Mass Spectrometric Identification of Serum Peptides Employing Derivatized Poly(glycidyl methacrylate/divinyl benzene) Particles and μ-HPLC

Affinity monolith chromatography: A review of general principles and recent developments

Affinity monolith chromatography (AMC) is a liquid chromatographic technique that utilizes a monolithic support with a biological ligand or related binding agent to isolate, enrich, or detect a target analyte in a complex matrix. The target-specific interaction exhibited by the binding agents makes AMC attractive for the separation or detection of a wide range of compounds. This article will review the basic principles of AMC and recent developments in this field. The supports used in AMC will be discussed, including organic, inorganic, hybrid, carbohydrate, and cryogel monoliths. Schemes for attaching binding agents to these monoliths will be examined as well, such as covalent immobilization, biospecific adsorption, entrapment, molecular imprinting, and coordination methods. An overview will then be given of binding agents that have recently been used in AMC, along with their applications. These applications will include bioaffinity chromatography, immunoaffinity chromatography, immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography, and dye-ligand or biomimetic affinity chromatography. The use of AMC in chiral separations and biointeraction studies will also be discussed.

Affinity monolith chromatography: A review of general principles and applications

Affinity monolith chromatography, or AMC, is a liquid chromatographic method in which the support is a monolith and the stationary phase is a biological-binding agent or related mimic. AMC has become popular for the isolation of biochemicals, for the measurement of various analytes, and for studying biological interactions. This review will examine the principles and applications of AMC. The materials that have been used to prepare AMC columns will be discussed, which have included various organic polymers, silica, agarose, and cryogels. Immobilization schemes that have been used in AMC will also be considered. Various binding agents and applications that have been reported for AMC will then be described. These applications will include the use of AMC for bioaffinity chromatography, immunoaffinity chromatography, dye-ligand affinity chromatography, and immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography. The use of AMC with chiral stationary phases and as a tool to characterize biological interactions will also be examined.

Recent Developments in Solid-Phase Extraction for Near and Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis

A review with more than 100 references on the principles and recent developments in the solid-phase extraction (SPE) prior and for in situ near and attenuated total reflection (ATR) infrared spectroscopic analysis is presented. New materials, chromatographic modalities, experimental setups and configurations are described. Their advantages for fast sample preparation for distinct classes of compounds containing different functional groups in order to enhance selectivity and sensitivity are discussed and compared. This is the first review highlighting both the fundamentals of SPE, near and ATR spectroscopy with a view to real sample applicability and routine analysis. Most of real sample analyses examples are found in environmental research, followed by food- and bioanalysis. In this contribution a comprehensive overview of the most potent SPE-NIR and SPE-ATR approaches is summarized and provided.

Immobilized metal affinity chromatography and human serum proteomics

Metal-binding proteins have a pivotal role in normal and diseased states. We used metal affinity chromatography to enrich a fraction of human serum proteins on immobilized columns loaded with cadmium, nickel, zinc, copper, or lead in bis-Tris saline and these proteins were identified using LC-MS/MS. Tens of enriched proteins were identified and we here present the 20 most abundant for binding each metal. The binding of various proteins (complement C3, alpha-2-macroglobulin, serum albumin, apolipoprotein B-100, complement component 4B preproprotein, apolipoprotein A-I, serotransferrin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin, 47kDa protein, uncharacterized protein DKFZp686P15220, transthyretin, hemopexin, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2, and histidine-rich glycoprotein) to different metals using immobilized metal affinity chromatography was compared to the literature. Although many metal-binding properties of these proteins have been confirmed, new metal-binding proteins have also been identified. The metal array use in the proteomic biomarker search technologies gives this data particular importance.

Affinity monolith chromatography: a review of principles and recent analytical applications

Affinity monolith chromatography (AMC) is a type of liquid chromatography that uses a monolithic support and a biologically related binding agent as a stationary phase. AMC is a powerful method for the selective separation, analysis, or study of specific target compounds in a sample. This review discusses the basic principles of AMC and recent developments and applications of this method, with particular emphasis being given to work that has appeared in the last 5 years. Various materials that have been used to prepare columns for AMC are examined, including organic monoliths, silica monoliths, agarose monoliths, and cryogels. These supports have been used in AMC for formats that have ranged from traditional columns to disks, microcolumns, and capillaries. Many binding agents have also been employed in AMC, such as antibodies, enzymes, proteins, lectins, immobilized metal ions, and dyes. Some applications that have been reported with these binding agents in AMC are bioaffinity chromatography, immunoaffinity chromatography or immunoextraction, immobilized-metal-ion affinity chromatography, dye-ligand affinity chromatography, chiral separations, and biointeraction studies. Examples are presented from fields that include analytical chemistry, pharmaceutical analysis, clinical testing, and biotechnology. Current trends and possible directions in AMC are also discussed.

Mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins from human blood

It is difficult to convey the accelerating rate and growing importance of mass spectrometry applications to human blood proteins and peptides. Mass spectrometry can rapidly detect and identify the ionizable peptides from the proteins in a simple mixture and reveal many of their post-translational modifications. However, blood is a complex mixture that may contain many proteins first expressed in cells and tissues. The complete analysis of blood proteins is a daunting task that will rely on a wide range of disciplines from physics, chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, electromagnetic instrumentation, mathematics and computation. Therefore the comprehensive discovery and analysis of blood proteins will rank among the great technical challenges and require the cumulative sum of many of mankind's scientific achievements together. A variety of methods have been used to fractionate, analyze and identify proteins from blood, each yielding a small piece of the whole and throwing the great size of the task into sharp relief. The approaches attempted to date clearly indicate that enumerating the proteins and peptides of blood can be accomplished. There is no doubt that the mass spectrometry of blood will be crucial to the discovery and analysis of proteins, enzyme activities, and post-translational processes that underlay the mechanisms of disease. At present both discovery and quantification of proteins from blood are commonly reaching sensitivities of ∼1 ng/mL.

New stationary phases for enrichment and separation in the 'omics' era

'Omics' is a general term for a broad discipline of science and engineering concerned with analyzing the interactions of biological molecular components in various 'omes'. These include genome, proteome, metabolome, expressome and interactome. 'Ome' and 'omics' are very convenient handles for describing the holistic approach for looking at complex systems. 'Omics' will not only have an impact on our understanding of biological processes, but also on the prospect of more accurately diagnosing and treating disease. The development of these 'omics' has depended on, and has also driven, advances in chromatography and electrophoresis, as well as highly sensitive and specific analytical techniques to permit the handling of large numbers of samples with high selectivity and sensitivity. The development and design of novel stationary phases for selective enrichment and separation is one of the key points for establishing a successfully running 'omics' platform. Therefore, this review demonstrates the application of different new materials developed in our laboratory, such as chromatographic stationary phases for selective and sensitive high-speed purification, enrichment and separation in genomics, proteomics and metabolomics.

Application of micro- and nano-HPLC to the determination and characterization of bioactive and biomarker peptides

This article reviews the works published since 2001 (included) on the micro/nano-HPLC analysis of bioactive and biomarker peptides. The main achievements related to the improvement of the detection sensitivity, quantitation repeatability and reproducibility, and separation selectivity are highlighted. A wide attention is paid to the application of micro/nano-HPLC to the analysis of bioactive peptides in biological matrices. The uses of micro/nano-HPLC in peptidomics to discover new endogenous bioactive peptides and to develop quantitation procedures to compare the levels of peptides of interest in two different biological samples are also considered. Finally, the application of micro/nano-HPLC to the analysis of biomarker peptides for various diseases is also included in this review.