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Waechter F, Falcao Oliveira AA, Borges Shimada AL, Bernes Junior E, de Souza Nascimento E. Retrospective application of ICH M7 to anti-hypertensive drugs in Brazil: Risk assessment of potentially mutagenic impurities. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 151:105669. [PMID: 38936796 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Potentially mutagenic impurities are likely to be formed in any drug substance, since their synthesis requires reactive intermediates which may also react with DNA. The ICH M7 guideline, which defines how to risk assess and control mutagenic impurities, was first published in 2014 and is not to be applied retrospectively; however, some impurities have been found above the permitted limits in drug products which were already on the market. This study assessed the implications of applying ICH M7 retrospectively to anti-hypertensive drugs marketed in Brazil by performing a risk assessment and establishing control strategies. The manufacturing processes of 15 drug substances were evaluated and 262 impurities were identified, from which 21% were classified as potentially mutagenic. Most of the impurities were identified below ICH M7 acceptable limits, except for impurities described in a pharmacopoeial monograph. Compendial specifications are defined based on scientific evidence and play an important role in setting quality and safety standards for pharmaceuticals, however there are opportunities for further alignment with ICH guidelines, aiming for a holistic assessment of the impurities profile to ensure the safety of medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Waechter
- Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil; Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos, Rodovia Presidente Dutra - Pista Lateral, Km 222, Porto da Igreja, Guarulhos, SP, 07034-904, Brazil; Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds, LS11 5PS, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Ana Lucia Borges Shimada
- Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos, Rodovia Presidente Dutra - Pista Lateral, Km 222, Porto da Igreja, Guarulhos, SP, 07034-904, Brazil
| | - Edson Bernes Junior
- Aché Laboratórios Farmacêuticos, Rodovia Presidente Dutra - Pista Lateral, Km 222, Porto da Igreja, Guarulhos, SP, 07034-904, Brazil
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2
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Burns MJ, Andrews IX, Baumann JC, Elliott EL, Fennell JW, Kallemeyn JM, Lemaire S, Murphy NS, Palacio M, Raw SA, Roberts AJ, Moura Rocha NF, Schils D, Oestrich RS, Shannon-Little AL, Stevenson N, Talavera P, Teasdale A, Urquhart MW, Waechter F. Establishing Best Practice for the Application and Support of Solubility Purge Factors. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian X. Andrews
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | | | - Eric L. Elliott
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | | | - Sebastien Lemaire
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | - Steven A. Raw
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield Campus, Charter Way, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Teasdale
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield Campus, Charter Way, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
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3
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Borths CJ, Argentine MD, Donaubauer J, Elliott EL, Evans J, Kramer TT, Lee H, Parsons R, Roberts JC, Sluggett GW, Teasdale A, Urquhart M, Wang K, Zhuang P. Control of Mutagenic Impurities: Survey of Pharmaceutical Company Practices and a Proposed Framework for Industry Alignment. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Borths
- Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Mark D. Argentine
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | | | - Eric L. Elliott
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 35 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jared Evans
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Timothy Talbot Kramer
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Heewon Lee
- Chemical Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, United States
| | - Rodney Parsons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Roberts
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Gregory W. Sluggett
- Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., Easter Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Michael Urquhart
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Kent TN11 9AN, U.K
| | - Ke Wang
- Analytical Research & Development, Pfizer, Inc., Easter Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ping Zhuang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Elder DP, Johnson GE, Snodin DJ. Tolerability of risk: A commentary on the nitrosamine contamination issue. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2311-2328. [PMID: 33705731 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For decades, regulators have grappled with different approaches to address the issue of control of impurities. Safety-based limits, such as permissible daily exposure (PDE), acceptable intake (AI), threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) and less than lifetime limits (LTL) have all been used. For many years these safety-based limits have been recognized as virtually safe doses (VSDs). Recently, however, many regulatory agencies are seeking to impose limits for N-nitrosamine impurities, which are significantly below the VSD. This commentary will discuss the evolution of safety-based limits for impurities, provide an overview of the valsartan N-nitrosamine contamination issue and review the toxicology of N-nitrosamines. The outcome of a lessons-learned exercise on sartan medications undertaken by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) will also be discussed. The review will also highlight the many analytical challenges inherent with controlling impurities to ppb-based limits. The use of highly sensitive, low ppb limits, methods may lead to future issues of batch rejection, based on false positives. Regulators initially viewed the N-nitrosamine risk as being insufficient to prompt immediate product discontinuation and patients were specifically advised to continue using their affected medication. Patients were also informed that exposure to N-nitrosamines is extremely common via food and drinking water.
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5
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Burns MJ, Teasdale A, Elliott E, Barber CG. Controlling a Cohort: Use of Mirabilis-Based Purge Calculations to Understand Nitrosamine-Related Risk and Control Strategy Options. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Elliott
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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6
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Burns MJ, Ott MA, Teasdale A, Stalford SA, Antonucci V, Baumann JC, Brown R, Covey-Crump EM, Elder D, Elliott E, Fennell JW, Gallou F, Ide ND, Itoh T, Jordine G, Kallemeyn JM, Lauwers D, Looker AR, Lovelle LE, Molzahn R, Schils D, Schulte Oestrich R, Sluggett GW, Stevenson N, Talavera P, Urquhart MW, Varie DL, Welch DS. New Semi-Automated Computer-Based System for Assessing the Purge of Mutagenic Impurities. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vincent Antonucci
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Rahway, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | | | | | - David Elder
- Consultant, Hertford SG14 2DE, Hertfordshire, U.K
| | - Eric Elliott
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jared W. Fennell
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | | | - Nathan D. Ide
- AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Tetsuji Itoh
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation, Rahway, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | | | | | | | - Adam R. Looker
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David L. Varie
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
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Hardouin C, Pin F, Giffard JF, Hervouet Y, Hublet J, Janvier S, Penloup C, Picard J, Pinault N, Schiavi B, Zhang P, Zhao W, Zhu X. Large Scale Synthesis of an Ampakine-type Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Based on a Telescoped Regioselective Double Amidation Reaction. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hardouin
- Industrial Research Centre, Oril Industrie, 13 rue Desgenétais, 76210 Bolbec, France
| | - Frédéric Pin
- Industrial Research Centre, Oril Industrie, 13 rue Desgenétais, 76210 Bolbec, France
| | - Jean-François Giffard
- Industrial Research Centre, Oril Industrie, 13 rue Desgenétais, 76210 Bolbec, France
| | - Yvon Hervouet
- Industrial Research Centre, Oril Industrie, 13 rue Desgenétais, 76210 Bolbec, France
| | - Julie Hublet
- Industrial Research Centre, Oril Industrie, 13 rue Desgenétais, 76210 Bolbec, France
| | - Solenn Janvier
- Industrial Research Centre, Oril Industrie, 13 rue Desgenétais, 76210 Bolbec, France
| | - Christine Penloup
- Industrial Research Centre, Oril Industrie, 13 rue Desgenétais, 76210 Bolbec, France
| | - Julien Picard
- Industrial Research Centre, Oril Industrie, 13 rue Desgenétais, 76210 Bolbec, France
| | - Nathalie Pinault
- Industrial Research Centre, Oril Industrie, 13 rue Desgenétais, 76210 Bolbec, France
| | - Bruno Schiavi
- Industrial Research Centre, Oril Industrie, 13 rue Desgenétais, 76210 Bolbec, France
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Indus China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Indus China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Zhu
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Indus China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
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Ji S, Gao H, Xia X, Zheng F. A new HPLC-UV derivatization approach for the determination of potential genotoxic benzyl halides in drug substances. RSC Adv 2019; 9:25797-25804. [PMID: 35530063 PMCID: PMC9070045 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03835c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzyl halides, widely used as alkylation reagents in drug synthesis, are potential genotoxic impurities (PGTIs) required to be controlled at trace levels. However, the existing analytical methods for benzyl halides often suffer from matrix interferences or low derivatization efficiency of benzyl chlorides. In this paper, a simple derivatization HPLC-UV method was developed for the analysis of these residual trace benzyl halides in drug substances. 1-(4-Nitrophenyl) piperazine (4-NPP) was selected as a new derivatization reagent because it shifted well the benzyl halides derivatives away to the near visible range (392 nm), which could minimize the matrix interferences from the drug substances and related impurities. Meanwhile, potassium iodide (KI) was used to convert the mixed benzyl halides into benzyl iodides before derivatization. The derivatization parameters were also optimized using the design of experiments (DoE) for achieving the best reaction efficiency. The results showed that the new approach had high specificity and sensitivity, and the LOQs were 7–9 μg g−1 relative to 5 mg mL−1 antipyrine and 17.5–22.5 μg g−1 relative to 2 mg mL−1 oroxylin A. The method is a valuable alternative for the determination of residual benzyl halides in the drug substances. Benzyl halides, widely used as alkylation reagents in drug synthesis, are potential genotoxic impurities (PGTIs) required to be controlled at trace levels.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunli Ji
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China .,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Hongbin Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Baoshan Branch of Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Xingya Xia
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China .,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Feng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China .,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
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9
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Keshavarz L, Steendam RRE, Frawley PJ. Impact of Mother Liquor Recycle on the Impurity Buildup in Crystallization Processes. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Keshavarz
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - René R. E. Steendam
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Patrick J. Frawley
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre (SSPC), Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, Ireland
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10
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Bercu J, Galloway S, Parris P, Teasdale A, Masuda-Herrera M, Dobo K, Heard P, Kenyon M, Nicolette J, Vock E, Ku W, Harvey J, White A, Glowienke S, Martin E, Custer L, Jolly R, Thybaud V. Potential impurities in drug substances: Compound-specific toxicology limits for 20 synthetic reagents and by-products, and a class-specific toxicology limit for alkyl bromides. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:172-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Teasdale A, Elder DP. Analytical control strategies for mutagenic impurities: Current challenges and future opportunities? Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Barber C, Antonucci V, Baumann JC, Brown R, Covey-Crump E, Elder D, Elliott E, Fennell JW, Gallou F, Ide ND, Jordine G, Kallemeyn JM, Lauwers D, Looker AR, Lovelle LE, McLaughlin M, Molzahn R, Ott M, Schils D, Oestrich RS, Stevenson N, Talavera P, Teasdale A, Urquhart MW, Varie DL, Welch D. A consortium-driven framework to guide the implementation of ICH M7 Option 4 control strategies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 90:22-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Moynihan HA, Horgan DE. Impurity Occurrence and Removal in Crystalline Products from Process Reactions. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey A. Moynihan
- Department of Chemistry/Analytical
and Biological Chemistry Research Facility/Synthesis and Solid-State
Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Danielle E. Horgan
- Department of Chemistry/Analytical
and Biological Chemistry Research Facility/Synthesis and Solid-State
Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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14
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Teasdale A. Regulatory Highlights. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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