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Gentner TX, Mulvey RE. Alkali-Metal Mediation: Diversity of Applications in Main-Group Organometallic Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9247-9262. [PMID: 33017511 PMCID: PMC8247348 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Organolithium compounds have been at the forefront of synthetic chemistry for over a century, as they mediate the synthesis of myriads of compounds that are utilised worldwide in academic and industrial settings. For that reason, lithium has always been the most important alkali metal in organometallic chemistry. Today, that importance is being seriously challenged by sodium and potassium, as the alkali-metal mediation of organic reactions in general has started branching off in several new directions. Recent examples covering main-group homogeneous catalysis, stoichiometric organic synthesis, low-valent main-group metal chemistry, polymerization, and green chemistry are showcased in this Review. Since alkali-metal compounds are often not the end products of these applications, their roles are rarely given top billing. Thus, this Review has been written to alert the community to this rising unifying phenomenon of "alkali-metal mediation".
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas X. Gentner
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
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2
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Ielo L, Miele M, Pillari V, Senatore R, Mirabile S, Gitto R, Holzer W, Alcántara AR, Pace V. Taking advantage of lithium monohalocarbenoid intrinsic α-elimination in 2-MeTHF: controlled epoxide ring-opening en route to halohydrins. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2038-2043. [PMID: 33599644 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02407d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic degradative α-elimination of Li carbenoids somehow complicates their use in synthesis as C1-synthons. Nevertheless, we herein report how boosting such an α-elimination is a straightforward strategy for accomplishing controlled ring-opening of epoxides to furnish the corresponding β-halohydrins. Crucial for the development of the method is the use of the eco-friendly solvent 2-MeTHF, which forces the degradation of the incipient monohalolithium, due to the very limited stabilizing effect of this solvent on the chemical integrity of the carbenoid. With this approach, high yields of the targeted compounds are consistently obtained under very high regiocontrol and, despite the basic nature of the reagents, no racemization of enantiopure materials is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ielo
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria. and University of Turin - Department of Chemistry, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Margherita Miele
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Veronica Pillari
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Raffaele Senatore
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Salvatore Mirabile
- University of Messina - Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- University of Messina - Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrés R Alcántara
- Complutense University of Madrid - Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria. and University of Turin - Department of Chemistry, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
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3
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Gentner TX, Mulvey RE. Alkalimetall‐Mediatoren: Vielfältige Anwendungen in der metallorganischen Chemie der Hauptgruppenelemente. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas X. Gentner
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL Großbritannien
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL Großbritannien
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4
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Monticelli S, Rui M, Castoldi L, Missere G, Pace V. A practical guide for using lithium halocarbenoids in homologation reactions. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018; 149:1285-1291. [PMID: 29983454 PMCID: PMC6006224 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lithium halocarbenoids are versatile reagents for accomplishing homologation processes. The fast α-elimination they suffer has been considered an important limitation for their extensive use. Herein, we present a series of practical considerations for an effective employment in the homologation of selected carbon electrophiles. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Monticelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marta Rui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Castoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giada Missere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Feichtner KS, Gessner VH. Cooperative bond activation reactions with carbene complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6540-6553. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02198h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the recent advances in the application of carbene complexes in bond activation reactions via metal–ligand cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Stephan Feichtner
- Inorganic Chemistry II
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Ruhr University Bochum
- 44801 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Inorganic Chemistry II
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Ruhr University Bochum
- 44801 Bochum
- Germany
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6
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Molitor S, Gessner VH. Alkali Metal Chlorine and Bromine Carbenoids: Their Thermal Stability and Structural Properties. Chemistry 2017; 23:12372-12379. [PMID: 28597985 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and structures of a series of M/X carbenoids of the type [Ph2 P(S)]2 CMX with M=Li, Na, and K and X=Cl and Br are reported, amongst the first isolated Na/Br and K/Br carbenoids. NMR spectroscopic as well as crystallographic studies showed distinct differences between the lithium carbenoids and their heavier congeners. In the solid state, all carbenoids showed no direct metal-carbon interaction, but an interaction between the metal and the halogen atom. This contact is only very weak in the case of the Li/Br carbenoid, but much more pronounced in the corresponding potassium and sodium compounds. Nevertheless, these interactions did not significantly influence the stability of the carbenoids by weakening the C-X bond and facilitating the MX elimination. As such all compounds were found to be stable up to approximately 60 °C in solution. Hence, M-X interactions-albeit being an essential feature for the structure formation of carbenoids-are not the only criterion determining the stability of such compounds. In the present systems, the stabilization by the thiophosphinoyl moieties is more important than the metal/halogen combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Molitor
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria H Gessner
- Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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Fanelli F, Parisi G, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Contribution of microreactor technology and flow chemistry to the development of green and sustainable synthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:520-542. [PMID: 28405232 PMCID: PMC5372749 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microreactor technology and flow chemistry could play an important role in the development of green and sustainable synthetic processes. In this review, some recent relevant examples in the field of flash chemistry, catalysis, hazardous chemistry and continuous flow processing are described. Selected examples highlight the role that flow chemistry could play in the near future for a sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Fanelli
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari. Italy
| | - Giovanna Parisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari. Italy
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari. Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences, University of Bari “A. Moro”, FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari. Italy
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8
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Molitor S, Gessner VH. Synthesis, structure and thermal stability of a crown ether complexed K/Cl carbenoid. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Gessner VH. Stability and reactivity control of carbenoids: recent advances and perspectives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:12011-12023. [PMID: 27498609 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05524a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal carbenoids such as lithium or Simmons-Smith-type reagents are widely used in organic synthesis, particularly in cyclopropanation and homologation reactions. These reagents are often highly reactive and thermally labile, thus limiting their isolation and hampering the development of new synthetic applications. Recent years however, have shown that by means of systematic stabilization a control of reactivity and the development of new applications is possible. This feature article documents recent developments in the control of carbenoid reactivity and stability and highlights structural and electronic properties as well as applications in main group element and transition metal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria H Gessner
- Inorganic Chemistry II - Organometallic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44801 Bochum, Germany.
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Pace V, Holzer W, De Kimpe N. Lithium Halomethylcarbenoids: Preparation and Use in the Homologation of Carbon Electrophiles. CHEM REC 2016; 16:2061-76. [PMID: 27381551 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
α-Halomethyllithium carbenoids are useful homologating reagents which - reacting under proper reaction conditions as carbanions - enable the installation via nucleophilic addition of a reactive halomethyl fragment onto a preformed carbon-heteroatom bond. The pronounced thermolability represented - since seminal studies by Köbrich - the Achilles' heel of these reagents: the use of Barbier-type methodologies (i.e., the electrophile should be present in the reaction mixture prior to the formation of the carbenoid) was pivotal in order to suppress decomposition through α-elimination processes. Nowadays, the use of low temperatures (-78 °C) guarantees reliable procedures and, significantly, the employment of microreactor technologies allows external trapping to be performed even at higher temperatures as reported by Luisi. We will discuss the α-halomethyllithium-mediated homologations of a series of carbon electrophiles such as carbonyl compounds, imines, esters, Weinreb amides, and isocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Leung W, Chan Y, Choi T, Lee H. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Mono‐ and Bimetallic Rhodium(I), Iridium(I) and Gold(I) Methanide and Methandiide Complexes from 2‐Quinolyl‐Linked (Thiophosphoranyl)methane. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wing‐Por Leung
- School of Science and Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Yuk‐Chi Chan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637731 Singapore
- Department of Chemistry The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Tsz‐Hei Choi
- Department of Chemistry The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Hung‐Kay Lee
- Department of Chemistry The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, New Territories Hong Kong P. R. China
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12
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2014. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Pace V, Pelosi A, Antermite D, Rosati O, Curini M, Holzer W. Bromomethyllithium-mediated chemoselective homologation of disulfides to dithioacetals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2639-42. [PMID: 26750866 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc10280d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, chemoselective homologation of disulfides and diselenides to the corresponding dithio- and diselenoacetals has been developed via the addition of bromomethyllithium. Chemoselectivity is fully preserved in the presence of concomitant electrophilic sites decorating the substrates. The synthetic potential of selected dithioacetals has been evaluated in Feringa-Fañanas-Mastral-type Pd-catalyzed coupling with an organolithium and in the unusual 1,4-addition to a Weinreb amide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14. A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Pace V, Castoldi L, Mamuye AD, Langer T, Holzer W. Chemoselective Addition of Halomethyllithiums to Functionalized Isatins:A Straightforward Access to Spiro‐Epoxyoxindoles. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse 14, A‐1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Castoldi
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse 14, A‐1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ashenafi Damtew Mamuye
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse 14, A‐1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Sassari, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Via Vienna 2, I‐07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Thierry Langer
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse 14, A‐1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse 14, A‐1090 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Molitor S, Schwarz C, Gessner VH. Mono- and Bis-Cyclometalated Palladium Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Activity. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Molitor
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Schwarz
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Feichtner KS, Englert S, Gessner VH. Preparation and Isolation of a Chiral Methandiide and Its Application as Cooperative Ligand in Bond Activation. Chemistry 2015; 22:506-10. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Ludwig G, Ströhl D, Schmidt H, Steinborn D. [Li2{CH2S(O)Ph}2(TMEDA)2] – An α-sulfinyl-functionalized methyllithium carbenoid. Inorganica Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2015.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Gessner VH, Becker J, Feichtner KS. Carbene Complexes Based on Dilithium Methandiides. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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19
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Guo JY, Chan YC, Li Y, Ganguly R, So CW. Oxo-Bridged Bis(group 4 metal unsymmetric phosphonium-stabilized carbene) Complexes. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/om5012962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Guo
- Division
of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Yuk-Chi Chan
- Division
of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Yongxin Li
- Division
of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Rakesh Ganguly
- Division
of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division
of Chemistry and
Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
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20
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Ho SYF, So CW, Saffon-Merceron N, Mézailles N. Formation of a zwitterionic boronium species from the reaction of a stable carbenoid with borane: CO2 reduction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 51:2107-10. [PMID: 25536124 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc09239b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of Li2C(PPh2NMes)2 (1, Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) with hexachloroethane yielded the corresponding carbenoid 2 in good yields. The reactivity of 2 was studied with BH3·SMe2 to give a zwitterionic boronium species 4, also a stable carbenoid. Both carbenoid species were found to be excellent catalysts for the CO2 reduction by BH3·SMe2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Y-F Ho
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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21
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Degennaro L, Fanelli F, Giovine A, Luisi R. External Trapping of Halomethyllithium Enabled by Flow Microreactors. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201400747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Molitor S, Becker J, Gessner VH. Selective dehydrocoupling of phosphines by lithium chloride carbenoids. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:15517-20. [PMID: 25322474 DOI: 10.1021/ja509381w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of a simple, transition-metal-free approach for the formation of phosphorus-phosphorus bonds through dehydrocoupling of phosphines is presented. The reaction is mediated by electronically stabilized lithium chloride carbenoids and affords a variety of different diphosphines under mild reaction conditions. The developed protocol is simple and highly efficient and allows the isolation of novel functionalized diphosphines in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Molitor
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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23
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Waerder B, Steinhauer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mix A, Vishnevskiy YV, Hoge B, Mitzel NW. Solid-State Structure of a Li/F Carbenoid: Pentafluoroethyllithium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11640-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201406564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Waerder B, Steinhauer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mix A, Vishnevskiy YV, Hoge B, Mitzel NW. Festkörperstruktur eines Li/F-Carbenoids: Pentafluorethyllithium. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201406564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Becker J, Gessner VH. Synthesis and Electronic Structure of Carbene Complexes Based on a Sulfonyl-Substituted Dilithio Methandiide. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om5001277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Becker
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Institut für Anorganische
Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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26
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Feichtner KS, Gessner VH. Synthesis and stability of Li/Cl carbenoids based on bis(iminophosphoryl)methanes. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:14399-408. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01466a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bis(iminophosphoryl) substituted Li/Cl carbenoids – accessable via different preparation methods – show high thermal stabilities, which however depend on the N-substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Stephan Feichtner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
- 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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