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Silva Medeiros M, Botelho de Carvalho LA, Alves M, Papoila A, Baptista Carreira Dos Santos HM, Capelo-Martínez JL, Viegas de Campos Pinheiro LM. Low Cubilin/Myeloperoxidase ratio as a promising biomarker for prognosis of high-grade T1 bladder cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 2024; 56:2577-2587. [PMID: 38530585 PMCID: PMC11266244 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-024-03971-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE T1 bladder cancer is known for its high progression and recurrence rates. Identifying aggressive tumours at the non-muscle-invasive stage is crucial to allow early interventions and subsequently increase patient survival. This study aimed to investigate the potential of the cubilin/myeloperoxidase (CUBN/MPO) ratio as a high-grade T1 bladder cancer biomarker. METHODS Urine samples were collected from 30 patients who underwent transurethral resection of the tumour with high-grade T1 bladder cancer (June 2015 to December 2019) before surgery. The urinary proteome was analysed using high-resolution mass spectrometry and the CUBN/MPO ratio was calculated. The primary outcome was the recurrence during the follow-up (around 31.5 months after resection). Univariate Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier curves were used for data analysis. RESULTS Patients with a low CUBN/MPO ratio exhibited upregulated MPO and/or downregulated CUBN. This group of patients had a higher incidence of disease recurrence and progression. Low CUBN/MPO ratio was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of recurrence, progression, and death. It is worth noting that this study was exploratory and conducted on a small sample size, so further research is needed to validate these findings in larger cohorts. CONCLUSION This study highlights the potential of the CUBN/MPO ratio as a prognostic biomarker for high-grade T1 bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Alves
- Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, Research Centre, Central Lisbon University Hospital Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Papoila
- Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, Research Centre, Central Lisbon University Hospital Centre, Lisbon, Portugal
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Pal VK, Kannan K. Stability of volatile organic compound metabolites in urine at various storage temperatures and freeze-thaw cycles for 8 months. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123493. [PMID: 38316251 PMCID: PMC10939821 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The urinary concentrations of mercapturic acid metabolites of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been used as biomarkers of human exposure to this class of chemicals. However, long-term stability of these VOC metabolites (VOCMs) in urine at various storage conditions such as temperature, duration, and freeze-thaw cycles is not known. In this study, spot urine samples collected from three volunteers, stored at 22 °C (room temperature: RT), 4 °C (refrigerator) and -20 °C (freezer) for up to 240 days were analyzed at weekly to monthly interval for a total of 19 time points. Samples stored at 4 °C and -20 °C underwent 18 freeze-thaw cycles at RT for 30 min at each of the time points. Among 38 VOCMs analyzed, up to 18 metabolites were detected at concentrations above their respective detection limits on Day 0 (baseline concentration), and the concentrations of several VOCMs declined with the storage duration. Eight to ten VOCMs were lost completely within 240 days of storage at RT, compared to between two and five at 4 °C and between one and seven at -20 °C. The loss rate varied depending on the sample, storage temperature, VOCM, and number of freeze-thaw cycles. Storage of urine at RT led to a rapid loss of VOCMs in comparison to that stored at 4 °C or -20 °C. Among VOCMs measured, CEMA, SBMA, GAMA, DHBMA, AMCC, TCVMA, and HPMMA were lost more rapidly than the other metabolites. CMEMA, a major VOCM found in all three urines at baseline, exhibited a rapid loss in those of two volunteers but not of the other volunteer, suggesting sample to sample variation in lose rates. Freeze-thaw cycles considerably affected VOCM concentrations in urines stored at 4 °C or -20 °C. It is recommended that urine samples are analyzed for VOCMs within a couple of months of collection and stored at temperatures below -20 °C, with minimal or no freeze-thaw cycles. This study highlights the need for appropriate storage conditions to maintain the integrity of samples for biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar Pal
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, 12237, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Environmental Medicine, New York University, New York, 10016, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, 12237, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, 12237, United States; Department of Pediatrics and Environmental Medicine, New York University, New York, 10016, United States.
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Jordaens S, Arora A, MacDonald KW, Wood C, Hendrickx JO, Zwaenepoel K, Deben C, Tjalma W, Pauwels P, Beyers K, Vankerckhoven V. UAS™-A Urine Preservative for Oncology Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3119. [PMID: 37370729 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy is a revolutionary tool that is gaining momentum in the field of cancer research. As a body fluid, urine can be used in non-invasive diagnostics for various types of cancer. We investigated the performance of UAS™ as a preservative for urinary analytes. Firstly, the need for urine preservation was investigated using urine samples from healthy volunteers. Secondly, the performance of UAS™ was assessed for cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and host cell integrity during storage at room temperature (RT) and after freeze-thaw cycling. Finally, UAS™ was used in a clinical setting on samples from breast and prostate cancer patients. In the absence of a preservative, urinary cfDNA was degraded, and bacterial overgrowth occurred at RT. In urine samples stored in UAS™, no microbial growth was seen, and cfDNA and cellular integrity were maintained for up to 14 days at RT. After freeze-thaw cycling, the preservation of host cell integrity and cfDNA showed significant improvements when using UAS™ compared to unpreserved urine samples. Additionally, UAS™ was found to be compatible with several commercially available isolation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Jordaens
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Novosanis NV, 2110 Wijnegem, Belgium
| | - Amit Arora
- DNA Genotek Inc., Ottawa, ON K2V 1C2, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Karen Zwaenepoel
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Christophe Deben
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Wiebren Tjalma
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Multidisciplinary Breast Clinic, Gynecological Oncology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
- Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy, Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | | | - Vanessa Vankerckhoven
- Novosanis NV, 2110 Wijnegem, Belgium
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Pathway-guided monitoring of the disease course in bladder cancer with longitudinal urine proteomics. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2023; 3:8. [PMID: 36646893 PMCID: PMC9842762 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00238-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring bladder cancer over time requires invasive and costly procedures. Less invasive approaches are required using readily available biological samples such as urine. In this study, we demonstrate a method for longitudinal analysis of the urine proteome to monitor the disease course in patients with bladder cancer. METHODS We compared the urine proteomes of patients who experienced recurrence and/or progression (n = 13) with those who did not (n = 17). We identified differentially expressed proteins within various pathways related to the hallmarks of cancer. The variation of such pathways during the disease course was determined using our differential personal pathway index (dPPi) calculation, which could indicate disease progression and the need for medical intervention. RESULTS Seven hallmark pathways are used to develop the dPPi. We demonstrate that we can successfully longitudinally monitor the disease course in bladder cancer patients through a combination of urine proteomic analysis and the dPPi calculation, over a period of 62 months. CONCLUSIONS Using the information contained in the patient's urinary proteome, the dPPi reflects the individual's course of bladder cancer, and helps to optimise the use of more invasive procedures such as cystoscopy.
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Nauwelaerts SJD, De Cremer K, Bustos Sierra N, Gand M, Van Geel D, Delvoye M, Vandermassen E, Vercauteren J, Stroobants C, Bernard A, Saenen ND, Nawrot TS, Roosens NHC, De Keersmaecker SCJ. Assessment of the Feasibility of a Future Integrated Larger-Scale Epidemiological Study to Evaluate Health Risks of Air Pollution Episodes in Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148531. [PMID: 35886381 PMCID: PMC9323067 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure can lead to exacerbation of respiratory disorders in children. Using sensitive biomarkers helps to assess the impact of air pollution on children’s respiratory health and combining protein, genetic and epigenetic biomarkers gives insights on their interrelatedness. Most studies do not contain such an integrated approach and investigate these biomarkers individually in blood, although its collection in children is challenging. Our study aimed at assessing the feasibility of conducting future integrated larger-scale studies evaluating respiratory health risks of air pollution episodes in children, based on a qualitative analysis of the technical and logistic aspects of a small-scale field study involving 42 children. This included the preparation, collection and storage of non-invasive samples (urine, saliva), the measurement of general and respiratory health parameters and the measurement of specific biomarkers (genetic, protein, epigenetic) of respiratory health and air pollution exposure. Bottlenecks were identified and modifications were proposed to expand this integrated study to a higher number of children, time points and locations. This would allow for non-invasive assessment of the impact of air pollution exposure on the respiratory health of children in future larger-scale studies, which is critical for the development of policies or measures at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. D. Nauwelaerts
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (S.J.D.N.); (M.G.); (D.V.G.); (M.D.); (E.V.); (N.H.C.R.)
- Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, University Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Koen De Cremer
- Platform Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | | | - Mathieu Gand
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (S.J.D.N.); (M.G.); (D.V.G.); (M.D.); (E.V.); (N.H.C.R.)
| | - Dirk Van Geel
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (S.J.D.N.); (M.G.); (D.V.G.); (M.D.); (E.V.); (N.H.C.R.)
| | - Maud Delvoye
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (S.J.D.N.); (M.G.); (D.V.G.); (M.D.); (E.V.); (N.H.C.R.)
| | - Els Vandermassen
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (S.J.D.N.); (M.G.); (D.V.G.); (M.D.); (E.V.); (N.H.C.R.)
| | - Jordy Vercauteren
- Unit Air, Vlaamse Milieumaatschappij, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium; (J.V.); (C.S.)
| | | | - Alfred Bernard
- Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, University Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Nelly D. Saenen
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (N.D.S.); (T.S.N.)
| | - Tim S. Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (N.D.S.); (T.S.N.)
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nancy H. C. Roosens
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (S.J.D.N.); (M.G.); (D.V.G.); (M.D.); (E.V.); (N.H.C.R.)
| | - Sigrid C. J. De Keersmaecker
- Transversal Activities in Applied Genomics, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (S.J.D.N.); (M.G.); (D.V.G.); (M.D.); (E.V.); (N.H.C.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Restin T, Byland N, Voegel CD, La Marca-Ghaemmaghami P, Baumgartner MR, Bassler D, Kraemer T, Binz TM. Endocannabinoid and steroid analysis in infant and adult nails by LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6201-6211. [PMID: 35781588 PMCID: PMC9314307 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A common method to quantify chronic stress is the analysis of stress markers in keratinized matrices such as hair or nail. In this study, we aimed to validate a sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for the combined quantification of steroid hormones and endocannabinoids (eCBs) in the keratinized matrix nail. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate the suitability of the nail matrix for the detection of these stress markers in a pilot study. An LC–MS/MS method was used for the simultaneous identification and quantification of four eCBs (2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), anandamide (AEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)) and five steroid hormones (cortisol, cortisone, androstenedione, progesterone, testosterone) in human nails using a surrogate analyte method for each analyte. The method was validated in terms of selectivity, response factor, linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, matrix effect, recovery, robustness, and autosampler stability. Nail samples were extracted for 1 h with methanol following a clean-up with a fully automated supported liquid extraction (SLE). The influence of nail weight on the quantification was investigated by using 0.5–20 mg of nail sample. As a proof of concept, nail samples (N = 57) were analyzed from a cohort representing newborns (1 month old), children (between 1 and 10 years), and adults (up to 43 years). It could be shown that the established workflow using a 1 hour extraction and clean-up by SLE was very robust and resulted in a short sample preparation time. The LC–MS/MS method was successfully validated. Matrix effects with ion enhancement occurred mainly for 2-AG. Sample weights below 5 mg showed variations in quantification for some analytes. Certain analytes such as PEA and progesterone could be accurately quantified at a sample weight lower than 5 mg. This is the first study where steroids and eCBs could be simultaneously detected and quantified in infant and adult nails. These results show that nails may serve as an alternative keratinized matrix (compared to hair) for the retrospective monitoring of cumulative eCB and steroid hormone levels. The combined assessment of eCBs and steroids from nails could provide a new approach to gain new insights into stress exposure in newborns and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Restin
- Newborn Research Zurich, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nastassja Byland
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clarissa D Voegel
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pearl La Marca-Ghaemmaghami
- Psychology Counselling and Research Institute for Sexuality, Marriage and the Family, International Academy for Human Sciences and Culture, Walenstadt, Switzerland
| | - Markus R Baumgartner
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Bassler
- Newborn Research Zurich, Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kraemer
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tina M Binz
- Center for Forensic Hair Analytics, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Metabolomic Studies for Metabolic Alterations Induced by Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Mini Review. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101456. [PMID: 34680089 PMCID: PMC8533408 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic drugs to mitigate pain, however it is associated with gastrointestinal injury and cardiovascular disease in some individuals. Metabolomics has the potential to understand the interaction of host and the drugs, such as NSAIDs administration. This discipline has been used by many researchers to understand the serious side effects of NSAIDs. We highlighted (1) the potential of metabolomics in understanding the pathogenesis of adverse events due to NSAIDs administration; (2) choice of metabolomics techniques, bio sample handling; (3) review of metabolomics studies in the front of NSAIDs in different biofluids and tissues; (4) pathway analysis of the data presented in the published literature. In our analysis we find tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), "glycine serine and threonine metabolism," "alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism," and fatty acid metabolism to be altered by the NSAIDs like ibuprofen, indomethacin, naproxen, aspirin, and celecoxib. In conclusion, metabolomics allows the use of biological samples to identify useful pathways involved in disease progression, and subsequently inform a greater understanding of the disease pathogenesis. A further in-depth investigation of the associated pathways mentioned above holds the potential for drug targets for side effects mitigation.
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Garbicz D, Pilžys T, Wiśniowski I, Grzesiuk M, Cylke R, Kosieradzki M, Grzesiuk E, Piwowarski J, Marcinkowski M, Lisik W. Replacing centrifugation with mixing in urine analysis enriches protein pool in the urine samples. Anal Biochem 2021; 628:114284. [PMID: 34111418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Urine is the basic diagnostic material, easy to collect, not requiring invasive approach. During standard procedure the urine samples are centrifuged and the supernatant analysed physically, biochemically, and microscopically. The centrifugation step removes proteins including those forming aggregates especially in the state of illness and after transplantation. Here, we analysed the effect of urine centrifuging on specific protein content in urine samples obtained from cardiovascular patients (CVD) and after kidney or liver transplantation. We tested homogeneous whole urine samples, standardly centrifuge one, and the pellet after centrifuging. Protein content was examined using Western blot analysis and mass spectrometry (MS) of samples from CVD patients or the one after transplantation. The average of 21% proteins from non-centrifuged samples were found in the pellet removed after standard centrifugation. MS analysis confirmed that diagnostically important proteins were located there in. In 90% of cases whole urine samples contained more proteins than standard supernatant, among them e.g. proteins involved in immunological response like immunoglobulins and complement compounds secreted by leucocytes. Replacing centrifuging with intensive mixing of urine samples provides a method of enriching the samples with proteins removed during standard procedure, thus increasing possibility of finding new biomarkers for diseases undiagnosable with classic urine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Garbicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomaš Pilžys
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iga Wiśniowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grzesiuk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Poland
| | - Radosław Cylke
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Kosieradzki
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Grzesiuk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Piwowarski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Marcinkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Lisik
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Erdbrügger U, Blijdorp CJ, Bijnsdorp IV, Borràs FE, Burger D, Bussolati B, Byrd JB, Clayton A, Dear JW, Falcón‐Pérez JM, Grange C, Hill AF, Holthöfer H, Hoorn EJ, Jenster G, Jimenez CR, Junker K, Klein J, Knepper MA, Koritzinsky EH, Luther JM, Lenassi M, Leivo J, Mertens I, Musante L, Oeyen E, Puhka M, van Royen ME, Sánchez C, Soekmadji C, Thongboonkerd V, van Steijn V, Verhaegh G, Webber JP, Witwer K, Yuen PS, Zheng L, Llorente A, Martens‐Uzunova ES. Urinary extracellular vesicles: A position paper by the Urine Task Force of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12093. [PMID: 34035881 PMCID: PMC8138533 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urine is commonly used for clinical diagnosis and biomedical research. The discovery of extracellular vesicles (EV) in urine opened a new fast-growing scientific field. In the last decade urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) were shown to mirror molecular processes as well as physiological and pathological conditions in kidney, urothelial and prostate tissue. Therefore, several methods to isolate and characterize uEVs have been developed. However, methodological aspects of EV separation and analysis, including normalization of results, need further optimization and standardization to foster scientific advances in uEV research and a subsequent successful translation into clinical practice. This position paper is written by the Urine Task Force of the Rigor and Standardization Subcommittee of ISEV consisting of nephrologists, urologists, cardiologists and biologists with active experience in uEV research. Our aim is to present the state of the art and identify challenges and gaps in current uEV-based analyses for clinical applications. Finally, recommendations for improved rigor, reproducibility and interoperability in uEV research are provided in order to facilitate advances in the field.
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10
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Sueksakit K, Thongboonkerd V. Optimization of artificial urine formula for in vitro cellular study compared with native urine. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3271-3279. [PMID: 34400896 PMCID: PMC8364465 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.61720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several artificial urine (AU) formulas have been developed to mimic the normal urine. Most of them are protein-free, particularly when secreted proteins (secretome) is to be analyzed. However, the normal urine actually contains a tiny amount of proteins. We hypothesized that urinary proteins at physiologic level play a role in preservation of renal cell biology and function. This study evaluated the effects from supplementation of 0-10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) into the well-established AU-Siriraj protocol on MDCK renal tubular cells. Time to deformation (TD) was reduced by both native urine and AU-Siriraj without/with FBS compared with complete culture medium (control). Among the native urine and AU-Siriraj without/with FBS, the cells in AU-Siriraj+2.5% FBS had the longest TD. Supplementation of FBS increased cell death in a dose-dependent manner (but still <10%). Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of the polarized cells in the native urine was comparable to the control, whereas that of the cells in AU-Siriraj+2.5% FBS had the highest TER. These data indicate that supplementation of 2.5% FBS into AU-Siriraj can prolong time to deformation and enhance polarization of renal tubular cells. Therefore, AU-Siriraj+2.5% FBS is highly recommended for in vitro study of cell biology and function (when secretome is not subjected to analysis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyarat Sueksakit
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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Developing community-based urine sampling methods to deploy biomarker technology for the assessment of dietary exposure. Public Health Nutr 2020; 23:3081-3092. [PMID: 32524939 DOI: 10.1017/s136898002000097x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obtaining objective, dietary exposure information from individuals is challenging because of the complexity of food consumption patterns and the limitations of self-reporting tools (e.g., FFQ and diet diaries). This hinders research efforts to associate intakes of specific foods or eating patterns with population health outcomes. DESIGN Dietary exposure can be assessed by the measurement of food-derived chemicals in urine samples. We aimed to develop methodologies for urine collection that minimised impact on the day-to-day activities of participants but also yielded samples that were data-rich in terms of targeted biomarker measurements. SETTING Urine collection methodologies were developed within home settings. PARTICIPANTS Different cohorts of free-living volunteers. RESULTS Home collection of urine samples using vacuum transfer technology was deemed highly acceptable by volunteers. Statistical analysis of both metabolome and selected dietary exposure biomarkers in spot urine collected and stored using this method showed that they were compositionally similar to urine collected using a standard method with immediate sample freezing. Even without chemical preservatives, samples can be stored under different temperature regimes without any significant impact on the overall urine composition or concentration of forty-six exemplar dietary exposure biomarkers. Importantly, the samples could be posted directly to analytical facilities, without the need for refrigerated transport and involvement of clinical professionals. CONCLUSIONS This urine sampling methodology appears to be suitable for routine use and may provide a scalable, cost-effective means to collect urine samples and to assess diet in epidemiological studies.
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Important Considerations for Sample Collection in Metabolomics Studies with a Special Focus on Applications to Liver Functions. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10030104. [PMID: 32178364 PMCID: PMC7142637 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics has found numerous applications in the study of liver metabolism in health and disease. Metabolomics studies can be conducted in a variety of biological matrices ranging from easily accessible biofluids such as urine, blood or feces, to organs, tissues or even cells. Sample collection and storage are critical steps for which standard operating procedures must be followed. Inappropriate sample collection or storage can indeed result in high variability, interferences with instrumentation or degradation of metabolites. In this review, we will first highlight important general factors that should be considered when planning sample collection in the study design of metabolomic studies, such as nutritional status and circadian rhythm. Then, we will discuss in more detail the specific procedures that have been described for optimal pre-analytical handling of the most commonly used matrices (urine, blood, feces, tissues and cells).
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Optimization of Preservation Methods Allows Deeper Insights into Changes of Raw Milk Microbiota. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030368. [PMID: 32151050 PMCID: PMC7142718 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal instability of raw milk microbiota drastically affects the reliability of microbiome studies. However, little is known about the microbial integrity in preserved samples. Raw cow milk samples were preserved with azidiol or bronopol and stored at 4 °C, or with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or a mixture of azidiol and DMSO and stored at −20 °C for up to 30 days. Aliquots of 5-, 10-, and 30-day post-storage were treated with propidium monoazide (PMA), then analyzed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 and V6-V8 regions. The V6-V8 gave a higher richness and lower diversity than the V3-V4 region. After 5-day storage at 4 °C, the microbiota of unpreserved samples was characterized by a drastic decrease in diversity, and a significant shift in community structure. The treatment with azidiol and DMSO conferred the best community stabilization in preserved raw milk. Interestingly, the azidiol treatment performed as well for up to 10 days, thus appearing as a suitable alternative. However, neither azidiol nor bronopol could minimize fungal proliferation as revealed by PMA-qPCR assays. This study demonstrates the preservative ability of a mixture of azidiol and DMSO and provides deeper insights into the microbial changes occurring during the cold storage of preserved raw milk.
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Carvalho LB, Capelo-Martínez JL, Lodeiro C, Wiśniewski JR, Santos HM. Snap-heated freeze-free preservation and processing of the urine proteome using the combination of stabilizor-based technology and filter aided sample preparation. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1076:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wang X, Gu H, Palma-Duran SA, Fierro A, Jasbi P, Shi X, Bresette W, Tasevska N. Influence of Storage Conditions and Preservatives on Metabolite Fingerprints in Urine. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9100203. [PMID: 31569767 PMCID: PMC6836253 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human urine, which is rich in metabolites, provides valuable approaches for biomarker measurement. Maintaining the stability of metabolites in urine is critical for accurate and reliable research results and subsequent interpretation. In this study, the effect of storage temperature (4, 22, and 40 °C), storage time (24 and 48 h), and use of preservatives (boric acid (BA), thymol) and para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) on urinary metabolites in the pooled urine samples from 20 participants was systematically investigated using large-scale targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based metabolomics. Statistical analysis of 158 reliably detected metabolites showed that metabolites in urine with no preservative remained stable at 4 °C for 24 and 48 h as well as at 22 °C for 24 h, but significant metabolite differences were observed in urine stored at 22 °C for 48 h and at 40 °C. The mere addition of BA caused metabolite changes. Thymol was observed to be effective in maintaining metabolite stability in urine in all the conditions designed, most likely due to the inhibitory effect of thymol on urine microbiota. Our results provide valuable urine preservation guidance during sample storage, which is essential for obtaining reliable, accurate, and reproducible analytical results from urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | - Haiwei Gu
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | | | - Andres Fierro
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | - Paniz Jasbi
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | - Xiaojian Shi
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | - William Bresette
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | - Natasha Tasevska
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
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Abstract
Urine is a major repository of biometabolites, some proteins, and DNA. Within the past few decades, it has become increasingly apparent that certain infectious, neoplastic, and congenital diseases can be investigated using urine samples for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. In this chapter, a number of pertinent urine analytes and methods of banking urine samples for future analyses are discussed.
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Boulangé CL, Rood IM, Posma JM, Lindon JC, Holmes E, Wetzels JFM, Deegens JKJ, Kaluarachchi MR. NMR and MS urinary metabolic phenotyping in kidney diseases is fit-for-purpose in the presence of a protease inhibitor. Mol Omics 2019; 15:39-49. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mo00190a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
When using an appropriate data analysis pipeline, protease inhibitor (PI)-containing urine samples are fit-for-purpose for metabolic phenotyping of patients with nephrotic syndrome and proteinuria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilse M. Rood
- Department of Nephrology
- Radboud University Medical Center
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Joram M. Posma
- Imperial College London
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine
- Department of Surgery and Cancer
- Faculty of Medicine
- London SW7 2AZ
| | - John C. Lindon
- Metabometrix Ltd
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
- Imperial College London
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Metabometrix Ltd
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
- Imperial College London
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine
| | - Jack F. M. Wetzels
- Department of Nephrology
- Radboud University Medical Center
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen K. J. Deegens
- Department of Nephrology
- Radboud University Medical Center
- Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
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Delanghe JR, Speeckaert MM. Preanalytics in urinalysis. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1346-1350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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López-Cortés R, Formigo J, Reboiro-Jato M, Fdez-Riverola F, Blanco FJ, Lodeiro C, Oliveira E, Capelo JL, Santos HM. A methodological approach based on gold-nanoparticles followed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry for the analysis of urine profiling of knee osteoarthritis. Talanta 2015; 150:638-45. [PMID: 26838453 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to develop a nanoparticle-based methodology to find out biomarkers of diagnostic for knee osteoarthritis, KOA, through the use of matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight-based mass spectrometry profiling. Urine samples used for this study were obtained from KOA patients (42 patients), patients with prosthesis (58 patients), and controls (36 individuals) with no history of joint disease. Gold-nano particle MALDI-based urine profiling was optimized and then applied over the 136 individuals. Jaccard index and 10 different classifiers over MALDI MS datasets were used to find out potential biomarkers. Then, the specificity and sensitivity of the method were evaluated. The presence of ten m/z signals as potential biomarkers in the healthy versus non-healthy approach suggests that patients (KOA and prosthesis) are differentiable from the healthy volunteers through profiling. The automatic diagnostic study confirmed these preliminary conclusions. The sensitivity and the specificity for the urine profiling criteria here reported, achieved by the C4.5 classifier, is 97% and 69% respectively. Thus, it is confirmed the utility of the method proposed in this work as an additional fast, non-expensive and robust test for KOA diagnostic. When the proposed method is compared with those used in common practice it is found that sensitivity is the highest, thus with a low false negative rate for diagnostic KOA patients in the population studied. Specificity is lower but in the range accepted for diagnostic objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén López-Cortés
- Facultade de Bioloxia, Departamento de Bioquímica, Xenética e Inmunoloxía, Grupo de Biomarcadores Moleculares, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende E36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Jacobo Formigo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Spain
| | - Miguel Reboiro-Jato
- SING Group, Informatics Department, Higher Technical School of Computer Engineering, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Florentino Fdez-Riverola
- SING Group, Informatics Department, Higher Technical School of Computer Engineering, University of Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Francisco J Blanco
- Servicio de Reumatología, Unidad de Proteómica, ProteoRed/ISCIII, INIBIC-Hospital Universitario A Coruña, As Xubias 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE Research Group, UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal; ProteoMass Scientific Society, Madan Parque, Rua dos Inventores, 2825-182 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Oliveira
- BIOSCOPE Research Group, UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal; ProteoMass Scientific Society, Madan Parque, Rua dos Inventores, 2825-182 Caparica, Portugal
| | - J L Capelo
- BIOSCOPE Research Group, UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal; ProteoMass Scientific Society, Madan Parque, Rua dos Inventores, 2825-182 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - H M Santos
- BIOSCOPE Research Group, UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal; ProteoMass Scientific Society, Madan Parque, Rua dos Inventores, 2825-182 Caparica, Portugal.
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Wu W, Yang D, Tiselius HG, Ou L, Mai Z, Chen K, Zhu H, Xu S, Zhao Z, Zeng G. Collection and Storage of Urine Specimens for Measurement of Urolithiasis Risk Factors. Urology 2015; 85:299-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Roux A, Thévenot EA, Seguin F, Olivier MF, Junot C. Impact of collection conditions on the metabolite content of human urine samples as analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Metabolomics 2015; 11:1095-1105. [PMID: 26366133 PMCID: PMC4559108 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-014-0764-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of comprehensive studies documenting the impact of sample collection conditions on metabolic composition of human urine. To address this issue, two experiments were performed at a 3-month interval, in which midstream urine samples from healthy individuals were collected, pooled, divided into several aliquots and kept under specific conditions (room temperature, 4 °C, with or without preservative) up to 72 h before storage at -80 °C. Samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry and bacterial contamination was monitored by turbidimetry. Multivariate analyses showed that urinary metabolic fingerprints were affected by the presence of preservatives and also by storage at room temperature from 24 to 72 h, whereas no change was observed for urine samples stored at 4 °C over a 72-h period. Investigations were then focused on 280 metabolites previously identified in urine: 19 of them were impacted by the kind of sample collection protocol in both experiments, including 12 metabolites affected by bacterial contamination and 7 exhibiting poor chemical stability. Finally, our results emphasize that the use of preservative prevents bacterial overgrowth, but does not avoid metabolite instability in solution, whereas storage at 4 °C inhibits bacterial overgrowth at least over a 72-h period and slows the chemical degradation process. Consequently, and for further LC/MS analyses, human urine samples should be kept at 4 °C if their collection is performed over 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Roux
- Laboratoire d’Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, DSV/iBiTec-S/SPI, MetaboHUB Paris, CEA - Centre d’Etude de Saclay, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Etienne A. Thévenot
- CEA, LIST, Laboratory for Data Analysis and Smart Systems, MetaboHUB Paris, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - François Seguin
- INSERM U1082, Université de Poitiers, Hôpital La Milêtrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Olivier
- Laboratoire d’Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, DSV/iBiTec-S/SPI, MetaboHUB Paris, CEA - Centre d’Etude de Saclay, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Transcription et la Réparation des Cellules Souches, DSV/IRCM, CEA, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, 92265 France
| | - Christophe Junot
- Laboratoire d’Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, DSV/iBiTec-S/SPI, MetaboHUB Paris, CEA - Centre d’Etude de Saclay, 91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
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22
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Zou L, Sun W. Human Urine Proteome: A Powerful Source for Clinical Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 845:31-42. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9523-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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From hundreds to thousands: Widening the normal human Urinome (1). J Proteomics 2014; 112:53-62. [PMID: 25123350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED It is currently unknown how many proteins can be detected in urine. Improving the analytical approach would increase their number and potentially strengthen their predictive potential in diseases. We developed a combination of analytical procedures for maximizing sensitivity and reproducibility of normal human urinary proteome analysis based on ultracentrifugation, vesicles separation, combinatorial peptide ligand libraries (CPLL) and solvent removal of pigments. Proteins were identified by an Orbitrap Velos Mass Spectrometry. Overall, 3429 proteins were characterized: most components (1615) were contained in vesicles while the remaining 1794 were equally distributed among CPLL and butanol insoluble fractions. Several proteins were detected exclusively in one of the phases of the procedure, suggesting that each step is crucial in the fractionation strategy. Many (1724) proteins are described here whose presence in urine has never been reported and represents a potential source of information considering that urine is the unique site of excretion of products of interaction of metabolic processes. Improving the characterization of normal urinary proteome would also represent the basis for the analysis of urine biomarkers in human diseases. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Sub-fractionating normal urine by successive steps (vesicle separation, CPLL and solvent treatments) allowed the identification of 3429 proteins, a relevant part (1724) being detected for the first time in urine. Several proteins of new description have been implicated in physiology pathways and in pathologies thus representing a potential source of new information on both metabolic processes and diseases.
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24
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Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry: a fundamental shift in the routine practice of clinical microbiology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2014; 26:547-603. [PMID: 23824373 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00072-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the past decade, clinical microbiology laboratories experienced revolutionary changes in the way in which microorganisms are identified, moving away from slow, traditional microbial identification algorithms toward rapid molecular methods and mass spectrometry (MS). Historically, MS was clinically utilized as a high-complexity method adapted for protein-centered analysis of samples in chemistry and hematology laboratories. Today, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) MS is adapted for use in microbiology laboratories, where it serves as a paradigm-shifting, rapid, and robust method for accurate microbial identification. Multiple instrument platforms, marketed by well-established manufacturers, are beginning to displace automated phenotypic identification instruments and in some cases genetic sequence-based identification practices. This review summarizes the current position of MALDI-TOF MS in clinical research and in diagnostic clinical microbiology laboratories and serves as a primer to examine the "nuts and bolts" of MALDI-TOF MS, highlighting research associated with sample preparation, spectral analysis, and accuracy. Currently available MALDI-TOF MS hardware and software platforms that support the use of MALDI-TOF with direct and precultured specimens and integration of the technology into the laboratory workflow are also discussed. Finally, this review closes with a prospective view of the future of MALDI-TOF MS in the clinical microbiology laboratory to accelerate diagnosis and microbial identification to improve patient care.
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25
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Applicability of 2D gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography in proteomic analysis of urine using mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF. Pol J Vet Sci 2013; 16:587-92. [DOI: 10.2478/pjvs-2013-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractProteomics including the studies of the structure, function and dependences between proteins is more and more extensively applied in human medicine and veterinary medicine. The analysis of protein profiles of tissues and body fluid from healthy and ill individuals allows to identify diagnostic, prognostic and predictive markers in various pathological states in people and animals. This paper presents preparation of urine samples for analysis in the mass spectrometer MALDI-TOF (Ultraflextreme, Bruker, Bremen, Germany) by means of two methods: liquid chromatography based on the system Nano-LC (PROTEINER FC II, Bruker Daltonics, Bremen Germany). and two-direction electrophoresis 2DE (GE Healthcare, United Kingdom). Both methods enable separation of the mixture under consideration into individual fractions of high purity indispensable for obtaining readable mass spectra. The purpose of this paper is to determine applicability of these methods in analysis of protein composition of urine samples.
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Iwata A, Okada T, Nakao T. Is it necessary to collect and store 24-h urine samples at 4 °C? Clin Exp Nephrol 2012; 17:144-6. [PMID: 23224023 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-012-0730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Court M, Selevsek N, Matondo M, Allory Y, Garin J, Masselon CD, Domon B. Toward a standardized urine proteome analysis methodology. Proteomics 2011; 11:1160-71. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Ojanperä S, Leinonen A, Apajalahti J, Lauraeus M, Alaja S, Moisander T, Kettunen A. Characterization of microbial contaminants in urine. Drug Test Anal 2010; 2:576-81. [PMID: 21204289 DOI: 10.1002/dta.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Modern, molecular microbiological methods were applied to urine samples from control subjects and athletes for characterization of the microbial community. High abundance of lactobacilli, enterococci, and enterobacteria was detected in urine samples, suggesting that gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts act as contamination sources. Athlete samples, but not control samples, showed an abundance of pseudomonads, a bacterial group reported to metabolize steroids. Overall, the bacteria detected are known to be capable of altering steroid profiles, emphasizing the importance of good hygiene at sampling in reliable doping control.
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Street JM, Dear JW. The application of mass-spectrometry-based protein biomarker discovery to theragnostics. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 69:367-78. [PMID: 20406221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade rapid developments in mass spectrometry have allowed the identification of multiple proteins in complex biological samples. This proteomic approach has been applied to biomarker discovery in the context of clinical pharmacology (the combination of biomarker and drug now being termed 'theragnostics'). In this review we provide a roadmap for early protein biomarker discovery studies, focusing on some key questions that regularly confront researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Street
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh University, Queen's Medical Research Institute, UK
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30
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Candiano G, Santucci L, Petretto A, Bruschi M, Dimuccio V, Urbani A, Bagnasco S, Ghiggeri GM. 2D-electrophoresis and the urine proteome map: Where do we stand? J Proteomics 2010; 73:829-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Jackson DH, Banks RE. Banking of clinical samples for proteomic biomarker studies: A consideration of logistical issues with a focus on pre-analytical variation. Proteomics Clin Appl 2010; 4:250-70. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200900220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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32
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Xiong A, Yang L, He Y, Zhang F, Wang J, Han H, Wang C, Bligh SWA, Wang Z. Identification of metabolites of adonifoline, a hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, by liquid chromatography/tandem and high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:3907-3916. [PMID: 19918941 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid (HPA)-containing plants have always been a threat to human and livestock health worldwide. Adonifoline, a main HPA in Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (Qianli guang), was used officially as an infusion in cases of oral and pharyngeal infections in China. In this study in vivo metabolism of adonifoline was studied for the first time by identifying the metabolites of adonifoline present in bile, urine and feces of rats using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS(n)) (ion trap) as well as liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-HRMS) (quadrupole-time of flight). In total 19 metabolites were identified and, among them, retronecine-N-oxides were confirmed by matching their fragmentation patterns with their fully characterized synthetic compounds. These metabolites are all involved in both phase I and phase II metabolic processes and the principal in vivo metabolism pathways of adonifoline were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhen Xiong
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201210, China
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Smith MPW, Banks RE, Wood SL, Lewington AJP, Selby PJ. Application of proteomic analysis to the study of renal diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol 2009; 5:701-12. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2009.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Bramham K, Mistry HD, Poston L, Chappell LC, Thompson AJ. The non-invasive biopsy--will urinary proteomics make the renal tissue biopsy redundant? QJM 2009; 102:523-38. [PMID: 19553250 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcp071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomics is a rapidly advancing technique which gives functional insight into gene expression in living organisms. Urine is an ideal medium for study as it is readily available, easily obtained and less complex than other bodily fluids. Considerable progress has been made over the last 5 years in the study of urinary proteomics as a diagnostic tool for renal disease. Advantages over the traditional renal biopsy include accessibility, safety, the possibility of serial sampling and the potential for non-invasive prognostic and diagnostic monitoring of disease and an individual's response to treatment. Urinary proteomics is now moving from a discovery phase in small studies to a validation phase in much larger numbers of patients with renal disease. Whilst there are still some limitations in methodology, which are assessed in this review, the possibility of urinary proteomics replacing the invasive tissue biopsy for diagnosis of renal disease is becoming an increasingly realistic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bramham
- Maternal and Fetal Research Unit, KCL Division of Reproduction and Endocrinology, St Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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Candiano G, Dimuccio V, Bruschi M, Santucci L, Gusmano R, Boschetti E, Righetti PG, Ghiggeri GM. Combinatorial peptide ligand libraries for urine proteome analysis: Investigation of different elution systems. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2405-11. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Smith LM, Maher AD, Want EJ, Elliott P, Stamler J, Hawkes GE, Holmes E, Lindon JC, Nicholson JK. Large-scale human metabolic phenotyping and molecular epidemiological studies via 1H NMR spectroscopy of urine: investigation of borate preservation. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4847-56. [PMID: 19453167 PMCID: PMC2721977 DOI: 10.1021/ac9004875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Borate is an antibacterial preservative widely used in clinical and large-scale epidemiological studies involving urine sample analysis. Since it readily forms covalent adducts and reversible complexes with hydroxyl and carboxylate groups, the effects of borate preservation in (1)H NMR-spectroscopy-based metabolic profiling of human urine samples have been assessed. Effects of various concentrations of borate (range 0-30 mM) on (1)H NMR spectra of urine were observed at sequential time points over a 12 month period. Consistent with known borate chemistry, the principal alterations in the (1)H resonance metabolite patterns were observed for compounds such as mannitol, citrate, and alpha-hydroxyisobutyrate and confirmed by ESI-MS analysis. These included line-broadening, T(1) and T(2) relaxation, and chemical shift changes consistent with complex formation and chemical exchange processes. To further investigate complexation behavior in the urinary metabolite profiles, a new tool for visualization of multicomponent relaxation variations in which the spectra were color-coded according to the T(1) and T(2) proton relaxation times respectively (T(1) or T(2) ordered projection spectroscopy, TOPSY) was also developed and applied. Addition of borate caused a general decrease in (1)H T(1) values, consistent with nonspecific effects such as solution viscosity changes. Minor changes in proton T(2) relaxation rates were observed for the most strongly complexing metabolites. From a molecular phenotyping and epidemiologic viewpoint, typical interpersonal biological variation was shown to be vastly greater than any variation introduced by the borate complexation, which had a negligible effect on the metabolic mapping and classification of samples. While caution is indicated in the assignment of biomarker signals where metabolites have diol groupings or where there are adjacent hydroxyl and carboxylate functions, it is concluded that borate preservation is "fit-for-purpose" for (1)H NMR-based epidemiological studies, since the essential biochemical classification features of the samples are robustly maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon M. Smith
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anthony D. Maher
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elizabeth J. Want
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Jeremiah Stamler
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Geoffrey E. Hawkes
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - John C. Lindon
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jeremy K. Nicholson
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Saetun P, Semangoen T, Thongboonkerd V. Characterizations of urinary sediments precipitated after freezing and their effects on urinary protein and chemical analyses. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 296:F1346-54. [PMID: 19339629 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90736.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the obstacles in analyzing frozen urine samples is the formation of uncharacterized precipitates. Frequently, these precipitates are discarded before analysis. Some laboratory data may be erroneous if these precipitates contain important compounds. In the present study, we examined urinary sediments precipitated after overnight storage at -20 degrees C. Although cells and debris were removed before freezing, the precipitates remained, whereas storing the centrifuged urine overnight at 4 degrees C did not result in precipitate formation. There were no significant differences observed among 10 healthy individuals (5 men and 5 women). EDTA (5 mM) could efficiently reduce the amount of precipitates to approximately 25% of the initial amount. The addition of exogenous CaCl2, but not sodium oxalate and NaCl, significantly increased the amount of precipitates in a dose-dependent manner. Linear regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between endogenous urinary calcium level and the amount of precipitates (r = 0.894; P < 0.001). Urine pH also had some effects on the type and amount of precipitates. These precipitates were composed mainly of calcium oxalate dihydrate and amorphous calcium crystals. The results also showed that these precipitates could deplete urinary proteins and calcium ions (23.6 +/- 1.1% decrease). Therefore, these freezer-induced urinary sediments significantly affect protein analysis and measurement of calcium levels in the urine. However, vigorous shaking of the sample at room temperature could redissolve these precipitates. Our data strongly indicate that these freezer-induced precipitates must be taken into account when the frozen urine samples are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putita Saetun
- Medical Proteomics Unit, 12th Floor, Adulyadej Vikrom Bldg., 2 Prannok Rd., Siriraj Hospital, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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Benkali K, Marquet P, Rérolle J, Le Meur Y, Gastinel L. A new strategy for faster urinary biomarkers identification by Nano-LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:541. [PMID: 19014585 PMCID: PMC2596142 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis is a potent tool in biomarkers discovery characterized by its high sensitivity and high throughput capacity. However, methods based on MALDI-TOF/TOF for biomarkers discovery still need optimization, in particular to reduce analysis time and to evaluate their reproducibility for peak intensities measurement. The aims of this methodological study were: (i) to optimize and critically evaluate each step of urine biomarker discovery method based on Nano-LC coupled off-line to MALDI-TOF/TOF, taking full advantage of the dual decoupling between Nano-LC, MS and MS/MS to reduce the overall analysis time; (ii) to evaluate the quantitative performance and reproducibility of nano-LC-MALDI analysis in biomarker discovery; and (iii) to evaluate the robustness of biomarkers selection. RESULTS A pool of urine sample spiked at increasing concentrations with a mixture of standard peptides was used as a specimen for biological samples with or without biomarkers. Extraction and nano-LC-MS variabilities were estimated by analyzing in triplicates and hexaplicates, respectively. The stability of chromatographic fractions immobilised with MALDI matrix on MALDI plates was evaluated by successive MS acquisitions after different storage times at different temperatures.Low coefficient of variation (CV%: 10-22%) and high correlation (R2 > 0.96) values were obtained for the quantification of the spiked peptides, allowing quantification of these peptides in the low fentomole range, correct group discrimination and selection of "specific" markers using principal component analysis. Excellent peptide integrity and stable signal intensity were found when MALDI plates were stored for periods of up to 2 months at +4 degrees C. This allowed storage of MALDI plates between LC separation and MS acquisition (first decoupling), and between MS and MSMS acquisitions while the selection of inter-group discriminative ions is done (second decoupling). Finally the recording of MSMS spectra to obtain structural information was focused only on discriminative ions in order to minimize analysis time. CONCLUSION Contrary to other classical approaches with direct online coupling of chromatographic separation and on the flight MS and/or MSMS data acquisition for all detected analytes, our dual decoupling strategy allowed us to focus on the most discriminative analytes, giving us more time to acquire more replicates of the same urine samples thus increasing detection sensitivity and mass precision.
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Petri AL, Høgdall C, Christensen IJ, Simonsen AH, T'Jampens D, Hellmann ML, Kjaer SK, Fung ET, Høgdall E. Sample handling for mass spectrometric proteomic investigations of human urine. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:1184-93. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Decramer S, Gonzalez de Peredo A, Breuil B, Mischak H, Monsarrat B, Bascands JL, Schanstra JP. Urine in clinical proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:1850-62. [PMID: 18667409 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r800001-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Urine has become one of the most attractive biofluids in clinical proteomics as it can be obtained non-invasively in large quantities and is stable compared with other biofluids. The urinary proteome has been studied by almost any proteomics technology, but mass spectrometry-based urinary protein and peptide profiling has emerged as most suitable for clinical application. After a period of descriptive urinary proteomics the field is moving out of the discovery phase into an era of validation of urinary biomarkers in larger prospective studies. Although mainly due to the site of production of urine, the majority of these studies apply to the kidney and the urinary tract, but recent data show that analysis of the urinary proteome can also be highly informative on non-urogenital diseases and used in their classification. Despite this progress in urinary biomarker discovery, the contribution of urinary proteomics to the understanding of the pathophysiology of disease upon analysis of the urinary proteome is still modest mainly because of problems associated to sequence identification of the biomarkers. Until now, research has focused on the highly abundant urinary proteins and peptides, but analysis of the less abundant and naturally existing urinary proteins and peptides still remains a challenge. In conclusion, urine has evolved as one of the most attractive body fluids in clinical proteomics with potentially a rapid application in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Decramer
- INSERM, U858/I2MR, Department of Cardiac and Renal Remodeling, Team 5, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Lee RS, Monigatti F, Briscoe AC, Waldon Z, Freeman MR, Steen H. Optimizing sample handling for urinary proteomics. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:4022-30. [PMID: 18662026 DOI: 10.1021/pr800301h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interrogation of the urinary proteome for clinically useful biomarkers of disease will require normalization of methods for protein extraction and sample handling. Variations in collection methods and other procedures may introduce significant discrepancies in qualitative and quantitative measurements. Here we demonstrate that the method of protein extraction, length of handling at room temperature, and repetitive freeze-thaw cycles do not seem to alter the urinary proteome at either the protein or peptide level in a manner that degrades information obtainable by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Lee
- Department of Urology, Urological Diseases Research Center, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Guidelines for evaluation of new fever in critically ill adult patients: 2008 update from the American College of Critical Care Medicine and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:1330-49. [PMID: 18379262 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e318169eda9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To update the practice parameters for the evaluation of adult patients who develop a new fever in the intensive care unit, for the purpose of guiding clinical practice. PARTICIPANTS A task force of 11 experts in the disciplines related to critical care medicine and infectious diseases was convened from the membership of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Specialties represented included critical care medicine, surgery, internal medicine, infectious diseases, neurology, and laboratory medicine/microbiology. EVIDENCE The task force members provided personal experience and determined the published literature (MEDLINE articles, textbooks, etc.) from which consensus was obtained. Published literature was reviewed and classified into one of four categories, according to study design and scientific value. CONSENSUS PROCESS The task force met twice in person, several times by teleconference, and held multiple e-mail discussions during a 2-yr period to identify the pertinent literature and arrive at consensus recommendations. Consideration was given to the relationship between the weight of scientific evidence and the strength of the recommendation. Draft documents were composed and debated by the task force until consensus was reached by nominal group process. CONCLUSIONS The panel concluded that, because fever can have many infectious and noninfectious etiologies, a new fever in a patient in the intensive care unit should trigger a careful clinical assessment rather than automatic orders for laboratory and radiologic tests. A cost-conscious approach to obtaining cultures and imaging studies should be undertaken if indicated after a clinical evaluation. The goal of such an approach is to determine, in a directed manner, whether infection is present so that additional testing can be avoided and therapeutic decisions can be made.
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