1
|
Canil G, Miolo G, Simula M, Rupolo M, Steffan A, Corona G. Quantitative assessment of daratumumab in serum via intact light chain measurement using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry: a method suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024. [PMID: 38780038 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00404c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Daratumumab, a pivotal treatment for multiple myeloma, exhibits considerable inter-patient variability in pharmacological clinical outcomes, likely attributed to serum concentration that may underscore the need for its therapeutic drug monitoring. This study aims to develop and validate a straightforward analytical method for quantifying daratumumab in serum, focusing on intact light chain determination, using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. The sample preparation involved immunoglobulin enrichment using Melon gel followed by a reduction step to dissociate the light from the heavy chains of immunoglobulins. The latter were then separated using a MabPac RP 2.1 × 50 mm chromatographic column and the intact light chains were detected and quantified using a Q Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometer operating in ESI-positive ion mode at 17 500 resolution. The method demonstrated excellent linearity (R2 > 0.992) across a serum concentration range of 100 to 2000 μg mL-1 and good precision and accuracy: intra- and interday relative errors ranged from -5.1% to 6.5%, with a relative standard deviation of less than 5.8%. Clinical suitability was confirmed by analyzing 80 clinical samples from multiple myeloma patients treated with 1800 mg of daratumumab. 99% of the samples fell within the analytical range with a mean daratumumab concentration evaluated before the next administration (Ctrough) of 398 μg mL-1. These findings highlighted that intact light chain monoclonal antibody quantification could be a valid and robust alternative to either immunoassays or to LC-MS/MS targeting peptides for measuring daratumumab in clinical samples, positioning it as a suitable method for therapeutic drug monitoring applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Canil
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS Aviano, 33081 Aviano, Italy.
| | - Gianmaria Miolo
- Medical Oncology and Cancer Prevention Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Mariapaola Simula
- Clinical Pathology Unit, ASFO General Hospital, 33170 Pordenone, Italy
| | - Maurizio Rupolo
- Oncohematology and Cell Therapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Agostino Steffan
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS Aviano, 33081 Aviano, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Corona
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS Aviano, 33081 Aviano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nguyen SN, Le SH, Ivanov DG, Ivetic N, Nazy I, Kaltashov IA. Structural Characterization of a Pathogenic Antibody Underlying Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia (VITT). Anal Chem 2024; 96:6209-6217. [PMID: 38607319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a rare but dangerous side effect of adenoviral-vectored COVID-19 vaccines. VITT had been linked to production of autoantibodies recognizing platelet factor 4 (PF4). Here, we characterize anti-PF4 antibodies obtained from a VITT patient's blood. Intact mass measurements indicate that a significant fraction of these antibodies represent a limited number of clones. MS analysis of large antibody fragments (the light chain and the Fc/2 and Fd fragments of the heavy chain) confirms the monoclonal nature of this component of the anti-PF4 antibodies repertoire and reveals the presence of a mature complex biantennary N-glycan within the Fd segment. Peptide mapping using two complementary proteases and LC-MS/MS was used to determine the amino acid sequence of the entire light chain and over 98% of the heavy chain (excluding a short N-terminal segment). The sequence analysis allows the monoclonal antibody to be assigned to the IgG2 subclass and verifies that the light chain belongs to the λ-type. Incorporation of enzymatic de-N-glycosylation into the peptide mapping routine allows the N-glycan in the Fab region of the antibody to be localized to the framework 3 region of the VH domain. This novel N-glycosylation site is the result of a single mutation within the germline sequence. Peptide mapping also provides information on lower-abundance (polyclonal) components of the anti-PF4 antibody ensemble, revealing the presence of all four subclasses (IgG1-IgG4) and both types of the light chain (λ and κ). This case study demonstrates the power of combining the intact, middle-down, and bottom-up MS approaches for meaningful characterization of ultralow quantities of pathogenic antibodies extracted directly from patients' blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Son N Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Si-Hung Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Daniil G Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Nikola Ivetic
- Department of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Ishac Nazy
- Department of Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Igor A Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barnidge D, Troske D, North S, Wallis G, Perkins M, Harding S. Endogenous monoclonal immunoglobulins analyzed using the EXENT® solution and LC-MS. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2024; 32:31-40. [PMID: 38405412 PMCID: PMC10891330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The EXENT® Solution, a fully automated system, is a recent advancement for identifying and quantifying monoclonal immunoglobulins in serum. It combines immunoprecipitation with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Compared to gel-based methods, like SPEP and IFE, it has demonstrated the ability to detect monoclonal immunoglobulins in serum at lower levels. In this study, samples that tested negative using EXENT® were reflexed to LC-MS to determine if the more sensitive LC-MS method could identify monoclonal immunoglobulins missed by EXENT®. Objectives To assess whether monoclonal immunoglobulins that are not detected by EXENT® can be detected by LC-MS using a low flow LC system coupled to a Q-TOF mass spectrometer. Methods Samples obtained from patients confirmed to have multiple myeloma (MM) were diluted with pooled polyclonal human serum and analyzed using EXENT®. If a specific monoclonal immunoglobulin was not detected by EXENT®, the sample was then subjected to analysis by LC-MS. For the LC-MS analysis, the sample eluate, obtained after the MALDI-TOF MS spotting step, was collected and transferred to an autosampler tray for subsequent analysis using LC-MS. Conclusion LC-MS has the capability to detect monoclonal immunoglobulins that are no longer detected by EXENT®. Reflexing samples to LC-MS for analysis does not involve additional sample handling, allowing for a faster time-to-result compared to current approaches, such as Next-Generation Sequencing, Next-Generation Flow, and clonotypic peptide methods. Notably, LC-MS offers equivalent sensitivity in detecting these specific monoclonal immunoglobulins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Barnidge
- The Binding Site, Part of ThermoFisher Scientific Research and Development Laboratory, 3777 40th Ave NW, Rochester, MN 55906, United States
| | - Derek Troske
- The Binding Site, Part of ThermoFisher Scientific Research and Development Laboratory, 3777 40th Ave NW, Rochester, MN 55906, United States
| | - Simon North
- The Binding Site, Part of ThermoFisher Scientific, The Binding Site Group Ltd, 8 Calthorpe Road Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gregg Wallis
- The Binding Site, Part of ThermoFisher Scientific, The Binding Site Group Ltd, 8 Calthorpe Road Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Perkins
- The Binding Site, Part of ThermoFisher Scientific, The Binding Site Group Ltd, 8 Calthorpe Road Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephen Harding
- The Binding Site, Part of ThermoFisher Scientific, The Binding Site Group Ltd, 8 Calthorpe Road Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abduh MS. An overview of multiple myeloma: A monoclonal plasma cell malignancy's diagnosis, management, and treatment modalities. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:103920. [PMID: 38283805 PMCID: PMC10818257 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell cancer with high mortality and morbidity rates. Its incidence rate has increased by 143% since 1975. Adipokines, cytokines, chemokines, and genetic variations influence the development and progression of MM. Chromosomal translocations cause mutations associated with MM. The pathogenesis of MM is complicated by novel issues like miRNAs, RANKL, Wnt/DKK1, Wnt, and OPG. Conventional diagnosis methods include bone marrow biopsy, sPEP or uPEP, sIFE and uIFE, and sFLC assay, along with advanced techniques such as FISH, SNPA, and gene expression technologies. A novel therapeutic strategy has been developed recently. Chemotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and a variety of drug classes in combination are used to treat patients with high-risk diseases. Alkylating agents, PIs, and IMiDs have all been developed as effective treatment options for MM in recent years. This review overviews the current recommendations for managing MGUS, SMM, MM, SP and NSMM and discusses practices in diagnosing and treating MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maisa Siddiq Abduh
- Immune Responses in Different Diseases Research Group, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nguyen SN, Le SH, Ivanov DG, Ivetic N, Nazy I, Kaltashov IA. Structural characterization of a pathogenic antibody underlying vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT). BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.28.542636. [PMID: 37398203 PMCID: PMC10312456 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.28.542636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a rare but extremely dangerous side effect that has been reported for several adenoviral (Ad)-vectored COVID-19 vaccines. VITT pathology had been linked to production of antibodies that recognize platelet factor 4 (PF4), an endogenous chemokine. In this work we characterize anti-PF4 antibodies obtained from a VITT patient's blood. Intact-mass MS measurements indicate that a significant fraction of this ensemble is comprised of antibodies representing a limited number of clones. MS analysis of large antibody fragments (the light chain, as well as the Fc/2 and Fd fragments of the heavy chain) confirms the monoclonal nature of this component of the anti-PF4 antibodies repertoire, and reveals the presence of a fully mature complex biantennary N-glycan within its Fd segment. Peptide mapping using two complementary proteases and LC-MS/MS analysis were used to determine the amino acid sequence of the entire light chain and over 98% of the heavy chain (excluding a short N-terminal segment). The sequence analysis allows the monoclonal antibody to be assigned to IgG2 subclass and verify that the light chain belongs to the λ-type. Incorporation of enzymatic de- N -glycosylation into the peptide mapping routine allows the N -glycan in the Fab region of the antibody to be localized to the framework 3 region of the V H domain. This novel N -glycosylation site (absent in the germline sequence) is a result of a single mutation giving rise to an NDT motif in the antibody sequence. Peptide mapping also provides a wealth of information on lower-abundance proteolytic fragments derived from the polyclonal component of the anti-PF4 antibody ensemble, revealing the presence of all four subclasses (IgG1 through IgG4) and both types of the light chain (λ and κ). The structural information reported in this work will be indispensable for understanding the molecular mechanism of VITT pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kanack AJ, Schaefer JK, Sridharan M, Splinter NP, Kohlhagen MC, Singh B, De Lorenzo SB, Mauch EE, Hussein MA, Shaikh M, Kumar S, Wen R, Wang D, Murray D, Padmanabhan A. Monoclonal gammopathy of thrombotic/thrombocytopenic significance. Blood 2023; 141:1772-1776. [PMID: 36626584 PMCID: PMC10113173 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022018797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kanack
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Noah P. Splinter
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Mindy C. Kohlhagen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Bandana Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Emily E. Mauch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Marwan Shaikh
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Shaji Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Renren Wen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Versiti Blood Research Institute and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Demin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Versiti Blood Research Institute and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - David Murray
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Anand Padmanabhan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barnidge DR, Dispenzieri A, Jevremovic D, Murray DL. Analysis of monoclonal immunoglobulins from bone marrow plasma cells using immunopurification and LC-MS. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2023; 28:133-141. [PMID: 37138663 PMCID: PMC10149385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clonal plasma cells secrete immunoglobulins, each with the exact same amino acid sequence, that are referred to as monoclonal immunoglobulins. The monoclonal heavy chain and light chain secreted from clonal plasma cells have the same molecular mass prior to the addition of post-translational modifications (PTMs) since their amino acid sequences are the same. Objective To examine the molecular masses of monoclonal light chains and heavy chains isolated directly from the cytoplasm of bone marrow (BM) plasma cells and compare them to the serum derived monoclonal heavy and light chains. Methods Using immunopurification and LC-MS we compared the molecular masses of immunoglobulins immunopurified from a patient's serum to those immunopurified from the cytoplasm of their BM plasma cells. Results Our findings demonstrate that the light chain molecular masses were identical whether they were obtained from serum or plasma cell cytoplasm. However, the heavy chain molecular masses did not match in bone marrow and serum due to differences in glycosylation, a common post-translational modification (PTM) found on the heavy chain. Conclusion The data presented here show that by using LC-MS to analyze monoclonal immunoglobulins (also referred to as miRAMM) additional phenotype information is obtained at the cellular level which is complementary to other more common techniques such as flow cytometry and histopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Dispenzieri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Dragan Jevremovic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - David L. Murray
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aggregation mechanism and branched 3D morphologies of pathological human light chain proteins under reducing conditions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 221:112983. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
9
|
Baloda V, Wheeler SE, Murray DL, Kohlhagen MC, VosUPMC JA, Yatsenko SA, Agha ME, Djokic M, Swerdlow SH, Bailey NG. Mu heavy chain disease with MYD88 L265P mutation: an unusual manifestation of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Diagn Pathol 2022; 17:63. [PMID: 35932039 PMCID: PMC9354332 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-022-01244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mu heavy chain disease is a rare lymphoid neoplasm characterized by vacuolated bone marrow plasma cells and secretion of defective mu immunoglobulin heavy chains. The biological basis of mu heavy chain disease is poorly understood. Case presentation We report a case of mu heavy chain disease with MYD88 L265P mutation and deletion of 6q, genetic aberrations that are both strongly associated with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström macroglobulinemia. Identification of the truncated mu immunoglobulin was facilitated by mass spectrometric analysis of the patient’s serum. Conclusions Mu heavy chain disease has been described as similar to chronic lymphocytic leukemia; however, the frequency of lymphocytosis in mu heavy chain disease has not been previously reported. We reviewed all previously published mu heavy chain disease reports and found that lymphocytosis is uncommon in the entity. This finding, along with the emerging genetic feature of recurrent MYD88 mutation in mu heavy chain disease, argues that at least a significant subset of cases are more similar to lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma than to chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E Wheeler
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David L Murray
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mindy C Kohlhagen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeffrey A VosUPMC
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Laboratory Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Svetlana A Yatsenko
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mounzer E Agha
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Miroslav Djokic
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven H Swerdlow
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nathanael G Bailey
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Murray DL. Bringing mass spectrometry into the care of patients with multiple myeloma. Int J Hematol 2022; 115:790-798. [PMID: 35471500 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-022-03364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Serum protein electrophoresis methods are widely employed to detect, quantify and isotype M-proteins for multiple myeloma patients. Increasing clinical demands to detect residual disease and interferences from new therapeutic monoclonal antibody treatments have stretched electrophoretic methods to their analytical limits. Newer techniques to detect M-proteins using mass spectrometry (MS) are emerging with improved clinical and analytical performance. These techniques are beginning to gain traction within the routine clinical lab testing. This review describes these MS methods with attention to the current and future roles such testing could play in the care of multiple myeloma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Murray
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55906, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Melani RD, Des Soye BJ, Kafader JO, Forte E, Hollas M, Blagojevic V, Negrão F, McGee JP, Drown B, Lloyd-Jones C, Seckler HS, Camarillo JM, Compton PD, LeDuc RD, Early B, Fellers RT, Cho BK, Mattamana BB, Goo YA, Thomas PM, Ash MK, Bhimalli PP, Al-Harthi L, Sha BE, Schneider JR, Kelleher NL. Next-Generation Serology by Mass Spectrometry: Readout of the SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Repertoire. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:274-288. [PMID: 34878788 PMCID: PMC8673472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Methods of antibody detection are used to assess exposure or immunity to a pathogen. Here, we present Ig-MS, a novel serological readout that captures the immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire at molecular resolution, including entire variable regions in Ig light and heavy chains. Ig-MS uses recent advances in protein mass spectrometry (MS) for multiparametric readout of antibodies, with new metrics like Ion Titer (IT) and Degree of Clonality (DoC) capturing the heterogeneity and relative abundance of individual clones without sequencing of B cells. We applied Ig-MS to plasma from subjects with severe and mild COVID-19 and immunized subjects after two vaccine doses, using the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 as the bait for antibody capture. Importantly, we report a new data type for human serology, that could use other antigens of interest to gauge immune responses to vaccination, pathogens, or autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael D. Melani
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Des Soye
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jared O. Kafader
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Eleonora Forte
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Michael Hollas
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Voislav Blagojevic
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Fernanda Negrão
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - John P. McGee
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Bryon Drown
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Cameron Lloyd-Jones
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Henrique S. Seckler
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jeannie M. Camarillo
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Philip D. Compton
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Integrated Protein Technologies, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Richard D. LeDuc
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Bryan Early
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ryan T. Fellers
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Byoung-Kyu Cho
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | | | - Young Ah Goo
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Paul M. Thomas
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Michelle K. Ash
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Pavan P. Bhimalli
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Beverly E. Sha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Schneider
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Neil L. Kelleher
- Departments of Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611 USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang W, Ivanov DG, Kaltashov IA. Extending the capabilities of intact-mass analyses to monoclonal immunoglobulins of the E-isotype (IgE). MAbs 2022; 14:2103906. [PMID: 35895856 PMCID: PMC9336480 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2103906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an indispensable tool in structural characterization and quality control of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Intact-mass analysis is a particularly attractive option that provides a powerful and cost-effective means to not only confirm the structural integrity of the protein, but also probe its interactions with therapeutic targets. To a certain extent, this success can be attributed to relatively modest glycosylation levels exhibited by IgG molecules, which limits their structural heterogeneity and enables straightforward mass measurements at the intact molecule level. The recent surge of interest in expanding the repertoire of mAbs to include other classes of immunoglobulins places a premium on efforts to adapt the IgG-tailored experimental strategies to other classes of antibodies, but their dramatically higher levels of glycosylation may create insurmountable obstacles. The monoclonal murine IgE antibody explored in this work provides a challenging model system, as its glycosylation level exceeds that of conventional IgG mAbs by a factor of nine. The commercial sample, which included various IgE fragments, yields a poorly resolved ionic signal in intact-mass measurements, from which little useful information can be extracted. However, coupling MS measurements with the limited charge reduction of select polycationic species in the gas phase gives rise to well-defined charge ladders, from which both ionic masses and charges can be readily determined. The measurements reveal significant variation of the extent of glycosylation within intact IgE molecules, as well as the presence of low-molecular weight impurities in the commercial IgE sample. Furthermore, incubation of the monoclonal IgE with its antigen (ovalbumin) gives rise to the formation of complexes with varying stoichiometries, which can also be uniquely identified using a combination of native MS, limited charge reduction in the gas phase and data fitting procedures. This work demonstrates that following appropriate modifications, intact-mass analysis measurements can be successfully applied to mAbs beyond the IgG isotype, providing a wealth of information not only on the mass distribution of the intact IgE molecules, but also their large-scale conformational integrity, the integrity of their covalent structure, and their interactions with antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.,College of Light Industry and Food, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Daniil G Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Igor A Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Singh B, Kanack A, Bayas A, George G, Abou-Ismail MY, Kohlhagen M, Christ M, Naumann M, Moser K, Smock K, Grazioli A, Murray D, Padmanabhan A. Anti-PF4 VITT antibodies are oligoclonal and variably inhibited by heparin. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [PMID: 34611669 PMCID: PMC8491860 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.23.21263047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background COVID-19 vaccines have been associated with a rare thrombotic and thrombocytopenic reaction, Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) characterized by platelet-activating anti-PF4 antibodies. This study sought to assess clonality of VITT antibodies and evaluate their characteristics in antigen-based and functional platelet studies. Methods Anti-PF4 antibodies were isolated from five patients with VITT secondary to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (n=1) or Ad26.COV2.S (n=4) vaccination. For comparative studies with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), anti-PF4 antibodies were isolated from one patient with spontaneous HIT, another with “classical” HIT, and two patients with non-pathogenic (non-platelet activating) anti-PF4 antibodies. Isolated antibodies were subject to ELISA and functional testing, and mass spectrometric evaluation for clonality determination. Results All five VITT patients had oligoclonal anti-PF4 antibodies (3 monoclonal, one bi- and one tri-clonal antibodies), while HIT anti-PF4 antibodies were polyclonal. Notably, like VITT antibodies, anti-PF4 antibodies from a spontaneous HIT patient were monoclonal. The techniques employed did not detect non-pathogenic anti-PF4 antibodies. The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19-associated VITT patient made an excellent recovery with heparin treatment. In vitro studies demonstrated strong inhibition of VITT antibody-induced platelet activation with therapeutic concentrations of heparin in this and one Ad26.COV2.S-associated VITT patient. Oligoclonal VITT antibodies with persistent platelet-activating potential were detected at 6 and 10 weeks after acute presentation in two patients tested. Two of the 5 VITT patients had recurrence of thrombocytopenia and one patient had focal seizures several weeks after acute presentation. Conclusion Oligoclonal anti-PF4 antibodies mediate VITT. Heparin use in VITT needs to be further studied.
Collapse
|
14
|
Bondt A, Hoek M, Tamara S, de Graaf B, Peng W, Schulte D, van Rijswijck DMH, den Boer MA, Greisch JF, Varkila MRJ, Snijder J, Cremer OL, Bonten MJM, Heck AJR. Human plasma IgG1 repertoires are simple, unique, and dynamic. Cell Syst 2021; 12:1131-1143.e5. [PMID: 34613904 PMCID: PMC8691384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Although humans can produce billions of IgG1 variants through recombination and hypermutation, the diversity of IgG1 clones circulating in human blood plasma has largely eluded direct characterization. Here, we combined several mass-spectrometry-based approaches to reveal that the circulating IgG1 repertoire in human plasma is dominated by a limited number of clones in healthy donors and septic patients. We observe that each individual donor exhibits a unique serological IgG1 repertoire, which remains stable over time but can adapt rapidly to changes in physiology. We introduce an integrative protein- and peptide-centric approach to obtain and validate a full sequence of an individual plasma IgG1 clone de novo. This IgG1 clone emerged at the onset of a septic episode and exhibited a high mutation rate (13%) compared with the closest matching germline DNA sequence, highlighting the importance of de novo sequencing at the protein level. A record of this paper’s transparent peer review process is included in the supplemental information. Novel LC-MS-based methods enable personalized IgG1 profiling in plasma Each donor exhibits a simple but unique serological IgG1 repertoire This repertoire adapts to changes in physiology, e.g., sepsis Individual plasma IgG1 clones can be identified by combining top-down and bottom-up proteomics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Bondt
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Max Hoek
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Sem Tamara
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan de Graaf
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Weiwei Peng
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Douwe Schulte
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Danique M H van Rijswijck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Maurits A den Boer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-François Greisch
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Meri R J Varkila
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Snijder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Olaf L Cremer
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marc J M Bonten
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Melani RD, Soye BJD, Kafader JO, Forte E, Hollas M, Blagojevic V, Negrão F, McGee JP, Drown B, Lloyd-Jones C, Seckler HS, Camarillo JM, Compton PD, LeDuc RD, Early B, Fellers RT, Cho BK, Mattamana BB, Goo YA, Thomas PM, Ash MK, Bhimalli PP, Al-Harthi L, Sha BE, Schneider JR, Kelleher NL. Next-generation Serology by Mass Spectrometry: Readout of the SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Repertoire. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [PMID: 34268518 DOI: 10.1101/2021.07.06.21259226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Methods of antibody detection are used to assess exposure or immunity to a pathogen. Here, we present Ig-MS , a novel serological readout that captures the immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire at molecular resolution, including entire variable regions in Ig light and heavy chains. Ig-MS uses recent advances in protein mass spectrometry (MS) for multi-parametric readout of antibodies, with new metrics like Ion Titer (IT) and Degree of Clonality (DoC) capturing the heterogeneity and relative abundance of individual clones without sequencing of B cells. We apply Ig-MS to plasma from subjects with severe & mild COVID-19, using the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 as the bait for antibody capture. Importantly, we report a new data type for human serology, with compatibility to any recombinant antigen to gauge our immune responses to vaccination, pathogens, or autoimmune disorders.
Collapse
|
16
|
Ekici S, Malur A, Thomassen MJ, Murray DL, Wylam ME. Utilization of LC-MS to Determine Monoclonal Gammopathy-Associated Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor Antibody and Novel Treatment of Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis. J Appl Lab Med 2021; 5:394-400. [PMID: 32445370 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anagha Malur
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Mary Jane Thomassen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - David L Murray
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Mark E Wylam
- Department Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The diagnosis of myeloma and other plasma cell disorders has traditionally been done with the aid of electrophoretic methods, whereas amyloidosis has been characterized by immunohistochemistry. Mass spectrometry has recently been established as an alternative to these traditional methods and has been proved to bring added benefit for patient care. These newer mass spectrometry-based methods highlight some of the key advantages of modern proteomic methods and how they can be applied to the routine care of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Murray
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Murray DL, Puig N, Kristinsson S, Usmani SZ, Dispenzieri A, Bianchi G, Kumar S, Chng WJ, Hajek R, Paiva B, Waage A, Rajkumar SV, Durie B. Mass spectrometry for the evaluation of monoclonal proteins in multiple myeloma and related disorders: an International Myeloma Working Group Mass Spectrometry Committee Report. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:24. [PMID: 33563895 PMCID: PMC7873248 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cell disorders (PCDs) are identified in the clinical lab by detecting the monoclonal immunoglobulin (M-protein) which they produce. Traditionally, serum protein electrophoresis methods have been utilized to detect and isotype M-proteins. Increasing demands to detect low-level disease and new therapeutic monoclonal immunoglobulin treatments have stretched the electrophoretic methods to their analytical limits. Newer techniques based on mass spectrometry (MS) are emerging which have improved clinical and analytical performance. MS is gaining traction into clinical laboratories, and has replaced immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) in routine practice at one institution. The International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) Mass Spectrometry Committee reviewed the literature in order to summarize current data and to make recommendations regarding the role of mass spectrometric methods in diagnosing and monitoring patients with myeloma and related disorders. Current literature demonstrates that immune-enrichment of immunoglobulins coupled to intact light chain MALDI-TOF MS has clinical characteristics equivalent in performance to IFE with added benefits of detecting additional risk factors for PCDs, differentiating M-protein from therapeutic antibodies, and is a suitable replacement for IFE for diagnosing and monitoring multiple myeloma and related PCDs. In this paper we discuss the IMWG recommendations for the use of MS in PCDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Murray
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Noemi Puig
- Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Saad Z Usmani
- Department of Hematologic Oncology & Blood Disorders, Levine Cancer Institute/Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Angela Dispenzieri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Giada Bianchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shaji Kumar
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Wee Joo Chng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Roman Hajek
- Department of Hematooncology, University Hospital Ostrava and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Bruno Paiva
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA), IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anders Waage
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Hematology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Brian Durie
- Department of Hematology, Cedars-Sinai Outpatient Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zajec M, Langerhorst P, VanDuijn MM, Gloerich J, Russcher H, van Gool AJ, Luider TM, Joosten I, de Rijke YB, Jacobs JFM. Mass Spectrometry for Identification, Monitoring, and Minimal Residual Disease Detection of M-Proteins. Clin Chem 2020; 66:421-433. [PMID: 32031591 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvz041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoclonal gammopathies (MGs) are plasma cell disorders defined by the clonal expansion of plasma cells, resulting in the characteristic excretion of a monoclonal immunoglobulin (M-protein). M-protein detection and quantification are integral parts of the diagnosis and monitoring of MGs. Novel treatment modalities impose new challenges on the traditional electrophoretic and immunochemical methods that are routinely used for M-protein diagnostics, such as interferences from therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and the need for increased analytical sensitivity to measure minimal residual disease. CONTENT Mass spectrometry (MS) is ideally suited to accurate mass measurements or targeted measurement of unique clonotypic peptide fragments. Based on these features, MS-based methods allow for the analytically sensitive measurement of the patient-specific M-protein. SUMMARY This review provides a comprehensive overview of the MS methods that have been developed recently to detect, characterize, and quantify M-proteins. The advantages and disadvantages of using these techniques in clinical practice and the impact they will have on the management of patients with MGs are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Zajec
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P Langerhorst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M M VanDuijn
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Gloerich
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - H Russcher
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A J van Gool
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - T M Luider
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - I Joosten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Y B de Rijke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J F M Jacobs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Blood mass spectrometry detects residual disease better than standard techniques in light-chain amyloidosis. Blood Cancer J 2020; 10:20. [PMID: 32098948 PMCID: PMC7042300 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-020-0291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients with immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis, depth of hematologic response correlates with both organ response and overall survival. Our group has demonstrated that screening with a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) is a quick, sensitive, and accurate means to diagnose and monitor the serum of patients with plasma cell disorders. Microflow liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization and quadrupole TOF MS adds further sensitivity. We identified 33 patients with AL amyloidosis who achieved amyloid complete hematologic response, who also had negative bone marrow by six-color flow cytometry, and who had paired serum samples to test by MS. These samples were subjected to blood MS. Four patients (12%) were found to have residual disease by these techniques. The presence of residual disease by MS was associated with a poorer time to progression (at 50 months 75% versus 13%, p = 0.003). MS of the blood out-performed serum and urine immunofixation, the serum immunoglobulin free light chain, and six-color flow cytometry of the bone marrow in detecting residual disease. Additional studies that include urine MS and next-generation techniques to detect clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow will further elucidate the full potential of this technique.
Collapse
|
21
|
Sidana S, Tandon N, Gertz MA, Dispenzieri A, Ramirez‐Alvarado M, Murray DL, Kourelis TV, Buadi FK, Kapoor P, Gonsalves W, Warsame R, Lacy MQ, Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV, Kumar SK, Leung N. Clinical features, laboratory characteristics and outcomes of patients with renal
versus
cardiac light chain amyloidosis. Br J Haematol 2019; 185:701-707. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Sidana
- Division of Hematology Department of Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MNUSA
| | - Nidhi Tandon
- Division of Hematology Department of Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MNUSA
| | - Morie A. Gertz
- Division of Hematology Department of Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MNUSA
| | - Angela Dispenzieri
- Division of Hematology Department of Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MNUSA
| | - Marina Ramirez‐Alvarado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mayo Clinic Rochester MNUSA
- Department of Immunology Mayo Clinic Rochester MNUSA
| | - David L. Murray
- Department of Laboratory and Pathology Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MNUSA
| | | | - Francis K. Buadi
- Division of Hematology Department of Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MNUSA
| | - Prashant Kapoor
- Division of Hematology Department of Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MNUSA
| | - Wilson Gonsalves
- Division of Hematology Department of Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MNUSA
| | - Rahma Warsame
- Division of Hematology Department of Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MNUSA
| | - Martha Q. Lacy
- Division of Hematology Department of Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MNUSA
| | - Robert A. Kyle
- Division of Hematology Department of Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MNUSA
| | - S. Vincent Rajkumar
- Division of Hematology Department of Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MNUSA
| | - Shaji K. Kumar
- Division of Hematology Department of Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MNUSA
| | - Nelson Leung
- Division of Hematology Department of Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MNUSA
- Division of Nephrology Department of Internal Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Willrich MAV, Lazar-Molnar E, Snyder MR, Delgado JC. Comparison of Clinical Laboratory Assays for Measuring Serum Infliximab and Antibodies to Infliximab. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2:893-903. [DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2017.024869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
23
|
Willrich MAV. Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies in the Clinical Laboratory. J Appl Lab Med 2017; 2:454-457. [PMID: 33636855 DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2016.022160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alice Vieira Willrich
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jawad MD, Go RS, Witzig TE, Mikhael JR, Ravindran A, Murrray DL. Pseudo-monoclonal gammopathy: a report of four cases. Haematologica 2017; 102:e466-e469. [PMID: 28775120 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.171694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Majd D Jawad
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Baystate Medical Center, Springfiled, MA, USA
| | - Ronald S Go
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Joseph R Mikhael
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | | | - David L Murrray
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ryherd M, Plassmeyer M, Alexander C, Eugenio I, Kleschenko Y, Badger A, Gupta R, Alpan O, Sønder SU. Improved panels for clinical immune phenotyping: Utilization of the violet laser. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2017; 94:671-679. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Raavi Gupta
- Amerimmune LLC; Fairfax Virginia
- Department of Pathology; SUNY; New York
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mass Spectrometry Approaches for Identification and Quantitation of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies in the Clinical Laboratory. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00545-16. [PMID: 28274937 PMCID: PMC5424237 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00545-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are an important class of drugs used to treat diseases ranging from autoimmune disorders to B cell lymphomas to other rare conditions thought to be untreatable in the past. Many advances have been made in the characterization of immunoglobulins as a result of pharmaceutical companies investing in technologies that allow them to better understand MAbs during the development phase. Mass spectrometry is one of the new advancements utilized extensively by pharma to analyze MAbs and is now beginning to be applied in the clinical laboratory setting. The rise in the use of therapeutic MAbs has opened up new challenges for the development of assays for monitoring this class of drugs. MAbs are larger and more complex than typical small-molecule therapeutic drugs routinely analyzed by mass spectrometry. In addition, they must be quantified in samples that contain endogenous immunoglobulins with nearly identical structures. In contrast to an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantifying MAbs, mass spectrometry-based assays do not rely on MAb-specific reagents such as recombinant antigens and/or anti-idiotypic antibodies, and time for development is usually shorter. Furthermore, using molecular mass as a measurement tool provides increased specificity since it is a first-order principle unique to each MAb. This enables rapid quantification of MAbs and multiplexing. This review describes how mass spectrometry can become an important tool for clinical chemists and especially immunologists, who are starting to develop assays for MAbs in the clinical laboratory and are considering mass spectrometry as a versatile platform for the task.
Collapse
|
27
|
He L, Anderson LC, Barnidge DR, Murray DL, Hendrickson CL, Marshall AG. Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies in Human Serum as a Model for Clinical Monoclonal Gammopathy by Use of 21 Tesla FT-ICR Top-Down and Middle-Down MS/MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:827-838. [PMID: 28247297 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid growth of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), stringent quality control is needed to ensure clinical safety and efficacy. Monoclonal antibody primary sequence and post-translational modifications (PTM) are conventionally analyzed with labor-intensive, bottom-up tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), which is limited by incomplete peptide sequence coverage and introduction of artifacts during the lengthy analysis procedure. Here, we describe top-down and middle-down approaches with the advantages of fast sample preparation with minimal artifacts, ultrahigh mass accuracy, and extensive residue cleavages by use of 21 tesla FT-ICR MS/MS. The ultrahigh mass accuracy yields an RMS error of 0.2-0.4 ppm for antibody light chain, heavy chain, heavy chain Fc/2, and Fd subunits. The corresponding sequence coverages are 81%, 38%, 72%, and 65% with MS/MS RMS error ~4 ppm. Extension to a monoclonal antibody in human serum as a monoclonal gammopathy model yielded 53% sequence coverage from two nano-LC MS/MS runs. A blind analysis of five therapeutic monoclonal antibodies at clinically relevant concentrations in human serum resulted in correct identification of all five antibodies. Nano-LC 21 T FT-ICR MS/MS provides nonpareil mass resolution, mass accuracy, and sequence coverage for mAbs, and sets a benchmark for MS/MS analysis of multiple mAbs in serum. This is the first time that extensive cleavages for both variable and constant regions have been achieved for mAbs in a human serum background. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidong He
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Lissa C Anderson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - David R Barnidge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - David L Murray
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Christopher L Hendrickson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Alan G Marshall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mills JR, Kohlhagen MC, Dasari S, Vanderboom PM, Kyle RA, Katzmann JA, Willrich MAV, Barnidge DR, Dispenzieri A, Murray DL. Comprehensive Assessment of M-Proteins Using Nanobody Enrichment Coupled to MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Clin Chem 2016; 62:1334-44. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.253740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Electrophoretic separation of serum and urine proteins has played a central role in diagnosing and monitoring plasma cell disorders. Despite limitations in resolution and analytical sensitivity, plus the necessity for adjunct methods, protein gel electrophoresis and immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) remain front-line tests.
METHODS
We developed a MALDI mass spectrometry–based assay that was simple to perform, automatable, analytically sensitive, and applicable to analyzing the wide variety of monoclonal proteins (M-proteins) encountered clinically. This assay, called MASS-FIX, used the unique molecular mass signatures of the different Ig isotypes in combination with nanobody immunoenrichment to generate information-rich mass spectra from which M-proteins could be identified, isotyped, and quantified. The performance of MASS-FIX was compared to current gel-based electrophoresis assays.
RESULTS
MASS-FIX detected all M-proteins that were detectable by urine or serum protein electrophoresis. In serial dilution studies, MASS-FIX was more analytically sensitive than IFE. For patient samples, MASS-FIX provided the same primary isotype information for 98% of serum M-proteins (n = 152) and 95% of urine M-proteins (n = 55). MASS-FIX accurately quantified M-protein to <1 g/dL, with reduced bias as compared to protein electrophoresis. Intraassay and interassay CVs were <20% across all samples having M-protein concentrations >0.045 g/dL, with the ability to detect M-proteins <0.01 g/dL. In addition, MASS-FIX could simultaneously measure κ:λ light chain ratios for IgG, IgA, and IgM. Retrospective serial monitoring of patients with myeloma posttreatment demonstrated that MASS-FIX provided equivalent quantitative information to either protein electrophoresis or the Hevylite™ assay.
CONCLUSIONS
MASS-FIX can advance how plasma cell disorders are screened, diagnosed, and monitored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Mills
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | | | | | | | - Robert A Kyle
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | - Angela Dispenzieri
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kohlhagen MC, Barnidge DR, Mills JR, Stoner J, Gurtner KM, Liptac AM, Lofgren DI, Vanderboom PM, Dispenzieri A, Katzmann JA, Willrich MAV, Snyder MR, Murray DL. Screening Method for M-Proteins in Serum Using Nanobody Enrichment Coupled to MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Clin Chem 2016; 62:1345-52. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.253781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Current recommendations for screening for monoclonal gammopathies include serum protein electrophoresis (PEL), imunofixation electrophoresis (IFE), and free light chain (FLC) ratios to identify or rule out an M-protein. The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of an assay based on immunoenrichment and MALDI-TOF-MS (MASS-SCREEN) to qualitatively screen for M-proteins.
METHODS
Serum from 556 patients previously screened for M-proteins by PEL and IFE were immunopurified using a κ/λ-specific nanobody bead mixture. Following purification, light chains (LC) were released from their heavy chains by reduction. MALDI-TOF analysis was performed and the mass-to-charge LC distributions were visually examined for the presence of an M-protein by both unblinded and blinded analysts.
RESULTS
In unblinded analysis, MASS-SCREEN detected 100% of the PEL-positive samples with an analytical sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 81% using IFE positivity as the standard. In a blinded analysis using 6 different laboratory personnel, consensus was reached in 92% of the samples. Overall analytical sensitivity and specificity were reduced to 92% and 80%, respectively. FLC ratios were found to be abnormal in 28% of MASS-SCREEN–negative samples, suggesting FLC measurements need to be considered in screening.
CONCLUSIONS
MASS-SCREEN could replace PEL in a panel that would include FLC measurements. Further studies and method development should be performed to validate the clinical sensitivity and specificity and to determine if this panel will suffice as a general screen for monoclonal proteins.
Collapse
|
30
|
Mills JR, Cornec D, Dasari S, Ladwig PM, Hummel AM, Cheu M, Murray DL, Willrich MA, Snyder MR, Hoffman GS, Kallenberg CGM, Langford CA, Merkel PA, Monach PA, Seo P, Spiera RF, St Clair EW, Stone JH, Specks U, Barnidge DR. Using Mass Spectrometry to Quantify Rituximab and Perform Individualized Immunoglobulin Phenotyping in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis. Anal Chem 2016; 88:6317-25. [PMID: 27228216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal immunoglobulins (mAbs) are used to treat patients with a wide range of disorders including autoimmune diseases. As pharmaceutical companies bring more fully humanized therapeutic mAb drugs to the healthcare market analytical platforms that perform therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) without relying on mAb specific reagents will be needed. In this study we demonstrate that liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) can be used to perform TDM of mAbs in the same manner as smaller nonbiologic drugs. The assay uses commercially available reagents combined with heavy and light chain disulfide bond reduction followed by light chain analysis by microflow-LC-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF MS). Quantification is performed using the peak areas from multiply charged mAb light chain ions using an in-house developed software package developed for TDM of mAbs. The data presented here demonstrate the ability of an LC-MS assay to quantify a therapeutic mAb in a large cohort of patients in a clinical trial. The ability to quantify any mAb in serum via the reduced light chain without the need for reagents specific for each mAb demonstrates the unique capabilities of LC-MS. This fact, coupled with the ability to phenotype a patient's polyclonal repertoire in the same analysis further shows the potential of this approach to mAb analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John R Mills
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Divi Cornec
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States.,Rheumatology Department, Brest University Hospital , 29609 Brest, Cedex, France
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Paula M Ladwig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Amber M Hummel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Melissa Cheu
- Genentech Inc. , South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David L Murray
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Maria A Willrich
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Melissa R Snyder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Gary S Hoffman
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | | | - Carol A Langford
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation , Cleveland, Ohio 44195, United States
| | - Peter A Merkel
- University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Paul A Monach
- Boston University Medical Center , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Philip Seo
- Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Robert F Spiera
- Hospital for Special Surgery , New York, New York 10021, United States
| | | | - John H Stone
- Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ulrich Specks
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - David R Barnidge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Willrich MAV, Ladwig PM, Andreguetto BD, Barnidge DR, Murray DL, Katzmann JA, Snyder MR. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics as potential interferences on protein electrophoresis and immunofixation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 54:1085-93. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2015-1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe use of therapeutic recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has triggered concerns of mis-diagnosis of a plasma cell dyscrasia in treated patients. The purpose of this study is to determine if infliximab (INF), adalimumab (ADA), eculizumab (ECU), vedolizumab (VEDO), and rituximab (RITU) are detected as monoclonal proteins by serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) and immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE).Pooled normal sera were spiked with various concentrations (ranging from trough to peak) of INF, ADA, ECU, VEDO and RITU. The peak concentration for VEDO and RITU was also added to samples with known monoclonal gammopathies. All samples were analyzed by SPEP (Helena Laboratories) and IFE (Sebia); sera containing peak concentrations of mAbs were reflexed to electrospray-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (AbSciex Triple TOF 5600) for the intact light chain monoclonal immunoglobulin rapid accurate mass measurement (miRAMM).For all mAbs tested, no quantifiable M-spikes were observed by SPEP at any concentration analyzed. Small γ fraction abnormalities were noted on SPEP for VEDO at 300 μg/mL and RITU at 400 μg/mL, with identification of small IgG κ proteins on IFE. Using miRAMM for peak samples, therapeutic mAbs light chain accurate masses were identified above the polyclonal background and were distinct from endogenous monoclonal gammopathies.MAbs should not be easily confounded with plasma cell dyscrasias in patients undergoing therapy except when a SPEP and IFE are performed within a couple of days from infusion (peak). In ambiguous cases the use of the miRAMM technology could precisely identify the therapeutic mAb distinct from any endogenous monoclonal protein.
Collapse
|
32
|
Keren DF, Schroeder L. Challenges of measuring monoclonal proteins in serum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 54:947-61. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2015-0862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe measurement of monoclonal protein (M-protein) is vital for stratifying risk and following individuals with a variety of monoclonal gammopathies. Direct measurement of the M-protein spike by electrophoresis and immunochemical measurements of specific isotypes or free light chains pairs has provided useful information about the quantity of M-protein. Nonetheless, both traditional electrophoresis and immunochemical methods give poor quantification with M-proteins smaller than 10 g/L (1 g/dL) when in the presence of polyclonal immunoglobulins that co-migrate with the M-protein. In addition, measurements by electrophoresis of M-proteins migrating in the β- and α-regions are contaminated by normal serum proteins in those regions. The most precise electrophoretic method to date for quantification involves exclusion of the polyclonal immunoglobulins by using the tangent skimming method on electropherograms, which provides a 10-fold improvement in precision. So far, however, tangent measurements are limited to γ migrating M-proteins. Another way to improve M-protein measurements is the use of capillary electrophoresis (CE). With CE, one can employ immunosubtraction to select a region of interest in the β region thereby excluding much of the normal proteins from the M-protein measurement. Recent development of an immunochemical method distinguishing heavy/light chain pairs (separately measuring IgGK and IgGL, IgAK and IgAL, and IgMK and IgML) provides measurements that could exclude polyclonal contaminants of the same heavy chain with the uninvolved light chain type. Yet, even heavy/light results contain an immeasurable quantity of polyclonal heavy/light chains of the involved isotype. Finally, use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) looms on the horizon as a means to provide more consistent and sensitive measurements of M-proteins.
Collapse
|
33
|
Protein electrophoresis and serum free light chains in the diagnosis and monitoring of plasma cell disorders: laboratory testing and current controversies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 54:899-905. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
34
|
Barnidge DR, Lundström SL, Zhang B, Dasari S, Murray DL, Zubarev RA. Subset of Kappa and Lambda Germline Sequences Result in Light Chains with a Higher Molecular Mass Phenotype. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:5283-90. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanna L. Lundström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Roman A. Zubarev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Barnidge DR, Krick TP, Griffin TJ, Murray DL. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry to detect monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains in serum and urine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:2057-2060. [PMID: 26443406 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) to monitor serum and urine samples for endogenous monoclonal immunoglobulins. MALDI-TOFMS is faster, fully automatable, and provides superior specificity compared to protein gel electrophoresis (PEL). METHODS Samples were enriched for immunoglobulins in 5 min using Melon Gel™ followed by reduction with dithiothreitol for 15 min to separate immunoglobulin light chains and heavy chains. Samples were then desalted using C4 ZipTips, mixed with sinapinic acid matrix, and analyzed on a Bruker Biflex III MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer. RESULTS Monoclonal immunoglobulin light chains were identified in serum and urine samples from patients with a known monoclonal gammopathy using MALDI-TOFMS with minimal sample preparation. CONCLUSIONS MALDI-TOFMS can identify a monoclonal immunoglobulin in serum and urine samples. The molecular mass of the monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain is obtained providing unprecedented specificity compared to PEL. In addition, the methodology can be automated, making it a practical alternative to PEL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Barnidge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Thomas P Krick
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Timothy J Griffin
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - David L Murray
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Monitoring oligoclonal immunoglobulins in cerebral spinal fluid using microLC-ESI-Q-TOF mass spectrometry. J Neuroimmunol 2015; 288:123-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
37
|
Mills JR, Barnidge DR, Murray DL. Detecting monoclonal immunoglobulins in human serum using mass spectrometry. Methods 2015; 81:56-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
38
|
Thongboonkerd V, LaBaer J, Domont GB. Recent Advances of Proteomics Applied to Human Diseases. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4493-6. [DOI: 10.1021/pr501038g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit,
Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital,
and Center for Research in Complex Systems Science, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Virginia G. Piper Center
for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 South McAllister Avenue, Tempe, Arizona 85287-6401, United States
| | - Gilberto B. Domont
- Proteomics Unit, Institute
of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Avenida
Athos da Silveira Ramos, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909 RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|