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Nieva JA, Krock B, Tillmann U, Tebben J, Zurhelle C, Bickmeyer U. Gymnodimine A and 13-desMethyl Spirolide C Alter Intracellular Calcium Levels via Acetylcholine Receptors. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120751. [PMID: 33261221 PMCID: PMC7760841 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gymnodimines and spirolides are cyclic imine phycotoxins and known antagonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). We investigated the effect of gymnodimine A (GYM A) and 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX 1) from Alexandrium ostenfeldii on rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells by monitoring intracellular calcium levels ([Ca]i). Using whole cells, the presence of 0.5 µM of GYM A or SPX 1 induced an increase in [Ca]i mediated by acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and inhibited further activation of AChRs by acetylcholine (ACh). To differentiate the effects of GYM A or SPX 1, the toxins were applied to cells with pharmacologically isolated nAChRs and muscarinic AChRs (mAChRs) as mediated by the addition of atropine and tubocurarine, respectively. GYM A and SPX 1 activated nAChRs and inhibited the further activation of nAChRs by ACh, indicating that both toxins mimicked the activity of ACh. Regarding mAChRs, a differential response was observed between the two toxins. Only GYM A activated mAChRs, resulting in elevated [Ca]i, but both toxins prevented a subsequent activation by ACh. The absence of the triketal ring system in GYM A may provide the basis for a selective activation of mAChRs. GYM A and SPX 1 induced no changes in [Ca]i when nAChRs and mAChRs were inhibited simultaneously, indicating that both toxins target AChRs.
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Novel Insights on the Toxicity of Phycotoxins on the Gut through the Targeting of Enteric Glial Cells. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17070429. [PMID: 31340532 PMCID: PMC6669610 DOI: 10.3390/md17070429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that phycotoxins can impact intestinal epithelial cells and can cross the intestinal barrier to some extent. Therefore, phycotoxins can reach cells underlying the epithelium, such as enteric glial cells (EGCs), which are involved in gut homeostasis, motility, and barrier integrity. This study compared the toxicological effects of pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), yessotoxin (YTX), okadaic acid (OA), azaspiracid-1 (AZA1), 13-desmethyl-spirolide C (SPX), and palytoxin (PlTX) on the rat EGC cell line CRL2690. Cell viability, morphology, oxidative stress, inflammation, cell cycle, and specific glial markers were evaluated using RT-qPCR and high content analysis (HCA) approaches. PTX2, YTX, OA, AZA1, and PlTX induced neurite alterations, oxidative stress, cell cycle disturbance, and increase of specific EGC markers. An inflammatory response for YTX, OA, and AZA1 was suggested by the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Caspase-3-dependent apoptosis and induction of DNA double strand breaks (γH2AX) were also observed with PTX2, YTX, OA, and AZA1. These findings suggest that PTX2, YTX, OA, AZA1, and PlTX may affect intestinal barrier integrity through alterations of the human enteric glial system. Our results provide novel insight into the toxicological effects of phycotoxins on the gut.
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Fribley AM, Xi Y, Makris C, Alves-de-Souza C, York R, Tomas C, Wright JLC, Strangman WK. Identification of Portimine B, a New Cell Permeable Spiroimine That Induces Apoptosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:175-179. [PMID: 30783499 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spiroimines are a class of compounds produced by marine dinoflagellates with a wide range of toxicity and therapeutic potential. The smallest of the cyclic imines, portimine, is far less toxic than other known members in several animal models. Portimine has also been shown to induce apoptosis and reduce the growth of a variety of cancer cell lines at low nanomolar concentrations. In an effort to discover new spiroimines, the current study undertook a metabolomic analysis of cultures of cyclic imine-producing dinoflagellates, and a new analog of portimine was discovered in which the five-membered cyclic ether is open. Further scrutiny with human oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) cell lines revealed that the open ring congener was less potent than portimine A but could still lead to the accumulation of apoptotic gene transcripts, fragment genomic DNA, and reduce cancer cell proliferation in the range of 100-200 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Fribley
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology and the Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 421 East Canfield, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Yue Xi
- Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology and the Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, 421 East Canfield, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Christina Makris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
| | - Catharina Alves-de-Souza
- Algal Resources Collection, MARBIONC at Crest Research Park, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin Moss K. Lane, Wilmington, North Carolina 28409, United States
| | - Robert York
- Algal Resources Collection, MARBIONC at Crest Research Park, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin Moss K. Lane, Wilmington, North Carolina 28409, United States
| | - Carmelo Tomas
- Algal Resources Collection, MARBIONC at Crest Research Park, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin Moss K. Lane, Wilmington, North Carolina 28409, United States
| | - Jeffrey L. C. Wright
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 South College Road, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States
- Biomolecular Discovery Group, MARBIONC at Crest Research Park, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin Moss K. Lane, Wilmington, North Carolina 28409, United States
| | - Wendy K. Strangman
- Biomolecular Discovery Group, MARBIONC at Crest Research Park, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin Moss K. Lane, Wilmington, North Carolina 28409, United States
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Identification of Novel Gymnodimines and Spirolides from the Marine Dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16110446. [PMID: 30441860 PMCID: PMC6266918 DOI: 10.3390/md16110446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic imine toxins are neurotoxic, macrocyclic compounds produced by marine dinoflagellates. Mass spectrometric screenings of extracts from natural plankton assemblages revealed a high chemical diversity among this toxin class, yet only few toxins are structurally known. Here we report the structural characterization of four novel cyclic-imine toxins (two gymnodimines (GYMs) and two spirolides (SPXs)) from cultures of Alexandrium ostenfeldii. A GYM with m/z 510 (1) was identified as 16-desmethylGYM D. A GYM with m/z 526 was identified as the hydroxylated degradation product of (1) with an exocyclic methylene at C-17 and an allylic hydroxyl group at C-18. This compound was named GYM E (2). We further identified a SPX with m/z 694 as 20-hydroxy-13,19-didesmethylSPX C (10) and a SPX with m/z 696 as 20-hydroxy-13,19-didesmethylSPX D (11). This is the first report of GYMs without a methyl group at ring D and SPXs with hydroxyl groups at position C-20. These compounds can be conceived as derivatives of the same nascent polyketide chain, supporting the hypothesis that GYMs and SPXs are produced through common biosynthetic genes. Both novel GYMs 1 and 2 were detected in significant amounts in extracts from natural plankton assemblages (1: 447 pg; 2: 1250 pg; 11: 40 pg per mL filtered seawater respectively).
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Molgó J, Marchot P, Aráoz R, Benoit E, Iorga BI, Zakarian A, Taylor P, Bourne Y, Servent D. Cyclic imine toxins from dinoflagellates: a growing family of potent antagonists of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:41-51. [PMID: 28326551 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We present an overview of the toxicological profile of the fast-acting, lipophilic macrocyclic imine toxins, an emerging family of organic compounds associated with algal blooms, shellfish contamination and neurotoxicity. Worldwide, shellfish contamination incidents are expanding; therefore, the significance of these toxins for the shellfish food industry deserves further study. Emphasis is directed to the dinoflagellate species involved in their production, their chemical structures, and their specific mode of interaction with their principal natural molecular targets, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or with the soluble acetylcholine-binding protein, used as a surrogate receptor model. The dinoflagellates Karenia selliformis and Alexandrium ostenfeldii / A. peruvianum have been implicated in the biosynthesis of gymnodimines and spirolides, while Vulcanodinium rugosum is the producer of pinnatoxins and portimine. The cyclic imine toxins are characterized by a macrocyclic skeleton comprising 14-27 carbon atoms, flanked by two conserved moieties, the cyclic imine and the spiroketal ring system. These phycotoxins generally display high affinity and broad specificity for the muscle type and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, a feature consistent with their binding site at the receptor subunit interfaces, composed of residues highly conserved among all nAChRs, and explaining the diverse toxicity among animal species. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Molgó
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay (IBITECS), Université Paris-Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Pascale Marchot
- Aix-Marseille Université / Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques laboratory, Marseille, France
| | - Rómulo Aráoz
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay (IBITECS), Université Paris-Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Evelyne Benoit
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay (IBITECS), Université Paris-Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Bogdan I Iorga
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Labex LERMIT, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yves Bourne
- Aix-Marseille Université / Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques laboratory, Marseille, France
| | - Denis Servent
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay (IBITECS), Université Paris-Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Al Muftah A, Selwood AI, Foss AJ, Al-Jabri HMS, Potts M, Yilmaz M. Algal toxins and producers in the marine waters of Qatar, Arabian Gulf. Toxicon 2016; 122:54-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Stivala CE, Benoit E, Aráoz R, Servent D, Novikov A, Molgó J, Zakarian A. Synthesis and biology of cyclic imine toxins, an emerging class of potent, globally distributed marine toxins. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:411-35. [PMID: 25338021 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00089g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
From a small group of exotic compounds isolated only two decades ago, Cyclic Imine (CI) toxins have become a major class of marine toxins with global distribution. Their distinct chemical structure, biological mechanism of action, and intricate chemistry ensures that CI toxins will continue to be the subject of fascinating fundamental studies in the broad fields of chemistry, chemical biology, and toxicology. The worldwide occurrence of potent CI toxins in marine environments, their accumulation in shellfish, and chemical stability are important considerations in assessing risk factors for human health. This review article aims to provide an account of chemistry, biology, and toxicology of CI toxins from their discovery to the present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Stivala
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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8
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Aráoz R, Ouanounou G, Iorga BI, Goudet A, Alili D, Amar M, Benoit E, Molgó J, Servent D. The Neurotoxic Effect of 13,19-Didesmethyl and 13-Desmethyl Spirolide C Phycotoxins Is Mainly Mediated by Nicotinic Rather Than Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:156-67. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Natural compounds interacting with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from low-molecular weight ones to peptides and proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1683-701. [PMID: 26008231 PMCID: PMC4448168 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) fulfill a variety of functions making identification and analysis of nAChR subtypes a challenging task. Traditional instruments for nAChR research are d-tubocurarine, snake venom protein α-bungarotoxin (α-Bgt), and α-conotoxins, neurotoxic peptides from Conus snails. Various new compounds of different structural classes also interacting with nAChRs have been recently identified. Among the low-molecular weight compounds are alkaloids pibocin, varacin and makaluvamines C and G. 6-Bromohypaphorine from the mollusk Hermissenda crassicornis does not bind to Torpedo nAChR but behaves as an agonist on human α7 nAChR. To get more selective α-conotoxins, computer modeling of their complexes with acetylcholine-binding proteins and distinct nAChRs was used. Several novel three-finger neurotoxins targeting nAChRs were described and α-Bgt inhibition of GABA-A receptors was discovered. Information on the mechanisms of nAChR interactions with the three-finger proteins of the Ly6 family was found. Snake venom phospholipases A2 were recently found to inhibit different nAChR subtypes. Blocking of nAChRs in Lymnaea stagnalis neurons was shown for venom C-type lectin-like proteins, appearing to be the largest molecules capable to interact with the receptor. A huge nAChR molecule sensible to conformational rearrangements accommodates diverse binding sites recognizable by structurally very different compounds.
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Li C, Lu Q, Huang P, Fu T, Li C, Guo L, Xu X. Activity-dependent downregulation of M-Type (Kv7) K⁺ channels surface expression requires the activation of iGluRs/Ca²⁺/PKC signaling pathway in hippocampal neuron. Neuropharmacology 2015; 95:154-67. [PMID: 25796298 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
M-type (Kv7) K(+) channels, encoded by KCNQ2-KCNQ5 genes, play a pivotal role in controlling neuronal excitability. However, precisely how neuronal activity regulates Kv7 channel translocation has not yet been fully defined. Here we reported activity-dependent changes in Kv7 channel subunits Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 surface expression by glutamate (glu). In the present study, we found that treatment with glutamate rapidly caused a specific decrease in M-current as well as Kv7 channel surface expression in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. The glutamate effects were mimicked by NMDA and AMPA. The glutamate effects on Kv7 channels were partially attenuated by pre-treatment of NMDA receptors antagonist d,l-APV or AMPA-KA receptors antagonist CNQX. The signal required Ca(2+) influx through L-type Ca(2+) channel and intracellular Ca(2+) elevations. PKC activation was involved in the glutamate-induced reduction of Kv7 channel surface expression. Moreover, a significant reduction of Kv7 channel surface expression occurred following glycine-induced "chem"-LTP in vitro and hippocampus-dependent behavioral learning training in vivo. These results demonstrated that activity-dependent reduction of Kv7 channel surface expression through activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs)/Ca(2+)/PKC signaling pathway might be an important molecular mechanism for regulation of neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, China; The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Pengcheng Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Tianli Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Changjun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lianjun Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, China; The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xulin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; The Key Laboratory for Drug Target Researches and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430030, China; The Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Lassudrie M, Soudant P, Richard G, Henry N, Medhioub W, da Silva PM, Donval A, Bunel M, Le Goïc N, Lambert C, de Montaudouin X, Fabioux C, Hégaret H. Physiological responses of Manila clams Venerupis (=Ruditapes) philippinarum with varying parasite Perkinsus olseni burden to toxic algal Alexandrium ostenfeldii exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 154:27-38. [PMID: 24858898 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Manila clam stock from Arcachon Bay, France, is declining, as is commercial harvest. To understand the role of environmental biotic interactions in this decrease, effects of a toxic dinoflagellate, Alexandrium ostenfeldii, which blooms regularly in Arcachon bay, and the interaction with perkinsosis on clam physiology were investigated. Manila clams from Arcachon Bay, with variable natural levels of perkinsosis, were exposed for seven days to a mix of the nutritious microalga T-Iso and the toxic dinoflagellate A. ostenfeldii, a producer of spirolides, followed by seven days of depuration fed only T-Iso. Following sacrifice and quantification of protozoan parasite Perkinsus olseni burden, clams were divided into two groups according to intensity of the infection ("Light-Moderate" and "Moderate-Heavy"). Hemocyte and plasma responses, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant enzyme activities in gills, and histopathological responses were analyzed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in hemocytes and catalase (CAT) activity in gills increased with P. olseni intensity of infection in control clams fed T-Iso, but did not vary among A. ostenfeldii-exposed clams. Exposure to A. ostenfeldii caused tissue alterations associated with an inflammatory response and modifications in hemocyte morphology. In the gills, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased, and an increase in brown cell occurrence was seen, suggesting oxidative stress. Observations of hemocytes and brown cells in tissues during exposure and depuration suggest involvement of both cell types in detoxication processes. Results suggest that exposure to A. ostenfeldii disrupted the pro-/anti-oxidant response of clams to heavy P. olseni intensity. In addition, depressed mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in hemocytes of clams exposed to A. ostenfeldii suggests that mitochondrial functions are regulated to maintain homeostasis of digestive enzyme activity and condition index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwenn Lassudrie
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Philippe Soudant
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Gaëlle Richard
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nicolas Henry
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Walid Medhioub
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France; Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Ifremer, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, BP 21105, 44311 Nantes CEDEX3, France; Laboratoire Milieu Marin, INSTM, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, 28 rue du 2 mars 1934, 2025 Salammbô, Tunisie
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Invertebrates, Department of Molecular Biology, Exact and Natural Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba-Campus I, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Anne Donval
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Mélanie Bunel
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Nelly Le Goïc
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Christophe Lambert
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Xavier de Montaudouin
- Université de Bordeaux UMR 5805 EPOC, station marine d'Arcachon, 2 rue du Pr Jolyet, 33120 Arcachon, France
| | - Caroline Fabioux
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Hélène Hégaret
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), UBO/CNRS, rue Dumont d'Urville, technopôle Brest-Iroise, 29280 Plouzané, France.
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Labarre-Lainé J, Periñan I, Desvergnes V, Landais Y. Synthesis of the C10-C24-bis-spiroacetal core of 13-desmethyl spirolide C based on a sila-Stetter-acetalization process. Chemistry 2014; 20:9336-41. [PMID: 24925107 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of the bis-spiroacetal core of 13-desmethyl spirolide C has been completed based on a sila-Stetter-acetalization process. The acylsilane and enone partners in the Stetter reaction were prepared in 7 and 11 steps, respectively, from (S) and (R)-aspartic acid. The quaternary center at C19 in the enone moiety was controlled by relying on the Seebach's chiral self-reproduction method using an enantiopure (S)-lactic acid based dioxolanone. The final acid-catalyzed spiroacetalization provided the desired spiroacetal as a mixture of diastereoisomers in 13 linear steps. Whatever the conditions used, the non-natural transoid isomer was formed preferentially. However, both cisoid and transoid isomers were isolated pure and their structure assigned unambiguously through NMR spectroscopic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Labarre-Lainé
- University of Bordeaux, 351, Cours de la libération, 33405 Talence Cedex (France), Fax: (+33) 5-40-00-62-86
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13
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Neuromuscular blocking activity of pinnatoxins E, F and G. Toxicon 2013; 76:214-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Analysis of the action of gymnodimine-A and 13-desmethyl spirolide C on the mouse neuromuscular system in vivo. Toxicon 2013; 75:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Lopes VM, Lopes AR, Costa P, Rosa R. Cephalopods as vectors of harmful algal bloom toxins in marine food webs. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3381-409. [PMID: 24018900 PMCID: PMC3806471 DOI: 10.3390/md11093381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we summarize the current knowledge on the transfer and accumulation of harmful algal bloom (HAB)-related toxins in cephalopods (octopods, cuttlefishes and squids). These mollusks have been reported to accumulate several HAB-toxins, namely domoic acid (DA, and its isomers), saxitoxin (and its derivatives) and palytoxin (and palytoxin-like compounds) and, therefore, act as HAB-toxin vectors in marine food webs. Coastal octopods and cuttlefishes store considerably high levels of DA (amnesic shellfish toxin) in several tissues, but mainly in the digestive gland (DG)--the primary site of digestive absorption and intracellular digestion. Studies on the sub-cellular partitioning of DA in the soluble and insoluble fractions showed that nearly all DA (92.6%) is found in the cytosol. This favors the trophic transfer of the toxins since cytosolic substances can be absorbed by predators with greater efficiency. The available information on the accumulation and tissue distribution of DA in squids (e.g., in stranded Humboldt squids, Dosidicus gigas) is scarcer than in other cephalopod groups. Regarding paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), these organisms accumulate them at the greatest extent in DG >> kidneys > stomach > branchial hearts > posterior salivary glands > gills. Palytoxins are among the most toxic molecules identified and stranded octopods revealed high contamination levels, with ovatoxin (a palytoxin analogue) reaching 971 μg kg⁻¹ and palytoxin reaching 115 μg kg⁻¹ (the regulatory limit for PlTXs is 30 μg kg⁻¹ in shellfish). Although the impacts of HAB-toxins in cephalopod physiology are not as well understood as in fish species, similar effects are expected since they possess a complex nervous system and highly developed brain comparable to that of the vertebrates. Compared to bivalves, cephalopods represent a lower risk of shellfish poisoning in humans, since they are usually consumed eviscerated, with exception of traditional dishes from the Mediterranean area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Lopes
- Guia Marine Laboratory, Center of Oceanography, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, Cascais 2750-374, Portugal; E-Mails: (V.M.L.); (A.R.L.)
| | - Ana Rita Lopes
- Guia Marine Laboratory, Center of Oceanography, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, Cascais 2750-374, Portugal; E-Mails: (V.M.L.); (A.R.L.)
| | - Pedro Costa
- IPMA—Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Avenida de Brasília, Lisboa 1449-006, Portugal; E-Mail:
| | - Rui Rosa
- Guia Marine Laboratory, Center of Oceanography, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Av. Nossa Senhora do Cabo, 939, Cascais 2750-374, Portugal; E-Mails: (V.M.L.); (A.R.L.)
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16
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Abstract
Although there has been much progress with regard to marine toxins from dinoflagellates, much remains to be done. Because these compounds are a seafood consumer risk, the demands cover from legislative to scientific aspects. Legislation is required for all new toxins that appear in the coasts. On the other hand, it is important to understand the toxicity of the different analogues, in terms of both the relative toxicity to reference compounds and the mechanism of toxicity itself, both acute and long-term. For this, a uniform approach to do toxic studies is necessary, especially acute toxicity. The need for pure standards in sufficient supply and the understanding of the mode of action of some of the compounds (such as yessotoxin or azaspiracids) will help the development of another important field, the use of marine toxins as drug leads, and the chemistry around them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Botana
- Department Farmacología, Fac. Veterinaria-USC, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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17
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Hui JPM, Stuart Grossert J, Cutler MJ, Melanson JE. Strategic identification of in vitro metabolites of 13-desmethyl spirolide C using liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:345-354. [PMID: 22223322 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A strategy to identify metabolites of a marine biotoxin, 13-desmethyl spirolide C, has been developed using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC/HRMS). Metabolites were generated in vitro through incubation with human liver microsomes. A list of metabolites was established by selecting precursor ions of a common fragment ion characteristic of the spirolide toxin which was known to contain a cyclic imine ring. Accurate mass measurements were subsequently used to confirm the molecular formula of each biotransformation product. Using this approach, a total of nine phase I metabolites was successfully identified with deviations of mass accuracy less than 2 ppm. The biotransformations observed included hydroxylation, dihydroxylation, oxidation of a quaternary methyl group to hydroxymethyl or carboxylic acid groups, dehydrogenation and hydroxylation, as well as demethylation and dihydroxylation reactions. In a second step, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was performed to elucidate structures of the metabolites. Using the unique fragment ions in the spectra, the structures of the three major metabolites, 13,19-didesmethyl-19-carboxy spirolide C, 13,19-didesmethyl-19-hydroxymethyl spirolide C and 13-desmethyl-17-hydroxy spirolide C, were assigned. Levels of 13-desmethyl spirolide C and its metabolites were monitored at selected time points over a 32-h incubation period with human liver microsomes. It was determined that 13,19-didesmethyl-19-carboxy spirolide C became the predominant metabolite after 2 h of incubation. The stability plot of 13-desmethyl spirolide C showed first-order kinetics for its metabolism and the intrinsic clearance was calculated to be 41 μL/min/mg, suggesting first-pass metabolism may contribute to limiting oral toxicity of 13-desmethyl spirolide C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P M Hui
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford St., Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3Z1, Canada
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18
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Campàs M, Garibo D, Prieto-Simón B. Novel nanobiotechnological concepts in electrochemical biosensors for the analysis of toxins. Analyst 2012; 137:1055-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an15736e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Munday R, Quilliam MA, LeBlanc P, Lewis N, Gallant P, Sperker SA, Ewart HS, MacKinnon SL. Investigations into the toxicology of spirolides, a group of marine phycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 4:1-14. [PMID: 22347619 PMCID: PMC3277094 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirolides are marine phycotoxins produced by the dinoflagellates Alexandrium ostenfeldii and A. peruvianum. Here we report that 13-desmethyl spirolide C shows little cytotoxicity when incubated with various cultured mammalian cell lines. When administered to mice by intraperitoneal (ip) injection, however, this substance was highly toxic, with an LD50 value of 6.9 µg/kg body weight (BW), showing that such in vitro cytotoxicity tests are not appropriate for predicting the in vivo toxicity of this toxin. Four other spirolides, A, B, C, and 20-methyl spirolide G, were also toxic to mice by ip injection, with LD50 values of 37, 99, 8.0 and 8.0 µg/kg BW respectively. However, the acute toxicities of these compounds were lower by at least an order of magnitude when administration by gavage and their toxic effects were further diminished when administered with food. These results have implications for future studies of the toxicology of these marine toxins and the risk assessment of human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex Munday
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag, Hamilton 3123, New Zealand;
| | - Michael A. Quilliam
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada; (M.A.Q.); (P.L.); (N.L.); (P.G.); (S.A.S.); (H.S.E.)
| | - Patricia LeBlanc
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada; (M.A.Q.); (P.L.); (N.L.); (P.G.); (S.A.S.); (H.S.E.)
| | - Nancy Lewis
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada; (M.A.Q.); (P.L.); (N.L.); (P.G.); (S.A.S.); (H.S.E.)
| | - Pamela Gallant
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada; (M.A.Q.); (P.L.); (N.L.); (P.G.); (S.A.S.); (H.S.E.)
| | - Sandra A. Sperker
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada; (M.A.Q.); (P.L.); (N.L.); (P.G.); (S.A.S.); (H.S.E.)
| | - H. Stephen Ewart
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada; (M.A.Q.); (P.L.); (N.L.); (P.G.); (S.A.S.); (H.S.E.)
| | - Shawna L. MacKinnon
- National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Marine Biosciences, 1411 Oxford Street Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada; (M.A.Q.); (P.L.); (N.L.); (P.G.); (S.A.S.); (H.S.E.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-902-426-6351; Fax: +1-902-426-6351
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20
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Otero A, Chapela MJ, Atanassova M, Vieites JM, Cabado AG. Cyclic Imines: Chemistry and Mechanism of Action: A Review. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1817-29. [DOI: 10.1021/tx200182m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Otero P, Alfonso A, Rodríguez P, Rubiolo JA, Cifuentes JM, Bermúdez R, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Pharmacokinetic and toxicological data of spirolides after oral and intraperitoneal administration. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 50:232-7. [PMID: 22100396 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Spirolides are a kind of marine toxins included in the cyclic imine toxin group and produced by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii. This study shows for the first time a complete and detailed description about the symptoms observed in mice when these toxins were intraperitoneal (i.p.) administered. It is also compared the i.p. toxicity of 13-desmethyl spirolide C (13-desMeC), 13,19-didesMeC (13,19-didesMeC) and 20-methyl spirolide G (20-Me-G) in experiments performed with highly purified toxins. The bioassay indicates that 13-desMeC and 13,19-didesMeC are extremely toxic compounds which have a LD(50) of 27.9μg/kg and 32.2μg/kg, respectively. However, when 20-MeG was i.p administrated with dose up 63.5μg/kg, no deaths were recorded. In order to evaluate the oral toxicity, spirolides were administered by gastric intubation into mice. Then, samples of blood, urine and faeces were collected and analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry tandem (LC-MS/MS) technique. Spirolides appear in blood at 15min and in urine after 1h of being toxin administered. In summary, in this paper, it is provided new data about the toxicity, absorption, and excretion of spirolides in mouse. So far, little information is available on this item but necessary for spirolide regulation in the European Union (EU).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Otero
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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22
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Paredes I, Rietjens I, Vieites J, Cabado A. Update of risk assessments of main marine biotoxins in the European Union. Toxicon 2011; 58:336-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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23
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Alonso E, Vale C, Vieytes MR, Laferla FM, Giménez-Llort L, Botana LM. 13-Desmethyl spirolide-C is neuroprotective and reduces intracellular Aβ and hyperphosphorylated tau in vitro. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:1056-65. [PMID: 21907746 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Spirolides are marine compounds of the cyclic imine group. Although the mechanism of action is not fully elucidated yet, cholinergic (muscarinic and nicotinic) receptors have been proposed as the main targets of these toxins. In this study we examined the effect of 13-desmethyl spirolide-C (SPX) on amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation and tau hyperphosphorylation in a neuronal model from triple transgenic mice (3xTg) for Alzheimer disease (AD). In vitro treatment of 3xTg cortical neurons with SPX reduced intracellular Aβ accumulation and the levels of phosphorylated tau. SPX treatment did not affect the steady-state levels of neither the M1 and M2 muscarinic nor the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), while it decreased the amplitude of acetylcholine-evoked responses and increased ACh (acetylcholine) levels in 3xTg neurons. Additionally, SPX treatment decreased the levels of two protein kinases involved in tau phosphorylation, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK). Also SPX abolished the glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in both control and 3xTg neurons. The results presented here constitute the first report indicating that exposure of 3xTg neurons to nontoxic concentrations of SPX produces a simultaneous reduction in the main pathological characteristics of AD. In spite of the few reports analyzing the mode of action of the toxin we suggest that SPX could ameliorate AD pathology increasing the intracellular ACh levels and simultaneously diminishing the levels of kinases involved in tau phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Alonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27003 Lugo, Spain
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24
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Araoz R, Servent D, Molgó J, Iorga BI, Fruchart-Gaillard C, Benoit E, Gu Z, Stivala C, Zakarian A. Total synthesis of pinnatoxins A and G and revision of the mode of action of pinnatoxin A. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:10499-511. [PMID: 21644584 PMCID: PMC3365589 DOI: 10.1021/ja201254c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pinnatoxins belong to an emerging class of potent marine toxins of the cyclic imine group. Detailed studies of their biological effects have been impeded by unavailability of the complex natural product from natural sources. This work describes the development of a robust, scalable synthetic sequence relying on a convergent strategy that delivered a sufficient amount of the toxin for detailed biological studies and its commercialization for use by other research groups and regulatory agencies. A central transformation in the synthesis is the highly diastereoselective Ireland-Claisen rearrangement of a complex α,α-disubstituted allylic ester based on a unique mode for stereoselective enolization through a chirality match between the substrate and the lithium amide base. With synthetic pinnatoxin A, a detailed study has been performed that provides conclusive evidence for its mode of action as a potent inhibitor of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors selective for the human neuronal α7 subtype. The comprehensive electrophysiological, biochemical, and computational studies support the view that the spiroimine subunit of pinnatoxins is critical for blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes, as evidenced by analyzing the effect of a synthetic analogue of pinnatoxin A containing an open form of the imine ring. Our studies have paved the way for the production of certified standards to be used for mass-spectrometric determination of these toxins in marine matrices and for the development of tests to detect these toxins in contaminated shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romulo Araoz
- Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard, FRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement, UPR-3294, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Denis Servent
- Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Laboratoire de Toxinologie Moléculaire et Biotechnologies, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jordi Molgó
- Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard, FRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement, UPR-3294, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Bogdan I. Iorga
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Carole Fruchart-Gaillard
- Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Laboratoire de Toxinologie Moléculaire et Biotechnologies, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Evelyne Benoit
- Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard, FRC2118, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Développement, UPR-3294, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Zhenhua Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Craig Stivala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
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25
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Espiña B, Otero P, Louzao MC, Alfonso A, Botana LM. 13-Desmethyl spirolide-c and 13,19-didesmethyl spirolide-c trans-epithelial permeabilities: human intestinal permeability modelling. Toxicology 2011; 287:69-75. [PMID: 21689715 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human intestinal permeability prediction is an increasingly important field that helps to explain how efficient the absorption of drugs is. Spirolides, cyclic imines produced by dinoflagellates from the genera Alexandrium, can be accumulated in mollusks usually consumed by humans. These compounds exert neurological symptoms when injected intra-peritoneally in mice, although they seem to be less toxic by oral administration. In this study, we evaluate two of the most abundant analogues, 13-desmethyl spirolide C and 13,19-didesmethyl spirolide C and their ability to cross the human intestinal epithelium by the use of Caco-2 trans-epithelial permeability assays as a model. Toxin quantifications were carried out by using the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analytical technique. We found that both compounds cross the Caco-2 epithelial barrier without altering the trans-epithelial electric resistance of the monolayer. The apparent permeability (P(app)) coefficient calculated was 18.65±1.2×10(-6)cm/s for 13-desmethyl spirolide C while a little lesser, 12.32±3.18×10(-6)cm/s, for 13,19-didesmethyl spirolide C. P(app) coefficients allow us to predict a human intestinal permeability ≥80% and ≥50%, respectively for each compound. Those results demonstrate that spirolides would be highly absorbed in the human intestine, thus being able to enter the circulatory system and to reach different organs where they could be accumulated or exert an unpredictable effect. Thus, it is necessary to carry out new studies about their pharmacokinetics and evaluate their potential acute and/or chronic effect on the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Espiña
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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