1
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Wang T, An D, Zhu J, Zhang X, Zhang J, Gu Y, Lu X, Liu Y. Tuning Molecular Packing and Boosting Self-Assembling Properties via Ring Fusion Strategy in Naphthalimide-Based A-D-A Conjugated Systems. Org Lett 2024; 26:5010-5015. [PMID: 38819192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Two fully fused acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) architecture conjugated derivatives (NPF and NCF) comprising an electron-withdrawing naphthalimide (NMI) and two different electron-donating cores, phenanthrene and carbazole, respectively, were conveniently synthesized by bismuth(III)-catalyzed selective cyclization of vinyl ethers. Compared with their corresponding single bond-linked A-D-A molecules NPS and NCS, both having a moderately twisted aromatic configuration, the ring fusion strategy leads to fully coplanar conjugated skeletons and greatly changes the electronic structures, photophysical properties, self-assembling behaviors, and molecular packing motifs. In particular, the naphthalimide/carbazole derivative NCF exhibits intriguing 2D brickwork packing and significantly enhanced self-assembling properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dongyue An
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaozhi Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiaxi Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuanhe Gu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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2
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Huo GF, Xu WT, Han Y, Zhu J, Hou X, Fan W, Ni Y, Wu S, Yang HB, Wu J. Expanded Azahelicenes with Large Dissymmetry Factors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403149. [PMID: 38421194 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Expanded azahelicenes, as heteroanalogues of helically chiral helicenes, hold significant potential for chiroptical materials. Nevertheless, their investigation and research have remained largely unexplored. Herein, we present the facile synthesis of a series of expanded azahelicenes NHn (n=1-5) consisting of 11, 19, 27, 35, and 43 fused rings, mainly by Suzuki coupling followed by Bi(OTf)3-mediated cyclization of vinyl ethers. The structures of NH2, NH3 and NH4 were confirmed through X-ray crystallography analysis, and their (P)- and (M)- enantiomers were also isolated with chiral high performance liquid chromatography. The enantiomers exhibit large absorption (abs) and luminescence (lum) dissymmetry factors, with |gabs|max=0.044; |glum|max=0.003 for NH2, |gabs|max=0.048; |glum|=0.014 for NH3, and |gabs|max=0.043; |glum|max=0.021 for NH4, which are superior to their respective all-carbon analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Fei Huo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei-Tao Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xudong Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Arakawa C, Kanemoto K, Nakai K, Wang C, Morohashi S, Kwon E, Ito S, Yoshikai N. Carboiodanation of Arynes: Organoiodine(III) Compounds as Nucleophilic Organometalloids. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3910-3919. [PMID: 38315817 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Organic iodine(III) compounds represent the most widely used hypervalent halogen compounds in organic synthesis, where they typically perform the role of an electrophile or oxidant to functionalize electron-rich or -nucleophilic organic compounds. In contrast to this convention, we discovered their unique reactivity as organometallic-like nucleophiles toward arynes. Equipped with diverse transferable ligands and supported by a tethered spectator ligand, the organoiodine(III) compounds undergo addition across the electrophilic C-C triple bond of arynes while retaining the trivalency of the iodine center. This carboiodanation reaction can forge a variety of aryl-alkynyl, aryl-alkenyl, and aryl-(hetero)aryl bonds along with the concurrent formation of an aryl-iodine(III) bond under mild conditions. The newly formed aryl-iodine(III) bond serves as a versatile linchpin for downstream transformations, particularly as an electrophilic reaction site. The amphoteric nature of the iodine(III) group as a metalloid and a leaving group in this sequence enables the flexible and expedient synthesis of extended π-conjugated molecules and privileged biarylphosphine ligands, where all of the iodine(III)-containing compounds can be handled as air- and thermally stable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisaki Arakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kanemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nakai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Chen Wang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Alternative Technologies for Fine Chemical Process, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunya Morohashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Eunsang Kwon
- Endowed Research Laboratory of Dimensional Integrated Nanomaterials, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shingo Ito
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Naohiko Yoshikai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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4
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Wang K, Rao Y, Xu L, Zhou M, Aratani N, Osuka A, Song J. Post-Installation of Fused Benzoheptagons at the Periphery of NiII Porphyrins: Helical Structures and Conformation-Adjustable Fullerenes Binding. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301955. [PMID: 37518990 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Fused-benzoheptagon-installed NiII porphyrins were synthesized by a protocol consisting of (2-formyl)arylation at the meso-position(s) of NiII porphyrins, conversion of formyl group to methoxyethene group by Wittig reaction, and final Bi(OTf)3 -catalyzed cyclization. The structures of these porphyrins have been revealed by X-ray analysis. Owing to the installed heptagon ring(s), these porphyrins show curved structures with conformational flexibility. Dimer has been shown to have a small activation barrier for inversion and to capture C60 and C70 with large association constants with adjustable conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Yutao Rao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Ling Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Mingbo Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Naoki Aratani
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
| | - Jianxin Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China
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5
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Kirkeby EK, Schwartz ZT, Lovasz MA, Roberts AG. Deaminative ring contraction for the synthesis of polycyclic heteroaromatics: a concise total synthesis of toddaquinoline. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10508-10514. [PMID: 37800000 PMCID: PMC10548534 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03936f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A concise strategy to prepare polycyclic heteroaromatics involving a deaminative contraction cascade is detailed. The efficient deaminative ring contraction involves the in situ methylation of a biaryl-linked dihydroazepine to form a cyclic ammonium cation that undergoes a base-induced [1,2]-Stevens rearrangement/dehydroamination sequence. The presence of pseudosymmetry guides the retrosynthetic analysis of pyridyl-containing polycyclic heteroaromatics, enabling their construction by the reductive cyclization and deaminative contraction of tertiary amine precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Kirkeby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Zachary T Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Myles A Lovasz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
| | - Andrew G Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East Salt Lake City Utah 84112 USA
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6
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Hao T, Gao W, Yuan S, Liu Y, Li Y, Fu Y, Ding Q. One-Pot Three-Component Synthesis of Phenanthrenes via Palladium-Catalyzed Catellani and Retro-Diels-Alder Reactions. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37452758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
An efficient one-pot three-component palladium-catalyzed domino reaction of aryl iodide, 2-bromophenylboronic acid, and norbornadiene to produce phenanthrenes has been developed. Norbornadiene serves both as the activator of ortho-C-H bond and the source of ethylene via a retro-Diels-Alder reaction. The method features inexpensive and readily available substrates, a broad range of functional groups, and good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxin Hao
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Sitian Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yi Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yang Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qiuping Ding
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Green Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, China
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7
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Sa Y, Lv X, Yao JY, Lu XY, Wu AB, Shu WM, Yu WC. Tandem Ene/[4 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction for the Synthesis of 9-Benzylphenanthrenes from Arynes and α-(Bromomethyl)styrenes. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37319302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A tandem reaction for the synthesis of phenanthrenes from arynes and α-(bromomethyl)styrenes is reported. The transformation proceeds via an ene reaction of α-(bromomethyl)styrenes with arynes, followed by a [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. The reaction generates 9-benzylphenanthrene derivatives in moderate to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sa
- Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lv
- Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Yu Yao
- Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Yang Lu
- Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Bin Wu
- Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ming Shu
- Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Chu Yu
- Hubei Engineering Research Centers for Clean Production and Pollution Control of Oil and Gas Fields, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, P. R. China
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8
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Chang D, Zhu J, Sun Y, Chi K, Qiao Y, Wang T, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Lu X. From closed-shell edge-extended kekulenes to open-shell carbonylated cycloarene diradicaloid. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6087-6094. [PMID: 37293645 PMCID: PMC10246668 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01295f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise synthesis of cycloarenes remains a challenging topic in both organic chemistry and materials science due to their unique fully fused macrocyclic π-conjugated structure. Herein, a series of alkoxyl- and aryl-cosubstituted cycloarenes (kekulene and edge-extended kekulene derivatives, K1-K3) were conveniently synthesized and an unexpected transformation of the anthryl-containing cycloarene K3 into a carbonylated cycloarene derivative K3-R was disclosed by controlling the temperature and gas atmosphere of the Bi(OTf)3-catalyzed cyclization reaction. All their molecular structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The crystallographic data, NMR measurements, and theoretical calculations reveal their rigid quasi-planar skeletons, dominant local aromaticities, and decreasing intermolecular π-π stacking distance with extension of the two opposite edges. The much lower oxidation potential for K3 by cyclic voltammetry explains its unique reactivity. Moreover, carbonylated cycloarene derivative K3-R shows a remarkable stability, large diradical character, a small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES-T = -1.81 kcal mol-1), and weak intramolecular spin-spin coupling. Most importantly, it represents the first example of carbonylated cycloarene diradicaloids as well as the first example of radical-acceptor cycloarenes and will shed some light on synthesis of extended kekulenes and conjugated macrocyclic diradicaloids and polyradicaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Chang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yutao Sun
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yanjun Qiao
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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9
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Zhang N, Li W, Zhu J, Wang T, Zhang R, Chi K, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Lu X. Periphery Fusion Strategy of a Carbazole-Based Macrocycle toward Coplanar N-Heterocycloarene for High-Mobility Single-Crystal Transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300094. [PMID: 36807375 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Designing (hetero)cycloarenes through the modifications of the π-topology and molecular packing of organic semiconductors has recently garnered considerable attention. However, their applications as an organic active layer in field-effect transistors are very limited, and the obtained hole carrier mobilities are less than 1 cm2 V-1 s-1 . In this work, a novel alkyl-substituted coplanar N-heterocycloarene (FM-C4) containing four carbazole units is successfully synthesized in crystalline form. As compared to the corresponding single-bond-linked carbazole-based macrocycle M-C4, it is found that the periphery fusion strategy greatly changes the electronic structures, energy levels, photophysical properties, host-guest interactions with fullerenes, and molecular crystal stacking motifs. In particular, the fully fused N-heterocycloarene FM-C4 exhibits a herringbone packing structure with an unusual long-range π-π overlap distance as low as 3.19 Å, whereas the single crystal of M-C4 demonstrates no π-π interactions. As a consequence, FM-C4 in single-crystal transistors displays the highest hole mobility of 2.06 cm2 V-1 s-1 , significantly outperforming M-C4 and all the reported (hetero)cycloarenes and suggesting the high potential of (hetero)cycloarenes for organic electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
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10
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Zhang N, Yang L, Li W, Zhu J, Chi K, Chang D, Qiao Y, Wang T, Zhao Y, Lu X, Liu Y. Alkyl-Substituted N,S-Embedded Heterocycloarenes with a Planar Aromatic Configuration for Hosting Fullerenes and Organic Field-Effect Transistors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21521-21529. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Longfei Yang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenhao Li
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kai Chi
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dongdong Chang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanjun Qiao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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11
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Fei Y, Liu J. Synthesis of Defective Nanographenes Containing Joined Pentagons and Heptagons. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201000. [PMID: 35470978 PMCID: PMC9259726 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Defective nanographenes containing joined pentagons and heptagons exhibit striking physicochemical properties from both experimental and theoretical perspectives compared with their pure hexagonal counterparts. Thus, the synthesis and characterization of these unique polyarenes with well-defined defective topologies have attracted increasing attention. Despite extensive research on nonalternant molecules since the last century, most studies focused on the corresponding mutagenic and carcinogenic activities. Recently, researchers have realized that the defective domain induces geometric bending and causes electronic perturbation, thus leading to significant alteration of the photophysical properties. This review discusses the synthesis and characterization of small nonalternant polycyclic hydrocarbons in the early stage and recent developments in embedding pentagon-heptagon (5-7) pairs into large carbon skeletons through in-solution chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Fei
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Junzhi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic ChemistryThe University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
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12
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Sobhani M, Villinger A, Ehlers P, Langer P. Regioselective Synthesis of Naphthothiophenes by Pd Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions and Alkyne-Carbonyl Metathesis. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4560-4568. [PMID: 35275622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Naphthothiophenes were prepared from commercially available 2,3-dibromothiophenes in two steps by one-pot Suzuki/Sonogashira or Sonogashira/Suzuki coupling reactions, followed by intramolecular alkyne-carbonyl-metathesis reactions. The final cyclization reaction proceeds in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid and provides a rapid access to two series of isomeric naphthothiophenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sobhani
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Ehlers
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Leibniz Institut für Katalyse, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str.29 a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Peter Langer
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany.,Leibniz Institut für Katalyse, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str.29 a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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13
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Fan W, Matsuno T, Han Y, Wang X, Zhou Q, Isobe H, Wu J. Synthesis and Chiral Resolution of Twisted Carbon Nanobelts. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15924-15929. [PMID: 34550688 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Twisted carbon nanobelts could display persistent chirality, which is desirable for material applications, but their synthesis is very challenging. Herein, we report the successful synthesis and chiral resolution of such a kind of molecules (1-H and 1) with a figure-eight configuration. 1-H was synthesized first by macrocyclization through Suzuki coupling reaction followed by benzannulation via Bi(OTf)3-mediated cyclization reaction of vinyl ether. Oxidative dehydrogenation of 1-H gave the fully π-conjugated 1. Their twisted structures were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis and calculations, and they can be resolved by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography. The isolated enantiomers showed persistent chiroptical properties according to the circular dichroism measurements, with moderate |gabs| values (0.0016 for 1-H and 0.005-0.007 for 1). Their photophysical properties were also briefly studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Taisuke Matsuno
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Qifeng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Hiroyuki Isobe
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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14
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John SE, Tokala R, Kaki VR, Shankaraiah N. Expedition to Phenanthrene Nucleus: A Two‐decade Research on Bench. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephy Elza John
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Ramya Tokala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Venkata Rao Kaki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad 500037 India
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15
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Zhao B, Zhang Z, Ge Y, Li P, Miao T, Wang L. Photochemical synthesis of 3-hydroxyphenanthro[9,10-c]furan-1(3H)-ones from α-keto acids and alkynes. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01487g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel and efficient method for the synthesis of 3-hydroxyphenanthro[9,10-c]furan-1(3H)-ones has been achieved from α-keto acids and alkynes through photo-initiated transformation, providing a range of products in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhao
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Ge
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
| | - Pinhua Li
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Miao
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry
- Ministry of Education
- Huaibei Normal University
- Huaibei
- P. R. China
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16
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Babaahmadi R, Jalali M, Smith JA, Yates BF, Ariafard A. How a Bismuth(III) Catalyst Achieves Greatest Activation of Organic Lewis Bases in a Catalytic Reaction: Insights from DFT Calculations. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202001688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Babaahmadi
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry) University of Tasmania Private Bag 75 Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Mona Jalali
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry) University of Tasmania Private Bag 75 Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Jason A. Smith
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry) University of Tasmania Private Bag 75 Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Brian F. Yates
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry) University of Tasmania Private Bag 75 Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Natural Sciences (Chemistry) University of Tasmania Private Bag 75 Hobart TAS 7001 Australia
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17
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Kancherla S, Jørgensen KB. Synthesis of Phenacene-Helicene Hybrids by Directed Remote Metalation. J Org Chem 2020; 85:11140-11153. [PMID: 32786610 PMCID: PMC7498163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with six and seven rings were synthesized via directed metalation and cross-coupling of chrysenyl N,N-diethyl carboxamides with o-tolyl and methylnaphthalenyl derivatives. In the presence of competing ortho sites, the site selectivity in iodination of chrysenyl amides by directed ortho metalation (DoM) was influenced by the lithium base. The catalyst ligand bite angle was presumably important in the cross-coupling of sterically hindered bulky PAHs. Subsequent directed remote metalation of biaryls under standard conditions and at elevated temperatures afforded various fused six- and seven-ring PAHs, all in good yields and with fluorescent properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Kancherla
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Kåre B Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
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18
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Mahecha-Mahecha C, Lecornué F, Akinari S, Charote T, Gamba-Sánchez D, Ohwada T, Thibaudeau S. Sequential Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling/Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Cyclization: An Entry to Functionalized Cycloalkane-Fused Naphthalenes. Org Lett 2020; 22:6267-6271. [PMID: 32806180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized angular cycloalkane-fused naphthalenes were prepared using a two-step process involving a Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of aryl pinacol boronates and vinyl triflates followed by a boron trifluoride etherate-catalyzed cycloaromatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Mahecha-Mahecha
- Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285, IC2MP, Equipe Synthèse Organique-Groupe Superacide, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France.,Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Bio and Organocatalysis, Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Frédéric Lecornué
- Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285, IC2MP, Equipe Synthèse Organique-Groupe Superacide, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Sumita Akinari
- Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285, IC2MP, Equipe Synthèse Organique-Groupe Superacide, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Thomas Charote
- Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285, IC2MP, Equipe Synthèse Organique-Groupe Superacide, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Diego Gamba-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Bio and Organocatalysis, Chemistry Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Tomohiko Ohwada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sébastien Thibaudeau
- Université de Poitiers, UMR-CNRS 7285, IC2MP, Equipe Synthèse Organique-Groupe Superacide, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
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19
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Nagahora N, Tanaka R, Tada T, Yasuda A, Yamada Y, Shioji K, Okuma K. Thiopyrylium Scaffolds from the Lewis/Brønsted-Acid-Promoted Cyclization of Thioethers. Org Lett 2020; 22:6192-6196. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Nagahora
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Rina Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Tada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Akira Yasuda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kosei Shioji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kentaro Okuma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
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20
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Yang L, Zhang N, Han Y, Zou Y, Qiao Y, Chang D, Zhao Y, Lu X, Wu J, Liu Y. A sulfur-containing hetero-octulene: synthesis, host–guest properties, and transistor applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9990-9993. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04289g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A heterocycloarene derivative (S-Octulene) possessing two sulfur atoms was conveniently synthesized through Bi(OTf)3-catalyzed cyclization from a macrocyclic tetramethoxyethenylated precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Yang
- Department of Materials Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Materials Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Ya Zou
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Yanjun Qiao
- Department of Materials Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
| | - Dongdong Chang
- Department of Materials Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200438
- China
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Lempenauer
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRSInstitut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272 Parc Valrose 06108 Nice Cedex 2 France
| | - Gilles Lemière
- Sorbonne Université, CNRSInstitut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire 4 Place Jussieu, CC 229 75252 Paris Cedex 05 France
| | - Elisabet Duñach
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRSInstitut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272 Parc Valrose 06108 Nice Cedex 2 France
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22
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Murai M, Nishinaka N, Kimura M, Takai K. Regioselective Functionalization of 9,9-Dimethyl-9-silafluorenes by Borylation, Bromination, and Nitration. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5667-5676. [PMID: 30938531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the utility of 9-silafluorenes as functional materials and as building blocks, methods for efficient functionalization of their backbone are rare, probably because of the presence of easily cleavable C-Si bonds. Although controlling the regioselectivity of iridium-catalyzed direct borylation of C-H bonds is difficult, we found that bromination and nitration of 2-methoxy-9-silafluorene under mild conditions occurred predominantly at the electron-rich position. The resulting product having methoxy and bromo groups can be utilized as a building block for the synthesis of unsymmetrically substituted 9-silafluorene-containing π-conjugated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Murai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Naoki Nishinaka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Mizuki Kimura
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology , Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
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23
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Murai M, Ogita T, Takai K. Regioselective arene homologation through rhenium-catalyzed deoxygenative aromatization of 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-dienes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2332-2335. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00270g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A facile approach to PAHs with an arm-chair edge via regioselective bromination, Diels–Alder reaction, and rhenium-catalyzed deoxygenative aromatization is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Murai
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, and Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science
- Okayama University
- Okayama 700-8530
- Japan
| | - Takuya Ogita
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, and Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science
- Okayama University
- Okayama 700-8530
- Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takai
- Division of Applied Chemistry
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, and Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science
- Okayama University
- Okayama 700-8530
- Japan
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24
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Yang W, Monteiro JHSK, de Bettencourt‐Dias A, Catalano VJ, Chalifoux WA. Synthesis, Structure, Photophysical Properties, and Photostability of Benzodipyrenes. Chemistry 2018; 25:1441-1445. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Nevada, Reno 1664 N. Virginia St. Reno NV 89557 USA
| | | | | | - Vincent J. Catalano
- Department of Chemistry University of Nevada, Reno 1664 N. Virginia St. Reno NV 89557 USA
| | - Wesley A. Chalifoux
- Department of Chemistry University of Nevada, Reno 1664 N. Virginia St. Reno NV 89557 USA
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25
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Li J, Qian B, Huang H. Silver-Catalyzed Olefination of Acetals and Ketals with Diazoesters to β-Alkoxyacrylates. Org Lett 2018; 20:7090-7094. [PMID: 30362774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first silver-catalyzed reaction of acetals or ketals with diazoesters leading to trisubstituted or tetrasubstituted β-alkoxyacrylates is now reported. A broad range of acetals and ketals bearing different substituents is compatible with this protocol and thus provides an attractive approach for the synthesis of complex β-alkoxyacrylates. The power of this method was further demonstrated by the successful synthesis of picoxystrobin, which is one of the most popular agricultural fungicides commercialized by Dupont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Bo Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , P. R. China
| | - Hanmin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation , Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Lanzhou 730000 , P. R. China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , University of Science and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Hefei 230026 , P. R. China
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26
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Jiang YT, Yu ZZ, Zhang YK, Wang B. N-Bromosuccinimide-Induced C-H Bond Functionalization: An Intramolecular Cycloaromatization of Electron Withdrawing Group Substituted 1-Biphenyl-2-ylethanone for the Synthesis of 10-Phenanthrenol. Org Lett 2018; 20:3728-3731. [PMID: 29923730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An NBS-induced intramolecular cycloaromatization for the synthesis of 10-phenanthrenols from electron-withdrawing group substituted 1-biphenyl-2-ylethanones is described. The in situ generated bromide was designed to act as an initiator for the radical C-H bond activation. An oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling reaction of a highly active C-H bond with an inert C-H bond readily occurs under mild conditions without the need for transition metals or strong oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road , Tianjin 300353 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road , Tianjin 300353 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road , Tianjin 300353 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road , Tianjin 300353 , People's Republic of China
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Murai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuki Origuchi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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28
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Sha HK, Xu T, Liu F, Tang BZ, Hao WJ, Tu SJ, Jiang B. Metal-free naphthannulation reactions of yne-allenone esters for accessing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10415-10418. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05018j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first metal-free base-promoted naphthannulation reactions of yne-allenone esters were developed for the direct assembly of a wide range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with generally good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Kai Sha
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Ting Xu
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Bu-Zheng Tang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Wen-Juan Hao
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Shu-Jiang Tu
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- P. R. China
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29
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Murai M, Iba S, Ota H, Takai K. Azulene-Fused Linear Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Small Bandgap, High Stability, and Reversible Stimuli Responsiveness. Org Lett 2017; 19:5585-5588. [PMID: 28980817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Azulene-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were synthesized from commercially available azulene in four steps. The resulting azulene conjugates exhibited significantly narrow HOMO-LUMO bandgaps with high air stability, confirmed by photophysical study. Introduction of azulene also enabled the unique reversible stimuli-responsiveness even with the weak acid and base, which can potentially control the degree of conjugation and optoelectronic properties by simple acid-base and redox processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Murai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, and ‡Division of Instrumental Analysis, Department of Instrumental Analysis and Cryogenics, Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shinji Iba
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, and ‡Division of Instrumental Analysis, Department of Instrumental Analysis and Cryogenics, Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ota
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, and ‡Division of Instrumental Analysis, Department of Instrumental Analysis and Cryogenics, Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, and ‡Division of Instrumental Analysis, Department of Instrumental Analysis and Cryogenics, Advanced Science Research Center, Okayama University , 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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30
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Ramisetti SR, Oña-Ruales JO, Wise SA, Amin S, Sharma AK. An Efficient Synthesis of Dibenzo[a,l]tetracene and Dibenzo[a,j]tetracene and Their Identification in a Coal Tar Extract. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2017.1362013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa R. Ramisetti
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jorge O. Oña-Ruales
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen A. Wise
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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31
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Kumar T, Mane V, Namboothiri INN. Synthesis of Aminophenanthrenes and Benzoquinolines via Hauser–Kraus Annulation of Sulfonyl Phthalide with Rauhut–Currier Adducts of Nitroalkenes. Org Lett 2017; 19:4283-4286. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Vaijinath Mane
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
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32
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Adcock AK, Batrice RJ, Bertke JA, Knope KE. Structural Diversity of Bismuth(III) Thiophenemonocarboxylates Isolated from Aqueous Solutions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa K. Adcock
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University 37th and O Streets, NW 20057 Washington DC USA
| | - Rami J. Batrice
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University 37th and O Streets, NW 20057 Washington DC USA
| | - Jeffery A. Bertke
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University 37th and O Streets, NW 20057 Washington DC USA
| | - Karah E. Knope
- Department of Chemistry Georgetown University 37th and O Streets, NW 20057 Washington DC USA
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33
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Takahashi I, Hayashi M, Fujita T, Ichikawa J. Brønsted Acid-catalyzed Tandem Cycloaromatization of Naphthalene-based Bisacetals: Selective Synthesis of ortho-Fused Six-hexagon Benzenoids. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.161122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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34
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Saunthwal RK, Danodia AK, Saini KM, Verma AK. Ag(i)-Catalyzed cycloisomerization reactions: synthesis of substituted phenanthrenes and naphthothiophenes. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:6934-6942. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01646h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ag-Catalyzed synthesis of substituted phenanthrenes and naphthothiophenes from ortho-alkylated biaryl derivatives via 6-endo-dig intramolecular alkyne–arene coupling has been described.
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35
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Fujita T, Takahashi I, Hayashi M, Wang J, Fuchibe K, Ichikawa J. Facile Synthesis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Dehydrative Cycloaromatization of Carbonyl Compounds in 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropan-2-ol. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201601406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fujita
- Division of Chemistry; Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences; University of Tsukuba; 305-8571 Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Ikko Takahashi
- Division of Chemistry; Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences; University of Tsukuba; 305-8571 Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Masaki Hayashi
- Division of Chemistry; Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences; University of Tsukuba; 305-8571 Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Jingchen Wang
- Division of Chemistry; Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences; University of Tsukuba; 305-8571 Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Kohei Fuchibe
- Division of Chemistry; Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences; University of Tsukuba; 305-8571 Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
| | - Junji Ichikawa
- Division of Chemistry; Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences; University of Tsukuba; 305-8571 Tsukuba, Ibaraki Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrick Ondet
- Institut de Chimie de Nice; UMR 7272; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis; Parc Valrose 06108 Nice Cedex 2 France
| | - Gilles Lemière
- Institut de Chimie de Nice; UMR 7272; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis; Parc Valrose 06108 Nice Cedex 2 France
| | - Elisabet Duñach
- Institut de Chimie de Nice; UMR 7272; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis; Parc Valrose 06108 Nice Cedex 2 France
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37
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Matsushima T, Kobayashi S, Watanabe S. Air-Driven Potassium Iodide-Mediated Oxidative Photocyclization of Stilbene Derivatives. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7799-806. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Matsushima
- Department
of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Miyama
2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
- Research
Center for Materials with Integrated Properties, Toho University, Miyama
2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Sayaka Kobayashi
- Department
of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Miyama
2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Soichiro Watanabe
- Department
of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Miyama
2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
- Research
Center for Materials with Integrated Properties, Toho University, Miyama
2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
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38
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Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Arylation of Azulene Based on Regioselective C−H Bond Activation. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Ondet P, Lempenauer L, Duñach E, Lemière G. Bismuth(iii) triflate-catalysed tandem cyclisations towards complex polycyclic ethers. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00212a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of complex polycyclic ethers have been synthesised under very mild conditions using a low catalyst loading of bismuth(iii) triflate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrick Ondet
- Institut de Chimie de Nice
- UMR 7272
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis
- CNRS
- 06108 Nice Cedex 2
| | - Luisa Lempenauer
- Institut de Chimie de Nice
- UMR 7272
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis
- CNRS
- 06108 Nice Cedex 2
| | - Elisabet Duñach
- Institut de Chimie de Nice
- UMR 7272
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis
- CNRS
- 06108 Nice Cedex 2
| | - Gilles Lemière
- Institut de Chimie de Nice
- UMR 7272
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis
- CNRS
- 06108 Nice Cedex 2
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40
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Chang MY, Cheng YC. Bi(OTf)3 Mediated exo-Olefin Isomerization of α-Benzoyl β-Styrylsulfones. Org Lett 2015; 17:5702-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yang Chang
- Department
of Medicinal and
Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Cheng
- Department
of Medicinal and
Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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41
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Roy D, Maekawa H, Murai M, Takai K. Short Synthesis of [5]- and [7]Phenacenes with Silyl Groups at the Axis Positions. Chem Asian J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201500700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Roy
- Division of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Maekawa
- Division of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Masahito Murai
- Division of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Takai
- Division of Applied Chemistry; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University; 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku Okayama 700-8530 Japan
- ACT-C (Japan) Science and Technology Agency; 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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42
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Kondoh A, Aoki T, Terada M. Synthesis of Phenanthrene Derivatives by Intramolecular Cyclization Utilizing the [1,2]-Phospha-Brook Rearrangement Catalyzed by a Brønsted Base. Chemistry 2015; 21:12577-80. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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43
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Chang MY, Cheng YC, Lu YJ. Synthesis of Substituted Benzenes via Bi(OTf)3-Mediated Intramolecular Carbonyl Allylation of α-Prenyl or α-Geranyl β-Arylketosulfones. Org Lett 2015; 17:3142-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yang Chang
- Department of Medicinal and
Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Cheng
- Department of Medicinal and
Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Lu
- Department of Medicinal and
Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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44
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Chang MY, Cheng YC, Lu YJ. Bi(OTf)3-Mediated Cycloisomerization of γ-Alkynyl Arylketones: Application to the Synthesis of Substituted Furans. Org Lett 2015; 17:1264-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yang Chang
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Cheng
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Lu
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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45
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Murai M, Takami K, Takai K. Iridium-Catalyzed Intermolecular Dehydrogenative Silylation of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds without Directing Groups. Chemistry 2015; 21:4566-70. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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46
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Murai M, Maekawa H, Hamao S, Kubozono Y, Roy D, Takai K. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Facile Access to 3,11-Dialkylfulminenes for Transistor Applications. Org Lett 2015; 17:708-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ol503723j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoshihiro Kubozono
- ACT-C, Japan Science
and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiko Takai
- ACT-C, Japan Science
and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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