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Sarkar D, Vasko P, Roper AF, Crumpton AE, Roy MMD, Griffin LP, Bogle C, Aldridge S. Reversible [4 + 1] Cycloaddition of Arenes by a "Naked" Acyclic Aluminyl Compound. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11792-11800. [PMID: 38626444 PMCID: PMC11066863 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The large steric profile of the N-heterocyclic boryloxy ligand, -OB(NDippCH)2, and its ability to stabilize the metal-centered HOMO, are exploited in the synthesis of the first example of a "naked" acyclic aluminyl complex, [K(2.2.2-crypt)][Al{OB(NDippCH)2}2]. This system, which is formed by substitution at AlI (rather than reduction of AlIII), represents the first O-ligated aluminyl compound and is shown to be capable of hitherto unprecedented reversible single-site [4 + 1] cycloaddition of benzene. This chemistry and the unusual regioselectivity of the related cycloaddition of anthracene are shown to be highly dependent on the availability (or otherwise) of the K+ countercation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debotra Sarkar
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Aisling F. Roper
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Agamemnon E. Crumpton
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Matthew M. D. Roy
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Liam P. Griffin
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Charlotte Bogle
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K.
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He M, Hu C, Wei R, Wang XF, Liu LL. Recent advances in the chemistry of isolable carbene analogues with group 13-15 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3896-3951. [PMID: 38436383 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Carbenes (R2C:), compounds with a divalent carbon atom containing only six valence shell electrons, have evolved into a broader class with the replacement of the carbene carbon or the RC moiety with main group elements, leading to the creation of main group carbene analogues. These analogues, mirroring the electronic structure of carbenes (a lone pair of electrons and an empty orbital), demonstrate unique reactivity. Over the last three decades, this area has seen substantial advancements, paralleling the innovations in carbene chemistry. Recent studies have revealed a spectrum of unique carbene analogues, such as monocoordinate aluminylenes, nitrenes, and bismuthinidenes, notable for their extraordinary properties and diverse reactivity, offering promising applications in small molecule activation. This review delves into the isolable main group carbene analogues that are in the forefront from 2010 and beyond, spanning elements from group 13 (B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl), group 14 (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) and group 15 (N, P, As, Sb, and Bi). Specifically, this review focuses on the potential amphiphilic species that possess both lone pairs of electrons and vacant orbitals. We detail their comprehensive synthesis and stabilization strategies, outlining the reactivity arising from their distinct structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian He
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Zhu H, Fujimori S, Kostenko A, Inoue S. Dearomatization of C 6 Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Main Group Complexes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301973. [PMID: 37535350 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The dearomatization reaction is a powerful method for transformation of simple aromatic compounds to unique chemical architectures rapidly in synthetic chemistry. Over the past decades, the chemistry in this field has evolved significantly and various important organic compounds such as crucial bioactive molecules have been synthesized through dearomatization. In general, photochemical conditions or assistance by transition metals are required for dearomatization of rigid arenes. Recently, main-group elements, especially naturally abundant elements in the Earth's crust, have attracted attention as they have low toxicity and are cost-effective compared to the late transition metals. In recent decades, a variety of low-valent main-group molecules, which enable the activation of stable aromatic compounds under mild conditions, have been developed. This minireview highlights the developments in the chemistry of dearomatization of C6 aromatic hydrocarbons by main-group compounds leading to the formation of seven-membered EC6 (E=main-group elements) ring or cycloaddition products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyuan Zhu
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching bei München, Germany
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Xu C, Ye Z, Xiang L, Yang S, Peng Q, Leng X, Chen Y. Insertion of Metal‐Substituted Silylene into Naphthalene's Aromatic Ring and Subsequent Rearrangement for Silaspiro‐Benzocycloheptenyl and Cyclobutenosilaindan Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Shuhan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Qian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Xuebing Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Yaofeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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Nandi GC. Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of Three Membered Sila, Sila‐Aza/‐Phospha/‐Oxa/‐Thia Cyclopropanes. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Chandra Nandi
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology‐Tiruchirappalli 620015 Tiruchirappalli Tamilnadu India
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Xu C, Ye Z, Xiang L, Yang S, Peng Q, Leng X, Chen Y. Insertion of Metal-Substituted Silylene into Naphthalene's Aromatic Ring and Subsequent Rearrangement for Silaspiro-Benzocycloheptenyl and Cyclobutenosilaindan Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:3189-3195. [PMID: 33108013 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of silacycle compounds are of fundamental and application importance. Herein we report the first example of insertion of metal-substituted silylene fragment into naphthalene's aromatic ring. More significantly, this insertion is followed by interesting rearrangements to yield silaspiro-benzocycloheptenyl and cyclobutenosilaindan derivatives. The formation of cyclobutenosilaindan derivative includes the C-C bond cleavage and 4π electrocyclization steps; the formation of silaspiro-benzocycloheptenyl derivative is more complicated, including the C-C bond cleavage, reversible 4π electrocyclization, C-H bond activation and C-Si bond cleavage. DFT investigations were carried out to shed light on the mechanistic aspects of these two rearrangements. The formed cyclobutenosilaindan potassium can readily react with PhOH, MeOTf, EtOTf, PhCH2 Cl or PhCOCl at room temperature to afford the hydrogen, alkyl, benzyl or benzoyl substituted cyclobutenosilaindans in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Shuhan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Qian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xuebing Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yaofeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
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Teichmann J, Wagner M. Silicon chemistry in zero to three dimensions: from dichlorosilylene to silafullerane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:1397-1412. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09063c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As one of the simplest examples of functionalized Si(ii) species, the SiCl2/[SiCl3]− system is not only fundamentally interesting, but also an important starting point for the assembly of oligosilane chains, rings, and clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Teichmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- 60438 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
| | - M. Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie
- Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
- 60438 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
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Transue WJ, Velian A, Nava M, Martin-Drumel MA, Womack CC, Jiang J, Hou GL, Wang XB, McCarthy MC, Field RW, Cummins CC. A Molecular Precursor to Phosphaethyne and Its Application in Synthesis of the Aromatic 1,2,3,4-Phosphatriazolate Anion. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6731-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J. Transue
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexandra Velian
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Matthew Nava
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Caroline C. Womack
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gao-Lei Hou
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Xue-Bin Wang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Michael C. McCarthy
- Harvard−Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Robert W. Field
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher C. Cummins
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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10
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Lee VY, Sekiguchi A. Novel Organometallic Reagents: Geminal Dianionic Derivatives of the Heavy Group 14 Elements. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:12303-14. [PMID: 21630690 DOI: 10.1021/ic2006106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ya. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Akira Sekiguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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Kawachi A, Machida K, Yamamoto Y. Synthesis, structure and reactions of triarylgermyl anion with α,δ-ambiphilic character. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:1890-2. [DOI: 10.1039/b923606f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Benzosilagermacyclobutene 2 bearing two Ar groups on the germanium atom [Ar = o-(fluorodimethylsilyl)phenyl] undergoes Ge–Si bond cleavage with KF in the presence of a cryptand to form Ar3Ge−[K+(cryptand)] 3, α,δ-ambiphilic species, which is converted back into 2 in the presence of LiBPh4·3dme or BF3·Et2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kawachi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526
- Japan
| | - Koji Machida
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526
- Japan
| | - Yohsuke Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Hiroshima University
- Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526
- Japan
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12
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Synthesis of silicon-functionalized 7-silanorbornadienes and their thermolysis and photolysis. J Organomet Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2008.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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