1
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Darville LNF, Lockhart JH, Putty Reddy S, Fang B, Izumi V, Boyle TA, Haura EB, Flores ER, Koomen JM. A Fast-Tracking Sample Preparation Protocol for Proteomics of Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tumor Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2823:193-223. [PMID: 39052222 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3922-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Archived tumor specimens are routinely preserved by formalin fixation and paraffin embedding. Despite the conventional wisdom that proteomics might be ineffective due to the cross-linking and pre-analytical variables, these samples have utility for both discovery and targeted proteomics. Building on this capability, proteomics approaches can be used to maximize our understanding of cancer biology and clinical relevance by studying preserved tumor tissues annotated with the patients' medical histories. Proteomics of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues also integrates with histological evaluation and molecular pathology strategies, so that additional collection of research biopsies or resected tumor aliquots is not needed. The acquisition of data from the same tumor sample also overcomes concerns about biological variation between samples due to intratumoral heterogeneity. However, the protein extraction and proteomics sample preparation from FFPE samples can be onerous, particularly for small (i.e., limited or precious) samples. Therefore, we provide a protocol for a recently introduced kit-based EasyPep method with benchmarking against a modified version of the well-established filter-aided sample preparation strategy using laser-capture microdissected lung adenocarcinoma tissues from a genetically engineered mouse model. This model system allows control over the tumor preparation and pre-analytical variables while also supporting the development of methods for spatial proteomics to examine intratumoral heterogeneity. Data are posted in ProteomeXchange (PXD045879).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bin Fang
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - John M Koomen
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
- Molecular Oncology/Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
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2
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Kim SA, Lee JE, Kim DH, Lee SM, Yang HK, Shim WB. A Highly Sensitive Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Based on a Monoclonal Antibody Specific to Thermal Stable-Soluble Protein in Pork Fat for the Rapid Detection of Pork Fat Adulterated in Heat-Processed Beef Meatballs. Food Sci Anim Resour 2023; 43:989-1001. [PMID: 37969326 PMCID: PMC10636219 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2023.e55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Processed foods containing pork fat tissue to improve flavor and gain economic benefit may cause severe issues for Muslims, Jews, and vegetarians. This study aimed to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) based on a monoclonal antibody specific to thermal stable-soluble protein in pork fat tissue and apply it to detect pork fat tissue in heat-processed (autoclave, steam, roast, and fry) beef meatballs. To develop a sensitive iELISA, the optimal sample pre-cooking time, coating conditions, primary and secondary dilution time, and various buffer systems were tested. The change in the iELISA sensitivity with different 96-well microtiter microplates was confirmed. The detection limit of iELISA performed with an appropriate microplate was 0.015% (w/w) pork fat in raw and heat-treated beef. No cross-reactions to other meats or fats were shown. These results mean that the iELISA can be used as an analytical method to detect trace amounts of pork fat mixed in beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol-A Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate
School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Lee
- Institute of Smart Farm, Gyeongsang
National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate
School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Song-min Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate
School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Hee-Kyeong Yang
- Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate
School, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828,
Korea
| | - Won-Bo Shim
- Institute of Smart Farm, Gyeongsang
National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Division of Food Science and Technology,
Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Institute of Agriculture and Life Science,
Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
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3
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Nwosu AJ, Misal SA, Truong T, Carson RH, Webber KGI, Axtell NB, Liang Y, Johnston SM, Virgin KL, Smith EG, Thomas GV, Morgan T, Price JC, Kelly RT. In-Depth Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissues with a Spatial Resolution of 50-200 μm. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2237-2245. [PMID: 35916235 PMCID: PMC9767749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues are banked in large repositories to cost-effectively preserve valuable specimens for later study. With the rapid growth of spatial proteomics, FFPE tissues can serve as a more accessible alternative to more commonly used frozen tissues. However, extracting proteins from FFPE tissues is challenging due to cross-links formed between proteins and formaldehyde. Here, we have adapted the nanoPOTS sample processing workflow, which was previously applied to single cells and fresh-frozen tissues, to profile protein expression from FFPE tissues. Following the optimization of extraction solvents, times, and temperatures, we identified an average of 1312 and 3184 high-confidence master proteins from 10 μm thick FFPE-preserved mouse liver tissue squares having lateral dimensions of 50 and 200 μm, respectively. The observed proteome coverage for FFPE tissues was on average 88% of that achieved for similar fresh-frozen tissues. We also characterized the performance of our fully automated sample preparation and analysis workflow, termed autoPOTS, for FFPE spatial proteomics. This modified nanodroplet processing in one pot for trace samples (nanoPOTS) and fully automated processing in one pot for trace sample (autoPOTS) workflows provides the greatest coverage reported to date for high-resolution spatial proteomics applied to FFPE tissues. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD029729.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andikan J Nwosu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Santosh A Misal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Thy Truong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Richard H Carson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Kei G I Webber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Nathaniel B Axtell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Yiran Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - S Madisyn Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Kenneth L Virgin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Ethan G Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - George V Thomas
- Knight Cancer Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Terry Morgan
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - John C Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Ryan T Kelly
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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4
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Ghaffari-Bohlouli P, Jafari H, Taebnia N, Abedi A, Amirsadeghi A, Niknezhad SV, Alimoradi H, Jafarzadeh S, Mirzaei M, Nie L, Zhang J, Varma RS, Shavandi A. Protein by-products: Composition, extraction, and biomedical applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9436-9481. [PMID: 35546340 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2067829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Significant upsurge in animal by-products such as skin, bones, wool, hides, feathers, and fats has become a global challenge and, if not properly disposed of, can spread contamination and viral diseases. Animal by-products are rich in proteins, which can be used as nutritional, pharmacologically functional ingredients, and biomedical materials. Therefore, recycling these abundant and renewable by-products and extracting high value-added components from them is a sustainable approach to reclaim animal by-products while addressing scarce landfill resources. This article appraises the most recent studies conducted in the last five years on animal-derived proteins' separation and biomedical application. The effort encompasses an introduction about the composition, an overview of the extraction and purification methods, and the broad range of biomedical applications of these ensuing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hafez Jafari
- 3BIO-BioMatter, Faculty of engineering, Free University of Brussels (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nayere Taebnia
- Center for Intestinal Absorption and Transport of Biopharmaceuticals, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ali Abedi
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Amirsadeghi
- Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyyed Vahid Niknezhad
- Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Houman Alimoradi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sina Jafarzadeh
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mahta Mirzaei
- 3BIO-BioMatter, Faculty of engineering, Free University of Brussels (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lei Nie
- 3BIO-BioMatter, Faculty of engineering, Free University of Brussels (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State & NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Amin Shavandi
- 3BIO-BioMatter, Faculty of engineering, Free University of Brussels (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Oliveira T, Thaysen-Andersen M, Packer NH, Kolarich D. The Hitchhiker's guide to glycoproteomics. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1643-1662. [PMID: 34282822 PMCID: PMC8421054 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications that are essential for cell function across all domains of life. Changes in glycosylation are considered a hallmark of many diseases, thus making glycoproteins important diagnostic and prognostic biomarker candidates and therapeutic targets. Glycoproteomics, the study of glycans and their carrier proteins in a system-wide context, is becoming a powerful tool in glycobiology that enables the functional analysis of protein glycosylation. This 'Hitchhiker's guide to glycoproteomics' is intended as a starting point for anyone who wants to explore the emerging world of glycoproteomics. The review moves from the techniques that have been developed for the characterisation of single glycoproteins to technologies that may be used for a successful complex glycoproteome characterisation. Examples of the variety of approaches, methodologies, and technologies currently used in the field are given. This review introduces the common strategies to capture glycoprotein-specific and system-wide glycoproteome data from tissues, body fluids, or cells, and a perspective on how integration into a multi-omics workflow enables a deep identification and characterisation of glycoproteins - a class of biomolecules essential in regulating cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Oliveira
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Nicolle H. Packer
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Griffith University, QLD and Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Kolarich
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Griffith University, QLD and Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
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6
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Pirog A, Faktor J, Urban-Wojciuk Z, Kote S, Chruściel E, Arcimowicz Ł, Marek-Trzonkowska N, Vojtesek B, Hupp TR, Al Shboul S, Brennan PM, Smoleński RT, Goodlett DR, Dapic I. Comparison of different digestion methods for proteomic analysis of isolated cells and FFPE tissue samples. Talanta 2021; 233:122568. [PMID: 34215064 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics of human tissues and isolated cellular subpopulations create new opportunities for therapy and monitoring of a patients' treatment in the clinic. Important considerations in such analysis include recovery of adequate amounts of protein for analysis and reproducibility in sample collection. In this study we compared several protocols for proteomic sample preparation: i) filter-aided sample preparation (FASP), ii) in-solution digestion (ISD) and iii) a pressure-assisted digestion (PCT) method. PCT method is known for already a decade [1], however it is not widely used in proteomic research. We assessed protocols for proteome profiling of isolated immune cell subsets and formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. Our results show that the ISD method has very good efficiency of protein and peptide identification from the whole proteome, while the FASP method is particularly effective in identification of membrane proteins. Pressure-assisted digestion methods generally provide lower numbers of protein/peptide identifications, but have gained in popularity due to their shorter digestion time making them considerably faster than for ISD or FASP. Furthermore, PCT does not result in substantial sample loss when applied to samples of 50 000 cells. Analysis of FFPE tissues shows comparable results. ISD method similarly yields the highest number of identifications. Furthermore, proteins isolated from FFPE samples show a significant reduction of cleavages at lysine sites due to chemical modifications with formaldehyde-such as methylation (+14 Da) being among the most common. The data we present will be helpful for making decisions about the robust preparation of clinical samples for biomarker discovery and studies on pathomechanisms of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Pirog
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jakub Faktor
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Urban-Wojciuk
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sachin Kote
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Chruściel
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Łukasz Arcimowicz
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Marek-Trzonkowska
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland; Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Cellular Therapies, Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 2, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Borek Vojtesek
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology (RECAMO), Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ted R Hupp
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom
| | - Sofian Al Shboul
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH4 2XR, United Kingdom; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Paul M Brennan
- Translational Neurosurgery, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Bioquarter, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - David R Goodlett
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Irena Dapic
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdańsk, Poland.
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7
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Davalieva K, Kiprijanovska S, Dimovski A, Rosoklija G, Dwork AJ. Comparative evaluation of two methods for LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis of formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissues. J Proteomics 2021; 235:104117. [PMID: 33453434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The proteomics of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples has advanced significantly during the last two decades, but there are many protocols and few studies comparing them directly. There is no consensus on the most effective protocol for shotgun proteomic analysis. We compared the in-solution digestion with RapiGest and Filter Aided Sample Preparation (FASP) of FFPE prostate tissues stored 7 years and mirroring fresh frozen samples, using two label-free data-independent LC-MS/MS acquisitions. RapiGest identified more proteins than FASP, with almost identical numbers of proteins from fresh and FFPE tissues and 69% overlap, good preservation of high-MW proteins, no bias regarding isoelectric point, and greater technical reproducibility. On the other hand, FASP yielded 20% fewer protein identifications in FFPE than in fresh tissue, with 64-69% overlap, depletion of proteins >70 kDa, lower efficiency in acidic and neutral range, and lower technical reproducibility. Both protocols showed highly similar subcellular compartments distribution, highly similar percentages of extracted unique peptides from FFPE and fresh tissues and high positive correlation between the absolute quantitation values of fresh and FFPE proteins. In conclusion, RapiGest extraction of FFPE tissues delivers a proteome that closely resembles the fresh frozen proteome and should be preferred over FASP in biomarker and quantification studies. SIGNIFICANCE: Here we analyzed the performance of two sample preparation methods for shotgun proteomic analysis of FFPE tissues to give a comprehensive overview of the obtained proteomes and the resemblance to its matching fresh frozen counterparts. These findings give us better understanding towards competent proteomics analysis of FFPE tissues. It is hoped that it will encourage further assessments of available protocols before establishing the most effective protocol for shotgun proteomic FFPE tissue analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Davalieva
- Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology "Georgi D Efremov", Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Krste Misirkov 2, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia.
| | - Sanja Kiprijanovska
- Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology "Georgi D Efremov", Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Krste Misirkov 2, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Aleksandar Dimovski
- Research Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology "Georgi D Efremov", Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Krste Misirkov 2, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia; Faculty of Pharmacy, University "St. Cyril and Methodius", 50ta Divizija 6, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Gorazd Rosoklija
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, USA; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 42, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew J Dwork
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, USA; Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 42, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, USA
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8
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Establishment and validation of highly accurate formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded quantitative proteomics by heat-compatible pressure cycling technology using phase-transfer surfactant and SWATH-MS. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11271. [PMID: 32647189 PMCID: PMC7347883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish a quantitative proteomic method able to accurately quantify pathological changes in the protein expression levels of not only non-membrane proteins, but also membrane proteins, using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples. Protein extraction from FFPE sections of mouse liver was increased 3.33-fold by pressure cycling technology (PCT) and reached the same level as protein extraction from frozen sections. After PCT-assisted processing of FFPE liver samples followed by SWATH-MS-based comprehensive quantification, the peak areas of 88.4% of peptides agreed with those from matched fresh samples within a 1.5-fold range. For membrane proteins, this percentage was remarkably increased from 49.1 to 93.8% by PCT. Compared to the conventional method using urea buffer, the present method using phase-transfer surfactant (PTS) buffer at 95 °C showed better agreement of peptide peak areas between FFPE and fresh samples. When our method using PCT and PTS buffer at 95 °C was applied to a bile duct ligation (BDL) disease model, the BDL/control expression ratios for 80.0% of peptides agreed within a 1.2-fold range between FFPE and fresh samples. This heat-compatible FFPE-PCT-SWATH proteomics technology using PTS is suitable for quantitative studies of pathological molecular mechanisms and biomarker discovery utilizing widely available FFPE samples.
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9
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Dapic I, Baljeu-Neuman L, Uwugiaren N, Kers J, Goodlett DR, Corthals GL. Proteome analysis of tissues by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2019; 38:403-441. [PMID: 31390493 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tissues and biofluids are important sources of information used for the detection of diseases and decisions on patient therapies. There are several accepted methods for preservation of tissues, among which the most popular are fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin embedded methods. Depending on the preservation method and the amount of sample available, various specific protocols are available for tissue processing for subsequent proteomic analysis. Protocols are tailored to answer various biological questions, and as such vary in lysis and digestion conditions, as well as duration. The existence of diverse tissue-sample protocols has led to confusion in how to choose the best protocol for a given tissue and made it difficult to compare results across sample types. Here, we summarize procedures used for tissue processing for subsequent bottom-up proteomic analysis. Furthermore, we compare protocols for their variations in the composition of lysis buffers, digestion procedures, and purification steps. For example, reports have shown that lysis buffer composition plays an important role in the profile of extracted proteins: the most common are tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, radioimmunoprecipitation assay, and ammonium bicarbonate buffers. Although, trypsin is the most commonly used enzyme for proteolysis, in some protocols it is supplemented with Lys-C and/or chymotrypsin, which will often lead to an increase in proteome coverage. Data show that the selection of the lysis procedure might need to be tissue-specific to produce distinct protocols for individual tissue types. Finally, selection of the procedures is also influenced by the amount of sample available, which range from biopsies or the size of a few dozen of mm2 obtained with laser capture microdissection to much larger amounts that weight several milligrams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Dapic
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Naomi Uwugiaren
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jesper Kers
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II), Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - David R Goodlett
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- University of Maryland, 20N. Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Garry L Corthals
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Biomedical analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples: The Holy Grail for molecular diagnostics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 155:125-134. [PMID: 29627729 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
More than a century ago in 1893, a revolutionary idea about fixing biological tissue specimens was introduced by Ferdinand Blum, a German physician. Since then, a plethora of fixation methods have been investigated and used. Formalin fixation with paraffin embedment became the most widely used types of fixation and preservation method, due to its proper architectural conservation of tissue structures and cellular shape. The huge collection of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sample archives worldwide holds a large amount of unearthed information about diseases that could be the Holy Grail in contemporary biomarker research utilizing analytical omics based molecular diagnostics. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate the omics options for FFPE tissue sample analysis in the molecular diagnostics field.
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11
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Ongay S, Langelaar-Makkinje M, Stoop MP, Liu N, Overkleeft H, Luider TM, Groothuis GMM, Bischoff R. Cleavable Crosslinkers as Tissue Fixation Reagents for Proteomic Analysis. Chembiochem 2018; 19:736-743. [PMID: 29356267 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde fixation is widely used for long-term maintenance of tissue. However, due to formaldehyde-induced crosslinks, fixed tissue proteins are difficult to extract, which hampers mass spectrometry (MS) proteomic analyses. Recent years have seen the use of different combinations of high temperature and solubilizing agents (usually derived from antigen retrieval techniques) to unravel formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue proteomes. However, to achieve protein extraction yields similar to those of fresh-frozen tissue, high-temperature heating is necessary. Such harsh extraction conditions can affect sensitive amino acids and post-translational modifications, resulting in the loss of important information, while still not resulting in protein yields comparable to those of fresh-frozen tissue. Herein, the objective is to evaluate cleavable protein crosslinkers as fixatives that allow tissue preservation and efficient protein extraction from fixed tissue for MS proteomics under mild conditions. With this goal in mind, disuccinimidyl tartrate (DST) and dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate) (DSP) are investigated as cleavable fixating reagents. These compounds crosslink proteins by reacting with amino groups, leading to amide bond formation, and can be cleaved with sodium metaperiodate (cis-diols, DST) or reducing agents (disulfide bonds, DSP), respectively. Results show that cleavable protein crosslinking with DST and DSP allows tissue fixation with morphology preservation comparable to that of formaldehyde. In addition, cleavage of DSP improves protein recovery from fixed tissue by a factor of 18 and increases the number of identified proteins by approximately 20 % under mild extraction conditions compared with those of formaldehyde-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. A major advantage of DSP is the introduction of well-defined protein modifications that can be taken into account during database searching. In contrast to DSP fixation, DST fixation followed by cleavage with sodium metaperiodate, although effective, results in side reactions that prevent effective protein extraction and interfere with protein identification. Protein crosslinkers that can be cleaved under mild conditions and result in defined modifications, such as DSP, are thus viable alternatives to formaldehyde as tissue fixatives to facilitate protein analysis from paraffin-embedded, fixed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ongay
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Langelaar-Makkinje
- Department Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel P Stoop
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, P. O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nora Liu
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermen Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Theo M Luider
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus University Medical Center, P. O. Box 1738, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geny M M Groothuis
- Department Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713, AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Ostasiewicz P, Wiśniewski J. A Protocol for Large-Scale Proteomic Analysis of Microdissected Formalin Fixed and Paraffin Embedded Tissue. Methods Enzymol 2017; 585:159-176. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Broeckx V, Boonen K, Pringels L, Sagaert X, Prenen H, Landuyt B, Schoofs L, Maes E. Comparison of multiple protein extraction buffers for GeLC-MS/MS proteomic analysis of liver and colon formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:553-65. [PMID: 26676081 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00670h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens represent a potential valuable source of samples for clinical research. Since these specimens are banked in hospital archives, large cohorts of samples can be collected in short periods of time which can all be linked with a patients' clinical history. Therefore, the use of FFPE tissue in protein biomarker discovery studies gains interest. However, despite the growing number of FFPE proteome studies in the literature, there is a lack of a FFPE proteomics standard operating procedure (SOP). One of the challenging steps in the development of such a SOP is the ability to obtain an efficient and repeatable extraction of full length FFPE proteins. In this study, the protein extraction efficiency of eight protein extraction buffers is critically compared with GeLC-MS/MS (1D gel electrophoresis followed by in-gel digestion and LC-MS/MS). The data variation caused by using these extraction buffers was investigated since the variation is a very important aspect when using FFPE tissue as a source for biomarker detection. In addition, a qualitative comparison was made between the protein extraction efficiency and repeatability for FFPE tissue and fresh frozen tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Broeckx
- Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Zoological Institute, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kurt Boonen
- Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Zoological Institute, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Lentel Pringels
- Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Zoological Institute, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Xavier Sagaert
- Centre for Translational Cell and Tissue Research, University Hospital of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans Prenen
- Department of Gastro-Enterology, Digestive Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Landuyt
- Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Zoological Institute, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Liliane Schoofs
- Research Group of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Department of Biology, University of Leuven, Zoological Institute, Naamsestraat 59, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Evelyne Maes
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium and Centre for Proteomics, University of Antwerp/Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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14
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Kelley AR, Perry G, Bethea C, Castellani RJ, Bach SBH. Molecular Mapping Alzheimer's Disease: MALDI Imaging of Formalin-fixed, Paraffin-embedded Human Hippocampal Tissue. Open Neurol J 2016; 10:88-98. [PMID: 27843502 PMCID: PMC5080873 DOI: 10.2174/1874205x01610010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for the molecular mapping of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human hippocampal tissue affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD) is presented. This approach utilizes imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). The usefulness of this technique in comparing diseased versus nor mal tissue at the molecular level while continuing to maintain topological and morphological integrity is evident in the preliminary findings. The critical correlation of the deparaffination, washing, matrix deposition, and analysis steps in handling the tissue sections and how these steps impact the successful mapping of human hippocampal tissue is clearly demonstrated. By use of this technique we have been able to identify several differences between the hippocampal AD tissue and the control hippocampal tissue. From the observed peptide clip masses we present preliminary identifications of the amyloid-beta peptides known to be prominent in the brains of those with AD. We have obtained high-resolution mass spectra and mass images with 100μm spatial resolution. Future experiments will couple this work with MALDI LIFT experiments to enable top down proteomics of fresh frozen tissue, which is not possible with paraffin-embedded tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea R Kelley
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX. 78249, USA
| | - George Perry
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX. 78249, USA
| | - Chloe Bethea
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX. 78249, USA
| | - Rudolph J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 22 South Greene St. Baltimore, MD. 21201, USA
| | - Stephan B H Bach
- College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX. 78249, USA
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15
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Shao S, Guo T, Aebersold R. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic quest for diabetes biomarkers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1854:519-27. [PMID: 25556002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, which affects hundreds of millions of individuals worldwide. Early diagnosis and complication prevention of DM are helpful for disease treatment. However, currently available DM diagnostic markers fail to achieve the goals. Identification of new diabetic biomarkers assisted by mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics may offer solution for the clinical challenges. Here, we review the current status of biomarker discovery in DM, and describe the pressure cycling technology (PCT)-Sequential Window Acquisition of all Theoretical fragment-ion (SWATH) workflow for sample-processing, biomarker discovery and validation, which may accelerate the current quest for DM biomarkers. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Medical Proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 16, 8093, Switzerland.
| | - Tiannan Guo
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 16, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 16, 8093, Switzerland; Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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16
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Gustafsson OJR, Arentz G, Hoffmann P. Proteomic developments in the analysis of formalin-fixed tissue. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1854:559-80. [PMID: 25315853 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retrospective proteomic studies, including those which aim to elucidate the molecular mechanisms driving cancer, require the assembly and characterization of substantial patient tissue cohorts. The difficulty of maintaining and accessing native tissue archives has prompted the development of methods to access archives of formalin-fixed tissue. Formalin-fixed tissue archives, complete with patient meta data, have accumulated for decades, presenting an invaluable resource for these retrospective studies. This review presents the current knowledge concerning formalin-fixed tissue, with descriptions of the mechanisms of formalin fixation, protein extraction, top-down proteomics, bottom-up proteomics, quantitative proteomics, phospho- and glycoproteomics as well as imaging mass spectrometry. Particular attention has been given to the inclusion of proteomic investigations of archived tumour tissue. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Medical Proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ove J R Gustafsson
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005
| | - Georgia Arentz
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Adelaide Proteomics Centre, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 5005.
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17
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Longuespée R, Fléron M, Pottier C, Quesada-Calvo F, Meuwis MA, Baiwir D, Smargiasso N, Mazzucchelli G, De Pauw-Gillet MC, Delvenne P, De Pauw E. Tissue Proteomics for the Next Decade? Towards a Molecular Dimension in Histology. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2014; 18:539-52. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2014.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Longuespée
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, GIGA-Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maximilien Fléron
- Mammalian Cell Culture Laboratory, GIGA-Research, Department of Biomedical and Preclinical Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Charles Pottier
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Pathology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Florence Quesada-Calvo
- Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology Department, Liège University Hospital, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marie-Alice Meuwis
- Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology Department, Liège University Hospital, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dominique Baiwir
- GIGA-R, GIGA Proteomic Facilities, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Smargiasso
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, GIGA-Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gabriel Mazzucchelli
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, GIGA-Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marie-Claire De Pauw-Gillet
- Mammalian Cell Culture Laboratory, GIGA-Research, Department of Biomedical and Preclinical Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delvenne
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, GIGA-Cancer, Department of Pathology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, GIGA-Research, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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18
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Fowler CB, O'Leary TJ, Mason JT. Toward improving the proteomic analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 10:389-400. [PMID: 23992421 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2013.820531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue and their associated diagnostic records represent an invaluable source of retrospective proteomic information on diseases for which the clinical outcome and response to treatment are known. However, analysis of archival FFPE tissues by high-throughput proteomic methods has been hindered by the adverse effects of formaldehyde fixation and subsequent tissue histology. This review examines recent methodological advances for extracting proteins from FFPE tissue suitable for proteomic analysis. These methods, based largely upon heat-induced antigen retrieval techniques borrowed from immunohistochemistry, allow at least a qualitative analysis of the proteome of FFPE archival tissues. The authors also discuss recent advances in the proteomic analysis of FFPE tissue; including liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, reverse phase protein microarrays and imaging mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol B Fowler
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Protein Science, Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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19
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Fowler CB, Man YG, Mason JT. An ultra-sensitive immunoassay for quantifying biomarkers in breast tumor tissue. J Cancer 2014; 5:115-24. [PMID: 24494029 PMCID: PMC3909766 DOI: 10.7150/jca.8084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) have been validated at the highest level of evidence as clinical biomarkers of prognosis in breast cancer. The American Society of Clinical Oncology recommends using uPA and PAI-1 levels in breast tumors for deciding whether patients with newly diagnosed node-negative breast cancer can forgo adjuvant chemotherapy. The sole validated method for quantifying uPA and PAI-1 levels in breast tumor tissue is a colorimetric ELISA assay that takes 3 days to complete and requires 100-300 mg of fresh or frozen tissue. In this study we describe a new assay method for quantifying PAI-1 levels in human breast tumor tissue. This assay combines pressure-cycling technology to extract PAI-1 from breast tumor tissue with a highly sensitive liposome polymerase chain reaction immunoassay for quantification of PAI-1 in the tissue extract. The new PAI-1 assay method reduced the total assay time to one day and improved assay sensitivity and dynamic range by >100, compared to ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol B Fowler
- 1. Laboratory of Proteomics and Protein Science, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yan-Gao Man
- 2. Bon Secours Cancer Institute, Bon Secours Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Mason
- 1. Laboratory of Proteomics and Protein Science, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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20
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Fowler CB, O'Leary TJ, Mason JT. Improving the Proteomic Analysis of Archival Tissue by Using Pressure-Assisted Protein Extraction: A Mechanistic Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:151-157. [PMID: 25049470 DOI: 10.4172/jpb.1000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue repositories represent a valuable resource for the retrospective study of disease progression and response to therapy. However, the proteomic analysis of FFPE tissues has been hampered by formaldehyde-induced protein modifications, which reduce protein extraction efficiency and may lead to protein misidentification. Here, we demonstrate the use of heat augmented with high hydrostatic pressure (40,000 psi) as a novel method for the recovery of intact proteins from FFPE tissue. Our laboratory has taken a mechanistic approach to developing improved protein extraction protocols, by first studying the reactions of formaldehyde with proteins and ways to reverse these reactions, then applying this approach to a model system called a "tissue surrogate", which is a gel formed by treating high concentrations of cytoplasmic proteins with formaldehyde, and finally FFPE mouse liver tissue. Our studies indicate that elevated pressure improves the recovery of proteins from FFPE tissue surrogates by hydrating and promoting solubilization of highly aggregated proteins allowing for the subsequent reversal (by hydrolysis) of formaldehyde-induced protein adducts and cross-links. When FFPE mouse liver was extracted using heat and elevated pressure, there was a 4-fold increase in protein extraction efficiency and up to a 30-fold increase in the number of non-redundant proteins identified by mass spectrometry, compared to matched tissue extracted with heat alone. More importantly, the number of non-redundant proteins identified in the FFPE tissue was nearly identical to that of the corresponding frozen tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol B Fowler
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Protein Science, Office of Research and Development, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey T Mason
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Protein Science, Office of Research and Development, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Araújo JE, Oliveira E, Otero-Glez A, Santos Nores J, Igrejas G, Lodeiro C, Capelo JL, Santos HM. A comprehensive factorial design study of variables affecting protein extraction from formalin-fixed kidney tissue samples. Talanta 2013; 119:90-7. [PMID: 24401389 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Formalin-fixed tissues are an important source of biological samples for biomedical research. However, proteomics analysis of formalin-fixed tissues has been set aside by formalin-induced protein modifications, which reduce protein extraction efficiency. In this study, a two level full factorial experimental design (2(4)) was used to determine the effects of the extracting conditions in the efficiency of protein recovery from formalin-fixed kidney samples. The following variables were assessed: temperature of extraction, pH of extraction, composition of the extracting buffer and the use ultrasonic energy applied with probe. It is clearly demonstrated that when hating and ultrasonic energy are used in conjunction, a 7-fold increase (p < 0.05) in protein extraction is obtained if compared to extracting conditions for which neither heating nor ultrasonic energy are used. The optimization study was done following the amount of protein extracted by UV (Nanodrop(®) technology, protein ABS at 280 nm) and by 1D SDS-PAGE. Extracts obtained with the optimized conditions were subjected to LC-MALDI MS/MS. A total of 112 proteins were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Araújo
- BIOSCOPE group, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal; Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - E Oliveira
- BIOSCOPE group, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - A Otero-Glez
- Servicio de Nefrología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, España
| | - J Santos Nores
- Servicio de Nefrología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, España
| | - G Igrejas
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - C Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE group, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - J L Capelo
- BIOSCOPE group, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - H M Santos
- BIOSCOPE group, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal; Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.
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22
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Theis JD, Dasari S, Vrana JA, Kurtin PJ, Dogan A. Shotgun-proteomics-based clinical testing for diagnosis and classification of amyloidosis. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:1067-1077. [PMID: 24130009 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Shotgun proteomics technology has matured in the research laboratories and is poised to enter clinical laboratories. However, the road to this transition is sprinkled with major technical unknowns such as long-term stability of the platform, reproducibility of the technology and clinical utility over traditional antibody-based platforms. Further, regulatory bodies that oversee the clinical laboratory operations are unfamiliar with this new technology. As a result, diagnostic laboratories have avoided using shotgun proteomics for routine diagnostics. In this perspectives article, we describe the clinical implementation of a shotgun proteomics assay for amyloid subtyping, with a special emphasis on standardizing the platform for better quality control and earning clinical acceptance. This assay is the first shotgun proteomics assay to receive regulatory approval for patient diagnosis. The blueprint of this assay can be utilized to develop novel proteomics assays for detecting numerous other disease pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Theis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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23
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Giusti L, Lucacchini A. Proteomic studies of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Expert Rev Proteomics 2013; 10:165-77. [PMID: 23573783 DOI: 10.1586/epr.13.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens represent a valuable informational resource of histologically characterized specimens for proteomic studies. In this article, the authors review the advancement performed in the field of FFPE proteomics focusing on formaldehyde treatment and on strategies addressed to obtain the best recovery in the protein/peptide extraction. A variety of approaches have been used to characterize protein tissue extracts, and many efforts have been performed demonstrating the comparability between fresh/frozen and FFPE proteomes. Finally, the authors report and discuss the large numbers of works aimed at developing new strategies and sophisticated platforms in the analysis of FFPE samples to validate known potential biomarkers and to discover new ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Giusti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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24
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Fu Z, Yan K, Rosenberg A, Jin Z, Crain B, Athas G, Vander Heide RS, Howard T, Everett AD, Herrington D, Van Eyk JE. Improved protein extraction and protein identification from archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human aortas. Proteomics Clin Appl 2013; 7:217-24. [PMID: 23339088 PMCID: PMC4340701 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201200064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate combination of heat and elevated pressure to enhance protein extraction and quality of formalin-fixed (FF), and FF paraffin-embedded (FFPE) aorta for proteomics. EXPERIMENT DESIGN Proteins were extracted from fresh frozen aorta at room temperature (RT). FF and FFPE aortas (3 months and 15 years) were extracted at RT, heat alone, or a combination of heat and high pressure. Protein yields were compared, and digested peptides from the extracts were analyzed with MS. RESULTS Combined heat and elevated pressure increased protein yield from human FF or FFPE aorta compared to matched tissues with heat alone (1.5-fold) or at RT (8.3-fold), resulting in more proteins identified and with more sequence coverage. The length of storage did adversely affect the quality of proteins from FF tissue. For long-term storage, aorta was preserved better with FFPE than FF alone. Periostin and MGF-E8 were demonstrated suitable for MRM assays from FFPE aorta. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Combination of heat and high pressure is an effective method to extract proteins from FFPE aorta for downstream proteomics. This method opens the possibility for use of archival and often rare FFPE aortas and possibly other tissues available to proteomics for biomarker discovery and quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongming Fu
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Kun Yan
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Avraham Rosenberg
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Zhicheng Jin
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Barbara Crain
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Grace Athas
- Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112
| | - Richard S Vander Heide
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Timothy Howard
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Allen D. Everett
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - David Herrington
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Jennifer E. Van Eyk
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
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25
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Vincenti DC, Murray GI. The proteomics of formalin-fixed wax-embedded tissue. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:546-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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26
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Shi SR, Taylor CR, Fowler CB, Mason JT. Complete solubilization of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue may improve proteomic studies. Proteomics Clin Appl 2013; 7:264-72. [PMID: 23339100 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201200031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-based proteomic approaches (tissue proteomics) are essential for discovering and evaluating biomarkers for personalized medicine. In any proteomics study, the most critical issue is sample extraction and preparation. This problem is especially difficult when recovering proteins from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. However, improving and standardizing protein extraction from FFPE tissue is a critical need because of the millions of archival FFPE tissues available in tissue banks worldwide. Recent progress in the application of heat-induced antigen retrieval principles for protein extraction from FFPE tissue has resulted in a number of published FFPE tissue proteomics studies. However, there is currently no consensus on the optimal protocol for protein extraction from FFPE tissue or accepted standards for quantitative evaluation of the extracts. Standardization is critical to ensure the accurate evaluation of FFPE protein extracts by proteomic methods such as reverse phase protein arrays, which is now in clinical use. In our view, complete solubilization of FFPE tissue samples is the best way to achieve the goal of standardizing the recovery of proteins from FFPE tissues. However, further studies are recommended to develop standardized protein extraction methods to ensure quantitative and qualitative reproducibility in the recovery of proteins from FFPE tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Rong Shi
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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27
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Gámez-Pozo A, Ferrer NI, Ciruelos E, López-Vacas R, Martínez FG, Espinosa E, Vara JÁF. Shotgun proteomics of archival triple-negative breast cancer samples. Proteomics Clin Appl 2013; 7:283-91. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201200048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Gámez-Pozo
- Laboratorio de Oncología y Patología Molecular, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular-INGEMM; Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ; Madrid; Spain
| | - Nuria Ibarz Ferrer
- Unidad de Proteómica; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO); Madrid; Spain
| | - Eva Ciruelos
- Servicio de Oncología; Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario Doce de Octubre-i+12; Madrid; Spain
| | - Rocío López-Vacas
- Laboratorio de Oncología y Patología Molecular, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular-INGEMM; Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ; Madrid; Spain
| | | | - Enrique Espinosa
- Servicio de Oncología Médica; Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ; Madrid; Spain
| | - Juan Ángel Fresno Vara
- Laboratorio de Oncología y Patología Molecular, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular-INGEMM; Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz-IdiPAZ; Madrid; Spain
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28
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Shen Y, Guo W, Qi L, Qiao J, Wang F, Mao L. Immobilization of trypsin via reactive polymer grafting from magnetic nanoparticles for microwave-assisted digestion. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:2260-2267. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20116c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Wang X, Zhang X. Optimal extraction and hydrolysis of Chlorella pyrenoidosa proteins. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 126:307-313. [PMID: 23117187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, for the first time, the applications of two new methods, ionic liquid and low-temperature high-pressure cell breakage methods, to the extraction of whole proteins in Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells were explored. Meanwhile, the comparison with three traditional methods was also made. The results indicated that the extraction rate for ionic liquid is only at moderate level, but the new low-temperature high-pressure cell breakage method can obviously increase the protein extraction rate up to 2- to 15-fold. Subsequently, the hydrolysis of the extracted proteins was conducted with three enzymes (papain, trypsin and alcalase). The data presented that the degree of hydrolysis for each enzyme under the optimal conditions is in the order of: alcalase (18.31%)>papain (14.33%)>trypsin (8.47%), demonstrating the potential of C. pyrenoidosa protein hydrolysates obtained here in nutritional supplement and medical foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Comparability of differential proteomics data generated from paired archival fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed samples by GeLC-MS/MS and spectral counting. J Proteomics 2012; 77:561-76. [PMID: 23043969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a Veterinary Department repository composed by paired formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and fresh-frozen (FrFr) sets of the same tissues, routinely archived in the typical conditions of a clinical setting, was exploited to perform a comparative evaluation of the results generated by GeLC-MS/MS (1-DE followed by in-gel digestion and LC-MS/MS) and spectral counting with the two types of archival samples. Therefore, two parallel differential proteomic studies were performed using 3 canine mammary carcinomas and 3 normal controls in a paired fashion (6 FrFr and 6 FFPE in total). As a result, the FrFr and FFPE differential proteomic datasets exhibited fair consistency in differential expression trends, according to protein molecular function, cellular localization, networks, and pathways. However, FFPE samples were globally slightly less informative, especially concerning the high-MW subproteome. As a further investigation, new insights into the molecular aspects of protein fixation and retrieval were obtained. In conclusion, archival FFPE samples can be reliably used for differential proteomics studies employing a spectral counting GeLC-MS/MS approach, although some typical biases need to be taken into account, and FrFr specimens (when available) should still be considered as the gold standard for clinical proteomics.
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