1
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Si
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Krishna P. Kaliappan
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
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2
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Guo B, Rodriguez-Gabin A, Prota AE, Mühlethaler T, Zhang N, Ye K, Steinmetz MO, Horwitz SB, Smith AB, McDaid HM. Structural Refinement of the Tubulin Ligand (+)-Discodermolide to Attenuate Chemotherapy-Mediated Senescence. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:156-167. [PMID: 32591477 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural product (+)-discodermolide (DDM) is a microtubule stabilizing agent and potent inducer of senescence. We refined the structure of DDM and evaluated the activity of novel congeners in triple negative breast and ovarian cancers, malignancies that typically succumb to taxane resistance. Previous structure-activity analyses identified the lactone and diene as moieties conferring anticancer activity, thus identifying priorities for the structural refinement studies described herein. Congeners possessing the monodiene with a simplified lactone had superior anticancer efficacy relative to taxol, particularly in resistant models. Specifically, one of these congeners, B2, demonstrated 1) improved pharmacologic properties, specifically increased maximum response achievable and area under the curve, and decreased EC50; 2) a uniform dose-response profile across genetically heterogeneous cancer cell lines relative to taxol or DDM; 3) reduced propensity for senescence induction relative to DDM; 4) superior long-term activity in cancer cells versus taxol or DDM; and 5) attenuation of metastatic characteristics in treated cancer cells. To contrast the binding of B2 versus DDM in tubulin, X-ray crystallography studies revealed a shift in the position of the lactone ring associated with removal of the C2-methyl and C3-hydroxyl. Thus, B2 may be more adaptable to changes in the taxane site relative to DDM that could account for its favorable properties. In conclusion, we have identified a DDM congener with broad range anticancer efficacy that also has decreased risk of inducing chemotherapy-mediated senescence. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Here, we describe the anticancer activity of novel congeners of the tubulin-polymerizing molecule (+)-discodermolide. A lead molecule is identified that exhibits an improved dose-response profile in taxane-sensitive and taxane-resistant cancer cell models, diminished risk of chemotherapy-mediated senescence, and suppression of tumor cell invasion endpoints. X-ray crystallography studies identify subtle changes in the pose of binding to β-tubulin that could account for the improved anticancer activity. These findings support continued preclinical development of discodermolide, particularly in the chemorefractory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boying Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.G., N.Z., A.B.S.); Departments of Molecular Pharmacology (A.R.-G., S.B.H., H.M.M.), Epidemiology (K.Y.), and Medicine (H.M.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland (A.E.P., T.M., M.O.S.); and University of Basel, Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland (M.O.S.)
| | - Alicia Rodriguez-Gabin
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.G., N.Z., A.B.S.); Departments of Molecular Pharmacology (A.R.-G., S.B.H., H.M.M.), Epidemiology (K.Y.), and Medicine (H.M.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland (A.E.P., T.M., M.O.S.); and University of Basel, Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland (M.O.S.)
| | - Andrea E Prota
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.G., N.Z., A.B.S.); Departments of Molecular Pharmacology (A.R.-G., S.B.H., H.M.M.), Epidemiology (K.Y.), and Medicine (H.M.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland (A.E.P., T.M., M.O.S.); and University of Basel, Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland (M.O.S.)
| | - Tobias Mühlethaler
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.G., N.Z., A.B.S.); Departments of Molecular Pharmacology (A.R.-G., S.B.H., H.M.M.), Epidemiology (K.Y.), and Medicine (H.M.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland (A.E.P., T.M., M.O.S.); and University of Basel, Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland (M.O.S.)
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.G., N.Z., A.B.S.); Departments of Molecular Pharmacology (A.R.-G., S.B.H., H.M.M.), Epidemiology (K.Y.), and Medicine (H.M.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland (A.E.P., T.M., M.O.S.); and University of Basel, Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland (M.O.S.)
| | - Kenny Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.G., N.Z., A.B.S.); Departments of Molecular Pharmacology (A.R.-G., S.B.H., H.M.M.), Epidemiology (K.Y.), and Medicine (H.M.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland (A.E.P., T.M., M.O.S.); and University of Basel, Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland (M.O.S.)
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.G., N.Z., A.B.S.); Departments of Molecular Pharmacology (A.R.-G., S.B.H., H.M.M.), Epidemiology (K.Y.), and Medicine (H.M.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland (A.E.P., T.M., M.O.S.); and University of Basel, Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland (M.O.S.)
| | - Susan Band Horwitz
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.G., N.Z., A.B.S.); Departments of Molecular Pharmacology (A.R.-G., S.B.H., H.M.M.), Epidemiology (K.Y.), and Medicine (H.M.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland (A.E.P., T.M., M.O.S.); and University of Basel, Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland (M.O.S.)
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.G., N.Z., A.B.S.); Departments of Molecular Pharmacology (A.R.-G., S.B.H., H.M.M.), Epidemiology (K.Y.), and Medicine (H.M.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland (A.E.P., T.M., M.O.S.); and University of Basel, Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland (M.O.S.)
| | - Hayley M McDaid
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.G., N.Z., A.B.S.); Departments of Molecular Pharmacology (A.R.-G., S.B.H., H.M.M.), Epidemiology (K.Y.), and Medicine (H.M.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland (A.E.P., T.M., M.O.S.); and University of Basel, Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland (M.O.S.)
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3
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Liang X, Luo D, Luesch H. Advances in exploring the therapeutic potential of marine natural products. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104373. [PMID: 31351913 PMCID: PMC6839689 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Marine natural products represent novel and diverse chemotypes that serve as templates for the discovery and development of therapeutic agents with distinct mechanisms of action. These genetically encoded compounds produced by an evolutionary optimized biosynthetic machinery are usually quite complex and can be difficult to recreate in the laboratory. The isolation from the source organism results in limited amount of material; however, the development of advanced NMR technologies and dereplication strategies has enabled the structure elucidation on small scale. In order to rigorously explore the therapeutic potential of marine natural products and advance them further, the biological characterization has to keep pace with the chemical characterization. The limited marine natural product supply has been a serious challenge for thorough investigation of the biological targets. Several marine drugs have reached the markets or are in clinical trials, where those challenges have been overcome, including through the development of scalable syntheses. However, the identification of mechanisms of action of marine natural products early in the discovery process is potentially game changing, since effectively linking marine natural products to potential therapeutic applications in turn triggers motivation to tackle challenging syntheses and solve the supply problem. An increasing number of sensitive technologies and methods have been developed in recent years, some of which have been successfully applied to marine natural products, increasing the value of these compounds with respect to their biomedical utility. In this review, we discuss advances in overcoming the bottlenecks in marine natural product research, emphasizing on the development and advances of diverse target identification technologies applicable for marine natural product research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, United States
| | - Danmeng Luo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, United States
| | - Hendrik Luesch
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery and Development (CNPD3), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, United States.
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4
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Anti-tubulin agents of natural origin: Targeting taxol, vinca, and colchicine binding domains. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:310-331. [PMID: 30953881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are a protein which is made of α- and β-heterodimer. It is one of the main components of the cell which play a vital role in cell division especially in G2/M-phase. It exists in equilibrium dynamic of polymerization and depolymerization of α- and β-heterodimer. It is one of the best targets for developing anti-cancer drugs. Various natural occurring molecules are well known for their anti-tubulin effect such as vinca, paclitaxel, combretastatin, colchicine etc. These microtubule-targeted drugs are acted through two processes (i) inhibiting depolymerization of tubulin (tubulin stabilizing agents) and (ii) inhibiting polymerization of tubulin (tubulin destabilizing agents). Now days, various binding domains have been explore through which these molecules are binding to tubulin but the three major binding domain of tubulin are taxol, vinca and colchicine binding domain. The present article mainly focus on the classification of various naturally occurring compounds on the basis of their inhibition processes (depolymerization and polymerization) and the site of interaction (targets taxol, vinca and colchicine binding domain) which has been hitherto reported. By placing all the naturally occurring taxol, vinca and colchicine binding site analogues at one place makes a better understanding of the tubulin interactions with known natural tubulin binders that would helps in the discovery of new and potent natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic analogues for treating cancer.
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5
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Umezawa T. Total Synthesis of Omaezallene toward Structure Determination. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2018. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.76.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Umezawa
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University
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6
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Allred TK, Manoni F, Harran PG. Exploring the Boundaries of “Practical”: De Novo Syntheses of Complex Natural Product-Based Drug Candidates. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11994-12051. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler K. Allred
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles
E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Francesco Manoni
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles
E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Patrick G. Harran
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles
E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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7
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Prota AE, Bargsten K, Redondo-Horcajo M, Smith AB, Yang CPH, McDaid HM, Paterson I, Horwitz SB, Fernando Díaz J, Steinmetz MO. Structural Basis of Microtubule Stabilization by Discodermolide. Chembiochem 2017; 18:905-909. [PMID: 28207984 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-stabilizing agents (MSAs) are widely used in chemotherapy. Using X-ray crystallography we elucidated the detailed binding modes of two potent MSAs, (+)-discodermolide (DDM) and the DDM-paclitaxel hybrid KS-1-199-32, in the taxane pocket of β-tubulin. The two compounds bind in a very similar hairpin conformation, as previously observed in solution. However, they stabilize the M-loop of β-tubulin differently: KS-1-199-32 induces an M-loop helical conformation that is not observed for DDM. In the context of the microtubule structure, both MSAs connect the β-tubulin helices H6 and H7 and loop S9-S10 with the M-loop. This is similar to the structural effects elicited by epothilone A, but distinct from paclitaxel. Together, our data reveal differential binding mechanisms of DDM and KS-1-199-32 on tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Prota
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, OFLC/111, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Katja Bargsten
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, OFLC/111, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Current address: Department of Biochemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mariano Redondo-Horcajo
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chia-Ping H Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Golding 201, Bronx, NY, 1046, USA
| | - Hayley M McDaid
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Golding 201, Bronx, NY, 1046, USA
| | - Ian Paterson
- University Chemical Laboratory, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Susan B Horwitz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Golding 201, Bronx, NY, 1046, USA
| | - José Fernando Díaz
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, OFLC/111, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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8
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Trigili C, Barasoain I, Sánchez-Murcia PA, Bargsten K, Redondo-Horcajo M, Nogales A, Gardner NM, Meyer A, Naylor GJ, Gómez-Rubio E, Gago F, Steinmetz MO, Paterson I, Prota AE, Díaz JF. Structural Determinants of the Dictyostatin Chemotype for Tubulin Binding Affinity and Antitumor Activity Against Taxane- and Epothilone-Resistant Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:1192-1204. [PMID: 30023505 PMCID: PMC6044705 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A combined biochemical, structural, and cell biology characterization of dictyostatin is described, which enables an improved understanding of the structural determinants responsible for the high-affinity binding of this anticancer agent to the taxane site in microtubules (MTs). The study reveals that this macrolide is highly optimized for MT binding and that only a few of the structural modifications featured in a library of synthetic analogues resulted in small gains in binding affinity. The high efficiency of the dictyostatin chemotype in overcoming various kinds of clinically relevant resistance mechanisms highlights its potential for therapeutic development for the treatment of drug-resistant tumors. A structural explanation is advanced to account for the synergy observed between dictyostatin and taxanes on the basis of their differential effects on the MT lattice. The X-ray crystal structure of a tubulin-dictyostatin complex and additional molecular modeling have allowed the rationalization of the structure-activity relationships for a set of synthetic dictyostatin analogues, including the highly active hybrid 12 with discodermolide. Altogether, the work reported here is anticipated to facilitate the improved design and synthesis of more efficacious dictyostatin analogues and hybrids with other MT-stabilizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Trigili
- Chemical
and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Barasoain
- Chemical
and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- E-mail: (J.F.D.)
| | - Pedro A. Sánchez-Murcia
- Área
de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Alcalá, Unidad Asociada al IQM (CSIC), Alcalá de Henares, E-28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Katja Bargsten
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mariano Redondo-Horcajo
- Chemical
and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Nogales
- Instituto
de Estructura de la Materia, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas IEM-CSIC, Serrano 121, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nicola M. Gardner
- University
Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Arndt Meyer
- University
Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Guy J. Naylor
- University
Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Elena Gómez-Rubio
- Área
de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Alcalá, Unidad Asociada al IQM (CSIC), Alcalá de Henares, E-28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Gago
- Área
de Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Alcalá, Unidad Asociada al IQM (CSIC), Alcalá de Henares, E-28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michel O. Steinmetz
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Ian Paterson
- University
Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Andrea E. Prota
- Department
of Biology and Chemistry Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - J. Fernando Díaz
- Chemical
and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
- E-mail: (I.B.)
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Paterson
- University Chemical Laboratory; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Simon Williams
- University Chemical Laboratory; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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10
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The first total synthesis and the second- or third-generation approach. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:191. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Minbiole KPC. Organic synthesis in the Smith Group: a personal selection of a dozen lessons learned at the University of Pennsylvania. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 69:192-202. [PMID: 26932408 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The passionate study of the complex and ever-evolving discipline of organic synthesis over more than a four-decade span is certain to elucidate meaningful and significant lessons. Over this period, Amos B. Smith III, the Rhodes-Thompson Professor of Chemistry and Member of the Monell Chemical Senses Center at the University of Pennsylvania, has mentored well over 100 doctoral and masters students, more than 200 postdoctoral associates and numerous undergraduates, in addition to collaborating with a wide spectrum of internationally recognized scholars. His research interests, broadly stated, comprise complex molecule synthesis, the development of new, versatile and highly effective synthetic methods, bioorganic and medicinal chemistry, peptide mimicry chemistry and material science. Each area demands a high level of synthetic design and execution. United by a passion to unlock the secrets of organic synthesis, and perhaps of Nature itself, innumerable lessons have been, and continue to be, learned by the members of the Smith Group. This lead article in a Special Issue of the Journal of Antibiotics affords an opportunity to share some of those lessons learned, albeit a small selection of personal favorites.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Umezawa
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University
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13
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Kim HS, Woo TG, Lee HW. Synthesis of C5-C15 Subunit of Dictyostatin Using the Ring-Closing Metathesis Reaction of Silicon-tethered Intermediates. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Sang Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 362-763 Korea
| | - Tae-Gu Woo
- Department of Chemistry; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 362-763 Korea
| | - Hyo Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 362-763 Korea
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14
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Yu Z, Ely RJ, Morken JP. Synthesis of (+)-discodermolide by catalytic stereoselective borylation reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9632-6. [PMID: 25045037 PMCID: PMC4171733 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The marine natural product (+)-discodermolide was first isolated in 1990 and, to this day, remains a compelling synthesis target. Not only does the compound possess fascinating biological activity, but it also presents an opportunity to test current methods for chemical synthesis and provides an inspiration for new reaction development. A new synthesis of discodermolide employs a previously undisclosed stereoselective catalytic diene hydroboration and also establishes a strategy for the alkylation of chiral enolates. Furthermore, this synthesis of discodermolide provides the first examples of the asymmetric 1,4-diboration of dienes and borylative diene-aldehyde couplings in complex-molecule synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Research Labs, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 (USA)
| | - Robert J. Ely
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Research Labs, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 (USA)
| | - James P. Morken
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Research Labs, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 (USA)
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15
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Yu Z, Ely RJ, Morken JP. Synthesis of (+)-Discodermolide by Catalytic Stereoselective Borylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Ballatore C, Brunden KR, Huryn DM, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY, Smith AB. Microtubule stabilizing agents as potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative tauopathies. J Med Chem 2012; 55:8979-96. [PMID: 23020671 PMCID: PMC3493881 DOI: 10.1021/jm301079z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) associated protein tau, which is highly expressed in the axons of neurons, is an endogenous MT-stabilizing agent that plays an important role in axonal transport. Loss of MT-stabilizing tau function, caused by misfolding, hyperphosphorylation, and sequestration of tau into insoluble aggregates, leads to axonal transport deficits with neuropathological consequences. Several in vitro and preclinical in vivo studies have shown that MT-stabilizing drugs can be utilized to compensate for the loss of tau function and to maintain/restore effective axonal transport. These findings indicate that MT-stabilizing compounds hold considerable promise for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and related tauopathies. The present article provides a synopsis of the key findings demonstrating the therapeutic potential of MT-stabilizing drugs in the context of neurodegenerative tauopathies, as well as an overview of the different classes of MT-stabilizing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Ballatore
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Kurt R. Brunden
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Donna M. Huryn
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - John Q. Trojanowski
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Virginia M.-Y. Lee
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34 St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323
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17
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Analogue-based drug discovery: Contributions to medicinal chemistry principles and drug design strategies. Microtubule stabilizers as a case in point (Special Topic Article). PURE APPL CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-12-02-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of utilizing marketed drugs as starting points to discover new therapeutic agents have been well documented within the IUPAC series of books that bear the title Analogue-based Drug Discovery (ABDD). Not as clearly demonstrated, however, is that ABDD also contributes to the elaboration of new basic principles and alternative drug design strategies that are useful to the field of medicinal chemistry in general. After reviewing the ABDD programs that have evolved around the area of microtubule-stabilizing chemo-therapeutic agents, the present article delineates the associated research activities that additionally contributed to general strategies that can be useful for prodrug design, identifying pharmacophores, circumventing multidrug resistance (MDR), and achieving targeted drug distribution.
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18
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Gerwick WH, Moore BS. Lessons from the past and charting the future of marine natural products drug discovery and chemical biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 19:85-98. [PMID: 22284357 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Marine life forms are an important source of structurally diverse and biologically active secondary metabolites, several of which have inspired the development of new classes of therapeutic agents. These success stories have had to overcome difficulties inherent to natural products-derived drugs, such as adequate sourcing of the agent and issues related to structural complexity. Nevertheless, several marine-derived agents are now approved, most as "first-in-class" drugs, with five of seven appearing in the past few years. Additionally, there is a rich pipeline of clinical and preclinical marine compounds to suggest their continued application in human medicine. Understanding of how these agents are biosynthetically assembled has accelerated in recent years, especially through interdisciplinary approaches, and innovative manipulations and re-engineering of some of these gene clusters are yielding novel agents of enhanced pharmaceutical properties compared with the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Gerwick
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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19
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Johansson Seechurn CCC, Kitching MO, Colacot TJ, Snieckus V. Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling: A Historical Contextual Perspective to the 2010 Nobel Prize. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:5062-85. [PMID: 22573393 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1976] [Impact Index Per Article: 164.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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20
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Johansson Seechurn CCC, Kitching MO, Colacot TJ, Snieckus V. Palladiumkatalysierte Kreuzkupplungen: eine historische Perspektive im Kontext der Nobel-Preise 2010. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Winder PL, Pomponi SA, Wright AE. Natural products from the Lithistida: a review of the literature since 2000. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:2643-2682. [PMID: 22363244 PMCID: PMC3280575 DOI: 10.3390/md9122643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithistid sponges are known to produce a diverse array of compounds ranging from polyketides, cyclic and linear peptides, alkaloids, pigments, lipids, and sterols. A majority of these structurally complex compounds have very potent and interesting biological activities. It has been a decade since a thorough review has been published that summarizes the literature on the natural products reported from this amazing sponge order. This review provides an update on the current taxonomic classification of the Lithistida, describes structures and biological activities of 131 new natural products, and discusses highlights from the total syntheses of 16 compounds from marine sponges of the Order Lithistida providing a compilation of the literature since the last review published in 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla L Winder
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution at Florida Atlantic University, Center for Marine Biomedical and Biotechnology Research, 5600 US 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
| | - Shirley A Pomponi
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution at Florida Atlantic University, Center for Marine Biomedical and Biotechnology Research, 5600 US 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
| | - Amy E Wright
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution at Florida Atlantic University, Center for Marine Biomedical and Biotechnology Research, 5600 US 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
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22
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Smith AB, Sugasawa K, Atasoylu O, Yang CPH, Horwitz SB. Design and synthesis of (+)-discodermolide-paclitaxel hybrids leading to enhanced biological activity. J Med Chem 2011; 54:6319-27. [PMID: 21870795 PMCID: PMC3174350 DOI: 10.1021/jm200692n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Potential binding modes of (+)-discodermolide at the paclitaxel binding site of tubulin have been identified by computational studies based on earlier structural and SAR data. Examination of the prospective binding modes reveal that the aromatic pocket occupied by the paclitaxel side chain is unoccupied by (+)-discodermolide. Based on these findings, a small library of (+)-discodermolide-paclitaxel hybrids have been designed and synthesized. Biological evaluation reveals a two- to eight-fold increase in antiproliferative activity compared to the parent molecule using the A549 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Keizo Sugasawa
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Onur Atasoylu
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Chia-Ping Huang Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Susan Band Horwitz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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23
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Qi J, Blanden AR, Bane S, Kingston DGI. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a simplified fluorescently labeled discodermolide as a molecular probe to study the binding of discodermolide to tubulin. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5247-54. [PMID: 21802957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a simplified fluorescently labeled discodermolide analogue possessing a dimethylaminobenzoyl fluorophore has been achieved. Stereoselective Suzuki coupling and Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction comprised the key tactics for its construction. The analogue exhibited qualitatively similar activity to paclitaxel in a tubulin assembly assay, and it can thus be used as a fluorescent molecular probe to explore the local environment of the discodermolide binding site on tubulin. The results of fluorescence measurements on the tubulin-bound analogue are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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24
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Wright AE. The Lithistida: important sources of compounds useful in biomedical research. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 21:801-7. [PMID: 20971629 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lithistid sponges have been an important source of structurally complex natural products with potent biological activities. Examples of compounds marketed as biological markers along with recent advances in defining the modes of action and biomedical potential of lithistid-derived compounds are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Wright
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute at Florida Atlantic University, Center for Marine Biomedical and Biotechnology Research, 5600 US 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Many first-line cancer drugs are natural products or are derived from them by chemical modification. The trioxacarcins are an emerging class of molecules of microbial origin with potent antiproliferative effects, which may derive from their ability to covalently modify duplex DNA. All trioxacarcins appear to be derivatives of a nonglycosylated natural product known as DC-45-A2. To explore the potential of the trioxacarcins for the development of small-molecule drugs and probes, we have designed a synthetic strategy toward the trioxacarcin scaffold that enables access to both the natural trioxacarcins and nonnatural structural variants. Here, we report a synthetic route to DC-45-A2 from a differentially protected precursor, which in turn is assembled in just six steps from three components of similar structural complexity. The brevity of the sequence arises from strict adherence to a plan in which strategic bond-pair constructions are staged at or near the end of the synthetic route.
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26
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Yin Z, Yue X, Deng X, Qing F. A Practical Approach to Synthesize the C(9) -C(24) Fragment of (+)-Discodermolide. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201090240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Chandra B, Fu D, Nelson S. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Complex Polypropionates: Lewis Base Catalyzed Aldol Equivalents in the Synthesis of Erythronolide B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:2591-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Chandra B, Fu D, Nelson S. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Complex Polypropionates: Lewis Base Catalyzed Aldol Equivalents in the Synthesis of Erythronolide B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Khrapunovich-Baine M, Menon V, Verdier-Pinard P, Smith AB, Angeletti RH, Fiser A, Horwitz SB, Xiao H. Distinct pose of discodermolide in taxol binding pocket drives a complementary mode of microtubule stabilization. Biochemistry 2010; 48:11664-77. [PMID: 19863156 DOI: 10.1021/bi901351q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton has proven to be an effective target for cancer therapeutics. One class of drugs, known as microtubule stabilizing agents (MSAs), binds to microtubule polymers and stabilizes them against depolymerization. The prototype of this group of drugs, Taxol, is an effective chemotherapeutic agent used extensively in the treatment of human ovarian, breast, and lung carcinomas. Although electron crystallography and photoaffinity labeling experiments determined that the binding site for Taxol is in a hydrophobic pocket in beta-tubulin, little was known about the effects of this drug on the conformation of the entire microtubule. A recent study from our laboratory utilizing hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) in concert with various mass spectrometry (MS) techniques has provided new information on the structure of microtubules upon Taxol binding. In the current study we apply this technique to determine the binding mode and the conformational effects on chicken erythrocyte tubulin (CET) of another MSA, discodermolide, whose synthetic analogues may have potential use in the clinic. We confirmed that, like Taxol, discodermolide binds to the taxane binding pocket in beta-tubulin. However, as opposed to Taxol, which has major interactions with the M-loop, discodermolide orients itself away from this loop and toward the N-terminal H1-S2 loop. Additionally, discodermolide stabilizes microtubules mainly via its effects on interdimer contacts, specifically on the alpha-tubulin side, and to a lesser extent on interprotofilament contacts between adjacent beta-tubulin subunits. Also, our results indicate complementary stabilizing effects of Taxol and discodermolide on the microtubules, which may explain the synergy observed between the two drugs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Khrapunovich-Baine
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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30
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Thomas CD, McParland JP, Hanson PR. Divalent and Multivalent Activation in Phosphate Triesters: A Versatile Method for the Synthesis of Advanced Polyol Synthons. European J Org Chem 2009; 2009:5487-5500. [PMID: 23264750 PMCID: PMC3526009 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The construction of mono- and bicyclic phosphate trimesters possessing divalent and multivalent activation and their subsequent use in the production of advanced polyol synthons is presented. The method highlights efforts to employ phosphate tethers as removable, functionally active tethers capable of multipositional activation and their subsequent role as leaving groups in selective cleavage reactions. The development of phosphate tethers represents an integrated platform for a new and versatile tether for natural product synthesis and sheds light on new approaches to the facile construction of small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - James P. McParland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Paul R. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Malott Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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31
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Abstract
Drug discovery from marine natural products has enjoyed a renaissance in the past few years. Ziconotide (Prialt; Elan Pharmaceuticals), a peptide originally discovered in a tropical cone snail, was the first marine-derived compound to be approved in the United States in December 2004 for the treatment of pain. Then, in October 2007, trabectedin (Yondelis; PharmaMar) became the first marine anticancer drug to be approved in the European Union. Here, we review the history of drug discovery from marine natural products, and by describing selected examples, we examine the factors that contribute to new discoveries and the difficulties associated with translating marine-derived compounds into clinical trials. Providing an outlook into the future, we also examine the advances that may further expand the promise of drugs from the sea.
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32
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Reichard H, Rieger J, Micalizio G. Total Synthesis of Callystatin A by Titanium-Mediated Reductive Alkyne-Alkyne Cross-Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Reichard H, Rieger J, Micalizio G. Total Synthesis of Callystatin A by Titanium-Mediated Reductive Alkyne-Alkyne Cross-Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:7837-40. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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34
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Florence GJ, Gardner NM, Paterson I. Development of practical syntheses of the marine anticancer agents discodermolide and dictyostatin. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:342-75. [PMID: 18389141 DOI: 10.1039/b705661n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Initially isolated in trace quantities from deep-sea sponges, the structurally related polyketides discodermolide and dictyostatin share the same microtubule-stabilizing antimitotic mechanism as Taxol. Discodermolide has been the focus of intense research activity in order to develop a practical supply route, and these efforts ultimately allowed its large-scale synthesis and the initiation of clinical trials as a novel anticancer drug. Similarly, the re-isolation and synthesis of dictyostatin continues to stimulate the biological and chemical communities in their quest for the development of new chemotherapeutic agents. This comprehensive review chronicles the synthetic endeavours undertaken over the last 15 years towards the development and realization of practical chemical syntheses of discodermolide and, more recently, dictyostatin, focusing on the methods and strategies employed for achieving overall stereocontrol and key fragment unions, as well as the design and synthesis of novel hybrid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J Florence
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9 ST, United Kingdom.
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35
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Smith AB, Freeze BS. (+)-Discodermolide: Total Synthesis, Construction of Novel Analogues, and Biological Evaluation. Tetrahedron 2008; 64:261-298. [PMID: 21113402 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center, Penn Center for Molecular Discovery, and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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36
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Paterson I, Florence GJ. The Chemical Synthesis of Discodermolide. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2008; 286:73-119. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2008_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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37
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Farina V, Reeves JT, Senanayake CH, Song JJ. Asymmetric synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Chem Rev 2007; 106:2734-93. [PMID: 16836298 DOI: 10.1021/cr040700c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Farina
- Department of Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, USA
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38
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Nicolaou KC, Bulger PG, Sarlah D. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions in total synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:4442-89. [PMID: 15991198 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2125] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In studying the evolution of organic chemistry and grasping its essence, one comes quickly to the conclusion that no other type of reaction plays as large a role in shaping this domain of science than carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. The Grignard, Diels-Alder, and Wittig reactions are but three prominent examples of such processes, and are among those which have undeniably exercised decisive roles in the last century in the emergence of chemical synthesis as we know it today. In the last quarter of the 20th century, a new family of carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions based on transition-metal catalysts evolved as powerful tools in synthesis. Among them, the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are the most prominent. In this Review, highlights of a number of selected syntheses are discussed. The examples chosen demonstrate the enormous power of these processes in the art of total synthesis and underscore their future potential in chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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39
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Parker KA, Cao H. Scalable, Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Syn, Anti Stereotriad Building Blocks for Polypropionate Antibiotics. Org Lett 2006; 8:3541-4. [PMID: 16869655 DOI: 10.1021/ol0612612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Asymmetric catalysis and chirality transfer by the 2,3-Wittig rearrangement were combined to provide a syn, anti stereotriad-containing olefinic alcohol in five steps from inexpensive starting materials. Development of this compound, a versatile intermediate for polypropionate synthesis, gave known building blocks for discodermolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn A Parker
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA.
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40
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Shaw SJ, Sundermann KF, Burlingame MA, Zhang D, Petryka J, Myles DC. A series of 23,24-dihydrodiscodermolide analogues with simplified lactone regions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1961-4. [PMID: 16413186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A collection of seven new 23,24-dihydrodiscodermolide analogues have been synthesized with modifications to the lactone ring, some of which show antiproliferative activities similar to discodermolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Shaw
- Kosan Biosciences, Inc., 3832 Bay Center Place, Hayward, CA 94545, USA.
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41
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Burkhardt ER, Matos K. Boron Reagents in Process Chemistry: Excellent Tools for Selective Reductions. Chem Rev 2006; 106:2617-50. [PMID: 16836295 DOI: 10.1021/cr0406918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Huang GS, Lopez-Barcons L, Freeze BS, Smith AB, Goldberg GL, Horwitz SB, McDaid HM. Potentiation of taxol efficacy and by discodermolide in ovarian carcinoma xenograft-bearing mice. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:298-304. [PMID: 16397055 PMCID: PMC4039036 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the drug combination of discodermolide and Taxol in human ovarian cancer cells and in an in vivo model of ovarian carcinoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The combination index method was used to evaluate the interaction of Taxol and discodermolide in human ovarian SKOV-3 carcinoma cells. Data were correlated with alterations in cell cycle distribution and caspase activation. In addition, SKOV-3 xenograft-bearing mice were treated with either Taxol, discodermolide, or a combination of both drugs given concurrently to evaluate the antitumor efficacy and toxicity of this combination. The Matrigel plug assay and CD31 immunohistochemistry were done to assess antiangiogenic effects. RESULTS Taxol and discodermolide interact synergistically over a range of concentrations and molar ratios that cause drug-induced aneuploidy in ovarian carcinoma cells. In SKOV-3 xenograft-bearing mice, the combination is significantly superior to either single agent, and induces tumor regressions without notable toxicities. Immunohistochemical analysis of CD31 and Matrigel plug analysis show decreased vessel formation in mice treated with the combination relative to either drug alone. CONCLUSIONS The synergistic activity of Taxol and discodermolide in cells is most potent at drug concentrations that result in drug-induced aneuploidy rather than mitotic arrest. Moreover, in an animal model of ovarian carcinoma, this is a well-tolerated combination that induces tumor regressions and suppresses angiogenesis. These data confirm the potency of this combination and support the use of concurrent low doses of Taxol and discodermolide for potential use in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria S. Huang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women’s Health, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Bronx, New York
| | - Lluis Lopez-Barcons
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - B. Scott Freeze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amos B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gary L. Goldberg
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women’s Health, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Bronx, New York
| | - Susan Band Horwitz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Hayley M. McDaid
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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43
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Burlingame MA, Mendoza E, Ashley GW, Myles DC. Synthesis of discodermolide intermediates from engineered polyketides. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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44
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Marion F, Calvet S, Marié JC, Courillon C, Malacria M. Silylated Vinyloxiranes – Recent Advances and Synthetic Applications. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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45
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Smith AB, Freeze BS, LaMarche MJ, Sager J, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Discodermolide analogues as the chemical component of combination bacteriolytic therapy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3623-6. [PMID: 15979874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2005] [Revised: 05/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The marine natural product (+)-discodermolide (1) and several simplified analogues of this microtubule-stabilizing agent have proven to be potent in vitro cell growth inhibitory agents in several human cancer cell lines. Here, we demonstrate the in vivo efficacy of discodermolide and several simplified congeners, both as stand-alone anti-tumor agents and, in the case of (+)-2,3-anhydrodiscodermolide (3), as a chemical component of the combination bacteriolytic therapy. A single intravenous injection of (+)-3 plus genetically modified Clostridium novyi-NT spores caused rapid and complete regressions of tumors in mice bearing HCT116 colorectal cancer xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Aquaculture of “Non-Food Organisms” for Natural Substance Production. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/b135821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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47
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Ramachandran PV, Prabhudas B, Chandra JS, Reddy MVR. Diastereoselective dihydroxylation and regioselective deoxygenation of dihydropyranones: a novel protocol for the stereoselective synthesis of C1-C8 and C15-C21 subunits of (+)-discodermolide. J Org Chem 2005; 69:6294-304. [PMID: 15357588 DOI: 10.1021/jo0492416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diastereoselective dihydroxylation of dihydropyranones and subsequent regioselective alpha-deoxygenation provides 1,3-trans-beta-hydroxy-delta-lactones stereoselectively. This protocol has been applied for the synthesis of C(1)-C(8) and C(15)-C(21) subunits of (+)-discodermolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Veeraraghavan Ramachandran
- Herbert C. Brown Center for Borane Research, 560 Oval Drive, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA.
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48
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Nicolaou KC, Bulger PG, Sarlah D. Palladiumkatalysierte Kreuzkupplungen in der Totalsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 629] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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Paterson I, Lyothier I. Development of a Third-Generation Total Synthesis of (+)-Discodermolide: An Expedient Still−Gennari-Type Fragment Coupling Utilizing an Advanced β-Ketophosphonate. J Org Chem 2005; 70:5494-507. [PMID: 15989331 DOI: 10.1021/jo050481a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] A novel total synthesis of the complex polyketide discodermolide, a promising anticancer agent of marine sponge origin, has been completed in 11.1% overall yield over 21 linear steps. This third-generation approach features an unprecedented Still-Gennari-type HWE olefination reaction between advanced C1-C8 beta-ketophosphonate 61 and C9-C24 aldehyde 7, introducing the (8Z)-alkene with 10:1 selectivity. The stereotetrad found in the C1-C8 subunit 61 was established via a highly diastereoselective boron-mediated aldol reaction/in situ reduction between ketone (S)-8 and 3-benzyloxypropanal. The (7S)-configuration was installed by the reduction of enone 73 with K-Selectride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Paterson
- University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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50
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Chen W, Liu Y, Chen Z. A Highly Efficient and Practical New Allylboronate Tartramide for the Asymmetric Allylboration of Achiral Aldehydes. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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