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Zaręba D, Ziarno M. Tween 80™-induced changes in fatty acid profile of selected mesophilic lactobacilli. Acta Biochim Pol 2024; 71:13014. [PMID: 39027262 PMCID: PMC11254618 DOI: 10.3389/abp.2024.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acid profiles are crucial for the functionality and viability of lactobacilli used in food applications. Tween 80™, a common culture media additive, is known to influence bacterial growth and composition. This study investigated how Tween 80™ supplementation impacts the fatty acid profiles of six mesophilic lactobacilli strains (Lacticaseibacillus spp., Limosilactobacillus spp., Lactiplantibacillus plantarum). Analysis of eleven strains revealed 29 distinct fatty acids. Tween 80™ supplementation significantly altered their fatty acid composition. Notably, there was a shift towards saturated fatty acids and changes within the unsaturated fatty acid profile. While some unsaturated fatty acids decreased, there was a concurrent rise in cyclic derivatives like lactobacillic acid (derived from vaccenic acid) and dihydrosterculic acid (derived from oleic acid). This suggests that despite the presence of Tween 80™ as an oleic acid source, lactobacilli prioritize the synthesis of these cyclic derivatives from precursor unsaturated fatty acids. Myristic acid and dihydrosterculic acid levels varied across strains. Interestingly, palmitic acid content increased, potentially reflecting enhanced incorporation of oleic acid from Tween 80™ into membranes. Conversely, cis-vaccenic acid levels consistently decreased across all strains. The observed fatty acid profiles differed from previous studies, likely due to a combination of factors including strain-specific variations and growth condition differences (media type, temperature, harvesting point). However, this study highlights the consistent impact of Tween 80™ on the fatty acid composition of lactobacilli, regardless of these variations. In conclusion, Tween 80™ significantly alters fatty acid profiles, influencing saturation levels and specific fatty acid proportions. This work reveals key factors, including stimulated synthesis of lactobacillic acid, competition for oleic acid incorporation, and strain-specific responses to myristic and dihydrosterculic acids. The consistent reduction in cis-vaccenic acid and the presence of cyclic derivatives warrant further investigation to elucidate their roles in response to Tween 80™ supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Zaręba
- Professor E. Pijanowski Catering School Complex in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Ziarno
- Institute of Food Science, Department of Food Technology and Assessment, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Kim H, Oh S, Song S. Lactobacillus Persisters Formation and Resuscitation. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:854-862. [PMID: 38326923 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2312.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Lactobacillus is a commonly used probiotic, and many researchers have focused on its stress response to improve its functionality and survival. However, studies on persister cells, dormant cells that aid bacteria in surviving general stress, have focused on pathogenic bacteria that cause infection, not Lactobacillus. Thus, understanding Lactobacillus persister cells will provide essential clues for understanding how Lactobacillus survives and maintains its function under various environmental conditions. We treated Lactobacillus strains with various antibiotics to determine the conditions required for persister formation using kill curves and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, we observed the resuscitation patterns of persister cells using single-cell analysis. Our results show that Lactobacillus creates a small population of persister cells (0.0001-1% of the bacterial population) in response to beta-lactam antibiotics such as ampicillin and amoxicillin. Moreover, only around 0.5-1% of persister cells are heterogeneously resuscitated by adding fresh media; the characteristics are typical of persister cells. This study provides a method for forming and verifying the persistence of Lactobacillus and demonstrates that antibiotic-induced Lactobacillus persister cells show characteristics of dormancy, sensitivity of antibiotics, same as exponential cells, multi-drug tolerance, and resuscitation, which are characteristics of general persister cells. This study suggests that the mechanisms of formation and resuscitation may vary depending on the characteristics, such as the membrane structure of the bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejong Oh
- Division of Animal Science, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyeon Song
- Department of Animal Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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3
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Olukanni OD, Albert AA, Farinto M, Awotula AO, Osuntoki AA. Tween-80 enhanced biodegradation of naphthalene by Klebsiella quasipneumoniae. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2023:10.1007/s10482-023-01839-8. [PMID: 37188845 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-023-01839-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Accidental spillage of petroleum products and industrial activities result in various hydrocarbons in the environment. While the n-hydrocarbons are readily degraded, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are recalcitrant to natural degradation, toxic to aquatic life and are responsible for diverse health challenges in terrestrial animals; suggesting the need for faster and more eco-friendly ways of removing PAHs from the environment. In this study, the surfactant tween-80 was used to enhance a bacterium's intrinsic naphthalene biodegradation activity. Eight bacteria isolated from oil-contaminated soils were characterised using morphological and biochemical methods. The most effective strain was identified as Klebsiella quasipneumoniae using 16S rRNA gene analysis. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analyses showed that the detectable concentration of naphthalene was decreased from 500 to 157.18 μg/mL (67.4%) after 7 d in the absence of tween-80, while 99.4% removal was achieved in 3 d in the presence of tween-80 at 60 μg/mL concentration. The peaks observed in the Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum of control (naphthalene), which were absent in that of the metabolites, further established naphthalene degradation. Furthermore, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GCMS) revealed metabolites of single aromatic ring, such as 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxylmethylphenol, which confirmed that the removal of naphthalene is by biodegradation. Tyrosinase induction and laccase activities suggested the involvement of these enzymes in naphthalene biodegradation by the bacterium. Conclusively, a strain of K. quasipneumoniae that can effectively remove naphthalene from contaminated environments has been isolated, and its biodegradation rate was doubled in the presence of non-ionic surfactant, tween-80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumide D Olukanni
- Department of Biochemistry, Redeemer's University, P.M.B. 230, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Anthony A Albert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Micheal Farinto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ayodeji O Awotula
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, McPherson University, P.M.B. 2094, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Akinniyi A Osuntoki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria
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4
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Shah SS, Al-Naseri A, Rouch D, Bowman JP, Wilson R, Baker AL, Britz ML. Properties of an acid-tolerant, persistent Cheddar cheese isolate, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei GCRL163. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:kuab070. [PMID: 34555172 PMCID: PMC8788758 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The distinctive flavours in hard cheeses are attributed largely to the activity of nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) which dominate the cheese matrix during maturation after lactose is consumed. Understanding how different strains of NSLAB survive, compete, and scavenge available nutrients is fundamental to selecting strains as potential adjunct starters which may influence product traits. Three Lacticaseibacillus paracasei isolates which dominated at different stages over 63-week maturation periods of Australian Cheddar cheeses had the same molecular biotype. They shared many phenotypic traits, including salt tolerance, optimum growth temperature, growth on N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine plus delayed growth on D-ribose, carbon sources likely present in cheese due to bacterial autolysis. However, strains 124 and 163 (later named GCRL163) survived longer at low pH and grew on D-tagatose and D-mannitol, differentiating this phenotype from strain 122. When cultured on growth-limiting lactose (0.2%, wt/vol) in the presence of high concentrations of L-leucine and other amino acids, GCRL163 produced, and subsequently consumed lactate, forming acetic and formic acids, and demonstrated temporal accumulation of intermediates in pyruvate metabolism in long-term cultures. Strain GCRL163 grew in Tween 80-tryptone broths, a trait not shared by all L. casei-group dairy isolates screened in this study. Including citrate in this medium stimulated growth of GCRL163 above citrate alone, suggesting cometabolism of citrate and Tween 80. Proteomic analysis of cytosolic proteins indicated that growth in Tween 80 produced a higher stress state and increased relative abundance of three cell envelope proteinases (CEPs) (including PrtP and Dumpy), amongst over 230 differentially expressed proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed S Shah
- Food Safety and Innovation Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Ali Al-Naseri
- Food Safety and Innovation Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Duncan Rouch
- Clarendon Policy and Strategy Group, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - John P Bowman
- Food Safety and Innovation Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Anthony L Baker
- Food Safety and Innovation Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia
| | - Margaret L Britz
- Food Safety and Innovation Centre, Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Australia
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5
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Gao X, Kong J, Zhu H, Mao B, Cui S, Zhao J. Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Lactococcus response to environmental stress: Mechanisms and application of cross-protection to improve resistance against freeze-drying. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:802-821. [PMID: 34365708 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The review deals with lactic acid bacteria in characterizing the stress adaptation with cross-protection effects, mainly associated with Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Lactococcus. It focuses on adaptation and cross-protection in Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Lactococcus, including heat shocking, cold stress, acid stress, osmotic stress, starvation effect, etc. Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed databases were used for the systematic search of literature up to the year 2020. The literature suggests that a lower survival rate during freeze-drying is linked to environmental stress. Protective pretreatment under various mild stresses can be applied to lactic acid bacteria which may enhance resistance in a strain-dependent manner. We investigate the mechanism of damage and adaptation under various stresses including heat, cold, acidic, osmotic, starvation, oxidative and bile stress. Adaptive mechanisms include synthesis of stress-induced proteins, adjusting the composition of cell membrane fatty acids, accumulating compatible substances, etc. Next, we reveal the cross-protective effect of specific stress on the other environmental stresses. Freeze-drying is discussed from three perspectives including the regulation of membrane, accumulation of compatible solutes and the production of chaperones and stress-responsive proteases. The resistance of lactic acid bacteria against technological stress can be enhanced via cross-protection, which improves industrial efficiency concerning the survival of probiotics. However, the adaptive responses and cross-protection are strain-dependent and should be optimized case by case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Kong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongkang Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingyong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shumao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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6
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Dadfarma N, Karimi G, Nowroozi J, Nejadi N, Kazemi B, Bandehpour M. Proteomic analysis of Lactobacillus casei in response to different pHs using two-dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI TOF mass spectroscopy. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 12:431-436. [PMID: 33603998 PMCID: PMC7867702 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v12i5.4604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Lactobacillus casei, an acid-resistant bacterium, has a protective role against the pathogens. So we aimed to determine the proteome of Lactobacillus casei ATCC39392 strain in response to different pHs of 5 and 7 using proteomic analysis. Materials and Methods: Supernatant and bacterial extraction of Lactobacillus casei ATCC39392 adapts at pHs 5 and 7 were isolated using sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The comparison of results showed that 7 protein spots were seen in pH 5 but not in pH 7. Afterward, they were excised and sent for Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to be identified. Results: Seven different proteins (four secretory and three structural) with different roles in human body health were identified. Prescribed proteins include putative cell wall associated Hydrolase, Glycoside Hydrolase, beta-N-Acetyl hexosaminidase, Histidine Kinase, Chaperonin, metal dependent Hydrolase and Lysozyme. Conclusion: Seven isolated proteins with anti-cancer and digestive impresses are proper subjects in therapy or drug delivery approaches especially oral drug usage for protection against stomach acidic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Dadfarma
- Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golgis Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamileh Nowroozi
- Department of Microbiology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Nejadi
- Proteomics Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Terzić-Vidojević A, Veljović K, Tolinački M, Živković M, Lukić J, Lozo J, Fira Đ, Jovčić B, Strahinić I, Begović J, Popović N, Miljković M, Kojić M, Topisirović L, Golić N. Diversity of non-starter lactic acid bacteria in autochthonous dairy products from Western Balkan Countries - Technological and probiotic properties. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109494. [PMID: 32846575 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to summarize the data regarding diversity of non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) isolated from various artisanal dairy products manufactured in Western Balkan Countries. The dairy products examined were manufactured from raw cow's, sheep's or goat's milk or mixed milk, in the traditional way without the addition of commercial starter cultures. Dairy products such as white brined cheese, fresh cheese, hard cheese, yogurt, sour cream and kajmak were sampled in the households of Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and North Macedonia. It has been established that the diversity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from raw milk artisanal dairy products is extensive. In the reviewed literature, 28 LAB species and a large number of strains belonging to the Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Pediococcus, Leuconostoc and Weissella genera were isolated from various dairy products. Over 3000 LAB strains were obtained and characterized for their technological and probiotic properties including: acidification and coagulation of milk, production of aromatic compounds, proteolytic activity, bacteriocins production and competitive exclusion of pathogens, production of exopolysaccharides, aggregation ability and immunomodulatory effect. Results show that many of the isolated NSLAB strains had one, two or more of the properties mentioned. The data presented emphasize the importance of artisanal products as a valuable source of NSLAB with unique technological and probiotic features important both as a base for scientific research as well as for designing novel starter cultures for functional dairy food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarela Terzić-Vidojević
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade 152, Serbia.
| | - Katarina Veljović
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Maja Tolinački
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Milica Živković
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Jovanka Lukić
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Jelena Lozo
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Đorđe Fira
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branko Jovčić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Strahinić
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Jelena Begović
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Nikola Popović
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Marija Miljković
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Milan Kojić
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Ljubiša Topisirović
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade 152, Serbia
| | - Nataša Golić
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, 11042 Belgrade 152, Serbia
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8
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Mbye M, Baig MA, AbuQamar SF, El-Tarabily KA, Obaid RS, Osaili TM, Al-Nabulsi AA, Turner MS, Shah NP, Ayyash MM. Updates on understanding of probiotic lactic acid bacteria responses to environmental stresses and highlights on proteomic analyses. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1110-1124. [PMID: 33331686 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that improve the health of the host when administered in adequate quantities. Nonetheless, probiotics encounter extreme environmental conditions during food processing or along the gastrointestinal tract. This review discusses different environmental stresses that affect probiotics during food preparation, storage, and along the alimentary canal, including high temperature, low temperature, low and alkaline pH, oxidative stress, high hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, and starvation. The understanding of how probiotics deal with environmental stress and thrive provides useful information to guide the selection of the strains with enhanced performance in specific situations, in food processing or during gastrointestinal transit. In most cases, multiple biological functions are affected upon exposure of the cell to environmental stress. Sensing of sublethal environmental stress can allow for adaptation processes to occur, which can include alterations in the expression of specific proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Mbye
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, 15551, UAE
| | - Mohd Affan Baig
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, 15551, UAE
| | - Synan F AbuQamar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, UAE
| | - Khaled A El-Tarabily
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, UAE.,Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al-Ain, UAE.,College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Reyad S Obaid
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Tareq M Osaili
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.,Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Anas A Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mark S Turner
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, the University of Queensland (UQ), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nagendra P Shah
- Food and Nutritional Science, School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Mutamed M Ayyash
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, 15551, UAE
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9
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Adu KT, Wilson R, Baker AL, Bowman J, Britz ML. Prolonged Heat Stress of Lactobacillus paracasei GCRL163 Improves Binding to Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma HT-29 Cells and Modulates the Relative Abundance of Secreted and Cell Surface-Located Proteins. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1824-1846. [PMID: 32108472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus casei group bacteria improve cheese ripening and may interact with host intestinal cells as probiotics, where surface proteins play a key role. Three complementary methods [trypsin shaving (TS), LiCl-sucrose (LS) extraction, and extracellular culture fluid precipitation] were used to analyze cell surface proteins of Lactobacillus paracasei GCRL163 by label-free quantitative proteomics after culture to the mid-exponential phase in bioreactors at pH 6.5 and temperatures of 30-45 °C. A total of 416 proteins, including 300 with transmembrane, cell wall anchoring, and secretory motifs and 116 cytoplasmic proteins, were quantified as surface proteins. Although LS caused significantly greater cell lysis as growth temperature increased, higher numbers of extracytoplasmic proteins were exclusively obtained by LS treatment. Together with the increased positive surface charge of cells cultured at supra-optimal temperatures, proteins including cell wall hydrolases Msp1/p75 and Msp2/p40, α-fucosidase AlfB, SecA, and a PspC-domain putative adhesin were upregulated in surface or secreted protein fractions, suggesting that cell adhesion may be altered. Prolonged heat stress (PHS) increased binding of L. paracasei GCRL163 to human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells, relative to acid-stressed cells. This study demonstrates that PHS influences cell adhesion and relative abundance of proteins located on the surface, which may impact probiotic functionality, and the detected novel surface proteins likely linked to the cell cycle and envelope stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayode T Adu
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Anthony L Baker
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - John Bowman
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Margaret L Britz
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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10
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Parlindungan E, May BK, Jones OAH. Metabolic Insights Into the Effects of Nutrient Stress on Lactobacillus plantarum B21. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:75. [PMID: 31544106 PMCID: PMC6730488 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum B21 is a strain of lactic acid bacteria first isolated from a fermented meat product from Vietnam. It is also a promising biopreservative with potential use in the food industry as it is a source of a novel bacteriocin (Plantacyclin B21AG) which has inhibitory effects against a wide range of species, including several pathogenic and spoilage strains. Nutrient stress is known to increase the survivability, storage stability, and bacteriocin production capability of L. plantarum B21 during industrial processing. It is however, unknown what the underlying biochemical responses that control these abilities are. This study therefore investigates the metabolite profiles of L. plantarum B21 using NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS to further understand the biochemical responses of this strain to various stress events. Unstressed cells were found to use glucose as their primary energy source with high concentrations of metabolites involved in glycolysis and organic acid synthesis, such as lactic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, malic acid, and 2-butenedioic acid being present in these cells. In contrast, large numbers of metabolites involved in amino acid metabolism including alanine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, valine, proline, and norleucine were upregulated in glucose stressed cells, indicating that they were using amino acids as their main source of energy. Differences in levels of fatty acids, particularly octadecenoic acid, tetracosanoic acid, and 7-hexadecenoic acid were also observed between stressed and unstressed cells. The results from this study provide insight on the biochemical response of this bacterial strain to stresses commonly found during industrial processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvina Parlindungan
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bee K. May
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Oliver A. H. Jones
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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11
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Induction of viable but putatively non-culturable Lactobacillus acetotolerans by thermosonication and its characteristics. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Ganas P, Schwendicke F. Effect of reduced nutritional supply on the metabolic activity and survival of cariogenic bacteria in vitro. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 11:1605788. [PMID: 31069020 PMCID: PMC6493303 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1605788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sealed cariogenic bacteria are deprived from dietary carbohydrate, but could be provided with nutrients by pulpal fluids, with adaptive strain-specific activities being possible. We investigated survival and metabolic activity of the cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces naeslundii and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in different carbohydrate-limited media without carbon source (CLM), or containing glucose (CLM-G), albumin (CLM-A), or α1-acid glycoprotein (CLM-AGP) in vitro. Bacterial metabolite concentrations (lactate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, citrate, acetate, formate, ethanol, acetoin) after 20 and 4 hours incubation, and bacterial numbers (CFU) after 24 hours incubation were analyzed using multivariate-analysis-of-variance (MANOVA). The medium (p = 0.02/MANOVA), strain and incubation-time (both p < 0.001) had significant impact on metabolite concentrations. Bacteria secreted mainly lactate (80.3 µg/106 bacteria S. sobrinus) and acetate (54.5 µg/106 bacteria A. naeslundii). Nearly all metabolites were produced in higher concentrations in S. sobrinus than in A. naeslundii or L. rhamnosus (p < 0.05/HSD). Metabolite concentration was significantly higher in CLM-G than in other media for most metabolites (p < 0.05). L. rhamnosus showed significantly lower survival than S. sobrinus and A. naeslundii (p < 0.05/HSD) regardless of the media, while S. sobrinus and A. naeslundii showed medium-specific survival. Survival of carbon starvation was strain- and medium-specific. Sustained organic acid production was found for all strains and media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Ganas
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Schwendicke
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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An Acid Up-Regulated Surface Protein of Lactobacillus paracasei Strain GCRL 46 is Phylogenetically Related to the Secreted Glucan- (GpbB) and Immunoglobulin-Binding (SibA) Protein of Pathogenic Streptococci. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071610. [PMID: 30935131 PMCID: PMC6479570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell wall hydrolases, including amidases and peptidases, play a critical role in peptidoglycan turnover during growth, impacting daughter cell separation, and cell death, through autolysis. When exploring the regulation of protein expression across the growth cycle of an acid-resistant strain of Lactobacillus paracasei, GCRL 46, we observed temporal up-regulation of proteins in the 40⁻45 kDa molecular weight range for whole-cell extracts when culturing in fermenters at a controlled pH of 4.0 versus optimum growth pH of 6.3. Up-regulation of proteins in this size range was not detected in SDS-PAGE gels of the cytosolic fraction, but was routinely detected following growth at low pH in whole cells and cell debris obtained after bead beating and centrifugation, indicating a cell surface location. N-terminal sequencing and in silico analyses showed sequence similarity with proteins in the L. casei group (L. casei, L. paracasei and L. rhamnosus) which were variously annotated as uncharacterized proteins, surface antigens, possible TrsG proteins, CHAP (cysteine, histidine-dependent amidohydrolases/peptidases)-domain proteins or putative peptidoglycan d,l-endopeptidase due to the presence of a CwlO domain. This protein is a homologue of the p40 (Msp2) secreted protein of L. rhamnosus LGG, which is linked to probiotic functionality in this species, and is phylogenetically related to structurally-similar proteins found in Enterococcus, Streptococcus and Bifidobacterium species, including the glucan-binding (GbpB), surface antigen (SagA) proteins detected in pathogenic group A streptococci species as secreted, immunoglobulin-binding (SibA) proteins (also named PcsB). Three-dimensional (3D) modelling predicted structural similarities in the CHAP proteins from the L. casei group and streptococcal species, indicating retention of overall architecture despite sequence divergence, and an implied retention of function during evolution. A phylogenetically-related hydrolase also contained the CwlO domain with a NLPC_P60 domain, and showed similar overall but distinct architecture to the CHAP proteins. We concluded that the surface-located, CHAP protein in L. casei is up-regulated during long-term exposure to acidic conditions during growth but not during acid shock.
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Pan L, Yu J, Ren D, Yao C, Chen Y, Menghe B. Metabolomic analysis of significant changes in Lactobacillus casei Zhang during culturing to generation 4,000 under conditions of glucose restriction. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3851-3867. [PMID: 30879813 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria are being consumed more frequently as awareness of their health benefits has increased. The industrial production of lactic acid bacteria requires a comprehensive understanding of their survival stress, especially regarding changes in metabolic substances in a glucose-limited environment. In the present study, a metabolomic approach was applied to investigate Lactobacillus casei Zhang using cultures from a common ancestor that were permitted to evolve under conditions with normal or glucose-restricted media for up to 4,000 generations. Metabolomic analyses of intracellular and extracellular differential metabolites under De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe broth (2% vol/vol glucose; Oxoid Ltd., Basingstoke, UK) and glucose-restricted (0.02% vol/vol glucose in De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe broth) conditions were performed at generations 0, 2,000, and 4,000 and revealed 23 different metabolites. Myristic acid, ergothioneine, Lys-Thr, and palmitamide contents exhibited significant reductions between 0 and 4,000 generations, whereas nicotinate, histidine, palmitic acid, l-lysine, urocanate, thymine, and other substances increased. The dynamics of the pathways involved in AA metabolism, including glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, histidine metabolism, lysine degradation, and arginine and proline metabolism, were also a focus of the present study. There were also changes in several other metabolic pathways, including vitamin B6, thiamine, nicotinate, and nicotinamide, according to generation time. Additionally, in the present study we screened for key metabolites involved in the glucose-restricted response and provided a theoretical basis for comprehensively revealing the regulatory mechanisms associated with L. casei Zhang glucose restriction at the metabolic level. These findings also provide novel ideas and methods for analyzing the glucose-restricted stress response at the metabolic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of China, Huhhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of China, Huhhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Dongyan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of China, Huhhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Caiqing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of China, Huhhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Yongfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of China, Huhhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China
| | - Bilige Menghe
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Education Ministry of China, Huhhot, 010018, Inner Mongolia, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agricultural, Department of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China.
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Ma X, Wang Y. Anammox bacteria exhibit capacity to withstand long-term starvation stress: A proteomic-based investigation of survival mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:952-961. [PMID: 30119026 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although anammox bacteria are commonly exposed to long-term starvation during transportation and preservation process, physiological changes in these organisms during long-term starvation are not well understood, nor are the molecular bases of their starvation survival strategies. To reveal survival mechanisms during long-term anaerobic and anoxic starvation (60 days at 20 ± 1 °C), metaproteomic technology was utilized to identify differentially expressed proteins in Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis. Our results showed that Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis exhibits a capacity to withstand long-term starvation stress. Although activity decay rates of 0.0129 d-1 and 0.0049 d-1 were observed for anammox sludge in anoxic and anaerobic starvation, the relative abundance of Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis, the shape of anammox granules, and the fraction of viable cells remained constant under both anaerobic and anoxic starvation conditions. Metaproteomics results illustrated that Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis maintained stable levels of most intracellular proteins, especially enzymes involved in principal metabolic pathways after 60-d of anaerobic or anoxic starvation, thereby allowing cells to regain metabolic activities once substrates became available. Induction of starvation proteins could be a survival strategy employed by Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis to resist long-term starvation stresses. During anaerobic starvation, 34 proteins were upregulated, five of which were associated with carbohydrate catabolism and oxidation of organic compounds, thereby increasing potential for utilization of endogenous carbon sources to produce energy. During anoxic starvation, only two proteins were upregulated, which may be attributed to insufficient energy for the synthesis of starvation-induced proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Insititue of Pollution Contrl and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yayi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Shanghai Insititue of Pollution Contrl and Ecological Security, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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16
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Adu KT, Wilson R, Nichols DS, Baker AL, Bowman JP, Britz ML. Proteomic analysis of Lactobacillus casei GCRL163 cell-free extracts reveals a SecB homolog and other biomarkers of prolonged heat stress. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206317. [PMID: 30359441 PMCID: PMC6201924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged heat stress is one of the harsh conditions Lactobacillus casei strains encounter as non-starter lactic acid bacteria in dairy product manufacture. To understand the physiological and molecular mechanisms through which Lb. casei GCRL163 adapts to persistent elevated temperature, label-free quantitative proteomics of cell-free extracts was used to characterize the global responses of the strain cultured anaerobically in bioreactors at 30 to 45°C, pH 6.5, together with GC-MS for fatty acid methyl ester analysis at different growth phases. At higher growth temperatures, repression of energy-consuming metabolic pathways, such as fatty acid, nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis, was observed, while PTS- and ABC-type transporter systems associated with uptake of nitrogen and carbon sources were up-regulated. Alkaline shock protein Asp23_2 was only detected at 45°C, expressed at high abundance, and presumptive α-L-fucosidase only at 40 and 45°C, with highly increased abundance (log2-fold change of 7) at 45°C. We identified a novel SecB homolog as a protein export chaperone putatively involved in posttranslational translocation systems, which was down-regulated as growth temperature increased and where the modelled 3D-structure shared architectural similarities with the Escherichia coli SecB protein. Membrane lipid analyses revealed temporal changes in fatty acid composition, cyclization of oleic acid to cyclopropane and novel cyclopentenyl moieties, and reduced synthesis of vaccenic acid, at higher temperatures. An 18kDa α-crystallin domain, Hsp20 family heat shock protein was more highly up-regulated in response to heat stress compared to other molecular chaperones, suggesting this protein could be a useful biomarker of prolonged heat stress in Lb. casei GCRL163.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayode T. Adu
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David S. Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Baker
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - John P. Bowman
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Margaret L. Britz
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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17
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Reitermayer D, Kafka TA, Lenz CA, Vogel RF. Interrelation between Tween and the membrane properties and high pressure tolerance of Lactobacillus plantarum. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:72. [PMID: 30001697 PMCID: PMC6044075 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tween® 80 is a frequently used supplement of media for the cultivation of lactic acid bacteria. We investigated its effect on the cell physiology and stress tolerance of Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum. Data on the transcriptomic response to Tween 80 supplementation and its effects on cellular fatty acid profiles and growth characteristics are compared with data characterizing the effect of Tween 80, other Tween types and free fatty acids on the high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) tolerance of L. plantarum strain TMW 1.708. These include effects on cell viability, sub-lethal injury, metabolic activity, protein release and propidium iodide uptake. Tween 80 caused the downregulation of fatty acid biosynthesis and an increase in oleic acid and cyclopropane fatty acid levels in the cell membrane. Tween 20, Tween 80 and free oleic acid, but not Tween 40, Tween 60 and other free fatty acids, conferred resistance against HHP. Tween 80 diminished pressure-induced loss of metabolic activity, protein release and uptake of propidium iodide. However, loss of cell viability exceeded by far membrane permeabilization, suggesting that membrane permeabilization, which has frequently been postulated as a major factor in HHP inactivation of microbes, is not necessarily required for HHP-induced cell death of Lactobacillus plantarum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rudi F Vogel
- Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
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18
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Parlindungan E, Dekiwadia C, Tran KT, Jones OA, May BK. Morphological and ultrastructural changes in Lactobacillus plantarum B21 as an indicator of nutrient stress. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Tovar C, Patchett AL, Kim V, Wilson R, Darby J, Lyons AB, Woods GM. Heat shock proteins expressed in the marsupial Tasmanian devil are potential antigenic candidates in a vaccine against devil facial tumour disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196469. [PMID: 29702669 PMCID: PMC5922574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), the largest extant carnivorous marsupial and endemic to Tasmania, is at the verge of extinction due to the emergence of a transmissible cancer known as devil facial tumour disease (DFTD). DFTD has spread over the distribution range of the species and has been responsible for a severe decline in the global devil population. To protect the Tasmanian devil from extinction in the wild, our group has focused on the development of a prophylactic vaccine. Although this work has shown that vaccine preparations using whole DFTD tumour cells supplemented with adjuvants can induce anti-DFTD immune responses, alternative strategies that induce stronger and more specific immune responses are required. In humans, heat shock proteins (HSPs) derived from tumour cells have been used instead of whole-tumour cell preparations as a source of antigens for cancer immunotherapy. As HSPs have not been studied in the Tasmanian devil, this study presents the first characterisation of HSPs in this marsupial and evaluates the suitability of these proteins as antigenic components for the enhancement of a DFTD vaccine. We show that tissues and cancer cells from the Tasmanian devil express constitutive and inducible HSP. Additionally, this study suggests that HSP derived from DFTD cancer cells are immunogenic supporting the future development of a HSP-based vaccine against DFTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Tovar
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Amanda L. Patchett
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Vitna Kim
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jocelyn Darby
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - A. Bruce Lyons
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gregory M. Woods
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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20
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Draft Genome Sequences of Two Lactobacillus casei Strains Isolated from Cheddar Cheese and a Fermented Milk Drink. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/44/e01235-17. [PMID: 29097471 PMCID: PMC5668547 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01235-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MiSeq Illumina shotgun sequencing technology was used to sequence two Lactobacillus casei strains, designated strains GCRL 163 and MJA 12. The estimated genome sizes for GCRL 163 and MJA 12 were 2.9 Mb and 3.1 Mb, with 46.35% and 46.31% GC contents, respectively.
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Poornachandra Rao K, Deepthi BV, Rakesh S, Ganesh T, Achar P, Sreenivasa MY. Antiaflatoxigenic Potential of Cell-Free Supernatant from Lactobacillus plantarum MYS44 Against Aspergillus parasiticus. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2017; 11:55-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9338-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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De Angelis M, Calasso M, Cavallo N, Di Cagno R, Gobbetti M. Functional proteomics within the genus Lactobacillus. Proteomics 2016; 16:946-62. [PMID: 27001126 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus are mainly used for the manufacture of fermented dairy, sourdough, meat, and vegetable foods or used as probiotics. Under optimal processing conditions, Lactobacillus strains contribute to food functionality through their enzyme portfolio and the release of metabolites. An extensive genomic diversity analysis was conducted to elucidate the core features of the genus Lactobacillus, and to provide a better comprehension of niche adaptation of the strains. However, proteomics is an indispensable "omics" science to elucidate the proteome diversity, and the mechanisms of regulation and adaptation of Lactobacillus strains. This review focuses on the novel and comprehensive knowledge of functional proteomics and metaproteomics of Lactobacillus species. A large list of proteomic case studies of different Lactobacillus species is provided to illustrate the adaptability of the main metabolic pathways (e.g., carbohydrate transport and metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, proteolytic system, amino acid metabolism, and protein synthesis) to various life conditions. These investigations have highlighted that lactobacilli modulate the level of a complex panel of proteins to growth/survive in different ecological niches. In addition to the general regulation and stress response, specific metabolic pathways can be switched on and off, modifying the behavior of the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria De Angelis
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Calasso
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Noemi Cavallo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Cagno
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Transcriptomic analysis on the formation of the viable putative non-culturable state of beer-spoilage Lactobacillus acetotolerans. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36753. [PMID: 27819317 PMCID: PMC5098190 DOI: 10.1038/srep36753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the most common beer-spoilage bacteria regardless of beer type, and thus pose significant problems for the brewery industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic mechanisms involved in the ability of the hard-to-culture beer-spoilage bacterium Lactobacillus acetotolerans to enter into the viable putative non-culturable (VPNC) state. A genome-wide transcriptional analysis of beer-spoilage L. acetotolerans strains BM-LA14526, BM-LA14527, and BM-LA14528 under normal, mid-term and VPNC states were performed using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and further bioinformatics analyses. GO function, COG category, and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were conducted to investigate functional and related metabolic pathways of the differentially expressed genes. Functional and pathway enrichment analysis indicated that heightened stress response and reduction in genes associated with transport, metabolic process, and enzyme activity might play important roles in the formation of the VPNC state. This is the first transcriptomic analysis on the formation of the VPNC state of beer spoilage L. acetotolerans.
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Ruiz L, Hidalgo C, Blanco-Míguez A, Lourenço A, Sánchez B, Margolles A. Tackling probiotic and gut microbiota functionality through proteomics. J Proteomics 2016; 147:28-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are important starter, commensal, or pathogenic microorganisms. The stress physiology of LAB has been studied in depth for over 2 decades, fueled mostly by the technological implications of LAB robustness in the food industry. Survival of probiotic LAB in the host and the potential relatedness of LAB virulence to their stress resilience have intensified interest in the field. Thus, a wealth of information concerning stress responses exists today for strains as diverse as starter (e.g., Lactococcus lactis), probiotic (e.g., several Lactobacillus spp.), and pathogenic (e.g., Enterococcus and Streptococcus spp.) LAB. Here we present the state of the art for LAB stress behavior. We describe the multitude of stresses that LAB are confronted with, and we present the experimental context used to study the stress responses of LAB, focusing on adaptation, habituation, and cross-protection as well as on self-induced multistress resistance in stationary phase, biofilms, and dormancy. We also consider stress responses at the population and single-cell levels. Subsequently, we concentrate on the stress defense mechanisms that have been reported to date, grouping them according to their direct participation in preserving cell energy, defending macromolecules, and protecting the cell envelope. Stress-induced responses of probiotic LAB and commensal/pathogenic LAB are highlighted separately due to the complexity of the peculiar multistress conditions to which these bacteria are subjected in their hosts. Induction of prophages under environmental stresses is then discussed. Finally, we present systems-based strategies to characterize the "stressome" of LAB and to engineer new food-related and probiotic LAB with improved stress tolerance.
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26
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Chen L, Wilson R, Bennett E, Zosky GR. Identification of vitamin D sensitive pathways during lung development. Respir Res 2016; 17:47. [PMID: 27121020 PMCID: PMC4847230 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-016-0362-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that vitamin D deficiency has a detrimental impact on lung development. In this study, we aimed to identify the mechanisms linking vitamin D with lung development using a mouse model of dietary manipulation. METHODS Female offspring were euthanized at different time-points; embryonic day (E)14.5, E17.5 or postnatal day (P)7. Lung tissue was collected for mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. Label-free quantitation was used to identify the differentially expressed proteins and ELISA confirmed the expression of selected proteins. Lungs from separate groups of mice were fixed and processed for stereological assessment of lung structure. RESULTS No differences in protein expression between vitamin D deficient and replete mice were detected at E14.5 and E17.5, whereas 66 proteins were differentially expressed in P7 lungs. The expression of pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B (SP-B) and peroxiredoxin 5 (PRDX5) were reduced in P7 lungs of vitamin D deficient mice, while the production of collagen type Ι alpha 1 (COL1A1) was higher in lungs of vitamin D deficient mice. There were no differences in lung volume, parenchymal volume, volume of airspaces or surface area of airspaces between vitamin D deficient and vitamin D replete mice across three time-points. CONCLUSIONS The difference in protein expression during the early postnatal time-point suggests that vitamin D deficiency may induce alterations of lung structure and function in later life during alveolarization stage through impaired pulmonary surfactant production and anti-oxidative stress ability as well as enhanced collagen synthesis. These data provided a plausible mechanism linking maternal vitamin D deficiency with altered postnatal lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ellen Bennett
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Graeme R Zosky
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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27
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Wilson R, Golub SB, Rowley L, Angelucci C, Karpievitch YV, Bateman JF, Fosang AJ. Novel Elements of the Chondrocyte Stress Response Identified Using an in Vitro Model of Mouse Cartilage Degradation. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1033-50. [PMID: 26794603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The destruction of articular cartilage in osteoarthritis involves chondrocyte dysfunction and imbalanced extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1α (IL-1α) contribute to osteoarthritis pathophysiology, but the effects of IL-1α on chondrocytes within their tissue microenvironment have not been fully evaluated. To redress this we used label-free quantitative proteomics to analyze the chondrocyte response to IL-1α within a native cartilage ECM. Mouse femoral heads were cultured with and without IL-1α, and both the tissue proteome and proteins released into the media were analyzed. New elements of the chondrocyte response to IL-1α related to cellular stress included markers for protein misfolding (Armet, Creld2, and Hyou1), enzymes involved in glutathione biosynthesis and regeneration (Gstp1, Gsto1, and Gsr), and oxidative stress proteins (Prdx2, Txn, Atox1, Hmox1, and Vnn1). Other proteins previously not associated with the IL-1α response in cartilage included ECM components (Smoc2, Kera, and Crispld1) and cysteine proteases (cathepsin Z and legumain), while chondroadherin and cartilage-derived C-type lectin (Clec3a) were identified as novel products of IL-1α-induced cartilage degradation. This first proteome-level view of the cartilage IL-1α response identified candidate biomarkers of cartilage destruction and novel targets for therapeutic intervention in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Suzanne B Golub
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lynn Rowley
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Constanza Angelucci
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Yuliya V Karpievitch
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania , Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.,Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research , Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - John F Bateman
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Amanda J Fosang
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital , Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Pajarillo EAB, Kim SH, Lee JY, Valeriano VDV, Kang DK. Quantitative Proteogenomics and the Reconstruction of the Metabolic Pathway in Lactobacillus mucosae LM1. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2015; 35:692-702. [PMID: 26761899 PMCID: PMC4670900 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2015.35.5.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus mucosae is a natural resident of the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals and a potential probiotic bacterium. To understand the global protein expression profile and metabolic features of L. mucosae LM1 in the early stationary phase, the QExactiveTM Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer was used. Characterization of the intracellular proteome identified 842 proteins, accounting for approximately 35% of the 2,404 protein-coding sequences in the complete genome of L. mucosae LM1. Proteome quantification using QExactiveTM Orbitrap MS detected 19 highly abundant proteins (> 1.0% of the intracellular proteome), including CysK (cysteine synthase, 5.41%) and EF-Tu (elongation factor Tu, 4.91%), which are involved in cell survival against environmental stresses. Metabolic pathway annotation of LM1 proteome using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database showed that half of the proteins expressed are important for basic metabolic and biosynthetic processes, and the other half might be structurally important or involved in basic cellular processes. In addition, glycogen biosynthesis was activated in the early stationary phase, which is important for energy storage and maintenance. The proteogenomic data presented in this study provide a suitable reference to understand the protein expression pattern of lactobacilli in standard conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Ji-Yoon Lee
- National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | | | - Dae-Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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29
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Lee B, Tachon S, Eigenheer RA, Phinney BS, Marco ML. Lactobacillus casei Low-Temperature, Dairy-Associated Proteome Promotes Persistence in the Mammalian Digestive Tract. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:3136-47. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Lee
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sybille Tachon
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Richard A. Eigenheer
- Proteomics
Core Facility, Genome Center, University of California, 451 East
Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Brett S. Phinney
- Proteomics
Core Facility, Genome Center, University of California, 451 East
Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Maria L. Marco
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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30
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Ten years of subproteome investigations in lactic acid bacteria: A key for food starter and probiotic typing. J Proteomics 2015; 127:332-9. [PMID: 25957532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The definition of safety and efficacy of food-employed bacteria as well as probiotic strains is a continuous, often unattended, challenge. Proteomic techniques such as 2DE, DIGE and LC/LC-MS/MS are suitable and powerful tools to reveal new aspects (positive and negative) of "known" and "unknown" strains that can be employed in food making and as nutraceutical supplements for human health. Unfortunately, these techniques are not used as extensively as it should be wise. The present report describes the most significant results obtained by our research group in 10years of study on subproteomes in bacteria, chiefly lactic acid bacteria. Production of desired and undesired metabolites, differences between strains belonging to same species but isolated from different ecological niches, the effect of cryoprotectants on survival to lyophilization as well as the adhesive capability of strains, were elucidated by analysis of cytosolic, membrane-enriched, surface and extracellular proteomes. The present review opens a window on a yet largely underexplored field and highlights the huge potential of subproteome investigations for more rational choice of microbial strains as food starters, probiotics and for production of nutraceuticals. These analyses will hopefully contribute to manufacturing safer and healthier food and food supplements in the near future. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: HUPO 2014.
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31
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Mata MM, da Silva WP, Wilson R, Lowe E, Bowman JP. Attached and planktonic Listeria monocytogenes global proteomic responses and associated influence of strain genetics and temperature. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1161-73. [PMID: 25516393 DOI: 10.1021/pr501114e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of industrial and domestic food usage environments by the attachement of bacterial food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes has public health and economic implications. Comprehensive proteomics experiments using label-free liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry were used to compare the proteomes of two different L. monocytogenes strains (Siliken_1/2c and F2365_4b), which show very different capacities to attach to surfaces. Growth temperature and strain type were highly influential on the proteomes in both attached and planktonic cells. On the basis of the proteomic data, it is highly unlikely that specific surface proteins play a direct role in adherence to inanimate surfaces. Instead, strain-dependent responses related to cell envelope polymer biosynthesis and stress response regulation likely contribute to a different ability to attach and also to survive external stressors. Collectively, the divergent proteome-level responses observed define strain- and growth-temperature-dependent differences relevant to attachment efficacy, highlight relevant proteins involved in stress protection in attached cells, and suggest that strain differences and growth conditions are important in relation to environmental persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia M Mata
- Science and Agroindustrial Technology Department, Federal University of Pelotas , Pelotas 96160-000, Brazil
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32
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Valdenegro-Vega VA, Crosbie P, Bridle A, Leef M, Wilson R, Nowak BF. Differentially expressed proteins in gill and skin mucus of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affected by amoebic gill disease. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:69-77. [PMID: 24979223 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The external surfaces of fish, such as gill and skin, are covered by mucus, which forms a thin interface between the organism and water. Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is a parasitic condition caused by Neoparamoeba perurans that affects salmonids worldwide. This disease induces excessive mucus production in the gills. The host immune response to AGD is not fully understood, and research tools such as genomics and proteomics could be useful in providing further insight. Gill and skin mucus samples were obtained from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) which were infected with N. perurans on four successive occasions. NanoLC tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used to identify proteins in gill and skin mucus of Atlantic salmon affected by AGD. A total of 186 and 322 non-redundant proteins were identified in gill and skin mucus respectively, based on stringent filtration criteria, and statistics demonstrated that 52 gill and 42 skin mucus proteins were differentially expressed in mucus samples from AGD-affected fish. By generating protein-protein interaction networks, some of these proteins formed part of cell to cell signalling and inflammation pathways, such as C-reactive protein, apolipoprotein 1, granulin, cathepsin, angiogenin-1. In addition to proteins that were entirely novel in the context in the host response to N. perurans, our results have confirmed the presence of protein markers in mucus that have been previously predicted on the basis of modified mRNA expression, such as anterior gradient-2 protein, annexin A-1 and complement C3 factor. This first proteomic analysis of AGD-affected salmon provides new information on the effect of AGD on protein composition of gill and skin mucus. Future research should focus on better understanding of the role these components play in the response against infection with N. perurans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phil Crosbie
- NCMCRS, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Andrew Bridle
- NCMCRS, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Melanie Leef
- NCMCRS, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Barbara F Nowak
- NCMCRS, Locked Bag 1370, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7250, Australia
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