1
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Moraru R, Valle-Argos B, Minton A, Buermann L, Pan S, Wales TE, Joseph RE, Andreotti AH, Strefford JC, Packham G, Baud MGJ. Exploring 2-Sulfonylpyrimidine Warheads as Acrylamide Surrogates for Targeted Covalent Inhibition: A BTK Story. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 39119945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs) directing cysteine have historically relied on a narrow set of electrophilic "warheads". While Michael acceptors remain at the forefront of TCI design strategies, they show variable stability and selectivity under physiological conditions. Here, we show that the 2-sulfonylpyrimidine motif is an effective replacement for the acrylamide warhead of Ibrutinib, for the inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase. In a few iterations, we discovered new derivatives, which inhibit BTK both in vitro and in cellulo at low nanomolar concentrations, on par with Ibrutinib. Several derivatives also displayed good plasma stability and reduced off-target binding in vitro across 135 tyrosine kinases. This proof-of-concept study on a well-studied kinase/TCI system highlights the 2-sulfonylpyrimidine group as a useful acrylamide replacement. In the future, it will be interesting to investigate its wider potential for developing TCIs with improved pharmacologies and selectivity profiles across structurally related protein families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Moraru
- School of Chemistry and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Beatriz Valle-Argos
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
| | - Annabel Minton
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
| | - Lara Buermann
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
| | - Suyin Pan
- School of Chemistry and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Thomas E Wales
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Raji E Joseph
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Amy H Andreotti
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Jonathan C Strefford
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
| | - Graham Packham
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K
| | - Matthias G J Baud
- School of Chemistry and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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2
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Li Y, Han D, Luo Z, Lv X, Liu B. The Chan-Lam-type synthesis of thioimidazolium salts for thiol-(hetero)arene conjugation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4675-4678. [PMID: 38591667 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00704b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The design of stable and variable aryl linkers for conjugating drug moieties to the metabolism-related thiols is of importance in drug discovery. We disclosed that thioimidazolium groups are unique scaffolds for the thiol-(hetero)arene conjugation under mild conditions. The drug bound thioimidazolium salts, which are easily accessible via a copper-mediated Chan-Lam process in gram-scale, could be successfully applied to the late-stage coupling of bioactive thiols to construct a broad array of drug-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Dongchang Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Zhibin Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Xiaomeng Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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3
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Koike S, Ogasawara Y. Analysis and characterization of sulfane sulfur. Anal Biochem 2024; 687:115458. [PMID: 38182032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
In the late 1970s, sulfane sulfur was defined as sulfur atoms covalently bound only to sulfur atoms. However, this definition was not generally accepted, as it was slightly vague and difficult to comprehend. Thus, in the early 1990s, it was defined as "bound sulfur," which easily converts to hydrogen sulfide upon reduction with a thiol-reducing agent. H2S-related bound sulfur species include persulfides (R-SSH), polysulfides (H2Sn, n ≥ 2 or R-S(S)nS-R, n ≥ 1), and protein-bound elemental sulfur (S0). Many of the biological effects currently associated with H2S may be attributed to persulfides and polysulfides. In the 20th century, quantitative determination of "sulfane sulfur" was conventionally performed using a reaction called cyanolysis. Several methods have been developed over the past 30 years. Current methods used for the detection of H2S and polysulfides include colorimetric assays for methylene blue formation, sulfide ion-selective or polarographic electrodes, gas chromatography with flame photometric or sulfur chemiluminescence detection, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis with fluorescent derivatization of sulfides, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, the biotin switch technique, and the use of sulfide or polysulfide-sensitive fluorescent probes. In this review, we discuss the methods reported to date for measuring sulfane sulfur and the results obtained using these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Koike
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yuki Ogasawara
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan.
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4
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Lucas SCC, Blackwell JH, Hewitt SH, Semple H, Whitehurst BC, Xu H. Covalent hits and where to find them. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2024; 29:100142. [PMID: 38278484 DOI: 10.1016/j.slasd.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Covalent hits for drug discovery campaigns are neither fantastic beasts nor mythical creatures, they can be routinely identified through electrophile-first screening campaigns using a suite of different techniques. These include biophysical and biochemical methods, cellular approaches, and DNA-encoded libraries. Employing best practice, however, is critical to success. The purpose of this review is to look at state of the art covalent hit identification, how to identify hits from a covalent library and how to select compounds for medicinal chemistry programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C C Lucas
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Sarah H Hewitt
- Mechanistic and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hannah Semple
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Hua Xu
- Mechanistic and structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Waltham, USA
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5
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Bibi I, Mushtaq S, Lee KC, Park JA, Kim JY. From molecules to medicine: thiol selective bioconjugation in synthesis of diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Theranostics 2024; 14:2396-2426. [PMID: 38646656 PMCID: PMC11024863 DOI: 10.7150/thno.95469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiolabeling of biomolecules and cells with radiolabeled prosthetic groups has significant implications for nuclear medicine, imaging, and radiotherapy. Achieving site-specific and controlled incorporation of radiolabeled prostheses under mild reaction conditions is crucial for minimizing the impact on the bioactivity of the radiolabeled compounds. The targeting of natural and abundant amino acids during radiolabeling of biomolecules often results in nonspecific and uncontrolled modifications. Cysteine is distinguished by its low natural abundance and unique nucleophilicity. It is therefore an optimal target for site-selective and site-specific radiolabeling of biomolecules under controlled parameters. This review extensively discusses thiol-specific radiolabeled prosthetic groups and provides a critical analysis and comprehensive study of the synthesis of these groups, their in vitro and in vivo stability profiles, reaction kinetics, stability of resulting adducts, and overall impact on the targeting ability of radiolabeled biomolecules. The insights presented here aim to facilitate the development of highly efficient radiopharmaceuticals, initially in preclinical settings and ultimately in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Bibi
- Affiliation Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
- University of Science and Technology (UST), 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sajid Mushtaq
- Affiliation Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), P. O. Nilore, Islamabad 45650, Pakistan
| | - Kyo Chul Lee
- Affiliation Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Ae Park
- Affiliation Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Young Kim
- Affiliation Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Republic of Korea
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6
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Chauhan P, V R, Kumar M, Molla R, Mishra SD, Basa S, Rai V. Chemical technology principles for selective bioconjugation of proteins and antibodies. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:380-449. [PMID: 38095227 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Proteins are multifunctional large organic compounds that constitute an essential component of a living system. Hence, control over their bioconjugation impacts science at the chemistry-biology-medicine interface. A chemical toolbox for their precision engineering can boost healthcare and open a gateway for directed or precision therapeutics. Such a chemical toolbox remained elusive for a long time due to the complexity presented by the large pool of functional groups. The precise single-site modification of a protein requires a method to address a combination of selectivity attributes. This review focuses on guiding principles that can segregate them to simplify the task for a chemical method. Such a disintegration systematically employs a multi-step chemical transformation to deconvolute the selectivity challenges. It constitutes a disintegrate (DIN) theory that offers additional control parameters for tuning precision in protein bioconjugation. This review outlines the selectivity hurdles faced by chemical methods. It elaborates on the developments in the perspective of DIN theory to demonstrate simultaneous regulation of reactivity, chemoselectivity, site-selectivity, modularity, residue specificity, and protein specificity. It discusses the progress of such methods to construct protein and antibody conjugates for biologics, including antibody-fluorophore and antibody-drug conjugates (AFCs and ADCs). It also briefs how this knowledge can assist in developing small molecule-based covalent inhibitors. In the process, it highlights an opportunity for hypothesis-driven routes to accelerate discoveries of selective methods and establish new targetome in the precision engineering of proteins and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Ragendu V
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Rajib Molla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Surya Dev Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Sneha Basa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Vishal Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
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7
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Li Z, Huang Y, Lv B, Du J, Yang J, Fu L, Jin H. Gasotransmitter-Mediated Cysteinome Oxidative Posttranslational Modifications: Formation, Biological Effects, and Detection. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 40:145-167. [PMID: 37548538 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Gasotransmitters, including nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), participate in various cellular processes via corresponding oxidative posttranslational modifications (oxiPTMs) of specific cysteines. Recent Advances: Accumulating evidence has clarified the mechanisms underlying the formation of oxiPTMs derived from gasotransmitters and their biological functions in multiple signal pathways. Because of the specific existence and functional importance, determining the sites of oxiPTMs in cysteine is crucial in biology. Recent advances in the development of selective probes, together with upgraded mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, have enabled the quantitative analysis of cysteinome. To date, several cysteine residues have been identified as gasotransmitter targets. Critical Issues: To clearly understand the underlying mechanisms for gasotransmitter-mediated biological processes, it is important to identify modified targets. In this review, we summarize the chemical formation and biological effects of gasotransmitter-dependent oxiPTMs and highlight the state-of-the-art detection methods. Future Directions: Future studies in this field should aim to develop the next generation of probes for in situ labeling to improve spatial resolution and determine the dynamic change of oxiPTMs, which can lay the foundation for research on the molecular mechanisms and clinical translation of gasotransmitters. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 145-167.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongmin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqian Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Boyang Lv
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junbao Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfang Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, China
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8
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Lipka BM, Honeycutt DS, Bassett GM, Kowal TN, Adamczyk M, Cartnick ZC, Betti VM, Goldberg JM, Wang F. Ultra-rapid Electrophilic Cysteine Arylation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23427-23432. [PMID: 37857310 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Rapid bond-forming reactions are crucial for efficient bioconjugation. We describe a simple and practical strategy for facilitating ultra-rapid electrophilic cysteine arylation. Using a variety of sulfone-activated pyridinium salts, this uncatalyzed reaction proceeds with exceptionally high rate constants, ranging from 9800 to 320,000 M-1·s-1, in pH 7.0 aqueous buffer at 25 °C. Such reactions allow for stoichiometric bioconjugation of micromolar cysteine within minutes or even seconds. Even though the arylation is extremely fast, the chemistry exhibits excellent selectivity, thus furnishing functionalized peptides and proteins with both high conversion and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M Lipka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Rd, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Daniel S Honeycutt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Rd, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Gregory M Bassett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Rd, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Taylor N Kowal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Rd, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Max Adamczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Rd, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Zachary C Cartnick
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
| | - Vincent M Betti
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
| | - Jacob M Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346, United States
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Rd, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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9
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Pichon M, Drelinkiewicz D, Lozano D, Moraru R, Hayward LJ, Jones M, McCoy MA, Allstrum-Graves S, Balourdas DI, Joerger AC, Whitby RJ, Goldup SM, Wells N, Langley GJ, Herniman JM, Baud MGJ. Structure-Reactivity Studies of 2-Sulfonylpyrimidines Allow Selective Protein Arylation. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1679-1687. [PMID: 37657082 PMCID: PMC10515483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Protein arylation has attracted much attention for developing new classes of bioconjugates with improved properties. Here, we have evaluated 2-sulfonylpyrimidines as covalent warheads for the mild, chemoselective, and metal free cysteine S-arylation. 2-Sulfonylpyrimidines react rapidly with cysteine, resulting in stable S-heteroarylated adducts at neutral pH. Fine tuning the heterocyclic core and exocyclic leaving group allowed predictable SNAr reactivity in vitro, covering >9 orders of magnitude. Finally, we achieved fast chemo- and regiospecific arylation of a mutant p53 protein and confirmed arylation sites by protein X-ray crystallography. Hence, we report the first example of a protein site specifically S-arylated with iodo-aromatic motifs. Overall, this study provides the most comprehensive structure-reactivity relationship to date on heteroaryl sulfones and highlights 2-sulfonylpyrimidine as a synthetically tractable and protein compatible covalent motif for targeting reactive cysteines, expanding the arsenal of tunable warheads for modern covalent ligand discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëva
M. Pichon
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United
Kingdom
| | - Dawid Drelinkiewicz
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United
Kingdom
| | - David Lozano
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United
Kingdom
| | - Ruxandra Moraru
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United
Kingdom
| | - Laura J. Hayward
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United
Kingdom
| | - Megan Jones
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United
Kingdom
| | - Michael A. McCoy
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United
Kingdom
| | - Samuel Allstrum-Graves
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United
Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios-Ilias Balourdas
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang
Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- Structural
Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute
for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas C. Joerger
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang
Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- Structural
Genomics Consortium (SGC), Buchmann Institute
for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Richard J. Whitby
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United
Kingdom
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United
Kingdom
| | - Neil Wells
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United
Kingdom
| | - Graham J. Langley
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United
Kingdom
| | - Julie M. Herniman
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United
Kingdom
| | - Matthias G. J. Baud
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, SO17 1BJ Southampton, United
Kingdom
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10
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Koo TY, Lai H, Nomura DK, Chung CYS. N-Acryloylindole-alkyne (NAIA) enables imaging and profiling new ligandable cysteines and oxidized thiols by chemoproteomics. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3564. [PMID: 37322008 PMCID: PMC10272157 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39268-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine has been exploited as the binding site of covalent drugs. Its high sensitivity to oxidation is also important for regulating cellular processes. To identify new ligandable cysteines which can be hotspots for therapy and to better study cysteine oxidations, we develop cysteine-reactive probes, N-acryloylindole-alkynes (NAIAs), which have superior cysteine reactivity owing to delocalization of π electrons of the acrylamide warhead over the whole indole scaffold. This allows NAIAs to probe functional cysteines more effectively than conventional iodoacetamide-alkyne, and to image oxidized thiols by confocal fluorescence microscopy. In mass spectrometry experiments, NAIAs successfully capture new oxidized cysteines, as well as a new pool of ligandable cysteines and proteins. Competitive activity-based protein profiling experiments further demonstrate the ability of NAIA to discover lead compounds targeting these cysteines and proteins. We show the development of NAIAs with activated acrylamide for advancing proteome-wide profiling and imaging ligandable cysteines and oxidized thiols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin-Yan Koo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Hinyuk Lai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Clive Yik-Sham Chung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
- Department of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
- Centre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
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11
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Wang H, Bai Q, Ma G. The biological functions of protein S-sulfhydration in eukaryotes and the ever-increasing understanding of its effects on bacteria. Microbiol Res 2023; 271:127366. [PMID: 36989759 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
As a critical endogenous signaling molecule, hydrogen sulfide may induce reversible post-translational modifications on cysteine residues of proteins, generating a persulfide bond known as S-sulfhydration. A systemic overview of the biofunctions of S-sulfhydration will equip us better to characterize its regulatory roles in antioxidant defense, inflammatory response, and cell fate, as well as its pathological mechanisms related to cardiovascular, neurological, and multiple organ diseases, etc. Nevertheless, the understanding of S-sulfhydration is mostly built on mammalian cells and animal models. We subsequently summarized the mediation effects of this specific post-transcriptional modification on physiological processes and virulence in bacteria. The high-sensitivity and high-throughput detection technologies are required for studying the signal transduction mechanism of H2S and protein S-sulfhydration modification. Herein, we reviewed the establishment and development of different approaches to assess S-sulfhydration, including the biotin-switch method, modified biotin-switch method, alkylation-based cysteine-labelled assay, and Tag-switch method. Finally, we discussed the limitations of the impacts of S-sulfhydration in pathogens-host interactions and envisaged the challenges to design drugs and antibiotics targeting the S-sulfhydrated proteins in the host or pathogens.
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12
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Chauhan P, V. R, Kumar M, Molla R, V. B. U, Rai V. Dis integrate (DIN) Theory Enabling Precision Engineering of Proteins. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:137-150. [PMID: 36844488 PMCID: PMC9951294 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The chemical toolbox for the selective modification of proteins has witnessed immense interest in the past few years. The rapid growth of biologics and the need for precision therapeutics have fuelled this growth further. However, the broad spectrum of selectivity parameters creates a roadblock to the field's growth. Additionally, bond formation and dissociation are significantly redefined during the translation from small molecules to proteins. Understanding these principles and developing theories to deconvolute the multidimensional attributes could accelerate the area. This outlook presents a disintegrate (DIN) theory for systematically disintegrating the selectivity challenges through reversible chemical reactions. An irreversible step concludes the reaction sequence to render an integrated solution for precise protein bioconjugation. In this perspective, we highlight the key advancements, unsolved challenges, and potential opportunities.
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13
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Day JJ, Zhang T, Hamsath A, Neill DL, Xu S, Qian WJ, Xian M. A Chemical Approach for the Specific Generation of Cysteine Sulfinylation. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Cysteine bioconjugation serves as a powerful tool in biological research and has been widely used for chemical modification of proteins, constructing antibody-drug conjugates, and enabling cell imaging studies. Cysteine conjugation reactions with fast kinetics and exquisite selectivity have been under heavy pursuit as they would allow clean protein modification with just stoichiometric amounts of reagents, which minimizes side reactions, simplifies purification and broadens functional group tolerance. In this concept, we summarize the recent advances in fast cysteine bioconjugation, and discuss the mechanism and chemical principles that underlie the high efficiencies of the newly developed cysteine reactive reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Jie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Jianmin Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Chemistry Center, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
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15
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Lipka BM, Betti VM, Honeycutt DS, Zelmanovich DL, Adamczyk M, Wu R, Blume HS, Mendina CA, Goldberg JM, Wang F. Rapid Electrophilic Cysteine Arylation with Pyridinium Salts. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:2189-2196. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M. Lipka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island02881, United States
| | - Vincent M. Betti
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York13346, United States
| | - Daniel S. Honeycutt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island02881, United States
| | - Daniel L. Zelmanovich
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York13346, United States
| | - Max Adamczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island02881, United States
| | - Ruojun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York13346, United States
| | - Harrison S. Blume
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York13346, United States
| | - Caitlin A. Mendina
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York13346, United States
| | - Jacob M. Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York13346, United States
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, 140 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island02881, United States
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16
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Jänsch N, Frühauf A, Schweipert M, Debarnot C, Erhardt M, Brenner‐Weiss G, Kirschhöfer F, Jasionis T, Čapkauskaitė E, Zubrienė A, Matulis D, Meyer‐Almes F. 3-Chloro-5-Substituted-1,2,4-Thiadiazoles (TDZs) as Selective and Efficient Protein Thiol Modifiers. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200417. [PMID: 36066474 PMCID: PMC9828193 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The study of cysteine modifications has gained much attention in recent years. This includes detailed investigations in the field of redox biology with focus on numerous redox derivatives like nitrosothiols, sulfenic acids, sulfinic acids and sulfonic acids resulting from increasing oxidation, S-lipidation, and perthiols. For these studies selective and rapid blocking of free protein thiols is required to prevent disulfide rearrangement. In our attempt to find new inhibitors of human histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) we discovered 5-sulfonyl and 5-sulfinyl substituted 1,2,4-thiadiazoles (TDZ), which surprisingly show an outstanding reactivity against thiols in aqueous solution. Encouraged by these observations we investigated the mechanism of action in detail and show that these compounds react more specifically and faster than commonly used N-ethyl maleimide, making them superior alternatives for efficient blocking of free thiols in proteins. We show that 5-sulfonyl-TDZ can be readily applied in commonly used biotin switch assays. Using the example of human HDAC8, we demonstrate that cysteine modification by a 5-sulfonyl-TDZ is easily measurable using quantitative HPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, and allows for the simultaneous measurement of the modification kinetics of seven solvent-accessible cysteines in HDAC8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Jänsch
- Fachbereich Chemie-und BiotechnologieHochschule DarmstadtStephanstraße 764295DarmstadtGermany
| | - Anton Frühauf
- Fachbereich Chemie-und BiotechnologieHochschule DarmstadtStephanstraße 764295DarmstadtGermany
| | - Markus Schweipert
- Fachbereich Chemie-und BiotechnologieHochschule DarmstadtStephanstraße 764295DarmstadtGermany
| | - Cécile Debarnot
- Fachbereich Chemie-und BiotechnologieHochschule DarmstadtStephanstraße 764295DarmstadtGermany
| | - Miriam Erhardt
- Bioprozesstechnik und BiosystemeInstitut für Funktionelle GrenzflächenKarlsruher Institut für TechnologieKaiserstraße 1276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Gerald Brenner‐Weiss
- Bioprozesstechnik und BiosystemeInstitut für Funktionelle GrenzflächenKarlsruher Institut für TechnologieKaiserstraße 1276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Frank Kirschhöfer
- Bioprozesstechnik und BiosystemeInstitut für Funktionelle GrenzflächenKarlsruher Institut für TechnologieKaiserstraße 1276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Tomas Jasionis
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of BiotechnologyLife Sciences CenterVilnius UniversitySaulėtekio 7Vilnius10257Lithuania
| | - Edita Čapkauskaitė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of BiotechnologyLife Sciences CenterVilnius UniversitySaulėtekio 7Vilnius10257Lithuania
| | - Asta Zubrienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of BiotechnologyLife Sciences CenterVilnius UniversitySaulėtekio 7Vilnius10257Lithuania
| | - Daumantas Matulis
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of BiotechnologyLife Sciences CenterVilnius UniversitySaulėtekio 7Vilnius10257Lithuania
| | - Franz‐Josef Meyer‐Almes
- Fachbereich Chemie-und BiotechnologieHochschule DarmstadtStephanstraße 764295DarmstadtGermany
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17
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Ma Z, Yuan J, Xu J, Li L, Tang C, Chang L, Quinn RJ, Qin L, Liu J, Ye Y. Quaternized Acridine Maleimide MALDI Probe Enables Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Thiols. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14917-14924. [PMID: 36269144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thiols are essential metabolites associated with redox imbalances and metabolic disorders in diseases. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) facilitates imaging of metabolites in tissue, but imaging of thiols remains challenging. Here we developed a method to visualize thiols using a stable isotope-labeled (SIL) MALDI probe, a mixture of unlabeled and deuterium-labeled reagents that provided adduct signals at [M]+ and [M + 3]+, to identify endogenous thiols in tissue. A series of MALDI probe candidates were rationally designed, and the structure-effect relationships were determined. First, the reactivity of different warheads toward the thiol group was evaluated, and maleimide was the best for in situ derivatization. Second, an acridine fragment showed the best improvement in MS responses. Third, a permanent charge was introduced for detection improvement in the positive mode. Finally, the hydrogens of methyl group were replaced by deuterium atoms, obtaining the novel SIL MALDI probe and thus facilitating significantly the annotation of thiols. The finally obtained D0/D3-9-((2-(2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)ethyl)carbamoyl)-10-methylacridin-10-ium iodide (D0/D3-MaI-MADA) enabled direct MSI of thiols in the fine structures of human liver tumors without a reduction procedure. Our work built a SIL MALDI probe for the first time and provided a strategy for the rational design of MALDI probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, and Natural Products Chemistry Department, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Lizhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, and Natural Products Chemistry Department, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chunping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, and Natural Products Chemistry Department, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lu Chang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ronald J Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Lunxiu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.,Cancer Metastasis Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, and Natural Products Chemistry Department, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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18
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Lin C, Chen Y, Zhu M, Pei J, Zhou Y, Gou M, Ouyang L. A sulfhydryl blocking reagent BT-4 sensitizes cisplatin-based micelle prodrugs for efficient treatment of breast cancer. Int J Pharm 2022; 626:122187. [PMID: 36100145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Detoxification of glutathione (GSH) and insufficient cellular uptake of cisplatin (CDDP) severely compromised the therapeutic efficacy of CDDP. Here, a nano-delivery system (BT-4@PtPPNPs) for CDDP prodrug (C16-Pt(Ⅳ)-PEG) based on a novel sulfhydryl blocking reagent methyl 2-(methylsulfonyl) benzothiazole-6-carboxylate (BT-4) was developed. On the one hand, BT-4 can deplete GSH in tumor cells by directly interacting with reactive sulfhydryl group on GSH, thereby increasing the cytotoxicity of CDDP. On the other hand, the CDDP prodrug carrier C16-Pt(IV)-PEG can promote the distribution of CDDP in tumors, reduce the probability of unexpected inactivation of CDDP, and reduce the content of GSH in tumor cells during the conversion to CDDP, thereby making CDDP more effective for treatment. The results showed that the optimized BT-4@PtPPNPs with a small particle size (130 nm) exhibited notable cytotoxicity and apoptosis of 4T1 cells. BT-4@PtPPNPs not only significantly improved the uptake of drugs by tumor cells, but also rapidly targeted and accumulated in the tumors for a long time. Moreover, in vivo efficacy studies showed that BT-4@PtPPNPs could effectively inhibit tumor growth, inhibiting 60.85 % of tumors in a 4T1 breast cancer mice model, showing superior antitumor activity, which can be attributed to GSH-triggered CDDP tolerance reversal. Overall, this study provides an attractive and simple strategy to combine novel sulfhydryl blockers and CDDP prodrugs to potentiate the efficacy of CDDP in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Yuxiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Mengli Zhu
- Core Facilities of West China Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Junping Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Maling Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
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19
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Huang L, Leung PKK, Lee LCC, Xu GX, Lam YW, Lo KKW. Photofunctional cyclometallated iridium(III) polypyridine methylsulfone complexes as sulfhydryl-specific reagents for bioconjugation, bioimaging and photocytotoxic applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10162-10165. [PMID: 35997227 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02405e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report herein near-infrared (NIR)-emitting cyclometallated iridium(III) complexes bearing a heteroaromatic methylsulfone moiety as sulfhydryl-specific reagents; one of the complexes was conjugated to cysteine and cysteine-containing peptides and proteins for bioimaging and photocytotoxic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Huang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Peter Kam-Keung Leung
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimetre Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China. .,Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503 - 1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Xi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Yun-Wah Lam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, P. R. China. .,State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimetre Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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20
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Yang Y, Fischer NH, Oliveira MT, Hadaf GB, Liu J, Brock-Nannestad T, Diness F, Lee JW. Carbon dioxide enhances sulphur-selective conjugate addition reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4526-4533. [PMID: 35605989 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulphur-selective conjugate addition reactions play a central role in synthetic chemistry and chemical biology. A general tool for conjugate addition reactions should provide high selectivity in the presence of competing nucleophilic functional groups, namely nitrogen nucleophiles. We report CO2-mediated chemoselective S-Michael addition reactions where CO2 can reversibly control the reaction pHs, thus providing practical reaction conditions. The increased chemoselectivity for sulphur-alkylation products was ascribed to CO2 as a temporary and traceless protecting group for nitrogen nucleophiles, while CO2 efficiently provide higher conversion and selectivity sulphur nucleophiles on peptides and human serum albumin (HSA) with various electrophiles. This method offers simple reaction conditions for cysteine modification reactions when high chemoselectivity is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark.
| | - Niklas Henrik Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark. .,Nanoscience Center, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark
| | - Maria Teresa Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark. .,Nanoscience Center, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark
| | - Gul Barg Hadaf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark.
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark.
| | - Theis Brock-Nannestad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark.
| | - Frederik Diness
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark. .,Nanoscience Center, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark
| | - Ji-Woong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark. .,Nanoscience Center, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø, 2100, Denmark
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21
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Xu S, Knight JR, Brummett BJ, Shieh M, Cui Q, Wang Y, Ramush G, Xian M. Benzothiazole-Derived Sulfones and Sulfoxides as Reactive Templates for Biothiols and Sulfane Sulfurs. Org Lett 2022; 24:2546-2550. [PMID: 35352985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work we studied the reactions of benzothiazole sulfones and sulfoxides toward reactive sulfur species. The reaction of thiols with benzothiazole sulfones produces sulfinic acids (RSO2H), which can further react with sulfane sulfurs to form thiosulfonic acids (RSO2SH). This was used to design fluorescent sensors for hydrogen polysulfides. The reaction of thiols with benzothiazole sulfoxides produces sulfenic acids (RSOH), which can undergo fast intramolecular cyclization and be used to design thiol-triggered fluorescent sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Jessica R Knight
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Brock J Brummett
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Meg Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Qi Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Geat Ramush
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Ming Xian
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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22
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Wang L, Yu Q, Liu L, Zhao H. Synthesis and modification of polymers by thiol-phenylsulfone substitution reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2148-2151. [PMID: 35050285 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06557b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thiol chemistry is a type of highly efficient chemical reaction between thiols and functional groups. During the past two decades, thiol chemistry has been widely applied in the synthesis and modification of polymers. With the rapid development of polymer chemistry and materials science, more thiol click reactions, which can be efficiently performed under mild conditions, are required. In this research, the synthesis and modification of polymers by thiol-phenylsulfone substitution reactions are reported. A monomer containing two phenylsulfonyl groups is synthesized and the monomer is reacted with bisthiols under mild conditions, leading to the synthesis of novel polymers. Size exclusion chromatography, 1H NMR and differential scanning calorimetry results demonstrate the step-growth polymerization of the monomer. A combination of thiol-phenylsulfone and thiol-disulfide reactions are used in the post-polymerization modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Qianyu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Hanying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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23
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Barthels F, Meyr J, Hammerschmidt SJ, Marciniak T, Räder HJ, Ziebuhr W, Engels B, Schirmeister T. 2-Sulfonylpyrimidines as Privileged Warheads for the Development of S. aureus Sortase A Inhibitors. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:804970. [PMID: 35047562 PMCID: PMC8763382 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.804970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial and community-acquired infections, with emerging multiresistant isolates causing a significant burden to public health systems. We identified 2-sulfonylpyrimidines as a new class of potent inhibitors against S. aureus sortase A acting by covalent modification of the active site cysteine 184. Series of derivatives were synthesized to derive structure-activity relationship (SAR) with the most potent compounds displaying low micromolar KI values. Studies on the inhibition selectivity of homologous cysteine proteases showed that 2-sulfonylpyrimidines reacted efficiently with protonated cysteine residues as found in sortase A, though surprisingly, no reaction occurred with the more nucleophilic cysteine residue from imidazolinium-thiolate dyads of cathepsin-like proteases. By means of enzymatic and chemical kinetics as well as quantum chemical calculations, it could be rationalized that the SNAr reaction between protonated cysteine residues and 2-sulfonylpyrimidines proceeds in a concerted fashion, and the mechanism involves a ternary transition state with a conjugated base. Molecular docking and enzyme inhibition at variable pH values allowed us to hypothesize that in sortase A this base is represented by the catalytic histidine 120, which could be substantiated by QM model calculation with 4-methylimidazole as histidine analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Barthels
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jessica Meyr
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan J Hammerschmidt
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tessa Marciniak
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Wilma Ziebuhr
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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24
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Tang KC, Maddox SM, Backus KM, Raj M. Tunable heteroaromatic azoline thioethers (HATs) for cysteine profiling. Chem Sci 2022; 13:763-774. [PMID: 35173941 PMCID: PMC8768877 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04139h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a new series of hydrolytically stable chemotype heteroaromatic azoline thioethers (HATs) to achieve highly selective, rapid, and efficient covalent labeling of cysteine under physiological conditions. Although the resulting cysteine-azoline conjugate is stable, we highlight traceless decoupling of the conjugate to afford unmodified starting components in response to reducing conditions. We demonstrated that HAT probes reverse the reactivity of nucleophilic cysteine to electrophilic dehydroalanine (Dha) under mild basic conditions. We demonstrated the umpolung capability of HAT probes for the modification of cysteine on peptides and proteins with various nucleophiles. We demonstrated that HAT probes increase the mass sensitivity of the modified peptides and proteins by 100 fold as compared to the classical methods. Finally, we extended the application of HAT probes for specific modification of cysteines in a complex cell lysate mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei C Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
| | - Sean M Maddox
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles CA 90095 USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, UCLA Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Keriann M Backus
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles CA 90095 USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, UCLA Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Monika Raj
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USA
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25
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Shen MH, Wang YJ, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Gu J, Liu XQ, Guo J, Ouyang M, Deng L, Xu HD. α-Vinyl azide–cysteine click coupling reaction enabled bioorthogonal peptide/protein modification. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00736c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
α-Alkyl and α-aryl vinyl azides were found to be able to couple with cysteine-derived alkyl thiols chemoselectively under mild conditions, providing the corresponding β-ketosulfides with simultaneous extrusion of N2 and ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hua Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213164, China
| | - Yu-Jiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213164, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213164, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213164, China
| | - Jie Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213164, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213164, China
| | - Jia Guo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213164, China
| | - Mingxing Ouyang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213164, China
| | - Linhong Deng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213164, China
| | - Hua-Dong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, 213164, China
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26
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Kang MS, Kong TWS, Khoo JYX, Loh TP. Recent developments in chemical conjugation strategies targeting native amino acids in proteins and their applications in antibody-drug conjugates. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13613-13647. [PMID: 34760149 PMCID: PMC8549674 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02973h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fields in chemical biology and synthetic biology require effective bioconjugation methods to achieve their desired functions and activities. Among such biomolecule conjugates, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) need a linker that provides a stable linkage between cytotoxic drugs and antibodies, whilst conjugating in a biologically benign, fast and selective fashion. This review focuses on how the development of novel organic synthesis can solve the problems of traditional linker technology. The review shall introduce and analyse the current developments in the modification of native amino acids on peptides or proteins and their applicability to ADC linker. Thereafter, the review shall discuss in detail each endogenous amino acid's intrinsic reactivity and selectivity aspects, and address the research effort to construct an ADC using each conjugation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Kang
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Theresa Wai See Kong
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Joycelyn Yi Xin Khoo
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical & Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
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27
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Echizen H, Sasaki E, Hanaoka K. Recent Advances in Detection, Isolation, and Imaging Techniques for Sulfane Sulfur-Containing Biomolecules. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1553. [PMID: 34827552 PMCID: PMC8616024 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide and its oxidation products are involved in many biological processes, and sulfane sulfur compounds, which contain sulfur atoms bonded to other sulfur atom(s), as found in hydropersulfides (R-S-SH), polysulfides (R-S-Sn-S-R), hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn), etc., have attracted increasing interest. To characterize their physiological and pathophysiological roles, selective detection techniques are required. Classically, sulfane sulfur compounds can be detected by cyanolysis, involving nucleophilic attack by cyanide ion to cleave the sulfur-sulfur bonds. The generated thiocyanate reacts with ferric ion, and the resulting ferric thiocyanate complex can be easily detected by absorption spectroscopy. Recent exploration of the properties of sulfane sulfur compounds as both nucleophiles and electrophiles has led to the development of various chemical techniques for detection, isolation, and bioimaging of sulfane sulfur compounds in biological samples. These include tag-switch techniques, LC-MS/MS, Raman spectroscopy, and fluorescent probes. Herein, we present an overview of the techniques available for specific detection of sulfane sulfur species in biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honami Echizen
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
| | - Eita Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan;
| | - Kenjiro Hanaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan;
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28
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Shindo N, Ojida A. Recent progress in covalent warheads for in vivo targeting of endogenous proteins. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 47:116386. [PMID: 34509863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Covalent drugs exert potent and durable activity by chemical modification of the endogenous target protein in vivo. To maximize the pharmacological efficacy while alleviating the risk of toxicity due to nonspecific off-target reactions, current covalent drug discovery focuses on the development of targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs), wherein a reactive group (warhead) is strategically incorporated onto a reversible ligand of the target protein to facilitate specific covalent engagement. Various aspects of warheads, such as intrinsic reactivity, chemoselectivity, mode of reaction, and reversibility of the covalent engagement, would affect the target selectivity of TCIs. Although TCIs clinically approved to date largely rely on Michael acceptor-type electrophiles for cysteine targeting, a wide array of novel warheads have been devised and tested in TCI development in recent years. In this short review, we provide an overview of recent progress in chemistry for selective covalent targeting of proteins and their applications in TCI designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Shindo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akio Ojida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku Fukuoka, Japan.
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29
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Laserna V, Istrate A, Kafuta K, Hakala TA, Knowles TPJ, Alcarazo M, Bernardes GJL. Protein Conjugation by Electrophilic Alkynylation Using 5-(Alkynyl)dibenzothiophenium Triflates. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1570-1575. [PMID: 34232618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
5-(Alkynyl)dibenzothiophenium triflates are introduced as new reagents to prepare different protein conjugates through site-selective cysteine alkynylation. The protocol developed allows a highly efficient label of free cysteine-containing proteins with relevant biological roles, such as ubiquitin, the C2A domain of Synaptotagmin-I, or HER2 targeting nanobodies. An electrophilic bis-alkynylating reagent was also designed. The second alkynylating handle thus introduced in the desired protein enables access to protein-thiol, protein-peptide, and protein-protein conjugates, and even diubiquitin dimers can be prepared through this approach. The low excess of reagent needed, mild reaction conditions used, short reaction times, and stability of the S-C(alkyne) bonds at physiological conditions make this approach an interesting addition to the toolbox of classical, site-selective cysteine-conjugation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Laserna
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alena Istrate
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Kafuta
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077-Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tuuli A Hakala
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077-Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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30
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Paez JI, de Miguel-Jiménez A, Valbuena-Mendoza R, Rathore A, Jin M, Gläser A, Pearson S, Del Campo A. Thiol-Methylsulfone-Based Hydrogels for Cell Encapsulation: Reactivity Optimization of Aryl-Methylsulfone Substrate for Fine-Tunable Gelation Rate and Improved Stability. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2874-2886. [PMID: 34096259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are widely used as hydrated matrices for cell encapsulation in a number of applications, spanning from advanced 3D cultures and tissue models to cell-based therapeutics and tissue engineering. Hydrogel formation in the presence of living cells requires cross-linking reactions that proceed efficiently under close to physiological conditions. Recently, the nucleophilic aromatic substitution of phenyl-oxadiazole (Ox) methylsulfones (MS) by thiols was introduced as a new cross-linking reaction for cell encapsulation. Reported poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogels featured tunable gelation times within seconds to a few minutes within pH 8.0 to 6.6 and allowed reasonably good mixing with cells. However, their rapid degradation prevented cell cultures to be maintained beyond 1 week. In this Article, we present the reactivity optimization of the heteroaromatic ring of the MS partner to slow down the cross-linking kinetics and the degradability of the derived hydrogels. New MS substrates based on phenyl-tetrazole (Tz) and benzothiazole (Bt) rings, with lower electrophilicity than Ox, were synthesized by simple pathways. When mixed with PEG-thiol, the novel PEG-MS extended the working time of precursor mixtures and allowed longer term cell culture. The Tz-based MS substrate was identified as the best candidate, as it is accessible by simple chemical reactions from cost-effective reactants, hydrogel precursors show good stability in aqueous solution and keep high chemoselectivity for thiols, and the derived Tz gels support cell cultures for >2 weeks. The Tz system also shows tunable gelation kinetics within seconds to hours and allows comfortable manipulation and cell encapsulation. Our findings expand the toolkit of thiol-mediated chemistry for the synthesis of hydrogels with improved properties for laboratory handling and future automatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta I Paez
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2-2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Adrián de Miguel-Jiménez
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2-2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Saarland University, Chemistry Department, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rocío Valbuena-Mendoza
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2-2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Saarland University, Chemistry Department, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Aditi Rathore
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2-2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Minye Jin
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2-2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Saarland University, Chemistry Department, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alisa Gläser
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2-2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Samuel Pearson
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2-2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Aránzazu Del Campo
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2-2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Saarland University, Chemistry Department, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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31
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Gao Y, Peng K, Mitragotri S. Covalently Crosslinked Hydrogels via Step-Growth Reactions: Crosslinking Chemistries, Polymers, and Clinical Impact. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006362. [PMID: 33988273 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are an important class of biomaterials with the unique property of high-water content in a crosslinked polymer network. In particular, chemically crosslinked hydrogels have made a great clinical impact in past years because of their desirable mechanical properties and tunability of structural and chemical properties. Various polymers and step-growth crosslinking chemistries are harnessed for fabricating such covalently crosslinked hydrogels for translational research. However, selecting appropriate crosslinking chemistries and polymers for the intended clinical application is time-consuming and challenging. It requires the integration of polymer chemistry knowledge with thoughtful crosslinking reaction design. This task becomes even more challenging when other factors such as the biological mechanisms of the pathology, practical administration routes, and regulatory requirements add additional constraints. In this review, key features of crosslinking chemistries and polymers commonly used for preparing translatable hydrogels are outlined and their performance in biological systems is summarized. The examples of effective polymer/crosslinking chemistry combinations that have yielded clinically approved hydrogel products are specifically highlighted. These hydrogel design parameters in the context of the regulatory process and clinical translation barriers, providing a guideline for the rational selection of polymer/crosslinking chemistry combinations to construct hydrogels with high translational potential are further considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Gao
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kevin Peng
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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32
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Li J, Deng JJ, Yin Z, Hu QL, Ge Y, Song Z, Zhang Y, Chan ASC, Li H, Xiong XF. Cleavable and tunable cysteine-specific arylation modification with aryl thioethers. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5209-5215. [PMID: 34168774 PMCID: PMC8179606 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06576e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine represents an attractive target for peptide/protein modification due to the intrinsic high nucleophilicity of the thiol group and low natural abundance. Herein, a cleavable and tunable covalent modification approach for cysteine containing peptides/proteins with our newly designed aryl thioethers via a S N Ar approach was developed. Highly efficient and selective bioconjugation reactions can be carried out under mild and biocompatible conditions. A series of aryl groups bearing different bioconjugation handles, affinity or fluorescent tags are well tolerated. By adjusting the skeleton and steric hindrance of aryl thioethers slightly, the modified products showed a tunable profile for the regeneration of the native peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Jun-Jie Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Zhibin Yin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Qi-Long Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Yang Ge
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Zhendong Song
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Albert S C Chan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Huilin Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Xiong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
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33
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Knight JR, Wang Y, Xu S, Chen W, Berkman CE, Xian M. A modular template for the design of thiol-triggered sensors and prodrugs. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 247:119072. [PMID: 33128946 PMCID: PMC7736145 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A unique reaction between thiols (RSH) and alkyl sulfonylbenzothiazole was discovered. This reaction was specific for thiols and produced a sulfinic acid (RSO2H) as the intermediate, which further triggered an intramolecular cyclization to release a -OH containing payload. This reaction was used to develop thiol-triggered fluorescent sensors and prodrugs. The modular design of this template provides tunability of the release profiles of the payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Shi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Clifford E Berkman
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Ming Xian
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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34
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Nagy P, Dóka É, Ida T, Akaike T. Measuring Reactive Sulfur Species and Thiol Oxidation States: Challenges and Cautions in Relation to Alkylation-Based Protocols. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:1174-1189. [PMID: 32631072 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Redox biology is gaining ground in research related to human physiology (metabolism, signaling), pathophysiology (cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration), and toxicology (radiation- or xenobiotic-induced damage). A major hurdle in advancing redox medicine is the current lack of understanding the mechanisms underpinning the observed detrimental or beneficial in vivo effects. To gain deeper insights into the underlying molecular pathways of redox regulation, we need to appreciate the strengths and limitations of the currently available methods. Recent Advances: Reactive sulfur species (RSS), including cysteine derivatives of peptides and proteins along with small molecules such as hydrogen sulfide or inorganic polysulfides, are major players in redox biology. RSS-mediated regulation of protein functions is a widely studied mechanism in the field, and considerable efforts have been devoted to the development of selective detection methods. Critical Issues: A large number of available methods rely on an alkylation step to freeze the dynamism of consecutive oxidation and reduction events among RSS at a particular time point inside the cell. This process uses the assumption that alkylation blocks all redox events instantaneously. We argue that unfortunately this is often not the case, which could have serious impacts on detected sulfur species speciation and confound experimental results. Future Directions: Novel technologies and prudent optimization of existing methods to accurately characterize the dynamic redox status of the thiol proteome as well as detailed understanding of regulatory and signaling capacities of protein polysulfidation are crucial to open new routes toward therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Nagy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Dóka
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tomoaki Ida
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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35
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Zeng D, Wang MW, Xiang M, Liu LW, Wang PY, Li Z, Yang S. Design, synthesis, and antimicrobial behavior of novel oxadiazoles containing various N-containing heterocyclic pendants. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2681-2692. [PMID: 32149457 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gradually elevated outbreak of plant bacterial diseases severely limits agricultural products and small amounts of pesticides can manage them. Our group has previously synthesized and screened the antimicrobial activity of diverse 1,3,4-oxadiazole thioether/sulfone compounds bridged by a sulfur atom at the 2-position of 1,3,4-oxadiazole. However, few studies have evaluated the effect of eliminating the sulfur atom on bioactivity. Herein, a novel type of N-containing heterocyclic pendants-tagged 1,3,4-oxadiazoles bridged by alkyl chains only was systematically synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activities. RESULTS Bioassay results revealed that antibacterial efficacy increased by 551- and 314-fold against the corresponding phytopathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and X. axonopodis pv. citri compared to commercial agents bismerthiazol and thiodiazole copper. In vivo trials showed that C 1 exerted remarkable curative activity against rice bacterial blight with a control effectiveness of 52.9% at 200 μg mL-1 . Antibacterial mechanism research found that C 1 could reduce the hypersensitive response behavior and pathogenicity of Xoo through targeting the type III secretion system (T3SS) at a lower drug dose. This outcome was verified by observing the significantly down-regulated proteins and representative genes from the related quantitative proteomics and qRT-PCR assays. CONCLUSION This study can inspire the design of innovative molecular frameworks targeting the T3SS of phytopathogens for controlling bacterial infections. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Meng Xiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Pei-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhong Li
- College of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China
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36
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Wu Q, Cai H, Yuan T, Li S, Gan X, Song B. Novel vanillin derivatives containing a 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety as potential antibacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127113. [PMID: 32199734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, thirty-four novel vanillin derivatives containing a 1,3,4-thiadiazole structure were obtained and their antibacterial activities were evaluated. The results indicate that most of the title compounds displayed inhibitory effects on Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc). Among them, compound 29 exhibited excellent antibacterial activities against Xoo and Xoc in vitro, with the EC50 values of 3.14 and 8.83 μg/mL, respectively, much superior to thiodiazole copper (87.03 and 108.99 μg/mL) and bismerthiazol (67.64 and 79.26 μg/mL). Under greenhouse condition, the protective efficiency of compound 29 against rice bacterial leaf blight was 49.34%, and curative efficiency was 40.96%. In addition, compound 29 can reduce the exopolysaccharides production of Xoo, increase the permeability of cell membrane and damage cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ting Yuan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shaoyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiuhai Gan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Baoan Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China.
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37
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Zambaldo C, Vinogradova EV, Qi X, Iaconelli J, Suciu RM, Koh M, Senkane K, Chadwick SR, Sanchez BB, Chen JS, Chatterjee AK, Liu P, Schultz PG, Cravatt BF, Bollong MJ. 2-Sulfonylpyridines as Tunable, Cysteine-Reactive Electrophiles. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8972-8979. [PMID: 32302104 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The emerging use of covalent ligands as chemical probes and drugs would benefit from an expanded repertoire of cysteine-reactive electrophiles for efficient and diverse targeting of the proteome. Here we use the endogenous electrophile sensor of mammalian cells, the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway, to discover cysteine-reactive electrophilic fragments from a reporter-based screen for NRF2 activation. This strategy identified a series of 2-sulfonylpyridines that selectively react with biological thiols via nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr). By tuning the electrophilicity and appended recognition elements, we demonstrate the potential of the 2-sulfonylpyridine reactive group with the discovery of a selective covalent modifier of adenosine deaminase (ADA). Targeting a cysteine distal to the active site, this molecule attenuates the enzymatic activity of ADA and inhibits proliferation of lymphocytic cells. This study introduces a modular and tunable SNAr-based reactive group for targeting reactive cysteines in the human proteome and illustrates the pharmacological utility of this electrophilic series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Zambaldo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ekaterina V Vinogradova
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jonathan Iaconelli
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Radu M Suciu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Minseob Koh
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kristine Senkane
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Stormi R Chadwick
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Brittany B Sanchez
- Automated Synthesis Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jason S Chen
- Automated Synthesis Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Arnab K Chatterjee
- California Institute for Biomedical Research (Calibr), La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peter G Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Michael J Bollong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Chen B, Long QS, Meng J, Zhou X, Wu ZB, Tuo XX, Ding Y, Zhang L, Wang PY, Li Z, Yang S. Target Discovery in Ralstonia solanacearum through an Activity-Based Protein Profiling Technique Based on Bioactive Oxadiazole Sulfones. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2340-2346. [PMID: 32017553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is an extremely destructive and rebellious phytopathogen that can cause bacterial wilt diseases in more than 200 plant species. To explore and discover the potential targets in R. solanacearum for the purpose of developing new agrochemicals targeting this infection, here, we exploited a typical activity-based protein profiling technique for target discovery in R. solanacearum based on an activity-based probe 1 derived from bioactive oxadiazole sulfones. A total of 65 specific targets were identified with high confidence through a quantitative chemical proteomic approach. Three representative proteins (glycine cleavage system H protein, thiol peroxidase, and dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase) were validated as the targets by using the immunoblotting analysis with their respective antibodies. Additionally, the in vitro interaction between the recombinant thiol peroxidase and probe 1 further confirmed that this protein was a target of oxadiazole sulfones. We anticipated that these discovered protein targets in R. solanacearum can stimulate the discovery and development of novel agrochemicals targeting bacterial infections caused by R. solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Qing-Su Long
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Jiao Meng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Zhi-Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Xin-Xin Tuo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Yue Ding
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Pei-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
| | - Zhong Li
- College of Pharmacy , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University , Guiyang 550025 , China
- College of Pharmacy , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
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Paez JI, Farrukh A, Valbuena-Mendoza R, Włodarczyk-Biegun MK, Del Campo A. Thiol-Methylsulfone-Based Hydrogels for 3D Cell Encapsulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:8062-8072. [PMID: 31999422 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-maleimide and thiol-vinylsulfone cross-linked hydrogels are widely used systems in 3D culture models, in spite of presenting uncomfortable reaction kinetics for cell encapsulation: too fast (seconds for thiol-maleimide) or too slow (minutes-hours for thiol-vinylsulfone). Here, we introduce the thiol-methylsulfone reaction as alternative cross-linking chemistry for cell encapsulation, particularized for PEG-hydrogels. The thiol-methylsulfone reaction occurs at high conversion and at intermediate reaction speed (seconds-minutes) under physiological pH range. These properties allow easy mixing of hydrogel precursors and cells to render homogeneous cell-laden gels at comfortable experimental time scales. The resulting hydrogels are cytocompatible and show comparable hydrolytic stability to thiol-vinylsulfone gels. They allow direct bioconjugation of thiol-derivatized ligands and tunable degradation kinetics by cross-linking with degradable peptide sequences. 3D cell culture of two cell types, fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta I Paez
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials , Campus D2-2 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Aleeza Farrukh
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials , Campus D2-2 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Rocío Valbuena-Mendoza
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials , Campus D2-2 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
- Saarland University , Chemistry Department , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | | | - Aránzazu Del Campo
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials , Campus D2-2 , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
- Saarland University , Chemistry Department , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
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40
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Poole LB, Furdui CM, King SB. Introduction to approaches and tools for the evaluation of protein cysteine oxidation. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:1-17. [PMID: 32031597 PMCID: PMC7477960 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative modifications of cysteine thiols in cellular proteins are pivotal to the way signal-stimulated reactive oxygen species are sensed and elicit appropriate or sometimes pathological responses, but the dynamic and often transitory nature of these modifications offer a challenge to the investigator trying to identify such sites and the responses they elicit. A number of reagents and workflows have been developed to identify proteins undergoing oxidation and to query the timing, extent and location of such modifications, as described in this minireview. While no approach is perfect to capture all the redox information in a functioning cell, best practices described herein can enable considerable insights into the "redox world" of cells and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie B. Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
- Center for Redox Biology and Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - Cristina M. Furdui
- Center for Redox Biology and Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
| | - S. Bruce King
- Center for Redox Biology and Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, U.S.A
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, U.S.A
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41
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Shi Y, Carroll KS. Activity-Based Sensing for Site-Specific Proteomic Analysis of Cysteine Oxidation. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:20-31. [PMID: 31869209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative post-translational modifications (OxiPTMs) of cysteine residues are the molecular foundation of thiol-based redox regulation that modulates physiological events such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration and, when dysregulated, can lead to biomolecule damage and cell death. Common OxiPTMs of cysteine thiols (-SH) include reversible modifications such as S-sulfenylation (-SOH), S-glutathionylation (-SSG), disulfide formation (-SSR), S-nitrosylation (-SNO), and S-sulfhydration (-SSH) as well as more biologically stable modifications like S-sulfinylation (-SO2H) and S-sulfonylation (-SO3H). In the past decade, our laboratory has developed first-in-class chemistry-based tools and proteomic methods to advance the field of thiol-based redox biology and oxidative stress. In this Account, we take the reader through the historical aspects of probe development and application in our laboratory, highlighting key advances in our understanding of sulfur chemistry, in the test tube and in living systems. Offering superior resolution, throughput, accuracy, and reproducibility, mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics coupled to chemoselective "activity-based" small-molecule probes is the most rigorous technique for global mapping of cysteine OxiPTMs. Herein, we describe the evolution of this field from indirect detection to state-of-the-art site-centric quantitative chemoproteomic approaches that enable mapping of physiological and pathological changes in cysteine oxidation. These methods enable protein and site-level identification, mechanistic studies, mapping fold-changes, and modification stoichiometry. In particular, this Account focuses on activity-based methods for profiling S-sulfenylation, S-sulfinylation, and S-sulfhydration with an eye toward new reactions and methodologies developed in our group as well as their applications that have shed new light on fundamental processes of redox biology. Among several classes of sulfenic acid probes, dimedone-based C-nucleophiles possess superior chemical selectivity and compatibility with tandem MS. Cell-permeable dimedone derivatives with a bioconjugation handle are capable of detecting of S-sulfenylation in living cells. In-depth screening of a C-nucleophile library has yielded several entities with significantly enhanced reactivity over dimedone while maintaining selectivity, and reversible linear C-nucleophiles that enable controlled target release. C-Nucleophiles have also been implemented in tag-switch methods to detect S-sulfhydration. Most recently, activity-based detection of protein S-sulfinylation with electrophilic nitrogen species (ENS), such as C-nitroso compounds and electron deficient diazines, offers significant advantages in simplicity-of-use and target specificity compared to label-free methods. When feasible, the rich information provided by site-centric quantitative proteomics should not be tainted by oxidation artifacts from cell lysis. Therefore, chemoselective probes that function in a native environment with low cytotoxicity, good cell-permeability, and competitive kinetics are desired in modern redox chemoproteomics approaches. As our understanding of sulfur chemistry and redox signaling evolves, newly discovered cysteine OxiPTMs in microorganisms, plants, cells, tissues, and disease models should innovatively promote mechanistic and therapeutic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Shi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Kate S. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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Zhang L, Kang J, Liu S, Zhang X, Sun J, Hu Y, Yang Y, Chen L. A chemical covalent tactic for bio-thiol sensing and protein labeling agent design. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11485-11488. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04169f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A chemical covalent tactic was developed for bio-thiol sensing and protein labeling agent design by the installation of a sulfoxide scaffold onto the skeleton of various fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangwei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Yantai 264003
- China
| | - Jie Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Shudi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yantai University
- Yantai 264005
- China
| | - Xia Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Yantai 264003
- China
| | - Jinyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Yuesong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000
- China
| | - Yang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Yantai 264003
- China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Yantai 264003
- China
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43
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Motiwala HF, Kuo YH, Stinger BL, Palfey BA, Martin BR. Tunable Heteroaromatic Sulfones Enhance in-Cell Cysteine Profiling. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:1801-1810. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruce A. Palfey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, 5220E MSRB III 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States,
| | - Brent R. Martin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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44
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Chen B, Long Q, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Ge S, Wang P, Yang CG, Chi Y, Song B, Yang S. Sulfone-Based Probes Unraveled Dihydrolipoamide S-Succinyltransferase as an Unprecedented Target in Phytopathogens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6962-6969. [PMID: 31150235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Target validation of current drugs remains the major challenge for target-based drug discovery, especially for agrochemical discovery. The bactericide 0 represents a novel lead structure and has shown potent efficacy against those diseases that are extremely difficult to control, such as rice bacterial leaf blight. However, no detailed target analysis of this bactericide has been reported. Here, we developed a panel of 0-derived probes 1-6, in which a conservative modification (alkyne tag) was introduced to keep the antibacterial activity of 0 and provide functionality for target identification via click chemistry. With these cell-permeable probes, we were able to discover dihydrolipoamide S-succinyltransferase (DLST) as an unprecedented target in living cells. The probes showed good preference for DLST, especially probe 1, which demonstrated distinct selectivity and reactivity. Also, we reported 0 as the first covalent DLST inhibitor, which has been used to confirm the involvement of DLST in the regulation of energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Huaxi District, Guiyang , Guizhou 550025 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsu Long
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Huaxi District, Guiyang , Guizhou 550025 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yongliang Zhao
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Huaxi District, Guiyang , Guizhou 550025 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Huaxi District, Guiyang , Guizhou 550025 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha Ge
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Huaxi District, Guiyang , Guizhou 550025 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyi Wang
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Huaxi District, Guiyang , Guizhou 550025 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Guang Yang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggui Chi
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Huaxi District, Guiyang , Guizhou 550025 , People's Republic of China
| | - Baoan Song
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Huaxi District, Guiyang , Guizhou 550025 , People's Republic of China
| | - Song Yang
- Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education , Guizhou University , Huaxi District, Guiyang , Guizhou 550025 , People's Republic of China
- College of Pharmacy , East China University of Science & Technology , Shanghai 200237 , People's Republic of China
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45
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Su XC, Chen JL. Site-Specific Tagging of Proteins with Paramagnetic Ions for Determination of Protein Structures in Solution and in Cells. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1675-1686. [PMID: 31150202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution NMR spectroscopy is sensitive to local structural variations and subtle dynamics of biomolecules and is an important technique for studying the structures, dynamics, and interactions of these molecules. Small-molecule probes, including paramagnetic tags, have been developed for this purpose. Paramagnetic effects manifested in magnetic resonance spectra have long been recognized as valuable tools for chemical analysis of small molecules, and these effects were later applied in the fields of chemical biology and structural biology. However, such applications require the installation of a paramagnetic center in the biomolecules of interest. Paramagnetic metal ions and stable free radicals are the most widely used paramagnetic probes for biological magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and therefore mild, high-yielding approaches for chemically attaching paramagnetic tags to biomolecules are in high demand. In this Account, we begin by discussing paramagnetic species, especially transition metal ions and lanthanide ions, that are suitable for NMR and EPR studies, particularly for in-cell applications. Thereafter, we describe approaches for site-specific tagging of proteins with paramagnetic ions and discuss considerations involved in designing high-quality paramagnetic tags, including the strength of the binding between the metal-chelating moiety and the paramagnetic ion, the chemical stability, and the flexibility of the tether between the paramagnetic tag and the target protein. The flexibility of a tag correlates strongly with the averaging of paramagnetic effects observed in NMR spectra, and we describe methods for increasing tag rigidity and applications of such tags in biological systems. We also describe specific applications of established site-specific tagging approaches and newly developed paramagnetic tags for the elucidation of protein structures and dynamics at atomic resolution both in solution and in cells. First, we describe the determination of the 3D structure of a short-lived, low-abundance enzyme intermediate complex in real time by using pseudocontact shifts as structural restraints. Second, we demonstrate the utility of stable paramagnetic tags for determining 3D structures of proteins in live cells, and pseudocontact shifts are shown to be valuable structural restraints for in-cell protein analysis. Third, we show that a NMR optimized paramagnetic tag allows one to determine distance restraints on proteins by double electron-electron resonance (DEER) measurements with high spatial resolution both in vitro and in cells. Finally, we summarize recent advances in site-specific tagging of proteins to achieve atomic-resolution information about structural changes of proteins, and the advantages and challenges of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun-Cheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jia-Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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46
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Zhang C, Vinogradova EV, Spokoyny AM, Buchwald SL, Pentelute BL. Arylation Chemistry for Bioconjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4810-4839. [PMID: 30399206 PMCID: PMC6433541 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation chemistry has been used to prepare modified biomolecules with functions beyond what nature intended. Central to these techniques is the development of highly efficient and selective bioconjugation reactions that operate under mild, biomolecule compatible conditions. Methods that form a nucleophile-sp2 carbon bond show promise for creating bioconjugates with new modifications, sometimes resulting in molecules with unparalleled functions. Here we outline and review sulfur, nitrogen, selenium, oxygen, and carbon arylative bioconjugation strategies and their applications to modify peptides, proteins, sugars, and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Dr. C. Zhang, Dr. E. V. Vinogradova, Prof. Dr. A. M. Spokoyny, Prof. Dr. S. L. Buchwald, Prof. Dr. B. L. Pentelute, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, ,
| | - Ekaterina V. Vinogradova
- Dr. C. Zhang, Dr. E. V. Vinogradova, Prof. Dr. A. M. Spokoyny, Prof. Dr. S. L. Buchwald, Prof. Dr. B. L. Pentelute, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, ,
- Dr. E. V. Vinogradova, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexander M. Spokoyny
- Dr. C. Zhang, Dr. E. V. Vinogradova, Prof. Dr. A. M. Spokoyny, Prof. Dr. S. L. Buchwald, Prof. Dr. B. L. Pentelute, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, ,
- Prof. Dr. A. M. Spokoyny, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Dr. C. Zhang, Dr. E. V. Vinogradova, Prof. Dr. A. M. Spokoyny, Prof. Dr. S. L. Buchwald, Prof. Dr. B. L. Pentelute, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, ,
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Dr. C. Zhang, Dr. E. V. Vinogradova, Prof. Dr. A. M. Spokoyny, Prof. Dr. S. L. Buchwald, Prof. Dr. B. L. Pentelute, Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA, ,
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47
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Zhang C, Vinogradova EV, Spokoyny AM, Buchwald SL, Pentelute BL. Arylierungschemie für die Biokonjugation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Ekaterina V. Vinogradova
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular MedicineThe Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Alexander M. Spokoyny
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California, Los Angeles 607 Charles E. Young Drive East Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Department of ChemistryMassachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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48
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Gehringer M, Laufer SA. Emerging and Re-Emerging Warheads for Targeted Covalent Inhibitors: Applications in Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5673-5724. [PMID: 30565923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs) are designed to bind poorly conserved amino acids by means of reactive groups, the so-called warheads. Currently, targeting noncatalytic cysteine residues with acrylamides and other α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds is the predominant strategy in TCI development. The recent ascent of covalent drugs has stimulated considerable efforts to characterize alternative warheads for the covalent-reversible and irreversible engagement of noncatalytic cysteine residues as well as other amino acids. This Perspective article provides an overview of warheads-beyond α,β-unsaturated amides-recently used in the design of targeted covalent ligands. Promising reactive groups that have not yet demonstrated their utility in TCI development are also highlighted. Special emphasis is placed on the discussion of reactivity and of case studies illustrating applications in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Gehringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry , Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
| | - Stefan A Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry , Eberhard Karls University Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 8 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji SAKAMOTO
- Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University
| | - Itaru HAMACHI
- Graduate School of Engineering, Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University
- ERATO Innovative Molecular Technology for Neuroscience Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
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Hu G, Zhang B, Zhou P, Hou Y, Jia H, Liu Y, Gan L, Zhang H, Mao Y, Fang J. Depletion of protein thiols and the accumulation of oxidized thioredoxin in Parkinsonism disclosed by a red-emitting and environment-sensitive probe. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:2696-2702. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb03101k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein sulfhydryl groups play a vital role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and protein functions and have attracted increasing interests for the selective detection of protein thiols over low-molecular-weight thiols (LMWTs).
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