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Effect of nanoparticles on gouty arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:124. [PMID: 36788552 PMCID: PMC9926759 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of nanoparticles on gouty arthritis, and to provide evidence for the preclinical application of nanoparticles in gouty arthritis and ideas for nanomedicine improvement for nanoparticle researchers. METHODS Five databases including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase were searched for eligible studies until April 2022. The quality of the selected studies was assessed by SYRCLE's risk of bias (RoB) tool, and the random-effects model was used to calculate the overall effect sizes of weighted mean differences (WMD). RESULTS Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. Results showed that nanoparticles were effective in reducing uric acid levels (WMD: -4.91; 95% confidence interval (CI): - 5.41 to - 4.41; p < 0.001), but were not better than allopurinol (WMD: -0.20; 95% CI: - 0.42 to 0.02; p = 0.099). It was worth noting that the nanoparticles were safer than allopurinol. Subgroup analyses indicated that nanoparticle encapsulated substance, animal species, nanoparticle dosage, animal quantity, and animal gender were all sources of heterogeneity. CONCLUSION The nanoparticles are safe medications for gouty arthritis which can effectively reduce uric acid levels in rodents. Although the results are still uncertain, it is expected to have certain clinical application value. The nanoparticles may be the preclinical medications for gouty arthritis in the future.
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2
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Bredeck G, Busch M, Rossi A, Stahlmecke B, Fomba KW, Herrmann H, Schins RPF. Inhalable Saharan dust induces oxidative stress, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and inflammatory cytokine release. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107732. [PMID: 36680803 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Desert dust is increasingly recognized as a major air pollutant affecting respiratory health. Since desert dust exposure cannot be regulated, the hazardousness of its components must be understood to enable health risk mitigation strategies. Saharan dust (SD) comprises about half of the global desert dust and contains quartz, a toxic mineral dust that is known to cause severe lung diseases via oxidative stress and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome-interleukin-1β pathway. We aimed to assess the physicochemical and microbial characteristics of SD responsible for toxic effects. Also, we studied the oxidative and pro-inflammatory potential of SD in alveolar epithelial cells and the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophage-like cells in comparison to quartz dusts and synthetic amorphous silica (SAS). Characterization revealed that SD contained Fe, Al, trace metals, sulfate, diatomaceous earth, and endotoxin and had the capacity to generate hydroxyl radicals. We exposed A549 lung epithelial cells and wild-type and NLRP3-/- THP-1 macrophage-like cells to SD, three well-investigated quartz dusts, and SAS. SD induced oxidative stress in A549 cells after 24 h more potently than the quartz dusts. The quartz dusts and SAS upregulated interleukin 8 expression after 4 h and 24 h while SD only caused a transient upregulation. SD, the quartz dusts, and SAS induced interleukin-1β release from wild-type THP-1 cells>20-fold stronger than from NLRP3-/- THP-1 cells. Interleukin-1β release was lower for SD, in which microbial components including endotoxin were heat-destructed. In conclusion, microbial components in SD are pivotal for its toxicity. In the epithelium, the effects of SD contrasted with crystalline and amorphous silica in terms of potency and persistence. In macrophages, the strong involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome emphasizes the acute and chronic health risks associated with desert dust exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Bredeck
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mathias Busch
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Rossi
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Burkhard Stahlmecke
- Institute for Energy and Environmental Technology e.V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany
| | - Khanneh Wadinga Fomba
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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3
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Rafieepour A, R Azari M, Khodagholi F. Cytotoxic effects of crystalline silica in form of micro and nanoparticles on the human lung cell line A549. Toxicol Ind Health 2023; 39:23-35. [PMID: 36433804 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221140644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Airborne crystalline silica (SiO2) particles are one of the most common pollutants in stone industries. Limited studies have investigated the health effects of crystalline SiO2 nanoparticles. Hence, the objective of this study was to study the cytotoxicity of SiO2 in nano and micron sizes. A mineral quartz sample in the range of 0.2-0.8 mm sizes was purchased. These particles were ground at about 5 and 0.1 microns. Human cell line A549 was exposed to micro and nanometer particles at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, and 250 μg/ml for 24 and 72 h. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity of exposed cells was investigated by measuring cell survival, ROS generation, mitochondrial permeability, and intracellular glutathione content. The results showed that crystalline SiO2 nano and microparticles decreased cell survival, increased ROS generation, damaged the mitochondrial membrane, and lowered the antioxidant content of these cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The toxicity of crystalline SiO2 microparticles at concentrations ≤50 μg/mL was greater than for nanoparticles, which was the opposite at concentrations ≥100 μg/mL. Exposure time and concentration were crucial factors for the cytotoxicity of exposed A549 cells to crystalline SiO2 particles, which can affect the severity of the effect of particle size. Due to the limitation of exposure concentration and test durations in this study, further studies on the parameters of nanoparticle toxicity and underlying mechanisms could advance our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Rafieepour
- Occupational Health Research Center, Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, 440827Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour R Azari
- Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Safety, 216617Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bellomo C, Pavan C, Fiore G, Escolano-Casado G, Mino L, Turci F. Top-Down Preparation of Nanoquartz for Toxicological Investigations. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315425. [PMID: 36499757 PMCID: PMC9738116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational exposure to quartz dust is associated with fatal diseases. Quartz dusts generated by mechanical fracturing are characterized by a broad range of micrometric to nanometric particles. The contribution of this nanometric fraction to the overall toxicity of quartz is still largely unexplored, primarily because of the strong electrostatic adhesion forces that prevent isolation of the nanofraction. Furthermore, fractured silica dust exhibits special surface features, namely nearly free silanols (NFS), which impart a membranolytic activity to quartz. Nanoquartz can be synthetized via bottom-up methods, but the surface chemistry of such crystals strongly differs from that of nanoparticles resulting from fracturing. Here, we report a top-down milling procedure to obtain a nanometric quartz that shares the key surface properties relevant to toxicity with fractured quartz. The ball milling was optimized by coupling the dry and wet milling steps, using water as a dispersing agent, and varying the milling times and rotational speeds. Nanoquartz with a strong tendency to form submicrometric agglomerates was obtained. The deagglomeration with surfactants or simulated body fluids was negligible. Partial lattice amorphization and a bimodal crystallite domain size were observed. A moderate membranolytic activity, which correlated with the number of NFS, signaled coherence with the previous toxicological data. A membranolytic nanoquartz for toxicological investigations was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bellomo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
- “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Pavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
- “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gianluca Fiore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Guillermo Escolano-Casado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Turci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
- “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental Centre for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-6707566
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5
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Gene Expression Profiling of Mono- and Co-Culture Models of the Respiratory Tract Exposed to Crystalline Quartz under Submerged and Air-Liquid Interface Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147773. [PMID: 35887123 PMCID: PMC9324045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro lung cell models like air-liquid interface (ALI) and 3D cell cultures have advanced greatly in recent years, being especially valuable for testing advanced materials (e.g., nanomaterials, fibrous substances) when considering inhalative exposure. Within this study, we established submerged and ALI cell culture models utilizing A549 cells as mono-cultures and co-cultures with differentiated THP-1 (dTHP-1), as well as mono-cultures of dTHP-1. After ALI and submerged exposures towards α-quartz particles (Min-U-Sil5), with depositions ranging from 15 to 60 µg/cm2, comparison was made with respect to their transcriptional cellular responses employing high-throughput RT-qPCR. A significant dose- and time-dependent induction of genes coding for inflammatory proteins, e.g., IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, and CCL22, as well as genes associated with oxidative stress response such as SOD2, was observed, even more pronounced in co-cultures. Changes in the expression of similar genes were more pronounced under submerged conditions when compared to ALI exposure in the case of A549 mono-cultures. Hereby, the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome seem to play an important role. Regarding genotoxicity, neither DNA strand breaks in ALI cultivated cells nor a transcriptional response to DNA damage were observed. Altogether, the toxicological responses depended considerably on the cell culture model and exposure scenario, relevant to be considered to improve toxicological risk assessment.
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6
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Meldrum K, Evans SJ, Vogel U, Tran L, Doak SH, Clift MJD. The influence of exposure approaches to in vitro lung epithelial barrier models to assess engineered nanomaterial hazard. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:114-134. [PMID: 35343373 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2051627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENM) poses a potential health risk to humans through long-term, repetitive low-dose exposures. Currently, this is not commonplace within in vitro lung cell cultures. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to consider the optimal exposure approach toward determining the stability, sensitivity and validity of using in vitro lung cell mono- and co-cultures to determine ENM hazard. A range of exposure scenarios were conducted with DQ12 (previously established as a positive particle control) (historic and re-activated), TiO2 (JRC NM-105) and BaSO4 (JRC NM-220) on both monocultures of A549 cells as well as co-cultures of A549 cells and differentiated THP-1 cells. Cell cultures were exposed to either a single, or a repeated exposure over 24, 48- or 72-hours at in vivo extrapolated concentrations of 0-5.2 µg/cm2, 0-6 µg/cm2 and 0-1µg/cm2. The focus of this study was the pro-inflammatory, cytotoxic and genotoxic response elicited by these ENMs. Exposure to DQ12 caused pro-inflammatory responses after 48 hours repeat exposures, as well as increases in micronucleus frequency. Neither TiO2 nor BaSO4 elicited a pro-inflammatory response at this time point. However, there was induction of IL-6 after 24 hours TiO2 exposure. In conclusion, it is important to consider the appropriateness of the positive control implemented, the cell culture model, the time of exposure as well as the type of exposure (bolus or fractionated) before establishing if an in vitro model is appropriate to determine the level of response to the specific ENM of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Meldrum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Ulla Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lang Tran
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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7
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Giordani M, Mattioli M, Cangiotti M, Fattori A, Ottaviani MF, Betti M, Ballirano P, Pacella A, Di Giuseppe D, Scognamiglio V, Hanuskova M, Gualtieri AF. Characterisation of potentially toxic natural fibrous zeolites by means of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and morphological-mineralogical studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:133067. [PMID: 34838598 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the morphological, mineralogical, and physico-chemical features of carcinogenic erionite and other possibly hazardous zeolites, such as mesolite and thomsonite, while also investigating the interacting capability of the mineral surface at the liquid/solid interface. Extremely fibrous erionite is K+ and Ca2+-rich and shows the highest Si/Al ratio (3.38) and specific surface area (8.14 m2/g). Fibrous mesolite is Na+ and Ca2+-rich and displays both a lower Si/Al ratio (1.56) and a smaller specific surface area (1.56 m2/g). The thomsonite composition shows the lowest values of Si/Al ratio (1.23) and specific surface area (0.38 m2/g). Electron paramagnetic resonance data from selected spin probes reveal that erionite has a homogeneous site distribution and interacts well with all spin probes. The surfaces of mesolite and thomsonite are less homogeneous and closer polar sites were found through consequent interaction with the probes. The mesolite surface can also clearly interact but with a lower strength and may represent a potential health hazard for humans, though with a lower degree if compared to erionite. The thomsonite surface is not inert and interacts with the probes with a low-grade capability. We can expect small fragments of thomsonite to interact with the biological environment, though with a low-grade intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Giordani
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Michele Mattioli
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy.
| | - Michela Cangiotti
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Alberto Fattori
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Michele Betti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Paolo Ballirano
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pacella
- Department of Earth Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Di Giuseppe
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Valentina Scognamiglio
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Miriam Hanuskova
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandro F Gualtieri
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I-41125, Modena, Italy
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8
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Péter B, Boldizsár I, Kovács GM, Erdei A, Bajtay Z, Vörös A, Ramsden JJ, Szabó I, Bősze S, Horvath R. Natural Compounds as Target Biomolecules in Cellular Adhesion and Migration: From Biomolecular Stimulation to Label-Free Discovery and Bioactivity-Based Isolation. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1781. [PMID: 34944597 PMCID: PMC8698624 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants and fungi can be used for medical applications because of their accumulation of special bioactive metabolites. These substances might be beneficial to human health, exerting also anti-inflammatory and anticancer (antiproliferative) effects. We propose that they are mediated by influencing cellular adhesion and migration via various signaling pathways and by directly inactivating key cell adhesion surface receptor sites. The evidence for this proposition is reviewed (by summarizing the natural metabolites and their effects influencing cellular adhesion and migration), along with the classical measuring techniques used to gain such evidence. We systematize existing knowledge concerning the mechanisms of how natural metabolites affect adhesion and movement, and their role in gene expression as well. We conclude by highlighting the possibilities to screen natural compounds faster and more easily by applying new label-free methods, which also enable a far greater degree of quantification than the conventional methods used hitherto. We have systematically classified recent studies regarding the effects of natural compounds on cellular adhesion and movement, characterizing the active substances according to their organismal origin (plants, animals or fungi). Finally, we also summarize the results of recent studies and experiments on SARS-CoV-2 treatments by natural extracts affecting mainly the adhesion and entry of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Péter
- Nanobiosensorics Group, Research Centre for Energy Research, Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Konkoly-Thege u 29-33, 1120 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (R.H.)
| | - Imre Boldizsár
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (I.B.); (G.M.K.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor M. Kovács
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (I.B.); (G.M.K.)
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Erdei
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.E.); (Z.B.)
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Bajtay
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (A.E.); (Z.B.)
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Vörös
- Nanobiosensorics Group, Research Centre for Energy Research, Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Konkoly-Thege u 29-33, 1120 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (R.H.)
| | - Jeremy J. Ramsden
- Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, UK;
| | - Ildikó Szabó
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (I.S.); (S.B.)
- National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2-6, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Bősze
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (I.S.); (S.B.)
- National Public Health Center, Albert Flórián út 2-6, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Robert Horvath
- Nanobiosensorics Group, Research Centre for Energy Research, Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Konkoly-Thege u 29-33, 1120 Budapest, Hungary; (A.V.); (R.H.)
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9
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Cypriyana P J J, S S, Angalene J LA, Samrot AV, Kumar S S, Ponniah P, Chakravarthi S. Overview on toxicity of nanoparticles, it's mechanism, models used in toxicity studies and disposal methods – A review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Tacu I, Kokalari I, Abollino O, Albrecht C, Malandrino M, Ferretti AM, Schins RPF, Fenoglio I. Mechanistic Insights into the Role of Iron, Copper, and Carbonaceous Component on the Oxidative Potential of Ultrafine Particulate Matter. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:767-779. [PMID: 33651939 PMCID: PMC8034814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Transition
metals play a key role in the pathogenic potential of
urban particulate matter (PM). However, air quality regulations include
exposure limits only for metals having a known toxic potential like
Pb, As, Cd, and Ni, neglecting other transition metals like Fe and
Cu. Fe and Cu are mainly found in the water-soluble fraction of PM.
However, a fraction of the ions may persist strongly bound to the
particles, thus potentially acting as surface reactive sites. The
contribution of surface ions to the oxidative potential (OP) of PM
is likely different from that of free ions since the redox activity
of metals is modulated by their local chemical environment. The aim
of this study was to investigate how Fe and Cu bound to carbonaceous
particles affect the OP and associated toxicity of PM toward epithelial
cells and macrophages. Carbonaceous nanoparticles (CNPs) having well-defined
size were loaded with controlled amounts of Cu and Fe. The effect
of Cu and Fe on the OP of CNPs was evaluated by electronic paramagnetic
resonance (EPR) spectroscopy associated with the spin-trapping technique
and correlated with the ability to induce cytotoxicity (LDH, WST-1),
oxidative stress (Nrf2 translocation), and DNA damage (comet assay)
on lung macrophages (NR8383) and/or epithelial cells (RLE-6TN). The
release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, MCP-1, and CXCL2)
by macrophages and epithelial cells was also investigated. The results
indicate a major contribution of surface Cu to the surface reactivity
of CNPs, while Fe has a minor role. At the same time, Cu increases
the cytotoxicity of CNPs and their ability to induce oxidative stress
and DNA damage. In contrast, surface Fe increases the release of pro-inflammatory
cytokines by macrophages. Overall, these results confirm the role
of Cu and Fe in PM toxicity and suggest that the total metals content
in PM might be a better indicator of pathogenicity than water-soluble
metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Tacu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy.,IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Ida Kokalari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Ornella Abollino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Catrin Albrecht
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Mery Malandrino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Ferretti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" SCITEC CNR, Via Fantoli 16/15, Milan 20138, Italy
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Ivana Fenoglio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Torino 10125, Italy
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Abstract
An investigation into the potential toxicological effects of fracking sand dust (FSD), collected from unconventional gas drilling sites, has been undertaken, along with characterization of their chemical and biophysical properties. Using intratracheal instillation of nine FSDs in rats and a whole body 4-d inhalation model for one of the FSDs, i.e., FSD 8, and related in vivo and in vitro experiments, the effects of nine FSDs on the respiratory, cardiovascular and immune systems, brain and kidney were reported in the preceding eight tandem papers. Here, a summary is given of the key observations made in the organ systems reported in the individual studies. The major finding that inhaled FSD 8 elicits responses in extra-pulmonary organ systems is unexpected, as is the observation that the pulmonary effects of inhaled FSD 8 are attenuated relative to forms of crystalline silica more frequently used in animal studies, i.e., MIN-U-SIL® 5. An attempt is made to understand the basis for the extra-pulmonary toxicity and comparatively attenuated pulmonary toxicity of FSD 8.
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12
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AKÇAN R, AYDOGAN HC, YILDIRIM MŞ, TAŞTEKİN B, SAĞLAM N. Nanotoxicity: a challenge for future medicine. Turk J Med Sci 2020; 50:1180-1196. [PMID: 32283898 PMCID: PMC7379444 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1912-209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Due to nanomaterials’ potential benefits for diagnosis and treatment, they are widely used in medical applications and personal care products. Interaction of nanomaterials, which are very small in size, with tissue, cell and microenvironment, can reveal harmful effects that cannot be created with chemically identical and larger counterparts in biological organisms. In this review, a challenge for future medicine, nanotoxicity of nanomaterials is discussed. Materials and methods A detailed review of related literature was performed and evaluated as per medical applications of nanomaterials their toxicity. Results and conclusion Most authors state “the only valid technology will be nanotechnology in the next era”; however, there is no consensus on the impact of this technology on humankind, environment and ecological balance. Studies dealing with the toxic effect of nanomaterials on human health have also varied with developing technology. Nanotoxicology studies such as in vivo-like on 3D human organs, cells, advanced genetic studies, and -omic approaches begin to replace conventional methods. Nanotoxicity and adverse effects of nanomaterials in exposed producers, industry workers, and patients make nanomaterials a double-edged sword for future medicine. In order to control and tackle related risks, regulation and legislations should be implemented, and researchers have to conduct joint multidisciplinary studies in various fields of medical sciences, nanotechnology, nanomedicine, and biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan AKÇAN
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Halit Canberk AYDOGAN
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Mahmut Şerif YILDIRIM
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, AfyonkarahisarTurkey
| | - Burak TAŞTEKİN
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey
| | - Necdet SAĞLAM
- Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Hacettepe University, AnkaraTurkey
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13
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Osman NM, Sexton DW, Saleem IY. Toxicological assessment of nanoparticle interactions with the pulmonary system. Nanotoxicology 2019; 14:21-58. [PMID: 31502904 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2019.1661043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle(NP)-based materials have breakthrough applications in many fields of life, such as in engineering, communications and textiles industries; food and bioenvironmental applications; medicines and cosmetics, etc. Biomedical applications of NPs are very active areas of research with successful translation to pharmaceutical and clinical uses overcoming both pharmaceutical and clinical challenges. Although the attractiveness and enhanced applications of these NPs stem from their exceptional properties at the nanoscale size, i.e. 1-1000 nm, they exhibit completely different physicochemical profiles and, subsequently, toxicological profiles from their parent bulk materials. Hence, the clinical evaluation and toxicological assessment of NPs interactions within biological systems are continuously evolving to ensure their safety at the nanoscale. The pulmonary system is one of the primary routes of exposure to airborne NPs either intentionally, via aerosolized nanomedicines targeting pulmonary pathologies such as cancer or asthma, or unintentionally, via natural NPs and anthropogenic (man-made) NPs. This review presents the state-of-the-art, contemporary challenges, and knowledge gaps in the toxicological assessment of NPs interactions with the pulmonary system. It highlights the main mechanisms of NP toxicity, factors influencing their toxicity, the different toxicological assessment methods and their drawbacks, and the recent NP regulatory guidelines based on literature collected from the research pool of NPs interactions with lung cell lines, in vivo inhalation studies, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa M Osman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Darren W Sexton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Imran Y Saleem
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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14
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Pavan C, Delle Piane M, Gullo M, Filippi F, Fubini B, Hoet P, Horwell CJ, Huaux F, Lison D, Lo Giudice C, Martra G, Montfort E, Schins R, Sulpizi M, Wegner K, Wyart-Remy M, Ziemann C, Turci F. The puzzling issue of silica toxicity: are silanols bridging the gaps between surface states and pathogenicity? Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:32. [PMID: 31419990 PMCID: PMC6697921 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silica continues to represent an intriguing topic of fundamental and applied research across various scientific fields, from geology to physics, chemistry, cell biology, and particle toxicology. The pathogenic activity of silica is variable, depending on the physico-chemical features of the particles. In the last 50 years, crystallinity and capacity to generate free radicals have been recognized as relevant features for silica toxicity. The 'surface' also plays an important role in silica toxicity, but this term has often been used in a very general way, without defining which properties of the surface are actually driving toxicity. How the chemical features (e.g., silanols and siloxanes) and configuration of the silica surface can trigger toxic responses remains incompletely understood. MAIN BODY Recent developments in surface chemistry, cell biology and toxicology provide new avenues to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the adverse responses to silica particles. New physico-chemical methods can finely characterize and quantify silanols at the surface of silica particles. Advanced computational modelling and atomic force microscopy offer unique opportunities to explore the intimate interactions between silica surface and membrane models or cells. In recent years, interdisciplinary research, using these tools, has built increasing evidence that surface silanols are critical determinants of the interaction between silica particles and biomolecules, membranes, cell systems, or animal models. It also has become clear that silanol configuration, and eventually biological responses, can be affected by impurities within the crystal structure, or coatings covering the particle surface. The discovery of new molecular targets of crystalline as well as amorphous silica particles in the immune system and in epithelial lung cells represents new possible toxicity pathways. Cellular recognition systems that detect specific features of the surface of silica particles have been identified. CONCLUSIONS Interdisciplinary research bridging surface chemistry to toxicology is progressively solving the puzzling issue of the variable toxicity of silica. Further interdisciplinary research is ongoing to elucidate the intimate mechanisms of silica pathogenicity, to possibly mitigate or reduce surface reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pavan
- UCLouvain, Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Massimo Delle Piane
- Bremen Center for Computational Material Science (BCCMS), Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | | | - Bice Fubini
- G. Scansetti Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Peter Hoet
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment and Health, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claire J. Horwell
- Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | - François Huaux
- UCLouvain, Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Lison
- UCLouvain, Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cristina Lo Giudice
- UCLouvain, Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, NanoBioPhysics, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Gianmario Martra
- Department of Chemistry and Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces –NIS Centre, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Eliseo Montfort
- Instituto de Tecnología Cerámica, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Roel Schins
- IUF Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Michelle Wyart-Remy
- EUROSIL, European Association of industrial silica producers, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christina Ziemann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Francesco Turci
- Department of Chemistry, G. Scansetti Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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15
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Brown DM, Danielsen PH, Derr R, Moelijker N, Fowler P, Stone V, Hendriks G, Møller P, Kermanizadeh A. The mechanism-based toxicity screening of particles with use in the food and nutrition sector via the ToxTracker reporter system. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 61:104594. [PMID: 31279906 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The rapid expansion of the incorporation of nano-sized materials in consumer products overlaps with the necessity for high-throughput reliable screening tools for the identification of the potential hazardous properties of the nanomaterials. The ToxTracker assay (mechanism-based reporter assay based on embryonic stem cells that uses GFP-tagged biomarkers for detection of DNA damage, oxidative stress and general cellular stress) is one such tool, which could prove useful in the field of particle toxicology allowing for high throughput screening. Here, ToxTracker was utilised to evaluate the potential hazardous properties of two particulates currently used in the food industry (vegetable carbon (E153) and food-grade TiO2 (E171)). Due to the fact that ToxTracker is based on a stem cell format, it is crucial that the data generated is assessed for its suitability and comparability to more conventionally used relevant source of cells - in this case cells from the gastrointestinal tract and the liver. Therefore, the cell reporter findings were compared to data from traditional assays (cytotoxicity, anti-oxidant depletion and DNA damage) and tissue relevant cell types. The data showed E171 to be the most cytotoxic, decreased intracellular glutathione and the most significant with regards to genotoxic effects. The ToxTracker data showed comparability to conventional toxicity and oxidative stress assays; however, some discrepancies were evident between the findings from ToxTracker and the comet assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Brown
- Heriot Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pernille Høgh Danielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Vicki Stone
- Heriot Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Peter Møller
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ali Kermanizadeh
- Heriot Watt University, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Edinburgh, UK.
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16
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Riediker M, Zink D, Kreyling W, Oberdörster G, Elder A, Graham U, Lynch I, Duschl A, Ichihara G, Ichihara S, Kobayashi T, Hisanaga N, Umezawa M, Cheng TJ, Handy R, Gulumian M, Tinkle S, Cassee F. Particle toxicology and health - where are we? Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:19. [PMID: 31014371 PMCID: PMC6480662 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particles and fibres affect human health as a function of their properties such as chemical composition, size and shape but also depending on complex interactions in an organism that occur at various levels between particle uptake and target organ responses. While particulate pollution is one of the leading contributors to the global burden of disease, particles are also increasingly used for medical purposes. Over the past decades we have gained considerable experience in how particle properties and particle-bio interactions are linked to human health. This insight is useful for improved risk management in the case of unwanted health effects but also for developing novel medical therapies. The concepts that help us better understand particles' and fibres' risks include the fate of particles in the body; exposure, dosimetry and dose-metrics and the 5 Bs: bioavailability, biopersistence, bioprocessing, biomodification and bioclearance of (nano)particles. This includes the role of the biomolecule corona, immunity and systemic responses, non-specific effects in the lungs and other body parts, particle effects and the developing body, and the link from the natural environment to human health. The importance of these different concepts for the human health risk depends not only on the properties of the particles and fibres, but is also strongly influenced by production, use and disposal scenarios. CONCLUSIONS Lessons learned from the past can prove helpful for the future of the field, notably for understanding novel particles and fibres and for defining appropriate risk management and governance approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Riediker
- Swiss Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health (SCOEH), Binzhofstrasse 87, CH-8404 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Zink
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wolfgang Kreyling
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Munich Germany
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Alison Elder
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
| | | | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Biosciences, Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard Handy
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Mary Gulumian
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Haematology and Molecular Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sally Tinkle
- Science and Technology Policy Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Flemming Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Studies (IRAS), Utrrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Refsnes M, Skuland T, Lilleaas E, Øvrevik J, Låg M. Concentration‐dependent cytokine responses of silica nanoparticles and role of ROS in human lung epithelial cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 125:304-314. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magne Refsnes
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway
| | - Tonje Skuland
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway
| | - Edel Lilleaas
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway
| | - Marit Låg
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo Norway
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18
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Boyles MSP, Brown D, Knox J, Horobin M, Miller MR, Johnston HJ, Stone V. Assessing the bioactivity of crystalline silica in heated high-temperature insulation wools. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 30:255-272. [PMID: 30328741 PMCID: PMC6334780 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1513610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High-Temperature Insulation Wools (HTIW), such as alumino silicate wools (Refractory Ceramic Fibers) and Alkaline Earth Silicate wools, are used in high-temperature industries for thermal insulation. These materials have an amorphous glass-like structure. In some applications, exposure to high temperatures causes devitrification resulting in the formation of crystalline species including crystalline silica. The formation of this potentially carcinogenic material raises safety concerns regarding after-use handling and disposal. This study aims to determine whether cristobalite formed in HTIW is bioactive in vitro. Mouse macrophage (J774A.1) and human alveolar epithelial (A549) cell lines were exposed to pristine HTIW of different compositions, and corresponding heat-treated samples. Cell death, cytokine release, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation were assessed in both cell types. Cell responses to aluminum lactate-coated fibers were assessed to determine if responses were caused by crystalline silica. DQ12 α-quartz was used as positive control, and TiO2 as negative control. HTIW did not induce cell death or intracellular ROS, and their ability to induce pro-inflammatory mediator release was low. In contrast, DQ12 induced cytotoxicity, a strong pro-inflammatory response and ROS generation. The modest pro-inflammatory mediator responses of HTIW did not always coincide with the formation of cristobalite in heated fibers; therefore, we cannot confirm that devitrification of HTIW results in bioactive cristobalite in vitro. In conclusion, the biological responses to HTIW observed were not attributable to a single physicochemical characteristic; instead, a combination of physicochemical characteristics (cristobalite content, fiber chemistry, dimensions and material solubility) appear to contribute to induction of cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S P Boyles
- a Nano Safety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - David Brown
- a Nano Safety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Jilly Knox
- b Morgan Advanced Materials, Thermal Ceramics , Bromborough, UK
| | - Michael Horobin
- b Morgan Advanced Materials, Thermal Ceramics , Bromborough, UK
| | - Mark R Miller
- c Centre for Cardiovascular Science , University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Helinor J Johnston
- a Nano Safety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Vicki Stone
- a Nano Safety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University , Edinburgh , UK
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19
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An updated review of the genotoxicity of respirable crystalline silica. Part Fibre Toxicol 2018; 15:23. [PMID: 29783987 PMCID: PMC5963024 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human exposure to (certain forms of) crystalline silica (CS) potentially results in adverse effects on human health. Since 1997 IARC has classified CS as a Group 1 carcinogen [1], which was confirmed in a later review in 2012 [2]. The genotoxic potential and mode of genotoxic action of CS was not conclusive in either of the IARC reviews, although a proposal for mode of actions was made in an extensive review of the genotoxicity of CS by Borm, Tran and Donaldson in 2011 [3]. The present study identified 141 new papers from search strings related to genotoxicity of respirable CS (RCS) since 2011 and, of these, 17 relevant publications with genotoxicity data were included in this detailed review. Studies on in vitro genotoxic endpoints primarily included micronucleus (MN) frequency and % fragmented DNA as measured in the comet assay, and were mostly negative, apart from two studies using primary or cultured macrophages. In vivo studies confirmed the role of persistent inflammation due to quartz surface toxicity leading to anti-oxidant responses in mice and rats, but DNA damage was only seen in rats. The role of surface characteristics was strengthened by in vitro and in vivo studies using aluminium or hydrophobic treatment to quench the silanol groups on the CS surface. In conclusion, the different modes of action of RCS-induced genotoxicity have been evaluated in a series of independent, adequate studies since 2011. Earlier conclusions on the role of inflammation driven by quartz surface in genotoxic and carcinogenic effects after inhalation are confirmed and findings support a practical threshold. Whereas classic in vitro genotoxicity studies confirm an earlier no-observed effect level (NOEL) in cell cultures of 60-70 μg/cm2, transformation frequency in SHE cells suggests a lower threshold around 5 μg/cm2. Both levels are only achieved in vivo at doses (2–4 mg) beyond in vivo doses (> 200 μg) that cause persistent inflammation and tissue remodelling in the rat lung.
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20
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Zheng H, Högberg J, Stenius U. ATM-activated autotaxin (ATX) propagates inflammation and DNA damage in lung epithelial cells: a new mode of action for silica-induced DNA damage? Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:1196-1206. [PMID: 28968864 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silica exposure is a common risk factor for lung cancer. It has been claimed that key elements in cancer development are activation of inflammatory cells that indirectly induce DNA damage and proliferative stimuli in respiratory epithelial cells. We studied DNA damage induced by silica particles in respiratory epithelial cells and focused the role of the signaling enzyme autotaxin (ATX). A549 and 16 bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) lung epithelial cells were exposed to silica particles. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, ATX, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), and DNA damage (γH2AX, pCHK1, pCHK2, comet assay) were end points. Low doses of silica induced NLRP3 activation, DNA damage accumulation, and ATM phosphorylation. A novel finding was that ATM induced ATX generation and secretion. Not only silica but also rotenone, camptothecin and H2O2 activated ATX via ATM, suggesting that ATX is part of a generalized ATM response to double-strand breaks (DSBs). Surprisingly, ATX inhibition mitigated DNA damage accumulation at later time points (6-16 h), and ATX transfection caused NLRP3 activation and DNA damage. Furthermore, the product of ATX enzymatic activity, lysophosphatidic acid, recapitulated the effects of ATX transfection. These data indicate an ATM-ATX-dependent loop that propagates inflammation and DSB accumulation, making low doses of silica effective inducers of DSBs in epithelial cells. We conclude that an ATM-ATX axis interconnects DSBs with silica-induced inflammation and propagates these effects in epithelial cells. Further studies of this adverse outcome pathway may give an accurate assessment of the lowest doses of silica that causes cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyuan Zheng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Box 210, Sweden
| | - Johan Högberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Box 210, Sweden
| | - Ulla Stenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Box 210, Sweden
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21
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Nattrass C, Horwell CJ, Damby DE, Brown D, Stone V. The effect of aluminium and sodium impurities on the in vitro toxicity and pro-inflammatory potential of cristobalite. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 159:164-175. [PMID: 28802207 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to crystalline silica (SiO2), in the form of quartz, tridymite or cristobalite, can cause respiratory diseases, such as silicosis. However, the observed toxicity and pathogenicity of crystalline silica is highly variable. This has been attributed to a number of inherent and external factors, including the presence of impurities. In cristobalite-rich dusts, substitutions of aluminium (Al) for silicon (Si) in the cristobalite structure, and impurities occluding the silica surface, have been hypothesised to decrease its toxicity. This hypothesis is tested here through the characterisation and in vitro toxicological study of synthesised cristobalite with incremental amounts of Al and sodium (Na) dopants. METHODS Samples of synthetic cristobalite with incremental amounts of Al and Na impurities, and tridymite, were produced through heating of a silica sol-gel. Samples were characterised for mineralogy, cristobalite purity and abundance, particle size, surface area and surface charge. In vitro assays assessed the ability of the samples to induce cytotoxicity and TNF-α production in J774 macrophages, and haemolysis of red blood cells. RESULTS Al-only doped or Al+Na co-doped cristobalite contained between 1 and 4 oxide wt% Al and Na within its structure. Co-doped samples also contained Al- and Na-rich phases, such as albite. Doping reduced cytotoxicity to J774 macrophages and haemolytic capacity compared to non-doped samples. Al-only doping was more effective at decreasing cristobalite reactivity than Al+Na co-doping. The reduction in the reactivity of cristobalite is attributed to both structural impurities and a lower abundance of crystalline silica in doped samples. Neither non-doped nor doped crystalline silica induced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in J774 macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Impurities can reduce the toxic potential of cristobalite and may help explain the low reactivity of some cristobalite-rich dusts. Whilst further work is required to determine if these effects translate to altered pathogenesis, the results have potential implications for the regulation of crystalline silica exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nattrass
- Institute of Hazard, Risk & Resilience, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - C J Horwell
- Institute of Hazard, Risk & Resilience, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - D E Damby
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich 80333, Germany; United States Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
| | - D Brown
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - V Stone
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
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22
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Ziemann C, Escrig A, Bonvicini G, Ibáñez MJ, Monfort E, Salomoni A, Creutzenberg O. Organosilane-Based Coating of Quartz Species from the Traditional Ceramics Industry: Evidence of Hazard Reduction Using In Vitro and In Vivo Tests. Ann Work Expo Health 2017; 61:468-480. [PMID: 28355417 PMCID: PMC5388289 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxx014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure to respirable crystalline silica (RCS), e.g. quartz, in industrial settings can induce silicosis and may cause tumours in chronic periods. Consequently, RCS in the form of quartz and cristobalite has been classified as human lung carcinogen category 1 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer in 1997, acknowledging differences in hazardous potential depending on source as well as chemical, thermal, and mechanical history. The physico-chemical determinants of quartz toxicity are well understood and are linked to density and abundance of surface silanol groups/radicals. Hence, poly-2-vinylpyridine-N-oxide and aluminium lactate, which effectively block highly reactive silanol groups at the quartz surface, have formerly been introduced as therapeutic approaches in the occupational field. In the traditional ceramics industry, quartz-containing raw materials are indispensable for the manufacturing process, and workers are potentially at risk of developing quartz-related lung diseases. Therefore, in the present study, two organosilanes, i.e. Dynasylan® PTMO and Dynasylan® SIVO 160, were tested as preventive, covalent quartz-coating agents to render ceramics production safer without loss in product quality. Coating effectiveness and coating stability (up to 1 week) in artificial alveolar and lysosomal fluids were first analysed in vitro, using the industrially relevant quartz Q1 as RCS model, quartz DQ12 as a positive control, primary rat alveolar macrophages as cellular model system (75 µg cm−2; 4 h of incubation ± aluminium lactate to verify quartz-related effects), and lactate dehydrogenase release and DNA strand break induction (alkaline comet assay) as biological endpoints. In vitro results with coated quartz were confirmed in a 90-day intratracheal instillation study in rats with inflammatory parameters as most relevant readouts. The results of the present study indicate that in particular Dynasylan® SIVO 160 (0.2% w/w of quartz) was able to effectively and stably block toxicity of biologically active quartz species without interfering with technical process quality of certain ceramic products. In conclusion, covalent organosilane coatings of quartz might represent a promising strategy to increase workers’ safety in the traditional ceramics industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ziemann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Alberto Escrig
- Instituto de Tecnología Cerámica-AICE, Universitat Jaume I, Campus Universitario Riu Sec, Avenida Vicent Sos Baynat, 12006 Castellón, Spain
| | - Giuliana Bonvicini
- Centro Ceramico di Bologna (CCB), Via Martelli, 26, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Jesús Ibáñez
- Instituto de Tecnología Cerámica-AICE, Universitat Jaume I, Campus Universitario Riu Sec, Avenida Vicent Sos Baynat, 12006 Castellón, Spain
| | - Eliseo Monfort
- Instituto de Tecnología Cerámica-AICE, Universitat Jaume I, Campus Universitario Riu Sec, Avenida Vicent Sos Baynat, 12006 Castellón, Spain
| | - Arturo Salomoni
- Centro Ceramico di Bologna (CCB), Via Martelli, 26, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Otto Creutzenberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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23
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Abstract
Microplastics are a pollutant of environmental concern. Their presence in food destined for human consumption and in air samples has been reported. Thus, microplastic exposure via diet or inhalation could occur, the human health effects of which are unknown. The current review article draws upon cross-disciplinary scientific literature to discuss and evaluate the potential human health impacts of microplastics and outlines urgent areas for future research. Key literature up to September 2016 relating to accumulation, particle toxicity, and chemical and microbial contaminants was critically examined. Although microplastics and human health is an emerging field, complementary existing fields indicate potential particle, chemical and microbial hazards. If inhaled or ingested, microplastics may accumulate and exert localized particle toxicity by inducing or enhancing an immune response. Chemical toxicity could occur due to the localized leaching of component monomers, endogenous additives, and adsorbed environmental pollutants. Chronic exposure is anticipated to be of greater concern due to the accumulative effect that could occur. This is expected to be dose-dependent, and a robust evidence-base of exposure levels is currently lacking. Although there is potential for microplastics to impact human health, assessing current exposure levels and burdens is key. This information will guide future research into the potential mechanisms of toxicity and hence therein possible health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Wright
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical and Environmental Sciences, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Frank J Kelly
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Analytical and Environmental Sciences, King's College London , London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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Sushma, Kumar H, Ahmad I, Dutta PK. Evaluation of the DNA damaging potential of indigenous health hazardous quartz nanoparticles on the cultured lung cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:152-161. [PMID: 30090485 PMCID: PMC6061934 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00414h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quartz nanoparticles (QNPs) cause various diseases in the biological systems and are thus considered as hazardous materials; however, their properties are important in a wide range of biological and pharmaceutical entities. The present study was initiated to enhance the understanding of the genotoxic potential and focused on the mechanism involved in the indigenous quartz nanoparticles induced toxicity in A549 cells. The results show a concentration dependent decrease in the cell viability of A549 cells. Additionally, QNPs exposure results in the concentration dependent toxicity, which intensifies the generation of ROS, which in turn is confirmed by the increased lipid peroxidation and decreased GSH levels. Moreover, it also induces DNA damage in the cells exposed to QNPs as compared to the control cells. The outcome of the results confirms that QNPs have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on the A549 cells in a concentration and time dependent manner. Western blot analysis indicates the up regulation of LC-3I/II, Beclin-1, and p62 protein levels, which confirms the occurrence of autophagy through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/a threonine kinase (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, as well as the inhibitor of autophagy is also verified. Our study demonstrates that QNPs exposure in human lung cells causes oxidative stress and DNA damage, which leads to autophagy. Hence, from a bioremediation point of view, the remedial strategy that can be adopted from the biological DNA damage from these health hazardous materials will result in a safer environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma
- Fiber Toxicology Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research , PO Box-80 , MG Marg , Lucknow-226001 , India
| | - Hridyesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology , Allahabad 211004 , India .
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Fiber Toxicology Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research , PO Box-80 , MG Marg , Lucknow-226001 , India
| | - Pradip Kumar Dutta
- Department of Chemistry , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology , Allahabad 211004 , India .
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Cangiotti M, Battistelli M, Salucci S, Falcieri E, Mattioli M, Giordani M, Ottaviani MF. Electron paramagnetic resonance and transmission electron microscopy study of the interactions between asbestiform zeolite fibers and model membranes. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:171-187. [PMID: 28277034 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1275901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Different asbestiform zeolite fibers of the erionite (termed GF1 and MD8, demonstrated carcinogenic) and offretite (termed BV12, suspected carcinogenic) families were investigated by analyzing the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of selected surfactant spin probes and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images in the presence of model membranes-cetyltrimethylammonium (CTAB) micelles, egg-lecithin liposomes, and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) liposomes. This was undertaken to obtain information on interactions occurring at a molecular level between fibers and membranes which correlate with entrance of fibers into the membrane model or location of the fibers at the external or internal membrane interfaces. For CTAB micelles, all fibers were able to enter the micelles, but the hair-like structure and chemical surface characteristics of GF1 modified the micelle structure toward a bilayer-like organization, while MD8 and BV12, being shorter fibers and with a high density of surface interacting groups, partially destroyed the micelles. For liposomes, GF1 fibers partially penetrated the core solution, but DMPC liposomes showed increasing rigidity and organization of the bilayer. Conversely, for MD8 and BV12, the fibers did not cross the membrane demonstrating a smaller membrane structure perturbation. Scolecite fibers (termed SC1), used for comparison, presented poor interactions with the model membranes. The carcinogenicity of the zeolites, as postulated in the series SC1<BV12<MD8<GF1, may be related to the structural modifications of the model membranes when interacting with these zeolite fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Cangiotti
- a Department of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Urbino , Urbino , Italy
| | - Michela Battistelli
- b Department of Biomolecular Sciences , University of Urbino , Urbino , Italy
| | - Sara Salucci
- b Department of Biomolecular Sciences , University of Urbino , Urbino , Italy
| | - Elisabetta Falcieri
- b Department of Biomolecular Sciences , University of Urbino , Urbino , Italy
| | - Michele Mattioli
- a Department of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Urbino , Urbino , Italy
| | - Matteo Giordani
- a Department of Pure and Applied Sciences , University of Urbino , Urbino , Italy
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Pavan C, Fubini B. Unveiling the Variability of “Quartz Hazard” in Light of Recent Toxicological Findings. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:469-485. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
- “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental
Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Bice Fubini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
- “G. Scansetti” Interdepartmental
Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Turci F, Pavan C, Leinardi R, Tomatis M, Pastero L, Garry D, Anguissola S, Lison D, Fubini B. Revisiting the paradigm of silica pathogenicity with synthetic quartz crystals: the role of crystallinity and surface disorder. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:32. [PMID: 27286702 PMCID: PMC4902968 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to some - but not all - quartz particles is associated to silicosis, lung cancer and autoimmune diseases. What imparts pathogenicity to any single quartz source is however still unclear. Crystallinity and various surface features are implied in toxicity. Quartz dusts used so far in particle toxicology have been obtained by grinding rocks containing natural quartz, a process which affects crystallinity and yields dusts with variable surface states. To clarify the role of crystallinity in quartz pathogenicity we have grown intact quartz crystals in respirable size. METHODS Quartz crystals were grown and compared with a fractured specimen obtained by grinding the largest synthetic crystals and a mineral quartz (positive control). The key physico-chemical features relevant to particle toxicity - particle size distribution, micromorphology, crystallinity, surface charge, cell-free oxidative potential - were evaluated. Membranolysis was assessed on biological and artificial membranes. Endpoints of cellular stress were evaluated on RAW 264.7 murine macrophages by High Content Analysis after ascertaining cellular uptake by bio-TEM imaging of quartz-exposed cells. RESULTS Quartz crystals were grown in the submicron (n-Qz-syn) or micron (μ-Qz-syn) range by modulating the synthetic procedure. Independently from size as-grown quartz crystals with regular intact faces did not elicit cellular toxicity and lysosomal stress on RAW 264.7 macrophages, and were non-membranolytic on liposome and red blood cells. When fractured, synthetic quartz (μ-Qz-syn-f) attained particle morphology and size close to the mineral quartz dust (Qz-f, positive control) and similarly induced cellular toxicity and membranolysis. Fracturing imparted a higher heterogeneity of silanol acidic sites and radical species at the quartz surface. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the hypothesis that the biological activity of quartz dust is not due to crystallinity but to crystal fragmentation, when conchoidal fractures are formed. Besides radical generation, fracturing upsets the expected long-range order of non-radical surface moieties - silanols, silanolates, siloxanes - which disrupt membranes and induce cellular toxicity, both outcomes associated to the inflammatory response to quartz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Turci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy.
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy.
| | - Cristina Pavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Riccardo Leinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Maura Tomatis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Linda Pastero
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Torino, Via V. Caluso 35, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - David Garry
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Sergio Anguissola
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Dominique Lison
- Louvain centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 52 - bte B1.52.12, Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Bice Fubini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin, 10125, Italy
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Guidi P, Nigro M, Bernardeschi M, Lucchesi P, Scarcelli V, Frenzilli G. Does the crystal habit modulate the genotoxic potential of silica particles? A cytogenetic evaluation in human and murine cell lines. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 792:46-52. [PMID: 26433261 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Crystalline silica inhaled from occupational sources has been classified by IARC as carcinogenic to humans; in contrast, for amorphous silica, epidemiological and experimental evidence remains insufficient. The genotoxicity of crystalline silica is still debated because of the inconsistency of experimental results ("variability of silica hazard"), often related to the features of the particle surfaces. We have assessed the role of crystal habit in the genotoxicity of silica powders. Pure quartz (crystalline) and vitreous silica (amorphous), sharing the same surface features, were used in an in vitro study with human pulmonary epithelial (A549) and murine macrophage (RAW264.7) cell lines, representative of occupational and environmental exposures. Genotoxicity was evaluated by the comet and micronucleus assays, and cytotoxicity by the trypan blue method. Cells were treated with silica powders for 4 and 24h. Quartz but not vitreous silica caused cell death and DNA damage in RAW264.7 cells. A549 cells were relatively resistant to both powders. Our results support the view that crystal habit per se plays a pivotal role in modulating the biological responses to silica particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Guidi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Nigro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - M Bernardeschi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - P Lucchesi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - V Scarcelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - G Frenzilli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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29
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Aula S, Lakkireddy S, Jamil K, Kapley A, Swamy AVN, Lakkireddy HR. Biophysical, biopharmaceutical and toxicological significance of biomedical nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra05889a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of interplay between nanoparticles physicochemical and biophysical properties, and their impact on pharmacokinetic biodistribution and toxicological properties help designing of appropriate nanoparticle products for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Aula
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
- Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Studies (JNIAS)
- Secunderabad
- India
- Department of Biotechnology
| | - Samyuktha Lakkireddy
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
- Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Studies (JNIAS)
- Secunderabad
- India
- Department of Biotechnology
| | - Kaiser Jamil
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
- Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Studies (JNIAS)
- Secunderabad
- India
| | - Atya Kapley
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics
- Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Studies (JNIAS)
- Secunderabad
- India
- Environmental Genomics Division
| | - A. V. N. Swamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur (JNTUA)
- Anantapuramu
- India
| | - Harivardhan Reddy Lakkireddy
- Drug Delivery Technologies and Innovation
- Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Sanofi Research and Development
- 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine
- France
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30
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Peeters PM, Eurlings IMJ, Perkins TN, Wouters EF, Schins RPF, Borm PJA, Drommer W, Reynaert NL, Albrecht C. Silica-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vitro and in rat lungs. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:58. [PMID: 25406505 PMCID: PMC4243278 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Mineral particles in the lung cause inflammation and silicosis. In myeloid and bronchial epithelial cells the inflammasome plays a role in responses to crystalline silica. Thioredoxin (TRX) and its inhibitory protein TRX-interacting protein link oxidative stress with inflammasome activation. We investigated inflammasome activation by crystalline silica polymorphs and modulation by TRX in vitro, as well as its localization and the importance of silica surface reactivity in rats. METHODS We exposed bronchial epithelial cells and differentiated macrophages to silica polymorphs quartz and cristobalite and measured caspase-1 activity as well as the release of IL-1β, bFGF and HMGB1; including after TRX overexpression or treatment with recombinant TRX. Rats were intratracheally instilled with vehicle control, Dörentruper quartz (DQ12) or DQ12 coated with polyvinylpyridine N-oxide. At days 3, 7, 28, 90, 180 and 360 five animals per treatment group were sacrificed. Hallmarks of silicosis were assessed with Haematoxylin-eosin and Sirius Red stainings. Caspase-1 activity in the bronchoalveolar lavage and caspase-1 and IL-1β localization in lung tissue were determined using Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS Silica polymorphs triggered secretion of IL-1β, bFGF and HMGB1 in a surface reactivity dependent manner. Inflammasome readouts linked with caspase-1 enzymatic activity were attenuated by TRX overexpression or treatment. At day 3 and 7 increased caspase-1 activity was detected in BALF of the DQ12 group and increased levels of caspase-1 and IL-1β were observed with IHC in the DQ12 group compared to controls. DQ12 exposure revealed silicotic nodules at 180 and 360 days. Particle surface modification markedly attenuated the grade of inflammation and lymphocyte influx and attenuated the level of inflammasome activation, indicating that the development of silicosis and inflammasome activation is determined by crystalline silica surface reactivity. CONCLUSION Our novel data indicate the pivotal role of surface reactivity of crystalline silica to activate the inflammasome in cultures of both epithelial cells and macrophages. Inhibitory capacity of the antioxidant TRX to inflammasome activation was evidenced. DQ12 quartz exposure induced acute and chronic functional activation of the inflammasome in the heterogeneous cell populations of the lung in associated with its crystalline surface reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Peeters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Irene M J Eurlings
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Timothy N Perkins
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Emiel F Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Paul J A Borm
- Bèta Sciences and Technology, Hogeschool Zuyd, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Niki L Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Catrin Albrecht
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Singh D, Singh S, Sahu J, Srivastava S, Singh MR. Ceramic nanoparticles: Recompense, cellular uptake and toxicity concerns. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:401-9. [PMID: 25229834 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.955106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, nanoparticles and their role in drug delivery have been the centre of attraction as new drug delivery systems. Various forms of nanosystems have been designed, such as nanoclays, scaffolds and nanotubes, having numerous applications in areas such as drug loading, target cell uptake, bioassay and imaging. The present study discusses various types of nanoparticles, with special emphasis on ceramic nanocarriers. Ceramic materials have high mechanical strength, good body response and low or non-existing biodegradability. In this article, the various aspects concerning ceramic nanoparticles, such as their advantages over other systems, their cellular uptake and toxicity concerns are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deependra Singh
- a Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University , Raipur , Chhattisgarh , India
| | - Satpal Singh
- a Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University , Raipur , Chhattisgarh , India
| | - Jageshwari Sahu
- a Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University , Raipur , Chhattisgarh , India
| | - Shikha Srivastava
- a Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University , Raipur , Chhattisgarh , India
| | - Manju Rawat Singh
- a Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University , Raipur , Chhattisgarh , India
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El-Ghor AA, Noshy MM, Galal A, Mohamed HRH. Normalization of nano-sized TiO2-induced clastogenicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity by chlorophyllin administration in mice brain, liver, and bone marrow cells. Toxicol Sci 2014; 142:21-32. [PMID: 25129858 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The intensive uses of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in sunscreens, toothpaste, sweats, medications, etc. making humans exposed to it daily by not little amounts and also increased its risks including genotoxicity. Thus, the present study was designed as one way to reduce nano-titanium-induced clastogenicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity in mice by co-administration of the free radical scavenger chlorophyllin (CHL). In addition, markers of oxidative stress were detected to shed more light on mechanism(s) underlying nano-sized TiO2 genotoxicity. Male mice were exposed to multiple injection into the abdominal cavity for five consecutive days with either CHL (40 mg/kg bw/day), or each of three dose levels of nano-sized TiO2 (500, 1000, or 2000 mg/kg bw/day) alone, or both simultaneously and sacrificed by cervical dislocation 24 h after the last treatment. After CHL co-administration, the observed dose-dependent genotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles indicated by the significant elevations in frequencies of both micronuclei and DNA damage induction was significantly decreased and returned to the negative control level. The observed induced mutations in p53 exons 5, 7, & 8 and 5 & 8 in the liver and brain, respectively, were declined in most cases. Moreover, CHL significantly decreased hepatic malondialdehyde level and significantly increased glutathione level and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities that were significantly disrupted in animal groups treated with nano-TiO2 alone. In conclusion, the evidenced in vivo genotoxicity of nano-TiO2 in the present study was normalized after CHL co-administration which supports the previously suggested oxidative stress as the possible mechanism for titanium toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magda M Noshy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science; Cairo University
| | - Ahmad Galal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Cairo University
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Sánchez-Espejo R, Aguzzi C, Cerezo P, Salcedo I, López-Galindo A, Viseras C. Folk pharmaceutical formulations in western Mediterranean: identification and safety of clays used in pelotherapy. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:810-814. [PMID: 24960182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Clays are naturally occurring ingredients of many natural health products, being included in most of ancient Mediterranean/European medical texts and currently used to prepare therapeutic hot-muds (peloids) in several thermal stations of the Mediterranean region. Clays are included in the formulation of peloids as vehicles of the mineral-medicinal water, to obtain inorganic gels with rheological and thermal properties suitable to be topically applied. Knowledge about formulations and preparation procedures of these traditional medicines has been orally transmitted since ancient times. Increasing recognition of the therapeutic utility of these traditional and natural health care substances make necessary a full ethnopharmaceutic research to ascertain those compositional characters that allow to establish quality attributes and corresponding requirements for these materials and products, including identity, purity, richness and safety. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five clay samples (A, B, C, D and E) currently used in various spa centers of southern European/Mediterranean countries were studied. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) data were used to asses sample identity and richness. Elemental impurities and microbiological contaminants were also determined and compared to normative limits. Particle size distribution was related to their safety as powder materials. RESULTS Samples A, C, D and E were identified as "high purity clay", while sample B was identified as a mix of clay minerals and carbonates. The presence of carbonates in this sample could compromise its suitability for pelotherapy. The studied clays meet the main normative limits for metals impurities, with the exception of arsenic in sample A and nickel in sample B. The samples comply with the microbiological limits proposed by European legislation for medicinal products. According to the particle size of the studied samples, prevention and control of dust exposure must be considered. CONCLUSIONS Despite their demonstrated longevity, the use of clays in traditional medicine formulations as peloids greatly requires comprehension of their identity and safety attributes. Continuity of these mineral substances as recognized health care ingredients oblige to conduct interdisciplinary research to know the features that sustain their traditional use in the preparation of medicines (ethnopharmaceutics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sánchez-Espejo
- Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences, CSIC-University of Granada, Avda. de las Palmeras 4, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Carola Aguzzi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Cerezo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Salcedo
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto López-Galindo
- Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences, CSIC-University of Granada, Avda. de las Palmeras 4, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - César Viseras
- Andalusian Institute of Earth Sciences, CSIC-University of Granada, Avda. de las Palmeras 4, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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Michel C, Herzog S, de Capitani C, Burkhardt-Holm P, Pietsch C. Natural mineral particles are cytotoxic to rainbow trout gill epithelial cells in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100856. [PMID: 24991818 PMCID: PMC4081506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide increases in fluvial fine sediment are a threat to aquatic animal health. Fluvial fine sediment is always a mixture of particles whose mineralogical composition differs depending on the sediment source and catchment area geology. Nonetheless, whether particle impact in aquatic organisms differs between mineral species remains to be investigated. This study applied an in vitro approach to evaluate cytotoxicity and uptake of four common fluvial mineral particles (quartz, feldspar, mica, and kaolin; concentrations: 10, 50, 250 mg L−1) in the rainbow trout epithelial gill cell line RTgill-W1. Cells were exposed for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Cytotoxicity assays for cell membrane integrity (propidium iodide assay), oxidative stress (H2DCF-DA assay), and metabolic activity (MTT assay) were applied. These assays were complemented with cell counts and transmission electron microscopy. Regardless of mineral species, particles ≤2 µm in diameter were taken up by the cells, suggesting that particles of all mineral species came into contact and interacted with the cells. Not all particles, however, caused strong cytotoxicity: Among all assays the tectosilicates quartz and feldspar caused sporadic maximum changes of 0.8–1.2-fold compared to controls. In contrast, cytotoxicity of the clay particles was distinctly stronger and even differed between the two particle types: mica induced concentration-dependent increases in free radicals, with consistent 1.6–1.8-fold-changes at the 250 mg L−1 concentration, and a dilated endoplasmic reticulum. Kaolin caused concentration-dependent increases in cell membrane damage, with consistent 1.3–1.6-fold increases at the 250 mg L−1 concentration. All effects occurred in the presence or absence of 10% fetal bovine serum. Cell numbers per se were marginally affected. Results indicate that (i.) natural mineral particles can be cytotoxic to gill epithelial cells, (ii.) their cytotoxic potential differs between mineral species, with clay particles being more cytotoxic, and (iii.) some clays might induce effects comparable to engineered nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Michel
- Man-Society-Environment (Programm MGU), Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Herzog
- Man-Society-Environment (Programm MGU), Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian de Capitani
- Mineralogy-Petrography, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Burkhardt-Holm
- Man-Society-Environment (Programm MGU), Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Constanze Pietsch
- Man-Society-Environment (Programm MGU), Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Menaa F, Abdelghani A, Menaa B. Graphene nanomaterials as biocompatible and conductive scaffolds for stem cells: impact for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 9:1321-38. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farid Menaa
- Fluorotronics Inc.; Department of Nanomedicine, Oncology and Stem Cells; San Diego CA USA
| | - Adnane Abdelghani
- Carthage University; Nanotechnology Laboratory, National Institute of Applied Science and Technology; Charguia Tunisia
| | - Bouzid Menaa
- Fluorotronics Inc.; Department of Nanomaterials and Nanobiotechnology; San Diego CA USA
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Das S, Mitra S, Khurana SMP, Debnath N. Nanomaterials for biomedical applications. FRONTIERS IN LIFE SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/21553769.2013.869510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Pavan C, Tomatis M, Ghiazza M, Rabolli V, Bolis V, Lison D, Fubini B. In search of the chemical basis of the hemolytic potential of silicas. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1188-98. [PMID: 23819533 DOI: 10.1021/tx400105f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The membranolytic activity of silica particles toward red blood cells (RBCs) has been known for a long time and is sometimes associated with silica pathogenicity. However, the molecular mechanism and the reasons why hemolysis differs according to the silica form are still obscure. A panel of 15 crystalline (pure and commercial) and amorphous (pyrogenic, precipitated from aqueous solutions, vitreous) silica samples differing in size, origin, morphology, and surface chemical composition were selected and specifically prepared. Silica particles were grouped into six groups to compare their potential in disrupting RBC membranes so that one single property differed in each group, while other features were constant. Free radical production and crystallinity were not strict determinants of hemolytic activity. Particle curvature and morphology modulated the hemolytic effect, but silanols and siloxane bridges at the surface were the main actors. Hemolysis was unrelated to the overall concentration of silanols as fully rehydrated surfaces (such as those obtained from aqueous solution) were inert, and one pyrogenic silica also lost its membranolytic potential upon progressive dehydration. Overall results are consistent with a model whereby hemolysis is determined by a defined surface distribution of dissociated/undissociated silanols and siloxane groups strongly interacting with specific epitopes on the RBC membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Pavan
- "G. Scansetti" Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, Department of Chemistry, University of Torino , Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
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Chuang SM, Lee YH, Liang RY, Roam GD, Zeng ZM, Tu HF, Wang SK, Chueh PJ. Extensive evaluations of the cytotoxic effects of gold nanoparticles. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4960-73. [PMID: 23811345 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many in vitro studies have revealed that the interference of dye molecules in traditional nanoparticle cytotoxicity assays results in controversial conclusions. The aim of this study is to establish an extensive and systematic method for evaluating biological effects of gold nanoparticles in mammalian cell lines. METHODS We establish the cell-impedance measurement system, a label-free, real-time cell monitoring platform that measures electrical impedance, displaying results as cell index values, in a variety of mammalian cell lines. Cytotoxic effects of gold nanoparticles are also evaluated with traditional in vitro assays. RESULTS Among the six cell lines, gold nanoparticles induce a dose-dependent suppression of cell growth with different levels of severity and the suppressive effect of gold nanoparticles was indirectly associated with their sizes and cellular uptake. Mechanistic studies revealed that the action of gold nanoparticles is mediated by apoptosis induction or cell cycle delay, depending on cell type and cellular context. Although redox signaling is often linked to the toxicity of nanoparticles, in this study, we found that gold nanoparticle-mediated reactive oxygen species generation was not sustained to notably modulate proteins involved in antioxidative defense system. CONCLUSION The cell-impedance measurement system, a dye-free, real-time screening platform, provides a reliable analysis for monitoring gold nanoparticle cytotoxicity in a variety of mammalian cell lines. Furthermore, gold nanoparticles induce cellular signaling and several sets of gene expression to modulate cellular physical processes. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The systematic approach, such as cell-impedance measurement, analyzing the toxicology of nanomaterials offers convincing evidence of the cytotoxicity of gold nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Show-Mei Chuang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Bhattacharjee S, Rietjens IMCM, Singh MP, Atkins TM, Purkait TK, Xu Z, Regli S, Shukaliak A, Clark RJ, Mitchell BS, Alink GM, Marcelis ATM, Fink MJ, Veinot JGC, Kauzlarich SM, Zuilhof H. Cytotoxicity of surface-functionalized silicon and germanium nanoparticles: the dominant role of surface charges. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:4870-83. [PMID: 23619571 PMCID: PMC3667208 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr34266b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although it is frequently hypothesized that surface (like surface charge) and physical characteristics (like particle size) play important roles in cellular interactions of nanoparticles (NPs), a systematic study probing this issue is missing. Hence, a comparative cytotoxicity study, quantifying nine different cellular endpoints, was performed with a broad series of monodisperse, well characterized silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) NPs with various surface functionalizations. Human colonic adenocarcinoma Caco-2 and rat alveolar macrophage NR8383 cells were used to clarify the toxicity of this series of NPs. The surface coatings on the NPs appeared to dominate the cytotoxicity: the cationic NPs exhibited cytotoxicity, whereas the carboxylic acid-terminated and hydrophilic PEG- or dextran-terminated NPs did not. Within the cationic Si NPs, smaller Si NPs were more toxic than bigger ones. Manganese-doped (1% Mn) Si NPs did not show any added toxicity, which favors their further development for bioimaging. Iron-doped (1% Fe) Si NPs showed some added toxicity, which may be due to the leaching of Fe(3+) ions from the core. A silica coating seemed to impart toxicity, in line with the reported toxicity of silica. Intracellular mitochondria seem to be the target for the toxic NPs since a dose-, surface charge- and size-dependent imbalance of the mitochondrial membrane potential was observed. Such an imbalance led to a series of other cellular events for cationic NPs, like decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and ATP production, induction of ROS generation, increased cytoplasmic Ca(2+) content, production of TNF-α and enhanced caspase-3 activity. Taken together, the results explain the toxicity of Si NPs/Ge NPs largely by their surface characteristics, provide insight into the mode of action underlying the observed cytotoxicity, and give directions on synthesizing biocompatible Si and Ge NPs, as this is crucial for bioimaging and other applications in for example the field of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Bhattacharjee
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Pedata P, Bergamasco N, D’Anna A, Minutolo P, Servillo L, Sannolo N, Balestrieri ML. Apoptotic and proinflammatory effect of combustion-generated organic nanoparticles in endothelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2013; 219:307-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Liu R, Rallo R, Weissleder R, Tassa C, Shaw S, Cohen Y. Nano-SAR development for bioactivity of nanoparticles with considerations of decision boundaries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:1842-1852. [PMID: 23423856 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201201903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of classification nano-structure-activity Relationships (nano-SARs) of nanoparticle (NP) bioactivity is presented with the aim of demonstrating the integration of multiparametric toxicity/bioactivity assays to arrive at statistically meaningful class definitions (i.e., bioactivity/inactivity endpoints), as well as the implications of nano-SAR applicability domains and decision boundaries. Nano-SARs are constructed based on a dataset of 44 iron oxide core nanoparticles (NPs), used in molecular imaging and nano-sensing, containing bioactivity profiles for four cell types and four different assays. Class definitions are developed on the basis of 'hit' (i.e., significant bioactivity) identification analysis and self-organizing map based consensus clustering; these class definitions enable construction of nano-SARs of a high classification accuracy (>78%) with different NP descriptor combinations that include primary size, spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxivities, and zeta potentials. Analysis of the nano-SAR performance for different class definitions suggests that H4 (i.e., class with at least four hits) is a reasonable endpoint (from a 'regulatory' viewpoint) for keeping the level of false negatives (i.e., incorrect labeling of bioactive NPs as inactive) low. The establishment of a quantitative nano-SAR applicability domain is demonstrated, making use of a probability density with the H4 class definition and naive Bayesian classifier (NBC) model (with spin-lattice relaxivity and zeta potential as descriptors). Decision boundaries are determined for the above H4/NBC nano-SAR for different acceptance levels of false negative to false positive predictions, illustrating a practical approach that may assist in regulatory decision making with a consideration of reducing the likelihood of identifying bioactive NPs as being inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- Center for the Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Cunningham S, Brennan-Fournet ME, Ledwith D, Byrnes L, Joshi L. Effect of nanoparticle stabilization and physicochemical properties on exposure outcome: acute toxicity of silver nanoparticle preparations in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3883-92. [PMID: 23458316 DOI: 10.1021/es303695f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has vast potential for expanded development and novel application in numerous sectors of society. With growing use and applications, substantial production volumes and associated environmental release can be anticipated. Exposure effect of nanoparticles (NP) on biological systems may be intrinsic to their physicochemical properties introducing unknown associated risk. Herein, we expand the knowledge of health and environmental impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), testing the acute toxicity of 14 AgNP preparations on developing zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio). Toxicological end points, including mortality, hatching rate, and heart rate were recorded. Concentration, stabilization agent and physicochemical properties were monitored as contributing outcome factors. Our findings indicate wide ranging LC50 24 h postfertilization values (0.487 ppm (0.315, 0.744 95% CI) to 47.89 ppm (18.45, 203.49 95% CI)), and indicate surface charge and ionic dissolution as key contributory factors in AgNP exposure outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Cunningham
- Glycoscience Group, National University of Ireland, Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
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Huang Y, Zhang M, Zou H, Li X, Xing M, Fang X, He J. Genetic damage and lipid peroxidation in workers occupationally exposed to organic bentonite particles. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 751:40-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ghiazza M, Tomatis M, Doublier S, Grendene F, Gazzano E, Ghigo D, Fubini B. Carbon in Intimate Contact with Quartz Reduces the Biological Activity of Crystalline Silica Dusts. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 26:46-54. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300299v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Ghiazza
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Maura Tomatis
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Sophie Doublier
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126, Italy
| | - Francesca Grendene
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Gazzano
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126, Italy
| | - Dario Ghigo
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5/bis, 10126, Italy
| | - Bice Fubini
- “G. Scansetti”
Interdepartmental Center for Studies on Asbestos and Other Toxic Particulates, University of Torino, Italy
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Hernández-Ortiz M, Acosta-Torres LS, Hernández-Padrón G, Mendieta AI, Bernal R, Cruz-Vázquez C, Castaño VM. Biocompatibility of crystalline opal nanoparticles. Biomed Eng Online 2012; 11:78. [PMID: 23088559 PMCID: PMC3549902 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-11-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silica nanoparticles are being developed as a host of biomedical and biotechnological applications. For this reason, there are more studies about biocompatibility of silica with amorphous and crystalline structure. Except hydrated silica (opal), despite is presents directly and indirectly in humans. Two sizes of crystalline opal nanoparticles were investigated in this work under criteria of toxicology. METHODS In particular, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects caused by opal nanoparticles (80 and 120 nm) were evaluated in cultured mouse cells via a set of bioassays, methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium-bromide (MTT) and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). RESULTS 3T3-NIH cells were incubated for 24 and 72 h in contact with nanocrystalline opal particles, not presented significant statistically difference in the results of cytotoxicity. Genotoxicity tests of crystalline opal nanoparticles were performed by the BrdU assay on the same cultured cells for 24 h incubation. The reduction of BrdU-incorporated cells indicates that nanocrystalline opal exposure did not caused unrepairable damage DNA. CONCLUSIONS There is no relationship between that particles size and MTT reduction, as well as BrdU incorporation, such that the opal particles did not induce cytotoxic effect and genotoxicity in cultured mouse cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Hernández-Ortiz
- Programa de Posgrado en Ciencia de Materiales del, Universidad de Sonora, A P 130, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México
| | - Laura S Acosta-Torres
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad León, Boulevard UNAM No. 2011 Predio el Potrero y el Saucillo, C.P. 36969, León, Guanajuato, México
| | | | - Alicia I Mendieta
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Rodolfo Bernal
- Departamento de Investigación en Física, Universidad de Sonora, A. P. 5-088, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83190, México
| | - Catalina Cruz-Vázquez
- Departamento de Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, A P 130, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México
| | - Victor M Castaño
- Departamento de Ingeniería Molecular de Materiales, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, 76230, México
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, 76230, México
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Harrington AD, Tsirka SE, Schoonen MAA. Quantification of particle-induced inflammatory stress response: a novel approach for toxicity testing of earth materials. GEOCHEMICAL TRANSACTIONS 2012; 13:4. [PMID: 22513118 PMCID: PMC3351022 DOI: 10.1186/1467-4866-13-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are vital regulators of many cellular functions in the body. The intracellular ROS concentration is highly regulated by a balance between pro-oxidants and anti-oxidants. A chronic excess of pro-oxidants leads to elevated ROS concentrations and inflammation, possibly initiating or enhancing disease onset. Mineral-induced generation of ROS, the role of minerals in upregulating cellular ROS, and their role in the development of several occupational diseases are now widely recognized. However, there is no standard protocol to determine changes in ROS production in cells after exposure to mineral dust or earth materials in general. In this study, a new method for determining the degree of cellular toxicity (i.e., cytotoxicity) of particles is described that will help bridge the gap in knowledge. RESULTS By measuring the production of ROS and the viability of cells, an inflammatory stress response (ISR) indicator is defined. This approach normalizes the ROS upregulation with respect to the number of viable cells at the time of measurement. We conducted experiments on a series of minerals and soils that represent materials that are inert (i.e., glass beads, anatase, and a soil with low trace element content), moderately reactive (i.e., soil with high trace element content), and highly reactive (i.e., pyrite). Inert materials generated the lowest ISR, averaging 350% compared to the control. Acid washed pyrite produced the highest ISR (1,100 fold higher than the control). The measurements conducted as a function of time showed a complex response. Most materials showed an increase in ISR with particle loading. CONCLUSIONS The amount of cellularly generated ROS and cell viability combined provide a better understanding of particle-induced oxidative stress. The results indicate that some earth materials may solicit an initial burst of ROS, followed by a second phase in which cell viability decreases and ROS production increases, leading to a high ISR value. Hence, measurements conducted over a range of particle loading combined with multiple data measurements up to 24 hours can provide new insights in the possible effect of exposure to earth materials on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Harrington
- Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11784-2100, USA
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA
| | - Martin AA Schoonen
- Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11784-2100, USA
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Nanotoxicology and in vitro studies: The need of the hour. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 258:151-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sharma A, Madhunapantula SV, Robertson GP. Toxicological considerations when creating nanoparticle-based drugs and drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 8:47-69. [PMID: 22097965 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.637916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The biggest challenge faced by the scientific community involved in drug development is to deliver safe and effective dosage of drugs without causing systemic toxicity. Therefore, novel nano-based delivery vehicles specifically targeting tumors but not normal tissues are urgently needed. AREAS COVERED Nanoparticles have beneficial aspects but can be toxic themselves, which is always a concern for any drug or delivery agent. This review examines and details the toxicological aspects that should be considered when planning to use nanoparticles in animals or in man for drug delivery or imaging. Subjects discussed in this review include i) overviews of applications of various nanoparticles for drug delivery and imaging; ii) toxicological aspects to consider when selecting particular nanoparticles for use in various applications in animals or man; iii) hurdles faced when examining nanoparticle toxicity; and iv) current approaches for assessing nanoparticle toxicity. EXPERT OPINION Nanotechnology has significant potential for advancing therapeutic efficacy and imaging in cancer; however, these agents can be toxic. Therefore, toxicity needs to be considered when selecting nanoparticles for a particular application. Methods for assessing nanoparticle toxicity need to be improved and standardized across all nanotechnology platforms in order to speed up the application of nanoparticle use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arati Sharma
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, R130, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Abstract
Oxidatively damaged DNA is implicated in various diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases as well as aging. Several methods have been developed to detect oxidatively damaged DNA. They include chromatographic techniques, the Comet assay, (32)P-postlabelling and immunochemical methods that use antibodies to detect oxidized lesions. In this review, we discuss the detection of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-29-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), the most abundant oxidized nucleoside. This lesion is frequently used as a marker of exposure to oxidants, including environmental pollutants, as well as a potential marker of disease progression. We concentrate on studies published between the years 2000 and 2011 that used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry to detect 8-oxodG in humans, laboratory animals and in cell lines. Oxidative damage observed in these organisms resulted from disease, exposure to environmental pollutants or from in vitro treatment with various chemical and physical factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Rossner
- Laboratory of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine AS CR, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Borm PJA, Tran L, Donaldson K. The carcinogenic action of crystalline silica: A review of the evidence supporting secondary inflammation-driven genotoxicity as a principal mechanism. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 41:756-70. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.576008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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