1
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Poh CYX, Rozsar D, Yang J, Christensen KE, Dixon DJ. Bifunctional Iminophosphorane Catalyzed Amide Enolization for Enantioselective Cyclohexadienone Desymmetrization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202315401. [PMID: 38055190 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The organocatalytic enolization of 2-arylacetamides, followed by an enantioselective intramolecular conjugate addition to tethered 2,5-cyclohexadienones, yielding 3D fused N-heterocycles, is described. The transformation represents the first strong activating group-free activation of carboxamides via α-C-H deprotonation in a metal-free, catalytic, and enantioselective reaction, and is achieved by employing a bifunctional iminophosphorane (BIMP) superbase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Y X Poh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel Rozsar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Jinchao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Kirsten E Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
| | - Darren J Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford, UK
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2
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Lv XX, Liu N, Chen F, Zhang H, Du ZH, Wang P, Yuan M, Da CS. Highly asymmetric aldol reaction of isatins and ketones catalyzed by chiral bifunctional primary-amine organocatalyst on water. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8695-8701. [PMID: 37861676 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01227a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we have reported an environmentally friendly asymmetric aldol reaction between isatins and ketones catalyzed by double-hydrogen-bonded primary amine organocatalysts on water under mild conditions. Enantioenriched 3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles were obtained in high yields (up to 99%) and excellent stereoselectivities (up to 99 : 1 dr and 99% ee) under optimal conditions. Furthermore, the model reaction involving isatin and cyclohexanone was successfully scaled to 10 mmol with no reduction in yield or stereoselectivity. In addition, the catalyst was recovered via simple filtration and was subsequently reused on water, which highlights its good application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiong Lv
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North 4th Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North 4th Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China.
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North 4th Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North 4th Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China.
| | - Zhi-Hong Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, North 4th Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China.
| | - Pei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chao Shan Da
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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3
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Sherman ER, Cassels WR, Johnson JS. Crystallization-Enabled Stereoconvergent Michael Additions of β-Keto Esters to Nitroolefins. Org Lett 2023; 25:6779-6783. [PMID: 37669540 PMCID: PMC10586059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric Michael additions are powerful tools to meet the growing need for stereochemically complex products. While 1,3-dicarbonyls are common nucleophiles, the successful use of configurationally unstable β-keto esters in diastereoselective variants remains understudied. In this Letter, crystalline β-keto esters were leveraged in a two-phase, one-pot merger of an asymmetric Michael addition with a crystallization-induced diastereomer transformation. Tuning the crystallinity of β-keto ester adducts enabled stereoconvergence of the products, which were isolated by filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Sherman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - William R Cassels
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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4
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Rozsar D, Formica M, Yamazaki K, Hamlin TA, Dixon DJ. Bifunctional Iminophosphorane-Catalyzed Enantioselective Sulfa-Michael Addition to Unactivated α,β-Unsaturated Amides. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1006-1015. [PMID: 34990142 PMCID: PMC8793149 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
first metal-free catalytic intermolecular enantioselective
Michael addition to unactivated α,β-unsaturated amides
is described. Consistently high enantiomeric excesses and yields were
obtained over a wide range of alkyl thiol pronucleophiles and electrophiles
under mild reaction conditions, enabled by a novel squaramide-based
bifunctional iminophosphorane catalyst. Low catalyst loadings (2.0
mol %) were achieved on a decagram scale, demonstrating the scalability
of the reaction. Computational analysis revealed the origin of the
high enantiofacial selectivity via analysis of relevant transition
structures and provided substantial support for specific noncovalent
activation of the carbonyl group of the α,β-unsaturated
amide by the catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rozsar
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Formica
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Yamazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Darren J Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, United Kingdom
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5
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Di Carmine G, Forster L, Wang S, Parlett C, Carlone A, D'Agostino C. NMR relaxation time measurements of solvent effects in an organocatalysed asymmetric aldol reaction over silica SBA-15 supported proline. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00471a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The behaviour of solvents in solid-supported proline organocatalysts is explored using NMR relaxation measurements coupled with reaction screening. Solvents with a lower affinity for the solid surface lead to a higher reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, I-44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Luke Forster
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Simeng Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher Parlett
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
- The University of Manchester at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
- Catalysis Hub, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, OX11 0FA, Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Armando Carlone
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Carmine D'Agostino
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
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6
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Liu S, Wang J, Wei Z, Cao J, Liang D, Lin Y, Duan H. An L-tert-leucine derived urea catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of acylclic N, N′-ketals derived from aryl amines and isatin-derived ketimines. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Tukhtaev HB, Bezzubov SI, Tarasenko EA, Melnikov MY, Ivanov KL, Budynina EM. Time‐Dependent Diastereodivergent Michael Addition Enabled by Phosphazenes Acting as Catalysts and Reactants. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamidulla B. Tukhtaev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University Department of Chemistry Leninskie gory 1–3 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Stanislav I. Bezzubov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninskiy pr. 31 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Elena A. Tarasenko
- Lomonosov Moscow State University Department of Chemistry Leninskie gory 1–3 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Mikhail Ya. Melnikov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University Department of Chemistry Leninskie gory 1–3 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Konstantin L. Ivanov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University Department of Chemistry Leninskie gory 1–3 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Ekaterina M. Budynina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University Department of Chemistry Leninskie gory 1–3 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Lebedev Physical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences Leninskiy pr. 53 Moscow 119991 Russia
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8
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Abdelkawy MA, Davin C, Aly EA, El‐Badawi MA, Itsuno S. Chiral Polyureas Derived Cinchona Alkaloids: Highly Efficient Bifunctional Organocatalysts for the Asymmetric Michael Addition Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. Abdelkawy
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Life Science Toyohashi University of Technology Toyohashi 441-8580 Japan
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Tanta University Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | - Christopher Davin
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Life Science Toyohashi University of Technology Toyohashi 441-8580 Japan
| | - El‐Saied A. Aly
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Tanta University Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | | | - Shinichi Itsuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Life Science Toyohashi University of Technology Toyohashi 441-8580 Japan
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9
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Leonardi C, Brandolese A, Preti L, Bortolini O, Polo E, Dambruoso P, Ragno D, Di Carmine G, Massi A. Expanding the Toolbox of Heterogeneous Asymmetric Organocatalysts: Bifunctional Cyclopropenimine Superbases for Enantioselective Catalysis in Batch and Continuous Flow. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Leonardi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Arianna Brandolese
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Lorenzo Preti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Eleonora Polo
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via P. Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Paolo Dambruoso
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via P. Gobetti, 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
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10
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Li W, Zheng Y, Qu E, Bai J, Deng Q. β
‐Keto Amides: A Jack‐of‐All‐Trades Building Block in Organic Chemistry. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanfang Li
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 P. R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 P. R. China
| | - Erdong Qu
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 P. R. China
| | - Jin Bai
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 P. R. China
| | - Qinyue Deng
- School of Materials and Chemistry University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 P. R. China
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11
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Weitkamp RF, Neumann B, Stammler H, Hoge B. Phosphorus-Containing Superbases: Recent Progress in the Chemistry of Electron-Abundant Phosphines and Phosphazenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:10807-10825. [PMID: 34032319 PMCID: PMC8362139 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The renaissance of Brønsted superbases is primarily based on their pronounced capacity for a large variety of chemical transformations under mild reaction conditions. Four major set screws are available for the selective tuning of the basicity: the nature of the basic center (N, P, …), the degree of electron donation by substituents to the central atom, the possibility of charge delocalization, and the energy gain by hydrogen bonding. Within the past decades, a plethora of neutral electron-rich phosphine and phosphazene bases have appeared in the literature. Their outstanding properties and advantages over inorganic or charged bases have now made them indispensable as auxiliary bases in deprotonation processes. Herein, an update of the chemistry of basic phosphines and phosphazenes is given. In addition, due to widespread interest, their use in catalysis or as ligands in coordination chemistry is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin F. Weitkamp
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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12
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Antenucci A, Dughera S, Renzi P. Green Chemistry Meets Asymmetric Organocatalysis: A Critical Overview on Catalysts Synthesis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2785-2853. [PMID: 33984187 PMCID: PMC8362219 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Can green chemistry be the right reading key to let organocatalyst design take a step forward towards sustainable catalysis? What if the intriguing chemistry promoted by more engineered organocatalysts was carried on by using renewable and naturally occurring molecular scaffolds, or at least synthetic catalysts more respectful towards the principles of green chemistry? Within the frame of these questions, this Review will tackle the most commonly occurring organic chiral catalysts from the perspective of their synthesis rather than their employment in chemical methodologies or processes. A classification of the catalyst scaffolds based on their E factor will be provided, and the global E factor (EG factor) will be proposed as a new green chemistry metric to consider, also, the synthetic route to the catalyst within a given organocatalytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Antenucci
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of TurinVia Pietro Giuria, 710125TurinItaly
- NIS Interdeprtmental CentreINSTM Reference CentreUniversity of TurinVia Gioacchino Quarello 15/A10135TurinItaly
| | - Stefano Dughera
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of TurinVia Pietro Giuria, 710125TurinItaly
| | - Polyssena Renzi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of TurinVia Pietro Giuria, 710125TurinItaly
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13
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Lupidi G, Palmieri A, Petrini M. Enantioselective Catalyzed Synthesis of Amino Derivatives Using Electrophilic Open‐Chain
N
‐Activated Ketimines. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Lupidi
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division Università di Camerino via S.Agostino, 1 I-62032 Camerino Italy
| | - Alessandro Palmieri
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division Università di Camerino via S.Agostino, 1 I-62032 Camerino Italy
| | - Marino Petrini
- School of Science and Technology, Chemistry Division Università di Camerino via S.Agostino, 1 I-62032 Camerino Italy
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14
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Du Z, Yuan M, Tao B, Qin W, Liang X, Li Y, Lin H, Zhang L, Da C. Organocatalyzed Highly Enantioselective Aldol Reaction of Aldehydes for Synthesis of (
R
)‐Pantolactone. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Hong Du
- School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Meng Yuan
- School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Bao‐Xiu Tao
- School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Juan Qin
- School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Xiang‐Ming Liang
- School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Yan Li
- School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
| | - Hang Lin
- Hangzhou Xinfu Science & Technology Limited Corporation Hangzhou 311305 P. R. China
| | - Lian‐Chun Zhang
- Hangzhou Xinfu Science & Technology Limited Corporation Hangzhou 311305 P. R. China
| | - Chao‐Shan Da
- School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Lab of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
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15
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Puglisi A, Rossi S. Stereoselective organocatalysis and flow chemistry. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Organic synthesis has traditionally been performed in batch. Continuous-flow chemistry was recently rediscovered as an enabling technology to be applied to the synthesis of organic molecules. Organocatalysis is a well-established methodology, especially for the preparation of enantioenriched compounds. In this chapter we discuss the use of chiral organocatalysts in continuous flow. After the classification of the different types of catalytic reactors, in Section 2, each class will be discussed with the most recent and significant examples reported in the literature. In Section 3 we discuss homogeneous stereoselective reactions in flow, with a look at the stereoselective organophotoredox transformations in flow. This research topic is emerging as one of the most powerful method to prepare enantioenriched products with structures that would otherwise be challenging to make. Section 4 describes the use of supported organocatalysts in flow chemistry. Part of the discussion will be devoted to the choice of the support. Examples of packed-bed, monolithic and inner-wall functionalized reactors will be introduced and discussed. We hope to give an overview of the potentialities of the combination of (supported) chiral organocatalysts and flow chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , Milano , 20133 Italy
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica , Università degli Studi di Milano , via Golgi 19 , Milano , 20133 Italy
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16
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Meng X, Luo Y, Zhao G. Amino acids derived chiral bifunctional (thio)urea tertiary-amines catalyzed asymmetric henry reaction of α-trifluoromethy ketones. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Formica M, Rozsar D, Su G, Farley AJM, Dixon DJ. Bifunctional Iminophosphorane Superbase Catalysis: Applications in Organic Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2235-2247. [PMID: 32886474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To improve the field of catalysis, there is a substantial and growing need for novel high-performance catalysts providing new reactivity. To date, however, the set of reactions that can be reliably performed to prepare chiral compounds in largely one enantiomeric form using chiral catalysts still represents a small fraction of the toolkit of known transformations. In this context, chiral Brønsted bases have played an expanding role in catalyzing enantioselective reactions between various carbon- and heteroatom-centered acids and a host of electrophilic reagents. This Account describes our recent efforts developing and applying a new family of chiral Brønsted bases incorporating an H-bond donor moiety and a strongly basic iminophosphorane, which we have named BIMPs (Bifunctional IMinoPhosphoranes), as efficient catalysts for reactions currently out of reach of more widespread tertiary amine centered bifunctional catalysts. The iminophosphorane Brønsted base is easily generated by the Staudinger reaction of a chiral organoazide and commercially available phosphine, which allows easy modification of the catalyst structure and fine-tuning of the iminophosphorane pKBH+. We have demonstrated that BIMP catalysts can efficiently promote the enantioselective addition of nitromethane to low reactivity N-diphenylphosphinoyl (DPP)-protected imines of ketones (ketimines) to access valuable chiral diamine and α-quaternary amino acid building blocks, and later extended this methodology to phosphite nucleophiles. Subsequently, the reaction scope was expanded to include the Michael addition of high pKa alkyl thiols to α-substituted acrylate esters, β-substituted α,β-unsaturated esters, and alkenyl benzimidazoles as well as the challenging direct aldol addition of aryl ketones to α-fluorinated ketones. Finally, BIMP catalysts were shown to be used in key steps in the synthesis of complex alkaloid natural products (-)-nakadomarin A and (-)-himalensine A, as well as in polymer synthesis. In most cases, the predictable nature of the BIMP promoted reactions was demonstrated by multigram scale-up while employing low catalyst loadings (down to 0.05 mol%). Furthermore, it was shown that BIMP catalysts can be easily immobilized onto a solid support in one-step for increased catalyst recycling and flow chemistry applications. Alongside our own work, this Account also includes elegant work by Johnson and co-workers utilizing the BIMP catalyst system, when alternative catalysts proved suboptimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Formica
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Rozsar
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Guanglong Su
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair J. M. Farley
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA Oxford, United Kingdom
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18
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Buendia MB, Kegnæs S, Kramer S. A Nickel‐Bisdiamine Porous Organic Polymer as Heterogeneous Chiral Catalyst for Asymmetric Michael Addition to Aliphatic Nitroalkenes. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel B. Buendia
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Søren Kegnæs
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Søren Kramer
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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19
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Pattarawarapan M, Yamano D, Wiriya N, Yimklan S, Phakhodee W. Simultaneous Formation and Functionalization of Aryliminophosphoranes Using 1,3-Dihydro-1 H-benzimidazol-2-ones as Precursors. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13330-13338. [PMID: 33006471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An atom- and step-economic synthesis of aryliminophosphoranes bearing ortho urea was achieved via unprecedented Ph3P-I2 mediated ring-opening of 1,3-dihydro-1H-benzimidazol-2-ones with secondary amines. Tandem aza-Wittig/heterocyclization of the functionalized aryliminophosphoranes upon treatment with isothiocyanates enables a facile access to a single regioisomer of N1-substituted 2-aminobenzimidazoles as well as fused tetracyclic quinazolinone derivatives in one-pot. 31P{1H} NMR studies suggested that the urea C-N bond of benzimidazolone is weakened by N-phosphorylation, leading to aminolysis rather than the expected deoxygenative amination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mookda Pattarawarapan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.,Research Center on Chemistry for Development of Health Promoting Products from Northern Resources, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Dolnapa Yamano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nittaya Wiriya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Saranphong Yimklan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wong Phakhodee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.,Research Center on Chemistry for Development of Health Promoting Products from Northern Resources, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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20
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Golec JC, Carter EM, Ward JW, Whittingham WG, Simón L, Paton RS, Dixon DJ. BIMP-Catalyzed 1,3-Prototropic Shift for the Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Conjugated Cyclohexenones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17417-17422. [PMID: 32558981 PMCID: PMC7540019 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A bifunctional iminophosphorane (BIMP)-catalysed enantioselective synthesis of α,β-unsaturated cyclohexenones through a facially selective 1,3-prototropic shift of β,γ-unsaturated prochiral isomers, under mild reaction conditions and in short reaction times, on a range of structurally diverse substrates, is reported. α,β-Unsaturated cyclohexenone products primed for downstream derivatisation were obtained in high yields (up to 99 %) and consistently high enantioselectivity (up to 99 % ee). Computational studies into the reaction mechanism and origins of enantioselectivity, including multivariate linear regression of TS energy, were carried out and the obtained data were found to be in good agreement with experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Golec
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Eve M. Carter
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - John W. Ward
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials DesignThe Materials Innovation FactoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolL7 3NYUK
| | | | - Luis Simón
- Facultad de Ciencias QuímicasUniversidad de SalamancaPlaza de los Caídos 1–537008SalamancaSpain
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Department of ChemistryColorado State University1301 Center AveFt. CollinsCO80523-1872USA
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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21
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Golec JC, Carter EM, Ward JW, Whittingham WG, Simón L, Paton RS, Dixon DJ. BIMP‐Catalyzed 1,3‐Prototropic Shift for the Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Conjugated Cyclohexenones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Golec
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Eve M. Carter
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - John W. Ward
- Leverhulme Research Centre for Functional Materials Design The Materials Innovation Factory Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | | | - Luis Simón
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad de Salamanca Plaza de los Caídos 1–5 37008 Salamanca Spain
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University 1301 Center Ave Ft. Collins CO 80523-1872 USA
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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22
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Chen CT, Maity NC, Agarwal R, Lai CF, Liao Y, Yu WR. Chiral Vanadyl(V) Complexes Enable Efficient Asymmetric Reduction of β-Ketoamides: Application toward ( S)-Duloxetine. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6408-6419. [PMID: 32321244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-valent chiral oxidovanadium(V) complexes derived from 3,5-substituted-N-salicylidene-l-tert-leucine were used as catalysts in asymmetric reduction of N-benzyl-β-ketoamides. Among six different solvents, three different alcohol additives, and two different boranes examined, the use of pinacolborane in tetrahydrofuran (THF) with a t-BuOH additive led to the best results at -20 °C. The corresponding β-hydroxyamides can be furnished with yields up to 92% and an enantiomeric excess (ee) up to 99%. We have successfully extended this catalytic protocol for the synthesis of an (S)-duloxetine precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Tien Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Nabin Ch Maity
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Rachit Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Fu Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yiya Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ru Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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23
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Erdeljac N, Thiehoff C, Jumde RP, Daniliuc CG, Höppner S, Faust A, Hirsch AKH, Gilmour R. Validating the 1,2-Difluoro Motif As a Hybrid Bioisostere of CF3 and Et Using Matrix Metalloproteinases As Structural Probes. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6225-6237. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Erdeljac
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Thiehoff
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ravindra P. Jumde
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) – Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), University Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sandra Höppner
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Waldeyerstraße 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Faust
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Waldeyerstraße 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anna K. H. Hirsch
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) – Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), University Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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24
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Thomson CJ, Barber DM, Dixon DJ. Catalytic Enantioselective Direct Aldol Addition of Aryl Ketones to α‐Fluorinated Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5359-5364. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor J. Thomson
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - David M. Barber
- Research & DevelopmentWeed Control ChemistryBayer AG, Crop Science Division Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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25
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Thomson CJ, Barber DM, Dixon DJ. Catalytic Enantioselective Direct Aldol Addition of Aryl Ketones to α‐Fluorinated Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Connor J. Thomson
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - David M. Barber
- Research & DevelopmentWeed Control ChemistryBayer AG, Crop Science Division Industriepark Höchst 65926 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of ChemistryChemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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26
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Wang Y, Cao Z, Li Q, Lin G, Zhou J, Tian P. Activating Pronucleophiles with High p
K
a
Values: Chiral Organo‐Superbases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8004-8014. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Hui Wang
- The Research Center of Chiral DrugsInnovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Zhong‐Yan Cao
- College of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University of Technology 18 Chaowang Road Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Qing‐Hua Li
- The Research Center of Chiral DrugsInnovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Guo‐Qiang Lin
- The Research Center of Chiral DrugsInnovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Jian Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Ping Tian
- The Research Center of Chiral DrugsInnovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
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27
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Wang Y, Cao Z, Li Q, Lin G, Zhou J, Tian P. Activating Pronucleophiles with High p
K
a
Values: Chiral Organo‐Superbases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Hui Wang
- The Research Center of Chiral DrugsInnovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Zhong‐Yan Cao
- College of Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University of Technology 18 Chaowang Road Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Qing‐Hua Li
- The Research Center of Chiral DrugsInnovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Guo‐Qiang Lin
- The Research Center of Chiral DrugsInnovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Jian Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal University 3663N Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Ping Tian
- The Research Center of Chiral DrugsInnovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
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28
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Oliveira PHR, S. Santos BM, Leão RAC, Miranda LSM, San Gil RAS, Souza ROMA, Finelli FG. From Immobilization to Catalyst Use: A Complete Continuous‐Flow Approach Towards the Use of Immobilized Organocatalysts. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H. R. Oliveira
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos NaturaisUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro Brasil
| | - Bruno M. S. Santos
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos NaturaisUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro Brasil
| | - Raquel A. C. Leão
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro Brasil
| | - Leandro S. M. Miranda
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro Brasil
| | - Rosane A. S. San Gil
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro Brasil
| | - Rodrigo O. M. A. Souza
- Instituto de QuímicaUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro Brasil
| | - Fernanda G. Finelli
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos NaturaisUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro Brasil
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29
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Rokhum L, Bez G. Recent Application of Polystyrene-supported Triphenylphosphine in Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272822666181026115752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a fast development of solid phase synthetic pathways, a variety of solid-supported reagent and its applications in diverse synthetic strategies and pharmaceutical applicability’s. Polymer-supported triphenylphosphine is getting a lot of applications owing to the speed and simplicity in the process. Furthermore, ease of recyclability and reuse of polymer-supported triphenylphosphine added its advantages. This review covers a wide range of useful organic transformations which are accomplished using cross-linked polystyrene-supported triphenylphosphine with the aim of giving renewed interest in the field of organic and medicinal-combinatorial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalthazuala Rokhum
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Silchar-788010, India
| | - Ghanashyam Bez
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, India
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30
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Ivanov KL, Melnikov MY, Budynina EM. Phosphazenomalonates as Catalysts and Reactants in (4+3) Annulation to Acrolein. Org Lett 2019; 21:4464-4468. [PMID: 31184158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The concept of combining a catalyst and an activated center in one molecule was implemented in Michael donors functionalized with phosphazene units. First, the phosphazene group catalyzes Michael addition and then acts as a reactant in an intramolecular aza-Wittig reaction. The viability of this strategy was demonstrated by our development of a one-pot method for azepane core construction starting from functionalized azides, triphenylphosphine and acrolein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin L Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie gory 1-3 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Mikhail Ya Melnikov
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie gory 1-3 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
| | - Ekaterina M Budynina
- Department of Chemistry , Lomonosov Moscow State University , Leninskie gory 1-3 , Moscow 119991 , Russia
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31
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Marčeková M, Gerža P, Šoral M, Moncol J, Berkeš D, Kolarovič A, Jakubec P. Crystallization Does It All: An Alternative Strategy for Stereoselective Aza-Henry Reaction. Org Lett 2019; 21:4580-4584. [PMID: 31184186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and experimentally straightforward method for the stereoselective synthesis of a variety of β-nitro-α-amino carboxylic acids via aza-Henry (nitro-Mannich) reaction of aldimines is disclosed, yielding either anti- or a rarely reported syn-configuration. The reaction operates directly on free glyoxylic acid and generates imine species in situ. Crystallization-controlled diastereoselectivity enables isolation of the target compounds in high enantio- and diastereomeric purities by a simple filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Marčeková
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Slovak University of Technology , Radlinského 9 , 812 37 Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Peter Gerža
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Slovak University of Technology , Radlinského 9 , 812 37 Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Michal Šoral
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Slovak University of Technology , Radlinského 9 , 812 37 Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Ján Moncol
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Slovak University of Technology , Radlinského 9 , 812 37 Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Dušan Berkeš
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Slovak University of Technology , Radlinského 9 , 812 37 Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Andrej Kolarovič
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education , Trnava University , Priemyselná 4 , 918 43 Trnava , Slovakia
| | - Pavol Jakubec
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology , Slovak University of Technology , Radlinského 9 , 812 37 Bratislava , Slovakia
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32
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Rufanov KA, Titov IY, Petrov AR, Harms K, Sundermeyer J. Synthesis of Binam-P Derived C
2
-Symmetric bis-Iminophosphonamide Ligands. Molecular Structure of [(R
)-Binam(Ph2
PN(H)t
Bu)2
]. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A. Rufanov
- Department of Chemistry; M.V. Lomonosov State University of Moscow; 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Ilya Yu. Titov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Leninsky Pr., 47 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Alex R. Petrov
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie der Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4 35032 Marburg Germany
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33
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Varalakshmi M, Nagaraju C, Krishna P. New class of diethyl substituted phosphoramidimidates and phosphonimidates: synthesis, spectral characterization and antimicrobial activity. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2018.1513934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mavallur Varalakshmi
- Basic Sciences & Humanities, Centre for Applied Sciences, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Chamarthi Nagaraju
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupat, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Palaa Krishna
- Department of Chemistry, Geethanjali Institute of Science and Technology, Gangavaram, Nellore, India
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Abstract
The hallmark of nucleophilic phosphine catalysis is the initial nucleophilic addition of a phosphine to an electrophilic starting material, producing a reactive zwitterionic intermediate, generally under mild conditions. In this Review, we classify nucleophilic phosphine catalysis reactions in terms of their electrophilic components. In the majority of cases, these electrophiles possess carbon-carbon multiple bonds: alkenes (section 2), allenes (section 3), alkynes (section 4), and Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) alcohol derivatives (MBHADs; section 5). Within each of these sections, the reactions are compiled based on the nature of the second starting material-nucleophiles, dinucleophiles, electrophiles, and electrophile-nucleophiles. Nucleophilic phosphine catalysis reactions that occur via the initial addition to starting materials that do not possess carbon-carbon multiple bonds are collated in section 6. Although not catalytic in the phosphine, the formation of ylides through the nucleophilic addition of phosphines to carbon-carbon multiple bond-containing compounds is intimately related to the catalysis and is discussed in section 7. Finally, section 8 compiles miscellaneous topics, including annulations of the Hüisgen zwitterion, phosphine-mediated reductions, iminophosphorane organocatalysis, and catalytic variants of classical phosphine oxide-generating reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Guo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yi Chiao Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
| | - Zhanhu Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ohyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, USA
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35
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Formica M, Sorin G, Farley AJM, Díaz J, Paton RS, Dixon DJ. Bifunctional iminophosphorane catalysed enantioselective sulfa-Michael addition of alkyl thiols to alkenyl benzimidazoles. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6969-6974. [PMID: 30210771 PMCID: PMC6124915 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01804a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The first enantioselective sulfa-Michael addition of alkyl thiols to alkenyl benzimidazoles, enabled by a bifunctional iminophosphorane (BIMP) organocatalyst, is described. The iminophosphorane moiety of the catalyst provides the required basicity to deprotonate the thiol nucleophile while the chiral scaffold and H-bond donor control facial selectivity. The reaction is broad in scope with respect to the thiol and benzimidazole reaction partners with the reaction proceeding in up to 98% yield and 96 : 4 er.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Formica
- Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , UK .
| | - Geoffroy Sorin
- Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , UK .
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques , Unité CNRS UMR 8638 COMETE , Paris Descartes University , Sorbonne Paris Cité , 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire , 75270 Paris Cedex 06 , France
| | - Alistair J M Farley
- Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , UK .
| | - Jesús Díaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Universidad de Extremadura , Avda. Universidad , s/n, 10003 Cáceres , Spain
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , USA
| | - Darren J Dixon
- Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , Mansfield Road , Oxford OX1 3TA , UK .
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36
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Horwitz MA, Fulton JL, Johnson JS. Enantio- and Diastereoselective Organocatalytic Conjugate Additions of Nitroalkanes to Enone Diesters. Org Lett 2018; 19:5783-5785. [PMID: 29035548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Enantio- and diastereoselective conjugate addition reactions between nitroethane or nitropropane and enone diesters are reported. A bifunctional triaryliminophosphorane catalyzed the addition reaction with consistently excellent stereoselectivities and yields across a wide range of substrates. By the use of the gem-diester functional handle present in the adducts, local desymmetrization via diastereotopic group discrimination was demonstrated, and a polyfunctionalized lactam with three contiguous stereocenters was synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Horwitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jennifer L Fulton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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37
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Bifunctional iminophosphorane superbases: Potent organocatalysts for enantio- and diastereoselective Michael addition reactions. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Fulton JL, Horwitz MA, Bruske EL, Johnson JS. Asymmetric Organocatalytic Sulfa-Michael Addition to Enone Diesters. J Org Chem 2018; 83:3385-3391. [PMID: 29512387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An asymmetric sulfa-Michael addition of alkyl thiols to enone diesters is reported. The reaction is catalyzed by a bifunctional triaryliminophosphorane-thiourea organocatalyst and provides a range of α-sulfaketones in high yields and enantioselectivities. Leveraging the gem-diester functional handle via a subsequent diastereotopic group discrimination generates functionalized lactones with three contiguous stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Fulton
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599-3290 , United States
| | - Matthew A Horwitz
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599-3290 , United States
| | - Ericka L Bruske
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599-3290 , United States
| | - Jeffrey S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599-3290 , United States
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39
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Simón L, Paton RS. Phosphazene Catalyzed Addition to Electron-Deficient Alkynes: The Importance of Nonlinear Allenyl Intermediates upon Stereoselectivity. J Org Chem 2017; 82:3855-3863. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Simón
- Facultad de Ciencias
Químicas, Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza de los Caídos 1-5, Salamanca E37004, Spain
| | - Robert S. Paton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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40
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Kögel JF, Kovačević B, Ullrich S, Xie X, Sundermeyer J. Chelating P2-Bis-phosphazenes with a (R
,R
)-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane Skeleton: Two New Chiral Superbases. Chemistry 2017; 23:2591-2598. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julius F. Kögel
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
- Current address: FB Biologie/Chemie; Universität Bremen; Leobener Str. im NW2 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Borislav Kovačević
- Group for Computational Life Sciences; Rudjer Bošković Institute; Bijenička c. 54 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia
| | - Sebastian Ullrich
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 35032 Marburg Germany
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41
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Yang J, Farley AJM, Dixon DJ. Enantioselective bifunctional iminophosphorane catalyzed sulfa-Michael addition of alkyl thiols to unactivated β-substituted-α,β-unsaturated esters. Chem Sci 2016; 8:606-610. [PMID: 28451207 PMCID: PMC5358540 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02878k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly enantioselective sulfa-Michael addition of alkyl thiols to unactivated β-substituted-α,β-unsaturated esters catalyzed by a bifunctional iminophosphorane (BIMP) organocatalyst is described.
The highly enantioselective sulfa-Michael addition of alkyl thiols to unactivated β-substituted-α,β-unsaturated esters catalyzed by a bifunctional iminophosphorane (BIMP) organocatalyst is described. The low acidity of the alkyl thiol pro-nucleophiles is overcome by the high Brønsted basicity of the catalyst and the chiral scaffold/thiourea hydrogen-bond donor moiety provides the required enantiofacial discrimination in the addition step. The reaction is broad in scope with respect to the alkyl thiol and β-substituent of the α,β-unsaturated ester, affords sulfa-Michael adducts in excellent yields (up to >99%) and enantioselectivity (up to 97 : 3 er) and can operate down to 1 mol% catalyst loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford , UK .
| | - Alistair J M Farley
- Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford , UK .
| | - Darren J Dixon
- Department of Chemistry , Chemistry Research Laboratory , University of Oxford , 12 Mansfield Road , Oxford , UK .
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42
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Dangolani SK, Panahi F, Nourisefat M, Khalafi-Nezhad A. 4-Dialkylaminopyridine modified magnetic nanoparticles: as an efficient nano-organocatalyst for one-pot synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile derivatives in water. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18078g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A new DMAP-based magnetic nano-organocatalyst was developed for efficient one-pot synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile derivatives in water as a green solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhad Panahi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology
- Amirkabir University of Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Maryam Nourisefat
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- Shiraz University
- Shiraz 71454
- Iran
| | - Ali Khalafi-Nezhad
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Sciences
- Shiraz University
- Shiraz 71454
- Iran
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43
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Gao X, Han J, Wang L. Tartrate-derived iminophosphorane catalyzed asymmetric hydroxymethylation of 3-substituted oxindoles with paraformaldehyde. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6qo00074f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chiral iminophosphoranes organocatalyzed the enantioselective synthesis of 3-hydroxymethyl-2-oxindoles in 81–98% yields and up to 94% ee under mild conditions. Of note is that readily available and easily usable paraformaldehyde was employed as a hydroxymethylation C1 unit in the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis
| | - Jianwei Han
- Shanghai-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- The Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Limin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- P. R. China
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44
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Farley AJM, Sandford C, Dixon DJ. Bifunctional Iminophosphorane Catalyzed Enantioselective Sulfa-Michael Addition to Unactivated α-Substituted Acrylate Esters. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15992-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J. M. Farley
- The Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Christopher Sandford
- The Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- The Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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45
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Dinesh M, Archana S, Ranganathan R, Sathishkumar M, Ponnuswamy A. Bis azide–triphenylphosphine as a reagent for esterification at room temperature. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Gao X, Han J, Wang L. Design of Highly Stable Iminophosphoranes as Recyclable Organocatalysts: Application to Asymmetric Chlorinations of Oxindoles. Org Lett 2015; 17:4596-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Gao
- Key
Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road, 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Shanghai−Hong
Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Han
- Shanghai−Hong
Kong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Limin Wang
- Key
Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road, 130, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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47
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Guidotti M, Palumbo C. Organocatalysts for enantioselective synthesis of fine chemicals: definitions, trends and developments. SCIENCEOPEN RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-chem.agziib.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Organocatalysis, that is the use of small organic molecules to catalyze organic transformations, has been included among the most successful concepts in asymmetric catalysis, and it has been used for the enantioselective construction of C–C, C–N, C–O, C–S, C–P and C–halide bonds. Since the seminal works in early 2000, the scientific community has been paying an ever-growing attention to the use of organocatalysts for the synthesis, with high yields and remarkable stereoselectivities, of optically active fine chemicals of interest for the pharmaceutical industry. A brief overview is here presented about the two main classes of organocatalysis which are respectively characterized by covalent and non-covalent activation of the substrate. More detailed information about non-covalent interactions for organocatalysis are given. Finally, some successful examples of heterogenisation of organocatalysts are also discussed, in the view of a potential industrial exploitation.
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48
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Krawczyk H, Dzięgielewski M, Deredas D, Albrecht A, Albrecht Ł. Chiral Iminophosphoranes-An Emerging Class of Superbase Organocatalysts. Chemistry 2015; 21:10268-77. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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49
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Organocatalysts for enantioselective synthesis of fine chemicals: definitions, trends and developments. SCIENCEOPEN RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.14293/s2199-1006.1.sor-chem.agziib.v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
<p>Organocatalysis, that is the use of small organic molecules to catalyse organic transformations, has been included among the most successful concepts in asymmetric catalysis and it has been used for the enantioselective construction of C-C, C-N, C-O, C-S, C-P, and C-halide bonds. Since the seminal works in early 2000, the scientific community has been paying an ever-growing attention to the use of organocatalysts for the synthesis, with high yields and remarkable stereoselectivities, of optically active fine chemicals of interest for the pharmaceutical industry. A brief overview is here presented about the two main classes of substrate activation by the catalyst: covalent organocatalysis and non-covalent organocatalysis, with a more stringent focus on some recent outcomes in the field of the latter and of hydrogen-bond-based catalysis. Finally, some successful examples of heterogenisation of organocatalysts are also discussed, in the view of a potential industrial exploitation.</p>
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