellado
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3 , 38206 La Laguna , Canary Islands , Spain
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34
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Katsuma Y, Wu L, Lin Z, Akiyama S, Yamashita M. Reactivity of Highly Lewis-Acidic Diborane(4) toward C≡N and N=N Bonds: Uncatalyzed Addition and N=N Bond-Cleavage Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 58:317-321. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Katsuma
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Chuo University, Bunkyo-ku; 112-8551 Tokyo Japan
| | - Linlin Wu
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Seiji Akiyama
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Aichi Japan
| | - Makoto Yamashita
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Aichi Japan
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35
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Katsuma Y, Wu L, Lin Z, Akiyama S, Yamashita M. Reactivity of Highly Lewis-Acidic Diborane(4) toward C≡N and N=N Bonds: Uncatalyzed Addition and N=N Bond-Cleavage Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201812692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhei Katsuma
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Science and Engineering; Chuo University, Bunkyo-ku; 112-8551 Tokyo Japan
| | - Linlin Wu
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Seiji Akiyama
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Aichi Japan
| | - Makoto Yamashita
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry; Graduate School of Engineering; Nagoya University; Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Aichi Japan
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36
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Ahles S, Götz S, Schweighauser L, Brodsky M, Kessler SN, Heindl AH, Wegner HA. An Amine Group Transfer Reaction Driven by Aromaticity. Org Lett 2018; 20:7034-7038. [PMID: 30362764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective domino inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder/amine group transfer reaction catalyzed by a bidentate Lewis acid provides 1-amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalenes, a core structure in many bioactive compounds. A concerted mechanism is proposed based on experimental studies as well as DFT computations demonstrating a new general reactivity scheme. The broad scope of the reaction was evaluated by variation of all three starting compounds, phthalazines, aldehydes, and amines. Scalability was demonstrated by a gram scale reaction without diminished yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ahles
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Silas Götz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Luca Schweighauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Mirko Brodsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Simon N Kessler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Andreas H Heindl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
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37
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Brend'amour S, Gilmer J, Bolte M, Lerner HW, Wagner M. C-Halogenated 9,10-Diboraanthracenes: How the Halogen Load and Distribution Influences Key Optoelectronic Properties. Chemistry 2018; 24:16910-16918. [PMID: 30378720 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-diboraanthracenes (DBAs) have low-energy LUMOs and narrow HOMO-LUMO gaps and are thus attractive electron-transporting and light-emitting materials in optoelectronic devices. A systematic series of ten C-halogenated 9,10-(Mes)2 -DBAs was synthesized and studied by cyclic voltammetry, UV/Vis absorption and emission spectroscopy, and quantum-chemical calculations (Mes=mesityl). We probed the influence of the nature of the halogen atoms and the halogen substitution patterns on key optoelectronic properties of the DBAs. All 9,10-(Mes)2 derivatives can be reversibly reduced at the DBA cores and at electrode potentials between E1/2 Red1 =-1.84 and -1.26 V (vs. FcH/FcH+ ). The most bathochromic UV/Vis absorption and the fluorescence emission of each DBA correspond to an ICT transition between the Mes rings and the DBA core. Br substituents lower the DBA LUMO energy and narrow the energy gap to the highest degree along the series F<Cl<Br. Halogen atoms located at 1,4,5,8-positions are more influential than those at 2,3,6,7-positions. An increasing fluorine load continuously decreases the LUMO levels and HOMO-LUMO gaps. Colorless octafluoro- and tetrafluoro-DBAs form colored and fluorescent π-stacked hetero dimers with anthracene in C6 H6 solutions and in the solid state. The sterically congested 1,5-(ThMe)2 -9,10-(Mes)2 -DBA was prepared in 74 % yield from 1,5-(Br)2 -9,10-(Mes)2 -DBA and Me3 Sn-ThMe through a Stille-type C-C coupling reaction (ThMe=5-Me-2-thienyl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Brend'amour
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Jannik Gilmer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M, Germany
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38
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Xue J, Gao E, Wang XN, Chang J. Metal-Free Formal Inverse-Electron-Demand Diels-Alder Reaction of 1,2-Diazines with Ynamides. Org Lett 2018; 20:6055-6058. [PMID: 30234310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A highly effective metal-free formal inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction of 1,2-diazines with ynamides has been developed. This catalytic protocol is more environmentally friendly and allows for the construction of 2-aminonaphthalenes and 2-aminoanthracenes from 1,2-diazines and ynamides in good to high yields with wide diversity and functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xue
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Erhui Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Na Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
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39
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Kaese T, Trageser T, Budy H, Bolte M, Lerner HW, Wagner M. A redox-active diborane platform performs C(sp 3)-H activation and nucleophilic substitution reactions. Chem Sci 2018; 9:3881-3891. [PMID: 29780520 PMCID: PMC5942040 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00743h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted C(sp3)–H activation or nucleophilic substitution reactions have been achieved through the interaction of a diborane dianion with haloalkanes.
Organoboranes are among the most versatile and widely used reagents in synthetic chemistry. A significant further expansion of their application spectrum would be achievable if boron-containing reactive intermediates capable of inserting into C–H bonds or performing nucleophilic substitution reactions were readily available. However, current progress in the field is still hampered by a lack of universal design concepts and mechanistic understanding. Herein we report that the doubly arylene-bridged diborane(6) 1H2 and its B
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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B-bonded formal deprotonation product Li2[1] can activate the particularly inert C(sp3)–H bonds of added H3CLi and H3CCl, respectively. The first case involves the attack of [H3C]– on a Lewis-acidic boron center, whereas the second case follows a polarity-inverted pathway with nucleophilic attack of the B
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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B double bond on H3CCl. Mechanistic details were elucidated by means of deuterium-labeled reagents, a radical clock, α,ω-dihaloalkane substrates, the experimental identification of key intermediates, and quantum-chemical calculations. It turned out that both systems, H3CLi/1H2 and H3CCl/Li2[1], ultimately funnel into the same reaction pathway, which likely proceeds past a borylene-type intermediate and requires the cooperative interaction of both boron atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kaese
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany .
| | - Timo Trageser
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany .
| | - Hendrik Budy
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany .
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany .
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany .
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Goethe-Universität Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany .
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40
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Glinkerman CM, Boger DL. Synthesis, Characterization, and Rapid Cycloadditions of 5-Nitro-1,2,3-triazine. Org Lett 2018; 20:2628-2631. [PMID: 29659291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and a study of the cycloaddition reactions of 5-nitro-1,2,3-triazine (3) are reported. The electron-deficient nature of 3 permits rapid cycloaddition with a variety of electron-rich dienophiles, including amidines, enamines, enol ethers, ynamines, and ketene acetals in high to moderate yields. 1H NMR studies of a representative cycloaddition reaction between 3 and an amidine revealed a remarkable reaction rate and efficiency (1 mM, <60 s, CD3CN, 23 °C, >95%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Glinkerman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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41
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Yasui K, Chatani N, Tobisu M. Rhodium-Catalyzed C–O Bond Alkynylation of Aryl Carbamates with Propargyl Alcohols. Org Lett 2018; 20:2108-2111. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yasui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoto Chatani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tobisu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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42
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Hong L, Ahles S, Heindl AH, Tiétcha G, Petrov A, Lu Z, Logemann C, Wegner HA. An air-stable bisboron complex: a practical bidentate Lewis acid catalyst. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:618-625. [PMID: 29623123 PMCID: PMC5870160 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report an air-stable bisboron complex as an efficient catalyst for the inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA) reaction of 1,2-diazine as well as 1,2,4,5-tetrazine. Its stability towards air and moisture was demonstrated by NMR studies enabling its application in organic transformations without glovebox. A one-pot procedure for its synthesis was developed starting from 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene greatly enhancing its practicality. Comparative reactions were carried out to evaluate its catalytic activity in IEDDA reactions of diazine including phthalazine as well as 1,2,4,5-tetrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longcheng Hong
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ahles
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas H Heindl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gastelle Tiétcha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andrey Petrov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Zhenpin Lu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,Current position: Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Logemann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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43
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Tiwari AR, Nath SR, Joshi KA, Bhanage BM. iEDDA Reaction of the Molecular Iodine-Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,3,5-Triazines via Functionalization of the sp 3 C-H Bond of Acetophenones with Amidines: An Experimental Investigation and DFT Study. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13239-13249. [PMID: 29149566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports an inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (iEDDA)-type reaction to synthesize 1,3,5-trizines from acetophenones and amidines. The use of molecular iodine in a catalytic amount facilitates the functionalization of the sp3 C-H bond of acetophenones. This is a simple and efficient methodology for the synthesis of 1,3,5-triazines in good to excellent yields under transition-metal-free and peroxide-free conditions. The reaction is believed to take place via an in situ iodination-based oxidative elimination of formaldehyde. DFT calculations at the M062X/6-31+G(d,p) level were employed to investigate the reaction mechanism. Reaction barriers for the cycloaddition as well as a formaldehyde expulsion steps were computed, and a multistep mechanism starting with the nucleophilic attack by benzamidine on an in situ generated imine intermediate has been proposed. Both local and global reactivity descriptors were used to study the regioselectivity of the addition steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek R Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) , Matunga (East), Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Shilpa R Nath
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) , Matunga (East), Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Kaustubh A Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) , Matunga (East), Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Bhalchandra M Bhanage
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT) , Matunga (East), Mumbai 400019, India
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44
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von Grotthuss E, John A, Kaese T, Wagner M. Doping Polycyclic Aromatics with Boron for Superior Performance in Materials Science and Catalysis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esther von Grotthuss
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt a. M. Germany
| | - Alexandra John
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt a. M. Germany
| | - Thomas Kaese
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt a. M. Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt a. M. Germany
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45
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Quiñones RE, Glinkerman CM, Zhu K, Boger DL. Direct Synthesis of β-Aminoenals through Reaction of 1,2,3-Triazine with Secondary Amines. Org Lett 2017; 19:3568-3571. [PMID: 28657329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple and direct nucleophilic addition of secondary amines, including imidazole, to 1,2,3-triazine under mild reaction conditions (THF, 25-65 °C, 12-48 h), requiring no additives, cleanly provides β-aminoenals 4 in good yields (21 examples, 31-79%). The reaction proceeds by amine nucleophilic addition to C4 of the 1,2,3-triazine, in situ loss of N2, and subsequent imine hydrolysis to provide 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Quiñones
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Christopher M Glinkerman
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kaicheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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46
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Png ZM, Zeng H, Ye Q, Xu J. Inverse-Electron-Demand Diels-Alder Reactions: Principles and Applications. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2142-2159. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Mao Png
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Huining Zeng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Qun Ye
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering; Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, #08-03 Singapore 138634 Singapore
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
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47
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John A, Bolte M, Lerner HW, Wagner M. A Vicinal Electrophilic Diborylation Reaction Furnishes Doubly Boron-Doped Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra John
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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John A, Bolte M, Lerner HW, Wagner M. A Vicinal Electrophilic Diborylation Reaction Furnishes Doubly Boron-Doped Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:5588-5592. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra John
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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Kirschner S, Mewes JM, Bolte M, Lerner HW, Dreuw A, Wagner M. How Boron Doping Shapes the Optoelectronic Properties of Canonical and Phenylene-Containing Oligoacenes: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation. Chemistry 2017; 23:5104-5116. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kirschner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/M Germany
| | - Jan-Michael Mewes
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing; Ruprechts-Karls University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics; The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study (NZIAS); Massey University Albany; Private Bag 102904 Auckland 0745 New Zealand
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/M Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/M Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing; Ruprechts-Karls University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main; Max-von-Laue-Straße 7 60438 Frankfurt/M Germany
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Hong L, Ahles S, Strauss MA, Logemann C, Wegner HA. Synthesis of 2,3-diaza-anthraquinones via the bidentate Lewis acid catalysed inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA) reaction. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00172j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new synthesis of aza-anthraquinones and substituted anthraquinones via bidentate Lewis acid catalysis has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longcheng Hong
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17
- 35392 Giessen
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Ahles
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17
- 35392 Giessen
- Germany
| | - Marcel A. Strauss
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17
- 35392 Giessen
- Germany
| | - Christian Logemann
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17
- 35392 Giessen
- Germany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17
- 35392 Giessen
- Germany
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