1
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Schwab S, Baur M, Nelson TF, Mecking S. Synthesis and Deconstruction of Polyethylene-type Materials. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2327-2351. [PMID: 38408312 PMCID: PMC10941192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene deconstruction to reusable smaller molecules is hindered by the chemical inertness of its hydrocarbon chains. Pyrolysis and related approaches commonly require high temperatures, are energy-intensive, and yield mixtures of multiple classes of compounds. Selective cleavage reactions under mild conditions (
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon
T. Schwab
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science,
Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Baur
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science,
Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Taylor F. Nelson
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science,
Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- Chair of Chemical Materials Science,
Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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2
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Phearman AS, Ardon Y, Goldberg KI. Insertion of Molecular Oxygen into a Gold(III)-Hydride Bond. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4045-4059. [PMID: 38290523 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The use of molecular oxygen as an oxidant in chemical synthesis has significant environmental and economic benefits, and it is widely used as such in large-scale industrial processes. However, its adoption in highly selective homogeneous catalytic transformations, particularly to produce oxygenated organics, has been hindered by our limited understanding of the mechanisms by which O2 reacts with transition metals. Of particular relevance are the mechanisms of the reactions of oxygen with late transition metal hydrides as these metal centers are better poised to release oxygenated products. Homogeneous catalysis with gold complexes has markedly increased, and herein we report the synthesis and full characterization of a rare AuIII-H, supported by a diphosphine pincer ligand (tBuPCP = 2,6-bis(di-tert-butylphosphinomethyl)benzene). [(tBuPCP)AuIII-H]+ was found to cleanly react with molecular oxygen to yield a stable AuIII-OOH complex that was also fully characterized. Extensive kinetic studies on the reaction via variable temperature NMR spectroscopy have been completed, and the results are consistent with an autoaccelerating radical chain mechanism. The observed kinetic behavior exhibits similarities to that of previously reported PdII-H and PtIV-H reactions with O2 but is not fully consistent with any known O2 insertion mechanism. As such, this study contributes to the nascent fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of aerobic oxidation of late metal hydrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Phearman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yotam Ardon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Karen I Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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3
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Deolka S, Govindarajan R, Khaskin E, Vasylevskyi S, Bahri J, Fayzullin RR, Roy MC, Khusnutdinova JR. Oxygen transfer reactivity mediated by nickel perfluoroalkyl complexes using molecular oxygen as a terminal oxidant. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7026-7035. [PMID: 37389265 PMCID: PMC10306096 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01861j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nickel perfluoroethyl and perfluoropropyl complexes supported by naphthyridine-type ligands show drastically different aerobic reactivity from their trifluoromethyl analogs resulting in facile oxygen transfer to perfluoroalkyl groups or oxygenation of external organic substrates (phosphines, sulfides, alkenes and alcohols) using O2 or air as a terminal oxidant. Such mild aerobic oxygenation occurs through the formation of spectroscopically detected transient high-valent NiIII and structurally characterized mixed-valent NiII-NiIV intermediates and radical intermediates, resembling O2 activation reported for some Pd dialkyl complexes. This reactivity is in contrast with the aerobic oxidation of naphthyridine-based Ni(CF3)2 complexes resulting in the formation of a stable NiIII product, which is attributed to the effect of greater steric congestion imposed by longer perfluoroalkyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Deolka
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - R Govindarajan
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Eugene Khaskin
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Serhii Vasylevskyi
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Janet Bahri
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Robert R Fayzullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences 8 Arbuzov Street Kazan 420088 Russian Federation
| | - Michael C Roy
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
| | - Julia R Khusnutdinova
- Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis Unit Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University 1919-1 Tancha Onna-son 904-0495 Okinawa Japan
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4
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Keerthana MS, Jeganmohan M. Synthesis of conjugated dienes via palladium-catalysed aerobic dehydrogenation of unsaturated acids and amides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8814-8817. [PMID: 35843120 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02896d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Pd(II)-catalyzed direct aerobic dehydrogenation of γ,δ-olefinic acids and amides has been demonstrated. The present protocol dehydrogenates the least acidic amides and acids, thus replacing the traditional enolate strategy for dehydrogenation. A broad spectrum of conjugated dienamides and dienoic acids were produced in good to excellent yields. A possible reaction mechanism was proposed and supported by deuterium labelling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masilamani Jeganmohan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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5
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Keerthana MS, Jeganmohan M. Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic α,β-Dehydrogenation of Aliphatic Amides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4873-4882. [PMID: 35319889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A Pd(II)-catalyzed α,β-dehydrogenation of substituted aliphatic amides assisted by a reusable bis-chelating 8-aminoquinoline ligand is demonstrated. Broad spectra of β-substituted including olefin-substituted aliphatic amides are well tolerated. The present protocol efficiently dehydrogenates the less acidic aliphatic amides via the chelation-assisted β-C-H bond activation and replaces the traditional enolate-based strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masilamani Jeganmohan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
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6
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Zakis JM, Smejkal T, Wencel-Delord J. Cyclometallated complexes as catalysts for C-H activation and functionalization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:483-490. [PMID: 34735563 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05195d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel catalysts for C-H activation reactions with increased reactivity and improved selectivities has been attracting significant interest over the last two decades. More recently, promising results have been developed using tridentate pincer ligands, which form a stable C-M bond. Furthermore, based on mechanistic studies, the unique catalytic role of some metallacyclic intermediate species has been revealed. These experimental observations have subsequently translated into the rational design of advanced C-H activation catalysts in both Ru- and Ir-based systems. Recent breakthroughs in the field of C-H activation catalysed by metallacyclic intermediates are thus discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Mikelis Zakis
- Process Chemistry Research, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, Stein AG 4332, Switzerland. .,Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute-Alsace, ECPM, Strasbourg 67087, France.
| | - Tomas Smejkal
- Process Chemistry Research, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, Stein AG 4332, Switzerland.
| | - Joanna Wencel-Delord
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (UMR CNRS 7042), Université de Strasbourg/Université de Haute-Alsace, ECPM, Strasbourg 67087, France.
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7
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Rana P, Gaur R, Kaushik B, Rana P, Yadav S, Yadav P, Sharma P, Gawande MB, Sharma RK. Surface engineered Iridium-based magnetic photocatalyst paving a path towards visible light driven C-H arylation and cyanation reaction. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Rubashkin SB, Chu WY, Goldberg KI. Lowering the Barrier to C–H Activation at IrIII through Pincer Ligand Design. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie B. Rubashkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Wan-Yi Chu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Karen I. Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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9
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Foley BJ, Ozerov OV. Air- and Water-Tolerant (PNP)Ir Precatalyst for the Dehydrogenative Borylation of Terminal Alkynes. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J. Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Oleg V. Ozerov
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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10
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Li N, Zhu WJ, Huang JJ, Hao XQ, Gong JF, Song MP. Chiral NCN Pincer Iridium(III) Complexes with Bis(imidazolinyl)phenyl Ligands: Synthesis and Application in Enantioselective C–H Functionalization of Indoles with α-Aryl-α-diazoacetates. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jing Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan-Juan Huang
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Fang Gong
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Abril P, Del Río MP, López JA, Lledós A, Ciriano MA, Tejel C. Inner-Sphere Oxygen Activation Promoting Outer-Sphere Nucleophilic Attack on Olefins. Chemistry 2019; 25:14546-14554. [PMID: 31432579 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alkoxylation and hydroxylation reactions of 1,5-cyclooctadiene (cod) in an iridium complex with alcohols and water promoted by the reduction of oxygen to hydrogen peroxide are described. The exo configuration of the OH/OR groups in the products agrees with nucleophilic attack at the external face of the olefin as the key step. The reactions also require the presence of a coordinating protic acid (such as picolinic acid (Hpic)) and involve the participation of a cationic diolefin iridium(III) complex, [Ir(cod)(pic)2 ]+ , which has been isolated. Independently, this cation is also involved in easy alkoxy group exchange reactions, which are very unusual for organic ethers. DFT studies on the mechanism of olefin alkoxylation mediated by oxygen show a low-energy proton-coupled electron-transfer step connecting a superoxide-iridium(II) complex with hydroperoxide-iridium(III) intermediates, rather than peroxide complexes. Accordingly, a more complex reaction, with up to four different products, occurred upon reacting the diolefin-peroxide iridium(III) complex with Hpic. Moreover, such hydroperoxide intermediates are the origin of the regio- and stereoselectivity of the hydroxylation/alkoxylation reactions. If this protocol is applied to the diolefin-rhodium(I) complex [Rh(pic)(cod)], free alkyl ethers ORC8 H11 (R=Me, Et) resulted, and the reaction is enantioselective if a chiral amino acid, such as l-proline, is used instead of Hpic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Abril
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Pilar Del Río
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José A López
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Agustí Lledós
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Ciriano
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Tejel
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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12
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Wright AM, Pahls DR, Gary JB, Warner T, Williams JZ, M Knapp SM, Allen KE, Landis CR, Cundari TR, Goldberg KI. Experimental and Computational Investigation of the Aerobic Oxidation of a Late Transition Metal-Hydride. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10830-10843. [PMID: 31259542 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The rational development of homogeneous catalytic systems for selective aerobic oxidations of organics has been hampered by the limited available knowledge of how oxygen reacts with important organometallic intermediates. Recently, several mechanisms for oxygen insertion into late transition metal-hydride bonds have been described. Contributing to this nascent understanding of how oxygen reacts with metal-hydrides, a detailed mechanistic study of the reaction of oxygen with the IrIII hydride complex (dmPhebox)Ir(OAc)(H) (1) in the presence of acetic acid, which proceeds to form the IrIII complex (dmPhebox)Ir(OAc)2(OH2) (2), is described. The evidence supports a multifaceted mechanism wherein a small amount of an initially formed metal hydroperoxide proceeds to generate a metal-oxyl species that then initiates a radical chain reaction to rapidly convert the remaining IrIII-H. Insight into the initiation step was gained through kinetic and mechanistic studies of the radical chain inhibition by BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene). Computational studies were employed to contribute to a further understanding of initiation and propagation in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Wright
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195-1700 , United States
| | - Dale R Pahls
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM) , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle, #305070 , Denton , Texas 76203-5017 , United States
| | - J Brannon Gary
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM) , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle, #305070 , Denton , Texas 76203-5017 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Stephen F. Austin State University , P.O. Box 13006, SFA Station , Nacogdoches , Texas 75962-3006 , United States
| | - Theresa Warner
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM) , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle, #305070 , Denton , Texas 76203-5017 , United States
| | - Jacob Z Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM) , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle, #305070 , Denton , Texas 76203-5017 , United States
| | - Spring Melody M Knapp
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53719 , United States
| | - Kate E Allen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195-1700 , United States
| | - Clark R Landis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53719 , United States
| | - Thomas R Cundari
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM) , University of North Texas , 1155 Union Circle, #305070 , Denton , Texas 76203-5017 , United States
| | - Karen I Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry , University of Washington , Box 351700, Seattle , Washington 98195-1700 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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13
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Das K, Kumar A. Alkane dehydrogenation reactions catalyzed by pincer-metal complexes. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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14
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Yuan H, Brennessel WW, Jones WD. Effect of Carboxylate Ligands on Alkane Dehydrogenation with (dmPhebox)Ir Complexes. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b04057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - William W. Brennessel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - William D. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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15
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Kumar A, Bhatti TM, Goldman AS. Dehydrogenation of Alkanes and Aliphatic Groups by Pincer-Ligated Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12357-12384. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akshai Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, Assam, India
| | - Tariq M. Bhatti
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Alan S. Goldman
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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16
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Duncan AP, Johnson AR, Nataro C. Literature-Based Teaching Strategies for Organometallic Courses. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Duncan
- Department
of Chemistry, Willamette University, Salem, Oregon 97301, United States
| | - Adam R. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Chip Nataro
- Department
of Chemistry, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania 18042, United States
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17
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Gao Y, Guan C, Zhou M, Kumar A, Emge TJ, Wright AM, Goldberg KI, Krogh-Jespersen K, Goldman AS. β-Hydride Elimination and C–H Activation by an Iridium Acetate Complex, Catalyzed by Lewis Acids. Alkane Dehydrogenation Cocatalyzed by Lewis Acids and [2,6-Bis(4,4-dimethyloxazolinyl)-3,5-dimethylphenyl]iridium. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6338-6350. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Changjian Guan
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Meng Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
- Department
of Natural Sciences, Lawrence Technological University, Southfield, Michigan 48075, United States
| | - Akshai Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Thomas J. Emge
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Ashley M. Wright
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Karen I. Goldberg
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Karsten Krogh-Jespersen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Alan S. Goldman
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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18
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Abstract
Great progress has been made in the past several decades concerning C-H bond functionalization. But despite many significant advances, a commercially viable large-scale process for selective alkane functionalization remains an unreached goal. Such conversions will require highly active, selective, and long-lived catalysts. In addition, essentially complete atom-economy will be required. Thus, any reagents used in transforming the alkanes must be almost free (e.g., O2, H2O, N2), or they should be incorporated into the desired large-scale product. Any side-products should be completely benign or have value as fuels (e.g., H2 or other alkanes). Progress and promising leads toward the development of such systems involving primarily molecular transition metal catalysts are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen I. Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alan S. Goldman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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19
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Kumar A, Hackenberg JD, Zhuo G, Steffens AM, Mironov O, Saxton RJ, Goldman AS. High yields of piperylene in the transfer dehydrogenation of pentane catalyzed by pincer-ligated iridium complexes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Phadke N, Findlater M. Isomerization of Internal Alkynes to Iridium(III) Allene Complexes via C-H Bond Activation: Expanded Substrate Scope, and Progress towards a Catalytic Methodology. Molecules 2015; 20:20195-205. [PMID: 26569203 PMCID: PMC6332053 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of allene complexes (POCOP)Ir(η²-RC=(.)=CR') 1b-4b (POCOP = 2,6-bis(di-tert-butylphosphonito)benzene) via isomerization of internal alkynes is reported. We have demonstrated that the application of this methodology is viable for the isomerization of a wide variety of alkyne substrates. Deuterium labeling experiments support our proposed mechanism. The structures of the allene complexes 1b-4b were determined using spectroscopic data analysis. Additionally, the solid-state molecular structure of complex 2b was determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction studies and it confirmed the assignment of an iridium-bound allene isomerization product. The rates of isomerization were measured using NMR techniques over a range of temperatures to allow determination of thermodynamic parameters. Finally, we report a preliminary step towards developing a catalytic methodology; the allene may be liberated from the metal center by exposure of the complex to an atmosphere of carbon monoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Phadke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
| | - Michael Findlater
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
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21
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Stein T, Hoffmann F, Fröba M. Crystal structures of 1-bromo-3,5-bis-(4,4-dimethyl-1,3-oxazolin-2-yl)benzene 0.15-hydrate and 3,5-bis-(4,4-dimethyl-1,3-oxazolin-2-yl)-1-iodo-benzene. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2015; 71:1125-31. [PMID: 26594388 PMCID: PMC4647399 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989015016059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The bromo and iodo derivatives of a meta-bis-(1,3-oxazolin-2-yl)-substituted benzene, C16H19BrN2O2·0.15H2O (1) and C16H19IN2O2 (2), have been prepared and studied in terms of their mol-ecular and crystal structures. While the former crystallizes as a sub-hydrate, with 0.15 formula units of water and shows an almost all-planar arrangement of the three ring systems, the latter crystallizes solvate-free with the flanking heterocycles twisted considerably with respect to the central arene. Non-covalent contacts include parallel-displaced π-π inter-actions and (non-classical) hydrogen bonding for both (1) and (2), as well as relatively short I⋯N contacts for (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Stein
- Institute of Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frank Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Fröba
- Institute of Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Kumar A, Zhou T, Emge TJ, Mironov O, Saxton RJ, Krogh-Jespersen K, Goldman AS. Dehydrogenation of n-Alkanes by Solid-Phase Molecular Pincer-Iridium Catalysts. High Yields of α-Olefin Product. J Am Chem Soc 2015. [PMID: 26200219 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the transfer-dehydrogenation of gas-phase alkanes catalyzed by solid-phase, molecular, pincer-ligated iridium catalysts, using ethylene or propene as hydrogen acceptor. Iridium complexes of sterically unhindered pincer ligands such as (iPr4)PCP, in the solid phase, are found to give extremely high rates and turnover numbers for n-alkane dehydrogenation, and yields of terminal dehydrogenation product (α-olefin) that are much higher than those previously reported for solution-phase experiments. These results are explained by mechanistic studies and DFT calculations which jointly lead to the conclusion that olefin isomerization, which limits yields of α-olefin from pincer-Ir catalyzed alkane dehydrogenation, proceeds via two mechanistically distinct pathways in the case of ((iPr4)PCP)Ir. The more conventional pathway involves 2,1-insertion of the α-olefin into an Ir-H bond of ((iPr4)PCP)IrH2, followed by 3,2-β-H elimination. The use of ethylene as hydrogen acceptor, or high pressures of propene, precludes this pathway by rapid hydrogenation of these small olefins by the dihydride. The second isomerization pathway proceeds via α-olefin C-H addition to (pincer)Ir to give an allyl intermediate as was previously reported for ((tBu4)PCP)Ir. The improved understanding of the factors controlling rates and selectivity has led to solution-phase systems that afford improved yields of α-olefin, and provides a framework required for the future development of more active and selective catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshai Kumar
- †Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States.,§Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati - 781039, Assam, India
| | - Tian Zhou
- †Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Thomas J Emge
- †Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Oleg Mironov
- ‡Chevron Energy Technology Company, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, United States
| | - Robert J Saxton
- ‡Chevron Energy Technology Company, 100 Chevron Way, Richmond, California 94802, United States
| | - Karsten Krogh-Jespersen
- †Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Alan S Goldman
- †Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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23
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Zhou M, Goldman AS. Chlorination of (Phebox)Ir(mesityl)(OAc) by Thionyl Chloride. Molecules 2015; 20:10122-30. [PMID: 26039335 PMCID: PMC6272745 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200610122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Pincer (Phebox)Ir(mesityl)(OAc) (2) (Phebox = 3,5-dimethylphenyl-2,6-bis(oxazolinyl)) complex, formed by benzylic C-H activation of mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) using (Phebox)Ir(OAc)2OH2 (1), was treated with thionyl chloride to rapidly form 1-(chloromethyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzene in 50% yield at 23 °C. A green species was obtained at the end of reaction, which decomposed during flash column chromatography to form (Phebox)IrCl2OH2 in 87% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers New Brunswick-Busch Campus, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Alan S Goldman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers New Brunswick-Busch Campus, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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24
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Zhou M, Johnson SI, Gao Y, Emge TJ, Nielsen RJ, Goddard WA, Goldman AS. Activation and Oxidation of Mesitylene C–H Bonds by (Phebox)Iridium(III) Complexes. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers New Brunswick, Busch Campus, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | | | - Yang Gao
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers New Brunswick, Busch Campus, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Thomas J. Emge
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers New Brunswick, Busch Campus, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | | | | | - Alan S. Goldman
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers New Brunswick, Busch Campus, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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25
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Lehman MC, Pahls DR, Meredith JM, Sommer RD, Heinekey DM, Cundari TR, Ison EA. Oxyfunctionalization with Cp*Ir(III)(NHC)(Me)(Cl) with O₂: identification of a rare bimetallic Ir(IV) μ-oxo intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:3574-84. [PMID: 25700811 DOI: 10.1021/ja512905t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Methanol formation from [Cp*Ir(III)(NHC)Me(CD2Cl2)](+) occurs quantitatively at room temperature with air (O2) as the oxidant and ethanol as a proton source. A rare example of a diiridium bimetallic complex, [(Cp*Ir(NHC)Me)2(μ-O)][(BAr(F)4)2], 3, was isolated and shown to be an intermediate in this reaction. The electronic absorption spectrum of 3 features a broad observation at ∼660 nm, which is primarily responsible for its blue color. In addition, 3 is diamagnetic and can be characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Complex 3 was also characterized by X-ray crystallography and contains an Ir(IV)-O-Ir(IV) core in which two d(5) Ir(IV) centers are bridged by an oxo ligand. DFT and MCSCF calculations reveal several important features of the electronic structure of 3, most notably, that the μ-oxo bridge facilitates communication between the two Ir centers, and σ/π mixing yields a nonlinear arrangement of the μ-oxo core (Ir-O-Ir ∼ 150°) to facilitate oxygen atom transfer. The formation of 3 results from an Ir oxo/oxyl intermediate that may be described by two competing bonding models, which are close in energy and have formal Ir-O bond orders of 2 but differ markedly in their electronic structures. The radical traps TEMPO and 1,4-cyclohexadiene do not inhibit the formation of 3; however, methanol formation from 3 is inhibited by TEMPO. Isotope labeling studies confirmed the origin of the methyl group in the methanol product is the iridium-methyl bond in the [Cp*Ir(NHC)Me(CD2Cl2)][BAr(F)4] starting material. Isolation of the diiridium-containing product [(Cp*Ir(NHC)Cl)2][(BAr(F)4)2], 4, in high yields at the end of the reaction suggests that the Cp* and NHC ligands remain bound to the iridium and are not significantly degraded under reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Lehman
- ‡Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Dale R Pahls
- †Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Joseph M Meredith
- §Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Roger D Sommer
- ‡Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - D Michael Heinekey
- §Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Thomas R Cundari
- †Department of Chemistry, Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling (CASCaM), University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Elon A Ison
- ‡Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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26
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Maity S, Kundu S, Saha Roy A, Weyhermüller T, Ghosh P. Orthometalation of Dibenzo[1,2]quinoxaline with Ruthenium(II/III), Osmium(II/III/IV), and Rhodium(III) Ions and Orthometalated [RuNO]6/7 Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:1384-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502320m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Maity
- Department
of Chemistry, R. K. Mission Residential College, Narendrapur, Kolkata-103, India
| | - Suman Kundu
- Department
of Chemistry, R. K. Mission Residential College, Narendrapur, Kolkata-103, India
| | - Amit Saha Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, R. K. Mission Residential College, Narendrapur, Kolkata-103, India
| | - Thomas Weyhermüller
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Prasanta Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, R. K. Mission Residential College, Narendrapur, Kolkata-103, India
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27
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Kumar A, Goldman AS. Recent Advances in Alkane Dehydrogenation Catalyzed by Pincer Complexes. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2015_113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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28
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Bézier D, Brookhart M. Transfer Dehydrogenations of Alkanes and Related Reactions Using Iridium Pincer Complexes. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2015_132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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