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Wang Y, Javeed A, Jian C, Zeng Q, Han B. Precautions for seafood consumers: An updated review of toxicity, bioaccumulation, and rapid detection methods of marine biotoxins. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 274:116201. [PMID: 38489901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Seafood products are globally consumed, and there is an increasing demand for the quality and safety of these products among consumers. Some seafoods are easily contaminated by marine biotoxins in natural environments or cultured farming processes. When humans ingest different toxins accumulated in seafood, they may exhibit different poisoning symptoms. According to the investigations, marine toxins produced by harmful algal blooms and various other marine organisms mainly accumulate in the body organs such as liver and digestive tract of seafood animals. Several regions around the world have reported incidents of seafood poisoning by biotoxins, posing a threat to human health. Thus, most countries have legislated to specify the permissible levels of these biotoxins in seafood. Therefore, it is necessary for seafood producers and suppliers to conduct necessary testing of toxins in seafood before and after harvesting to prohibit excessive toxins containing seafood from entering the market, which therefore can reduce the occurrence of seafood poisoning incidents. In recent years, some technologies which can quickly, conveniently, and sensitively detect biological toxins in seafood, have been developed and validated, these technologies have the potential to help seafood producers, suppliers and regulatory authorities. This article reviews the seafood toxins sources and types, mechanism of action and bioaccumulation of marine toxins, as well as legislation and rapid detection technologies for biotoxins in seafood for official and fishermen supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Ansar Javeed
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Cuiqin Jian
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Qiuyu Zeng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
| | - Bingnan Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Laboratory of Antiallergic Functional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China.
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2
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Ye H, Xi Y, Tian L, Huang D, Huang X, Shen X, Cai Y, Wangs Y. Simultaneous Determination of Tetrodotoxin in the Fresh and Heat-Processed Aquatic Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2022; 11:925. [PMID: 35407011 PMCID: PMC8997983 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was simultaneously detected in the fresh and heat-processed aquatic products by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. The detection conditions were investigated, including the chromatography column and mobile phase. Based on the optimized parameters, a sensitive determination method of TTX was established. The proposed method featured the merits of a good linear relationship between signal and TTX concentration (R2 = 0.9998), a wide detection matrix-based range of 0.2-100 ng/g, and a low detection limit of 0.2 ng/g, etc. The spiked assays evidenced its accuracy and reliability with recoveries of 90.5-107.2%. Finally, the developed method was simultaneously successfully applied in the determination of TTX in various fresh and heat-processed aquatic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Ye
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Safety and Quality for Aquatic Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Yinfeng Xi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Safety and Quality for Aquatic Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Liangliang Tian
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Safety and Quality for Aquatic Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Dongmei Huang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xuanyun Huang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xiaosheng Shen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
| | - Youqiong Cai
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Safety and Quality for Aquatic Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Yuan Wangs
- Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality, Safety and Processing, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China; (H.Y.); (Y.X.); (L.T.); (D.H.); (X.H.); (X.S.); (Y.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Control of Safety and Quality for Aquatic Product, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100141, China
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3
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Caglayan MO, Üstündağ Z, Şahin S. Spectroscopic ellipsometry methods for brevetoxin detection. Talanta 2022; 237:122897. [PMID: 34736713 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), and attenuated internal reflection spectroscopic ellipsometry (TIRE) are promising methods in label-free biosensing applications. An ellipsometer running under surface plasmon resonance (SPR) conditions has unique advantages over other SPR-based methods in terms of sensitivity and real-time/label-free measurement capability. In this study, both SE and TIRE-based brevetoxin B (BTX) sensors were developed using two anti-BTX aptamers reported before. A new aptamer sequence was also derived from these two antiBTX aptamers using predictive modeling tools and an exclusion method. All three antiBTX aptamers' analytical performances were quite competitive in terms of both detecting range and detection limits. However, the selectivity of the previously reported aptamers against analogs of BTX was poor at low detection ranges, especially for okadaic acid. Furthermore, the selectivity of the derived aptamer was lower than its predecessors. The sensors were capable of detecting BTX in the range of 0.05 nM-1600 nM in the TIRE and 0.5 nM-2000 nM in the SE configuration. The detection limits of the sensors were 1.48 nM (1.32 ng/mL) and 0.80 nM (0.72 ng/mL) for SE and TIRE configurations, respectively. Both configurations have been used successfully to detect BTX standards spiked into real fish and shrimp samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zafer Üstündağ
- Department of Chemistry, Kütahya Dumlupınar University, 43100, Kütahya, Turkey
| | - Samet Şahin
- Department of Bioengineering, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, 11230, Bilecik, Turkey
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4
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Caglayan MO, Üstündağ Z. Saxitoxin aptasensor based on attenuated internal reflection ellipsometry for seafood. Toxicon 2020; 187:255-261. [PMID: 32949570 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we proposed label-free saxitoxin (STX) sensor using STX specific aptamer in combination with spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and attenuated internal reflection (AIR) spectroscopic ellipsometry method which is operated under surface plasmon resonance (SPR) conditions. Besides the other surface plasmon resonance-based applications, AIR-SE applications have unique advantages in terms of sensitivity and it was used herein for real-time detection of STX in real samples. Another method, SE, was also used and compared with AIR-SE. Analytical performances were satisfactory with low detection limits and a wide detection range. Limit of detection was 0.01 ng/mL for AIR-SE and 0.11 ng/mL for SE. Both proposed sensors were operable in 0.01 nM-1000 nM STX range. These methods were also used for the accurate, selective, and sensitive detection of STX from fish and shrimp samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zafer Üstündağ
- Kutahya Dumlupinar University, Chemistry Department, Kutahya, Turkiye
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5
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Zhang M, Wang Y, Wu P, Wang W, Cheng Y, Huang L, Bai J, Peng Y, Ning B, Gao Z, Liu B. Development of a highly sensitive detection method for TTX based on a magnetic bead-aptamer competition system under triple cycle amplification. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1119:18-24. [PMID: 32439050 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have established an assay that relies on aptamer and isothermal amplification for the tetrodotoxin (TTX)detection. The method uses triple cycle amplification (strand displacement amplification combined with catalytic hairpin assembly) and fluorescent reporter as an output signal. Free TTX and cDNA compete for binding to aptamer-modified magnetic beads. The cDNA collected by magnetic separation then used as a primer to trigger triple cycle amplification to obtain more ssDNA. The ssDNA combined with the reporter probe, and the original quenched fluorescence can be recovered. In addition, a linear relationship between fluorescence spectrum and different target concentrations is revealed. This method allows TTX to be detected by fluorometry with a detection limit as low as 0.265 pg mL-1. It was applied to clams and shellfish, achieving recoveries ranging from 100% to 107.33% and 99.67%-116.67%, respectively. The results were consistent with the commercial TTX ELISA kit. This assay is highly sensitive, reliable and has a good specificity. Therefore, it provides a better alternative to the standard method for quantitative detection of TTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environment and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China; School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environment and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Pian Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environment and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiya Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environment and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqian Cheng
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Huang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialei Bai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environment and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environment and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoan Ning
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environment and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environment and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baolin Liu
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
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6
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LI H, WEI X, GU C, SU K, WAN H, HU N, WANG P. A Dual Functional Cardiomyocyte-based Hybrid-biosensor for the Detection of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning and Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins. ANAL SCI 2018; 34:893-900. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18p029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo LI
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xinwei WEI
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University
| | - Chenlei GU
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University
| | - Kaiqi SU
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University
| | - Hao WAN
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University
| | - Ning HU
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University
| | - Ping WANG
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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7
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Durán-Riveroll LM, Cembella AD. Guanidinium Toxins and Their Interactions with Voltage-Gated Sodium Ion Channels. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E303. [PMID: 29027912 PMCID: PMC5666411 DOI: 10.3390/md15100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanidinium toxins, such as saxitoxin (STX), tetrodotoxin (TTX) and their analogs, are naturally occurring alkaloids with divergent evolutionary origins and biogeographical distribution, but which share the common chemical feature of guanidinium moieties. These guanidinium groups confer high biological activity with high affinity and ion flux blockage capacity for voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV). Members of the STX group, known collectively as paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), are produced among three genera of marine dinoflagellates and about a dozen genera of primarily freshwater or brackish water cyanobacteria. In contrast, toxins of the TTX group occur mainly in macrozoa, particularly among puffer fish, several species of marine invertebrates and a few terrestrial amphibians. In the case of TTX and analogs, most evidence suggests that symbiotic bacteria are the origin of the toxins, although endogenous biosynthesis independent from bacteria has not been excluded. The evolutionary origin of the biosynthetic genes for STX and analogs in dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria remains elusive. These highly potent molecules have been the subject of intensive research since the latter half of the past century; first to study the mode of action of their toxigenicity, and later as tools to characterize the role and structure of NaV channels, and finally as therapeutics. Their pharmacological activities have provided encouragement for their use as therapeutants for ion channel-related pathologies, such as pain control. The functional role in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems for both groups of toxins is unproven, although plausible mechanisms of ion channel regulation and chemical defense are often invoked. Molecular approaches and the development of improved detection methods will yield deeper understanding of their physiological and ecological roles. This knowledge will facilitate their further biotechnological exploitation and point the way towards development of pharmaceuticals and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena M Durán-Riveroll
- CONACYT-Instituto de Ciencias del Mary Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico 04510, Mexico.
| | - Allan D Cembella
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
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8
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Aballay-Gonzalez A, Ulloa V, Rivera A, Hernández V, Silva M, Caprile T, Delgado-Rivera L, Astuya A. Matrix effects on a cell-based assay used for the detection of paralytic shellfish toxins in bivalve shellfish samples. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:869-75. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1166741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ambbar Aballay-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Cell Culture and Marine Genomics, Marine Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Viviana Ulloa
- Laboratory of Cell Culture and Marine Genomics, Marine Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alejandra Rivera
- Laboratory of Cell Culture and Marine Genomics, Marine Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
- Sur-Austral COPAS Program, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Víctor Hernández
- Natural Products Chemistry Laboratory, Botanic Department, Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Macarena Silva
- Laboratory of Cell Culture and Marine Genomics, Marine Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Axon Guidance Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
| | - Lorena Delgado-Rivera
- Laboratory of Marine Toxins and Mycotoxins, Food Chemistry Section, Environmental Health Department, Institute of Public Health Chile, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Allisson Astuya
- Laboratory of Cell Culture and Marine Genomics, Marine Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Natural and Oceanographic Sciences, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
- Sur-Austral COPAS Program, University of Concepcion, Concepción, Chile
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9
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Nicolas J, Bovee TF, Kamelia L, Rietjens IM, Hendriksen PJ. Exploration of new functional endpoints in neuro-2a cells for the detection of the marine biotoxins saxitoxin, palytoxin and tetrodotoxin. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:341-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Zou L, Wu C, Wang Q, Zhou J, Su K, Li H, Hu N, Wang P. An improved sensitive assay for the detection of PSP toxins with neuroblastoma cell-based impedance biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 67:458-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Cagide E, Becher PG, Louzao MC, Espiña B, Vieytes MR, Jüttner F, Botana LM. Hapalindoles from the Cyanobacterium Fischerella: Potential Sodium Channel Modulators. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1696-706. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500188a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cagide
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Paul G. Becher
- Institute
of Plant Biology, Limnological
Station, University of Zürich, 8802 Kilchberg, Switzerland
| | - M. Carmen Louzao
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Begoña Espiña
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Mercedes R. Vieytes
- Departamento
de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Friedrich Jüttner
- Institute
of Plant Biology, Limnological
Station, University of Zürich, 8802 Kilchberg, Switzerland
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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12
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Vilariño N, Louzao MC, Fraga M, Rodríguez LP, Botana LM. Innovative detection methods for aquatic algal toxins and their presence in the food chain. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7719-32. [PMID: 23820950 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Detection of aquatic algal toxins has become critical for the protection of human health. During the last 5 years, techniques such as optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric biosensors or fluorescent-microsphere-based assays have been developed for the detection of aquatic algal toxins, in addition to optimization of existing techniques, to achieve higher sensitivities, specificity, and speed or multidetection. New toxins have also been incorporated in the array of analytical and biological methods. The impact of the former innovation on this field is highlighted by recent changes in legal regulations, with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry becoming the official reference method for marine lipophilic toxins and replacing the mouse bioassay in many countries. This review summarizes the large international effort to provide routine testing laboratories with fast, sensitive, high-throughput, multitoxin, validated methods for the screening of seafood, algae, and water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain,
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13
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An overview on the marine neurotoxin, saxitoxin: genetics, molecular targets, methods of detection and ecological functions. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:991-1018. [PMID: 23535394 PMCID: PMC3705384 DOI: 10.3390/md11040991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine neurotoxins are natural products produced by phytoplankton and select species of invertebrates and fish. These compounds interact with voltage-gated sodium, potassium and calcium channels and modulate the flux of these ions into various cell types. This review provides a summary of marine neurotoxins, including their structures, molecular targets and pharmacologies. Saxitoxin and its derivatives, collectively referred to as paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), are unique among neurotoxins in that they are found in both marine and freshwater environments by organisms inhabiting two kingdoms of life. Prokaryotic cyanobacteria are responsible for PST production in freshwater systems, while eukaryotic dinoflagellates are the main producers in marine waters. Bioaccumulation by filter-feeding bivalves and fish and subsequent transfer through the food web results in the potentially fatal human illnesses, paralytic shellfish poisoning and saxitoxin pufferfish poisoning. These illnesses are a result of saxitoxin’s ability to bind to the voltage-gated sodium channel, blocking the passage of nerve impulses and leading to death via respiratory paralysis. Recent advances in saxitoxin research are discussed, including the molecular biology of toxin synthesis, new protein targets, association with metal-binding motifs and methods of detection. The eco-evolutionary role(s) PSTs may serve for phytoplankton species that produce them are also discussed.
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14
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Fraga M, Vilariño N, Louzao MC, Campbell K, Elliott CT, Kawatsu K, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins by a Solid-Phase Inhibition Immunoassay Using a Microsphere-Flow Cytometry System. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4350-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac203449f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Fraga
- Departamento
de Farmacología,
Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento
de Farmacología,
Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Louzao
- Departamento
de Farmacología,
Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute
of Agri-Food and Land
Use (IAFLU), School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis
Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG
| | - Christopher T. Elliott
- Institute
of Agri-Food and Land
Use (IAFLU), School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis
Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG
| | - Kentaro Kawatsu
- Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 3-69, Nakamichi 1-chome,
Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Mercedes R. Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiologı́a, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento
de Farmacología,
Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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15
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Perez S, Vale C, Botana AM, Alonso E, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Determination of Toxicity Equivalent Factors for Paralytic Shellfish Toxins by Electrophysiological Measurements in Cultured Neurons. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1153-7. [DOI: 10.1021/tx200173d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Perez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, USC, Lugo, Spain
| | - Carmen Vale
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, USC, Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Eva Alonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, USC, Lugo, Spain
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16
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Biological methods for marine toxin detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1673-81. [PMID: 20458470 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of marine toxins in seafood poses a health risk to human consumers which has prompted the regulation of the maximum content of marine toxins in seafood in the legislations of many countries. Most marine toxin groups are detected by animal bioassays worldwide. Although this method has well known ethical and technical drawbacks, it is the official detection method for all regulated phycotoxins except domoic acid. Much effort by the scientific and regulatory communities has been focused on the development of alternative techniques that enable the substitution or reduction of bioassays; some of these have recently been included in the official detection method list. During the last two decades several biological methods including use of biosensors have been adapted for detection of marine toxins. The main advances in marine toxin detection using this kind of technique are reviewed. Biological methods offer interesting possibilities for reduction of the number of biosassays and a very promising future of new developments.
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17
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Comparison of analytical tools and biological assays for detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1655-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Campbell K, Huet AC, Charlier C, Higgins C, Delahaut P, Elliott CT. Comparison of ELISA and SPR biosensor technology for the detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:4079-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2009] [Revised: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Use of biosensors as alternatives to current regulatory methods for marine biotoxins. SENSORS 2009; 9:9414-43. [PMID: 22291571 PMCID: PMC3260648 DOI: 10.3390/s91109414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Marine toxins are currently monitored by means of a bioassay that requires the use of many mice, which poses a technical and ethical problem in many countries. With the exception of domoic acid, there is a legal requirement for the presence of other toxins (yessotoxin, saxitoxin and analogs, okadaic acid and analogs, pectenotoxins and azaspiracids) in seafood to be controlled by bioassay, but other toxins, such as palytoxin, cyclic imines, ciguatera and tetrodotoxin are potentially present in European food and there are no legal requirements or technical approaches available to identify their presence. The need for alternative methods to the bioassay is clearly important, and biosensors have become in recent years a feasible alternative to animal sacrifice. This review will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using biosensors as alternatives to animal assays for marine toxins, with particular focus on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology.
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20
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Functional assays for marine toxins as an alternative, high-throughput-screening solution to animal tests. Trends Analyt Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2009.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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22
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23
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Vale C, Alfonso A, Vieytes MR, Romarís XM, Arévalo F, Botana AM, Botana LM. In Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin Potency and the Influence of the pH of Extraction. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1770-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ac7022266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Vale
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain, INTECMAR, Vilaxoan, Pontevedra, Spain, and Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain, INTECMAR, Vilaxoan, Pontevedra, Spain, and Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Mercedes R. Vieytes
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain, INTECMAR, Vilaxoan, Pontevedra, Spain, and Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Xosé Manuel Romarís
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain, INTECMAR, Vilaxoan, Pontevedra, Spain, and Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Fabiola Arévalo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain, INTECMAR, Vilaxoan, Pontevedra, Spain, and Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Ana M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain, INTECMAR, Vilaxoan, Pontevedra, Spain, and Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain, INTECMAR, Vilaxoan, Pontevedra, Spain, and Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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24
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Fonfría ES, Vilariño N, Campbell K, Elliott C, Haughey SA, Ben-Gigirey B, Vieites JM, Kawatsu K, Botana LM. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Detection by Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Biosensors in Shellfish Matrixes. Anal Chem 2007; 79:6303-11. [PMID: 17630717 DOI: 10.1021/ac070362q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in contaminated shellfish is essential for human health preservation. Ethical and technical reasons have prompted the search for new detection procedures as an alternative to the mouse bioassay. On the basis of the detection of molecular interactions by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, an inhibition assay was developed using an anti-GTX2/3 antibody (GT13-A) and a saxitoxin-CM5 chip. This assay allowed for quantification of saxitoxin (STX), decarbamoyl saxitoxin (dcSTX), gonyautoxin 2,3 (GTX2/3), decarbamoyl gonyautoxin 2,3 (dcGTX2/3), gonyautoxin 5 (GTX5), and C 1,2 (C1/2) at concentrations from 2 to 50 ng/mL. The interference of five shellfish matrixes with the inhibition assay was analyzed. Mussels, clams, cockles, scallops, and oysters were extracted with five published methods. Ethanol extracts and acetic acid/heat extracts (AOAC Lawrence method) performed adequately in terms of surface regeneration and baseline interference, did not inhibit antibody binding to the chip surface significantly, and presented STX calibration curves similar to buffer controls in all matrixes tested. Hydrochloric acid/heat extracts (AOAC mouse bioassay method) presented surface regeneration problems, and although ethanol-acetic acid/dichloromethane extracts performed well, they were considered too laborious for routine sample testing. Overall the best results were obtained with the ethanol extraction method with calibration curves prepared in blank matrix extracts. STX recovery rate with the ethanol extraction method was 60.52+/-3.72%, with variations among species. The performance of this biosensor assay in natural samples, compared to two AOAC methods for PSP toxin quantification (mouse bioassay and HPLC), suggests that this technology can be useful as a PSP screening assay. In summary, the GT13-A-STX chip inhibition assay is capable of PSP toxin detection in ethanol shellfish extracts, with sufficient sensitivity to quantify the toxin in the range of the European regulatory limit of 80 microg/100 g of shellfish meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva S Fonfría
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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25
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Manger R, Woodle D, Berger A, Hungerford J. Flow cytometric detection of saxitoxins using fluorescent voltage-sensitive dyes. Anal Biochem 2007; 366:149-55. [PMID: 17512490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Revised: 03/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
By virtue of their ability to block depolarization of nerve cells, the saxitoxins exert the toxic effects associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning and allow for their detection through various methodologies. When veratridine-induced depolarization is followed using voltage-sensitive fluorescent dyes, the presence of these toxic blocking agents can be observed as a decrease in fluorescence of dye-treated nerve cells. Detection using flow cytometry provides for selection of the most responsive population of cultured mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro 2a) cells thereby enhancing assay sensitivity and this approach can be accomplished in real time. The method is demonstrated in preliminary studies using saxitoxin and crude shellfish extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Manger
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Biologics Production Facility, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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26
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Louzao MC, Ares IR, Vieytes MR, Valverde I, Vieites JM, Yasumoto T, Botana LM. The cytoskeleton, a structure that is susceptible to the toxic mechanism activated by palytoxins in human excitable cells. FEBS J 2007; 274:1991-2004. [PMID: 17371505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Palytoxin is a marine toxin responsible for a fatal type of poisoning in humans named clupeotoxism, with symptoms such as neurologic disturbances. It is believed that it binds to the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase from the extracellular side and modifies cytosolic ions; nevertheless, its effects on internal cell structures, such as the cytoskeleton, which might be affected by these initial events, have not been fully elucidated. Likewise, ostreocin-D, an analog of palytoxin, has been only recently found, and its action on excitable cells is therefore unknown. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the modifications of ion fluxes associated with palytoxin and ostreocin-D activities, and their effects on an essential cytoskeletal component, the actin system. We used human neuroblastoma cells and fluorescent dyes to detect changes in membrane potential, intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, cell detachment, and actin filaments. Fluorescence values were obtained with spectrofluorymetry, laser-scanning cytometry, and confocal microscopy; the last of these was also used for recording images. Palytoxin and ostreocin-D modified membrane permeability as a first step, triggering depolarization and increasing Ca(2+) influx. The substantial loss of filamentous actin, and the morphologic alterations elicited by both toxins, are possibly secondary to their action on ion channels. The decrease in polymerized actin seemed to be Ca(2+)-independent; however, this ion could be related to actin cytoskeletal organization. Palytoxin and ostreocin-D alter the ion fluxes, targeting pathways that involve the cytoskeletal dynamics of human excitable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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27
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Cagide E, Louzao MC, Ares IR, Vieytes MR, Yotsu-Yamashita M, Paquette LA, Yasumoto T, Botana LM. Effects of a Synthetic Analog of Polycavernoside A on Human Neuroblastoma Cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2007; 19:185-94. [PMID: 17310112 DOI: 10.1159/000099206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycavernoside A is a glycosidic marine toxin first extracted from the red alga Polycavernosa tsudai in 1991 when 3 people died after the ingestion of this food. Polycavernoside A is an interesting molecule because of its complex macrolide structure and strong bioactivity. However, the target site of this toxin has not been characterized. METHODS We studied the effects of a synthethic analog of polycavernoside A on human neuroblastoma cells by measuring changes in membrane potential with bis-oxonol and variations in intracellular calcium levels with fura-2. Fluorescent phalloidin was utilized for assaying activity on actin cytoskeleton. RESULTS Data showed that this polycavernoside A analog induced a membrane depolarization and an increase in cytosolic calcium levels. CONCLUSION These results provide the first insight into the mode of action of polycavernoside A, suggesting that: i) this toxin triggers an initial extracellular calcium entry neither produced across L-type voltage-gated calcium channels nor activation of muscarinic receptors ii) there is a depolarization induced by the toxin and due to the extracellular calcium entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cagide
- Departamento de Farmacologia. Facultad de Veterinaria. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Campus de Lugo. Lugo, Spain
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28
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Hess P, Grune B, Anderson DB, Aune T, Botana LM, Caricato P, van Egmond HP, Halder M, Hall S, Lawrence JF, Moffat C, Poletti R, Richmond J, Rossini GP, Seamer C, Vilageliu JS. Three Rs Approaches in Marine Biotoxin Testing. The Report and Recommendations of a joint ECVAM/DG SANCO Workshop (ECVAM Workshop 54). Altern Lab Anim 2006; 34:193-224. [PMID: 16704292 DOI: 10.1177/026119290603400207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hess
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland.
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29
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Louzao MC, Cagide E, Vieytes MR, Sasaki M, Fuwa H, Yasumoto T, Botana LM. The Sodium Channel of Human Excitable Cells is a Target for Gambierol. Cell Physiol Biochem 2006; 17:257-68. [PMID: 16791001 DOI: 10.1159/000094138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambierol is a polycyclic ether toxin with the same biogenetic origin as ciguatoxins. Gambierol has been associated with neurological symptoms in humans even though its mechanism of action has not been fully characterized. METHODS We studied the effect of gambierol in human neuroblastoma cells by using bis-oxonol to measure membrane potential and FURA-2 to monitor intracellular calcium. RESULTS We found that this toxin: i) produced a membrane depolarization, ii) potentiated the effect of veratridine on membrane potential iii) decreased ciguatoxin-induced depolarization and iv) increased cytosolic calcium in neuroblastoma cells. CONCLUSION These results indicate that gambierol modulate ion fluxes by acting as a partial agonist of sodium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
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30
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Batoréu MCC, Dias E, Pereira P, Franca S. Risk of human exposure to paralytic toxins of algal origin. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2005; 19:401-406. [PMID: 21783504 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The most significant neurotoxins produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs) are paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) found in shellfish and freshwater. Human exposure to neurotoxins through the food consumption represents a severe hazard to human health and the exposure through contaminated water represents an added risk often difficult to recognize. Furthermore, there is an insufficient knowledge of toxicokinetics of these complex toxins produced by HABs. If human acute exposure occurs, the diagnosis of intoxication is typically based upon symptomatology and analysis of shellfish tissue by mouse bioassay, HPLC-FLD analysis and mouse neuroblastoma assay. However, the health risks due to chronic exposure should also be considered and its prevention could be reached with a better understanding of sub-lethal doses of these toxins. In this context, information required for development of a diagnostic protocol should include knowledge about toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of these neurotoxins. We emphasise the importance of research on biomarkers to prevent, predict and diagnose acute and chronic human exposure to PST.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C C Batoréu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Toxicology, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-043 Lisbon, Portugal
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31
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Louzao MC, Vieytes MR, Yasumoto T, Botana LM. Detection of Sodium Channel Activators by a Rapid Fluorimetric Microplate Assay. Chem Res Toxicol 2004; 17:572-8. [PMID: 15089100 DOI: 10.1021/tx0342262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Marine toxins such as brevetoxins and ciguatoxins are produced by dinoflagellates and can accumulate in seafood. These toxins affect humans through seafood consumption. Intoxication is mainly characterized by gastrointestinal and neurological disorders and, in most severe cases, by cardiovascular problems. To prevent the consumption of food contaminated with these toxins, shellfish have been tested by mouse bioassay. However, this method is expensive, time-consuming, and ethically questionable. The objective of this study was to use a recently developed fluorimetric microplate assay to rapidly detect brevetoxins and ciguatoxins. The method is based on the pharmacological effect of brevetoxins and ciguatoxins known to activate sodium channels and involves (i). the incubation of excitable cells in 96 well microtiter plates with the fluorescent dye bis-oxonol, whose distribution across the membrane is potential-dependent, and (ii). dose-dependent cell depolarization by the toxins. Our findings demonstrate that measuring changes in membrane potential induced by brevetoxins and ciguatoxins allowed their quantitation. Active toxins could be reliably detected at concentrations in the nanomolar range. The simplicity, sensitivity, and possibility of being automated provide the basis for development of a practical alternative to conventional testing for brevetoxins and ciguatoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacologia and Departamento de Fisiologia Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria de Lugo Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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