1
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Teng Y, Yang H, Tian Y. The Development and Application of Tritium-Labeled Compounds in Biomedical Research. Molecules 2024; 29:4109. [PMID: 39274956 PMCID: PMC11397416 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29174109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
With low background radiation, tritiate compounds exclusively emit intense beta particles without structural changes. This makes them a useful tool in the drug discovery arsenal. Thanks to the recent rapid progress in tritium chemistry, the preparation and analysis of tritium-labeled compounds are now much easier, simpler, and cheaper. Pharmacokinetics, autoradiography, and protein binding studies have been much more efficient with the employment of tritium-labeled compounds. This review provides a comprehensive overview of tritium-labeled compounds regarding their properties, synthesis strategies, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yulin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
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2
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Martinelli E, Spiller M, Weck R, Llompart P, Minoletti C, Güssregen S, Sib A, Derdau V. Pegylated Phosphine Ligands in Iridium(I) Catalyzed Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Reactions in Aqueous Buffers. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402038. [PMID: 38861127 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of a water-soluble, phosphine-pegylated iridium(I) catalyst and its application in hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reactions in buffer is reported. The longer polyethylene glycol side chains on the phosphine increased the water solubility independently from the pH. HIE reactions of polar substrates in protic solvents were studied. DFT calculations gave further insights into the catalytic processes. The scope and limitation of the pegylated catalyst was studied in HIE reactions of several complex compounds in borax buffer at pH 9 and the best conditions were applied in a tritium experiment with the drug telmisartan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martinelli
- Sanofi Germany, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marie Spiller
- Sanofi Germany, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Remo Weck
- Sanofi Germany, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pierre Llompart
- Sanofi France, Integrated Drug Discovery, 1 impasse des Ateliers, 94 400, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Claire Minoletti
- Sanofi France, Integrated Drug Discovery, 1 impasse des Ateliers, 94 400, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | - Stefan Güssregen
- Sanofi Germany, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Sib
- Sanofi Germany, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi Germany, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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3
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Zhu FY, Wu BD, Du MH, Yao JL, Abrahams BF, Gu H, Braunstein P, Lang JP. Tandem Protocol for Diversified Deuteration of Secondary Aliphatic Amines under Mild Conditions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11414-11420. [PMID: 39102497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Deuteration of amine compounds has been widely of concern because of its practical role in organic reaction mechanisms and drug research; however, only limited deuteration label methods are accessible with D2O as a deuterium source. Herein, we propose a convenient deuteration protocol, including preparing D2 by the AlGa activation method, using PtRu nanowires as catalysts, and utilizing the elementary step in the couple reaction involving an imine unit, to realize the rapid preparation of a secondary amine with a diversified deuteration label. The self-coupling between nitriles not only provides a symmetric secondary amine with four α-D atoms but also produces high-valued ND3 in an atomic-economic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yuan Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Bao-De Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Hao Du
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Lin Yao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | | | - Hongwei Gu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Université de Strasbourg─CNRS, Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), 4 rue Blaise Pascal-CS 90032, Strasbourg 67081, France
| | - Jian-Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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4
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Mühlfenzl KS, Enemærke VJ, Gahlawat S, Golbækdal PI, Munksgaard-Ottosen N, Neumann KT, Hopmann KH, Norrby PO, Elmore CS, Skrydstrup T. Nickel Catalyzed Carbonylative Cross Coupling for Direct Access to Isotopically Labeled Alkyl Aryl Ketones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202412247. [PMID: 39145496 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202412247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Here we present an effective nickel-catalyzed carbonylative cross-coupling for direct access to alkyl aryl ketones from readily accessible redox-activated tetrachlorophthalimide esters and aryl boronic acids. The methodology, which is run employing only 2.5 equivalents of CO and simple Ni(II) salts as the metal source, exhibits a broad substrate scope under mild conditions. Furthermore, this carbonylation chemistry provides an easy switch between isotopologues for stable (13CO) and radioactive (14CO) isotope labeling, allowing its adaptation to the late-stage isotope labeling of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. Based on DFT calculations as well as experimental evidence, a catalytic cycle is proposed involving a carbon-centered radical formed via nickel(I)-induced outer-sphere decarboxylative fragmentation of the redox-active ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S Mühlfenzl
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Vitus J Enemærke
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sahil Gahlawat
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 56, 9019, Tromsø
- Department of Chemistry, Hylleraas Center for Quantum Molecular Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 56, 9019, Tromsø
| | - Peter I Golbækdal
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nikoline Munksgaard-Ottosen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Karoline T Neumann
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kathrin H Hopmann
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 56, 9019, Tromsø
| | - Per-Ola Norrby
- Data Science & Modelling, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Charles S Elmore
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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5
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Teja C, Kolb S, Colonna P, Grover J, Garcia-Argote S, Lahiri GK, Pieters G, Werz DB, Maiti D. Deuteration and Tritiation of Pharmaceuticals by Non-Directed Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Activation in Heavy and Super-Heavy Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202410162. [PMID: 39109510 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202410162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/18/2024]
Abstract
Deuterated and tritiated analogs of drugs are valuable compounds for pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry. In this work, we present a novel hydrogen isotope exchange reaction of drugs using non-directed homogeneous Pd-catalysis. Aromatic C-H activation is achieved by a commercially available pyridine ligand. Using the most convenient and cheapest deuterium source, D2O, as the only solvent 39 pharmaceuticals were labelled with clean reaction profiles and high deuterium uptakes. Additionally, we describe the first application of non-directed homogeneous Pd-catalysis for H/T exchange on three different pharmaceuticals by using T2O as isotopic source, demonstrating the applicability to the synthesis of radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitrala Teja
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Simon Kolb
- Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pierre Colonna
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jagrit Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Sébastien Garcia-Argote
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Goutam Kumar Lahiri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Grégory Pieters
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Albert-Ludwigs University Freiburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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6
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Zhou W, Yan A, Zhang S, Peng D, Li J. Concurrent Analysis of Tiafenacil and Its Transformation Products in Soil by Using Newly Developed UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-Based Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8367. [PMID: 39125937 PMCID: PMC11313644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As new pesticides continue to emerge in agricultural systems, understanding their environmental behavior is crucial for effective risk assessment. Tiafenacil (TFA), a promising novel pyrimidinedione herbicide, was the focus of this study. We developed an efficient QuEChERS-UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method to measure TFA and its transformation products (TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4, and TP5) in soil. Our calibration curves exhibited strong linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9949) ranging from 0.015 to 2.0 mg/kg within a low limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2.0 µg/kg. Inter-day and intra-day recoveries (0.10 to 2.0 mg/kg, 80.59% to 110.05%, RSD from 0.28% to 12.93%) demonstrated high sensitivity and accuracy. Additionally, TFA dissipation under aerobic conditions followed first-order kinetics, mainly yielding TP1 and TP4. In contrast, TP1 and TP2 were mainly found under sterilized and anaerobic conditions, and TFA dissipation followed second-order kinetics. Moreover, we predicted the transformation pathways of TFA using density functional theory (DFT) and assessed the toxicity levels of TFA and its TPs to aquatic organisms using ECOSAR. Collectively, these findings hold significant implications for a better understanding of TFA fate in diversified soil, benefiting its risk assessment and rational utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
| | - Anqi Yan
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Shujie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
| | - Dayong Peng
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
| | - Jun Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
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7
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Ning J, Du B, Cao S, Liu X, Kong D. Combining Umpolung and Carbon Isotope Exchange Strategies for Accessing Isotopically Labeled α-Keto Acids. Org Lett 2024; 26:5966-5971. [PMID: 38958587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The integration of umpolung and carbon isotope exchange for accessing isotopically labeled α-keto acids through photoredox catalysis is elucidated. This process involves the carbonyl umpolung of C(sp2)-α-keto acids to yield C(sp3)-α-thioketal acids, followed by the carbon isotope exchange of C(sp3)-α-thioketal acids, and ultimately, deprotection to generate carbon-labeled α-keto acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingran Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Baoyang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shilong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Duanyang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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8
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Feng M, Norlöff M, Guichard B, Kealey S, D'Anfray T, Thuéry P, Taran F, Gee A, Feuillastre S, Audisio D. Pyridine-based strategies towards nitrogen isotope exchange and multiple isotope incorporation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6063. [PMID: 39025881 PMCID: PMC11258231 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50139-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Isotopic labeling is at the core of health and life science applications such as nuclear imaging, metabolomics and plays a central role in drug development. The rapid access to isotopically labeled organic molecules is a sine qua non condition to support these societally vital areas of research. Based on a rationally driven approach, this study presents an innovative solution to access labeled pyridines by a nitrogen isotope exchange reaction based on a Zincke activation strategy. The technology conceptualizes an opportunity in the field of isotope labeling. 15N-labeling of pyridines and other relevant heterocycles such as pyrimidines and isoquinolines showcases on a large set of derivatives, including pharmaceuticals. Finally, we explore a nitrogen-to-carbon exchange strategy in order to access 13C-labeled phenyl derivatives and deuterium labeling of mono-substituted benzene from pyridine-2H5. These results open alternative avenues for multiple isotope labeling on aromatic cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghao Feng
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maylis Norlöff
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Benoit Guichard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Steven Kealey
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Timothée D'Anfray
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Thuéry
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antony Gee
- King's College London, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Sophie Feuillastre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Davide Audisio
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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9
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Weston DJ, Thomas S, Boyle GW, Pieren M. Alpibectir: Early Qualitative and Quantitative Metabolic Profiling from a First-Time-in-Human Study by Combining 19F-NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), 1H-NMR, and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Analyses. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:858-874. [PMID: 38769017 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alpibectir (also known as BVL-GSK098 and GSK3729098) is a new chemical entity (NCE) with a novel mechanism for the treatment of tuberculosis. The disposition of alpibectir was determined in subjects from a first-time-in-human trial after a single oral dose of 40 mg and after 7 days repeat dosing at 30 mg. Here we present a combined approach of 19F-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), 1H-NMR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to confidently determine the human metabolic fate of alpibectir. Utilizing multiple sites of fluorination in the molecule, it was possible to fractionate human urine and plasma to confidently detect and quantify the metabolite responses using 19F-NMR. Qualitative detection and structural characterization of F-containing NMR fractions were performed using complementary high-resolution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analyses to further add confidence to the metabolite responses in these fractions. Subsequent 1H-NMR then provided unequivocal standard-free structural confirmation for key metabolites, which would not be possible with conventional radioactivity detection and LC-MS/MS techniques. Alpibectir was shown to undergo extensive hydrolysis of the central amide moiety, where the resultant N-dealkylated amine and trifluorobutyric acid products were detected initially by unbiased 19F-NMR detection along with major downstream biotransformations to form a carbamoyl glucuronide conjugate and trifluoroacetic acid, respectively. Parallel UHPLC-MS/MS analyses provided confirmatory or additional structural characterization only where relevant. These concerted data allowed for the qualitative metabolic profile and quantitative determination of drug-related material (DRM) in urine and plasma, along with the percentage of dose excreted in urine, to be reported in a comprehensive, efficient, and data-led manner. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Combining the selectivity of 19F-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) for unfractionated samples as first-intent, data-led sample fractionation prior to 19F-NMR and structure-rich 1H-NMR detection, along with the sensitivity of high-resolution ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), a novel alternative for time-efficient detection and quantification of drug-related material (DRM) in human without use of radiolabeled drug is reported. This allowed more complete data rationalization of human metabolism, permitting early risk assessment and progression of the development of antitubercular agent, alpibectir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Weston
- Disposition and Biotransformation (D.J.W., S.T.) and DMPK Projects Group (G.W.B.), GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom; and BioVersys AG, Basel, Switzerland (M.P.)
| | - Steve Thomas
- Disposition and Biotransformation (D.J.W., S.T.) and DMPK Projects Group (G.W.B.), GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom; and BioVersys AG, Basel, Switzerland (M.P.)
| | - Gary W Boyle
- Disposition and Biotransformation (D.J.W., S.T.) and DMPK Projects Group (G.W.B.), GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom; and BioVersys AG, Basel, Switzerland (M.P.)
| | - Michel Pieren
- Disposition and Biotransformation (D.J.W., S.T.) and DMPK Projects Group (G.W.B.), GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom; and BioVersys AG, Basel, Switzerland (M.P.)
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10
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Pallardy M, Bechara R, Whritenour J, Mitchell-Ryan S, Herzyk D, Lebrec H, Merk H, Gourley I, Komocsar WJ, Piccotti JR, Balazs M, Sharma A, Walker DB, Weinstock D. Drug hypersensitivity reactions: review of the state of the science for prediction and diagnosis. Toxicol Sci 2024; 200:11-30. [PMID: 38588579 PMCID: PMC11199923 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) are a type of adverse drug reaction that can occur with different classes of drugs and affect multiple organ systems and patient populations. DHRs can be classified as allergic or non-allergic based on the cellular mechanisms involved. Whereas nonallergic reactions rely mainly on the innate immune system, allergic reactions involve the generation of an adaptive immune response. Consequently, drug allergies are DHRs for which an immunological mechanism, with antibody and/or T cell, is demonstrated. Despite decades of research, methods to predict the potential for a new chemical entity to cause DHRs or to correctly attribute DHRs to a specific mechanism and a specific molecule are not well-established. This review will focus on allergic reactions induced by systemically administered low-molecular weight drugs with an emphasis on drug- and patient-specific factors that could influence the development of DHRs. Strategies for predicting and diagnosing DHRs, including potential tools based on the current state of the science, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pallardy
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, Inflammation Microbiome Immunosurveillance, Orsay, 91400, France
| | - Rami Bechara
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM, CEA, Center for Research in Immunology of Viral, Autoimmune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, 94270, France
| | - Jessica Whritenour
- Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
| | - Shermaine Mitchell-Ryan
- The Health and Environmental Science Institute, Immunosafety Technical Committee, Washington, District of Columbia 20005, USA
| | - Danuta Herzyk
- Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Herve Lebrec
- Amgen Inc., Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Hans Merk
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52062, Germany
| | - Ian Gourley
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Immunology Clinical Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, USA
| | - Wendy J Komocsar
- Immunology Business Unit, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46225, USA
| | | | - Mercedesz Balazs
- Genentech, Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Amy Sharma
- Pfizer, Drug Safety Research & Development, New York 10017, USA
| | - Dana B Walker
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Preclinical Safety-Translational Immunology and Clinical Pathology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Weinstock
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Preclinical Sciences Translational Safety, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, USA
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11
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Yan Y, Hao J, Peng Y, Yin M, Jing L, Han P. Electrochemical benzylic deuteration of p-QMs enabling the synthesis of benzylic deuterated diarylmethanes. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4047-4051. [PMID: 38712523 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00537f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Herein, electroreductive umpolung benzylic deuteration of p-QMs using cheap and easily accessible D2O as a deuterium source is reported. Various value-added benzylic deuterated diarylmethanes can be synthesized without the requirement of noble metal catalysts, redox reagents, and strong bases. The establishment of this protocol will provide an alternative strategy for acquiring benzylic deuterated diarylmethanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunying Yan
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Jianjun Hao
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Yulin Peng
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Mengyun Yin
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Linhai Jing
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
| | - Pan Han
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China.
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12
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Gu C, Huang J, Muste C, Zhong J, Walker GS, Obach RS, Shaffer CL. Radiolabel Uncovers Nonintuitive Metabolites of BIIB104: Novel Release of [ 14C]Cyanide from 2-Cyanothiophene and Subsequent Formation of [ 14C]Thiocyanate. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:323-336. [PMID: 38360917 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BIIB104 (formerly PF-04958242), N-((3S,4S)-4-(4-(5-cyanothiophen-2-yl)phenoxy)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)propane-2-sulfonamide, is an α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor potentiator investigated for the treatment of cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. Preliminary in vitro metabolism studies with non-radiolabeled BIIB104 in rat, dog, and human liver microsomes (RLM, DLM, and HLM) showed O-dealkylation in all three species, tetrahydrofuran hydroxylation dominating in DLM and HLM, and thiophene hydroxylation prevalent in RLM. However, a subsequent rat mass balance study with [nitrile-14C]BIIB104 showed incomplete recovery of administered radioactivity (∼80%) from urine and feces over 7 days following an oral dose, and an exceptionally long plasma total radioactivity half-life. Radiochromatographic metabolite profiling and identification, including chemical derivation, revealed that [14C]cyanide was a major metabolite of [nitrile-14C]BIIB104 in RLM, but a minor and trace metabolite in DLM and HLM, respectively. Correspondingly in bile duct-cannulated rats, [14C]thiocyanate accounted for ∼53% of total radioactivity excreted over 48 hours postdose and it, as an endogenous substance, explained the exceptionally long plasma radioactivity half-life. The release of [14C]cyanide from the 2-cyanothiophene moiety is postulated to follow an epoxidation-initiated thiophene-opening based on the detection of non-radiolabeled counterpart metabolites in RLM. This unusual biotransformation serves as a lesson regarding placement of the radioactive label on an aryl nitrile when material will be used for evaluating the metabolism of a new drug candidate. Additionally, the potential cyanide metabolite of nitrile-containing drug molecules may be detected in liver microsomes with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry following a chemical derivatization. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Using [nitrile-14C]BIIB104, non-intuitive metabolites of BIIB104 were discovered involving a novel cyanide release from the 2-cyanothiophene motif via a postulated epoxidation-initiated thiophene-opening. This unusual biotransformation serves as a lesson regarding placement of the radioactive label on an aryl nitrile when material will be used for evaluating the metabolism of a new drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungang Gu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Jiansheng Huang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Cathy Muste
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Jeremy Zhong
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Gregory S Walker
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - R Scott Obach
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Christopher L Shaffer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
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13
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Pichugov AV, Escomel L, Lassalle S, Petit J, Jabbour R, Gajan D, Veyre L, Fonda E, Lesage A, Thieuleux C, Camp C. Highly Selective and Efficient Perdeuteration of n-Pentane via H/D Exchange Catalyzed by a Silica-Supported Hafnium-Iridium Bimetallic Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400992. [PMID: 38373040 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
A Surface OrganoMetallic Chemistry (SOMC) approach is used to prepare a novel hafnium-iridium catalyst immobilized on silica, HfIr/SiO2, featuring well-defined [≡SiOHf(CH2 tBu)2(μ-H)3IrCp*] surface sites. Unlike the monometallic analogous materials Hf/SiO2 and Ir/SiO2, which promote n-pentane deuterogenolysis through C-C bond scission, we demonstrate that under the same experimental conditions (1 bar D2, 250 °C, 3 h, 0.5 mol %), the heterobimetallic catalyst HfIr/SiO2 is highly efficient and selective for the perdeuteration of alkanes with D2, exemplified on n-pentane, without substantial deuterogenolysis (<2 % at 95 % conversion). Furthermore this HfIr/SiO2 catalyst is robust and can be re-used several times without evidence of decomposition. This represents substantial advance in catalytic H/D isotope exchange (HIE) reactions of C(sp3)-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Pichugov
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Léon Escomel
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Lassalle
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julien Petit
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ribal Jabbour
- Centre de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon CRMN, UMR5082, Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - David Gajan
- Centre de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon CRMN, UMR5082, Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Veyre
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emiliano Fonda
- Synchrotron SOLEIL L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin BP-48, 91192, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon CRMN, UMR5082, Université de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chloé Thieuleux
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Clément Camp
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2 M UMR 5128, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616, Villeurbanne, France
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14
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Kinney RG, Zgheib J, Lagueux-Tremblay PL, Zhou C, Yang H, Li J, Gauthier DR, Arndtsen BA. A metal-catalysed functional group metathesis approach to the carbon isotope labelling of carboxylic acids. Nat Chem 2024; 16:556-563. [PMID: 38374455 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The distribution, metabolism and ultimate fate of molecules within the body is central to the activity of pharmaceuticals. However, the introduction of radioisotopes into the metabolically stable carbon sites on drugs to probe these features typically requires toxic, radioactive gases such as [14C]CO and [14C]CO2. Here we describe an approach to directly carbon-label carboxylic-acid-containing pharmaceuticals via a metal-catalysed functional group exchange reaction, forming 14C-labelled carboxylic-acid-containing drugs without radioactive gases, in one pot, using an easily available and handled carboxylic acid 14C source. To enable this process, a functional group metathesis of carbon-carbon covalent bonds in acid chloride functionalities is developed, exploiting the ability of nickel catalysts to both reversibly activate carbon-chloride bonds and exchange functionalities between organic molecules. The drug development applicability is illustrated by the direct incorporation of the 14C label or 13C label into an array of complex aryl, alkyl, vinyl and heterocyclic carboxylic acid drugs or drug candidates without gases or a special apparatus, at ambient conditions and without loss of the radiolabel.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Garrison Kinney
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - José Zgheib
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Cuihan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Haifeng Yang
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Jingwei Li
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Donald R Gauthier
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA.
| | - Bruce A Arndtsen
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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15
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Bergare J, Bailey C, Sörensen H, Grönberg G, Broberg K, Berglund M, Grecu T, Sanchez C, Emtenäs H, Bragg RA, Elmore CS. Synthesis of Stable Isotope, Tritiated, and Carbon-14 Labeled Balcinrenone. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2024; 67:145-153. [PMID: 38442415 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
As part of a medicinal chemistry program aimed at discovering a mineralocorticoid receptor modulator for treatment of kidney and cardiovascular indications, multiple labeled versions of the lead compound, balcinrenone (AZD9977), were prepared. Four stable isotope labeled versions of the compound were prepared for clinical bioanalysis and biological investigations. Three of these stable isotope labeled compounds were tritiated as well as the parent for biology applications and DMPK investigations. They were prepared using a standard iodination-tritiodehalogentation approach. Finally, AZD9977 was prepared in carbon-14 labeled form for preclinical and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bergare
- Early Chemical Development Pharmaceutical Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Henrik Sörensen
- Medicinal Chemistry, CVRM, Biosciences R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Grönberg
- Medicinal Chemistry, RIA, Biosciences R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karl Broberg
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Monica Berglund
- Early Product Development and Manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tudor Grecu
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Carolina Sanchez
- Early Chemical Development Pharmaceutical Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Emtenäs
- Early Chemical Development Pharmaceutical Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ryan A Bragg
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Charles S Elmore
- Early Chemical Development Pharmaceutical Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Kanazu T, Tamada J, Kume S, Mizutare T. Cross-species drug metabolism and impact of metabolic stability testing under anaerobic condition on predicting pharmacokinetics of keto-enol containing compound in humans. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 55:100538. [PMID: 38244327 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
After oral administration of [14C]-S-1360 in rats and dogs, [14C]-S-1360 was absorbed rapidly and the bioavailability was 93.7% in rats and 75.1% in dogs. Based on the results in animals, good systemic exposure would be expected in humans. In contrast to the expectation, the exposure was low in healthy volunteers compared to the exposure expected. In addition, human mass balance study using [14C]-S1360 revealed that a large amount of metabolites existed in human plasma. The major metabolites in human plasma were reduced metabolite (HP1) and S-1360 N-glucuronide, and they respectively accounted for approximately 30% of total AUC. Unchanged S-1360 accounted for only 14% of total AUC. The results showed that a significant difference between humans and animals were observed in metabolism of S-1360. Although S-1360 was stable in human hepatocytes under aerobic condition (approximately 84% remaining at 1 h), S-1360 was labile under anaerobic condition (approximately 55% remaining at 1 h). The present study revealed that the reductive metabolism pathways are the key metabolic pathway of S-1360, especially the metabolic stability test under anaerobic condition is important to predict pharmacokinetics of keto-enol containing compound, such as S-1360.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takushi Kanazu
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Drug Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., 1-1, Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan.
| | - Junto Tamada
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Drug Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., 1-1, Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Susumu Kume
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Drug Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., 1-1, Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tohru Mizutare
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Drug Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co. Ltd., 1-1, Futaba-cho 3-chome, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan.
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17
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Mouhsine B, Norlöff M, Ghouilem J, Sallustrau A, Taran F, Audisio D. Platform for Multiple Isotope Labeling via Carbon-Sulfur Bond Exchange. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8343-8351. [PMID: 38498972 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we explore a nickel-catalyzed reversible carbon-sulfur (C-S) bond activation strategy to achieve selective sulfur isotope exchange. Isotopes are at the foundation of applications in life science, such as nuclear imaging, and are essential tools for the determination of pharmacokinetic and dynamic profiles of new pharmaceuticals. However, the insertion of an isotope into an organic molecule remains challenging, and current technologies are element-specific. Despite the ubiquitous presence of sulfur in many biologically active molecules, sulfur isotope labeling is an underexplored field, and sulfur isotope exchange has been overlooked. This approach enables us to move beyond standardized element-specific procedures and was applied to multiple isotopes, including deuterium, carbon-13, sulfur-34, and radioactive carbon-14. These results provide a unique platform for multiple isotope labeling and are compatible with a wide range of substrates, including pharmaceuticals. In addition, this technology proved its potential as an isotopic encryption device for organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouchaib Mouhsine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maylis Norlöff
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Juba Ghouilem
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antoine Sallustrau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Davide Audisio
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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18
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Cuyckens F, Hvenegaard MG, Cassidy KC, Spracklin DK, James AD, Pedersen ML, Scarfe G, Wagner DS, Georgi K, Schulz SI, Schieferstein H, Bjornsdottir I, Romeo AA, Da Violante G, Blech S, Moliner P, Young GC. Recommendations on the Use of Multiple Labels in Human Mass Balance Studies. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:153-158. [PMID: 38216306 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The administration of radiolabeled drug candidates is considered the gold standard in absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies for small-molecule drugs since it allows facile and accurate quantification of parent drug, metabolites, and total drug-related material independent of the compound structure. The choice of the position of the radiolabel, typically 14C or 3H, is critical to obtain relevant information. Sometimes, a biotransformation reaction may lead to cleavage of a part of the molecule. As a result, only the radiolabeled portion can be followed, and information on the fate of the nonlabeled metabolite may be lost. Synthesis and administration of two or more radiolabeled versions of the parent drug as a mixture or in separate studies may resolve this issue but comes with additional challenges. In this paper, we address the questions that may be considered to help make the right choice whether to use a single or multiple radiolabel approach and discuss the pros and cons of different multiple-labeling strategies that can be taken as well as alternative methods that allow the nonlabeled part of the molecule to be followed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Radiolabeled studies are the gold standard in drug metabolism research, but molecules can undergo cleavage with loss of the label. This often results in discussions around potential use of multiple labels, which seem to be occurring with increased frequency since an increasing proportion of the small-molecule drugs are tending towards larger molecular weights. This review provides insight and decision criteria in considering a multiple-label approach as well as pros and cons of different strategies that can be followed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Cuyckens
- Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium (F.C.); H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.G.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.C.C.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (D.K.S.); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (A.D.J.); Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.L.P.); Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.S.); AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (D.S.W.); Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany (K.G., S.I.S.); The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (H.S.); Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (I.B.); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland (A.A.R.); Servier, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (G.Da.V.); Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany (S.B.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (P.M.); and GSK Research & Development Ltd., Stevenage (G.C.Y.)
| | - Mette G Hvenegaard
- Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium (F.C.); H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.G.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.C.C.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (D.K.S.); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (A.D.J.); Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.L.P.); Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.S.); AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (D.S.W.); Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany (K.G., S.I.S.); The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (H.S.); Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (I.B.); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland (A.A.R.); Servier, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (G.Da.V.); Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany (S.B.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (P.M.); and GSK Research & Development Ltd., Stevenage (G.C.Y.)
| | - Kenneth C Cassidy
- Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium (F.C.); H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.G.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.C.C.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (D.K.S.); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (A.D.J.); Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.L.P.); Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.S.); AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (D.S.W.); Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany (K.G., S.I.S.); The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (H.S.); Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (I.B.); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland (A.A.R.); Servier, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (G.Da.V.); Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany (S.B.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (P.M.); and GSK Research & Development Ltd., Stevenage (G.C.Y.)
| | - Douglas K Spracklin
- Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium (F.C.); H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.G.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.C.C.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (D.K.S.); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (A.D.J.); Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.L.P.); Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.S.); AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (D.S.W.); Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany (K.G., S.I.S.); The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (H.S.); Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (I.B.); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland (A.A.R.); Servier, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (G.Da.V.); Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany (S.B.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (P.M.); and GSK Research & Development Ltd., Stevenage (G.C.Y.)
| | - Alexander D James
- Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium (F.C.); H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.G.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.C.C.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (D.K.S.); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (A.D.J.); Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.L.P.); Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.S.); AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (D.S.W.); Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany (K.G., S.I.S.); The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (H.S.); Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (I.B.); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland (A.A.R.); Servier, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (G.Da.V.); Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany (S.B.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (P.M.); and GSK Research & Development Ltd., Stevenage (G.C.Y.)
| | - Mette L Pedersen
- Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium (F.C.); H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.G.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.C.C.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (D.K.S.); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (A.D.J.); Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.L.P.); Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.S.); AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (D.S.W.); Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany (K.G., S.I.S.); The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (H.S.); Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (I.B.); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland (A.A.R.); Servier, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (G.Da.V.); Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany (S.B.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (P.M.); and GSK Research & Development Ltd., Stevenage (G.C.Y.)
| | - Graeme Scarfe
- Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium (F.C.); H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.G.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.C.C.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (D.K.S.); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (A.D.J.); Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.L.P.); Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.S.); AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (D.S.W.); Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany (K.G., S.I.S.); The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (H.S.); Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (I.B.); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland (A.A.R.); Servier, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (G.Da.V.); Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany (S.B.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (P.M.); and GSK Research & Development Ltd., Stevenage (G.C.Y.)
| | - David S Wagner
- Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium (F.C.); H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.G.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.C.C.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (D.K.S.); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (A.D.J.); Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.L.P.); Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.S.); AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (D.S.W.); Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany (K.G., S.I.S.); The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (H.S.); Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (I.B.); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland (A.A.R.); Servier, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (G.Da.V.); Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany (S.B.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (P.M.); and GSK Research & Development Ltd., Stevenage (G.C.Y.)
| | - Katrin Georgi
- Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium (F.C.); H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.G.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.C.C.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (D.K.S.); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (A.D.J.); Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.L.P.); Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.S.); AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (D.S.W.); Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany (K.G., S.I.S.); The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (H.S.); Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (I.B.); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland (A.A.R.); Servier, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (G.Da.V.); Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany (S.B.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (P.M.); and GSK Research & Development Ltd., Stevenage (G.C.Y.)
| | - Simone I Schulz
- Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium (F.C.); H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.G.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.C.C.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (D.K.S.); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (A.D.J.); Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.L.P.); Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.S.); AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (D.S.W.); Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany (K.G., S.I.S.); The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (H.S.); Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (I.B.); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland (A.A.R.); Servier, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (G.Da.V.); Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany (S.B.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (P.M.); and GSK Research & Development Ltd., Stevenage (G.C.Y.)
| | - Hanno Schieferstein
- Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium (F.C.); H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.G.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.C.C.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (D.K.S.); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (A.D.J.); Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.L.P.); Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.S.); AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (D.S.W.); Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany (K.G., S.I.S.); The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (H.S.); Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (I.B.); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland (A.A.R.); Servier, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (G.Da.V.); Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany (S.B.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (P.M.); and GSK Research & Development Ltd., Stevenage (G.C.Y.)
| | - Inga Bjornsdottir
- Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium (F.C.); H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.G.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.C.C.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (D.K.S.); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (A.D.J.); Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.L.P.); Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.S.); AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (D.S.W.); Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany (K.G., S.I.S.); The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (H.S.); Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (I.B.); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland (A.A.R.); Servier, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (G.Da.V.); Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany (S.B.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (P.M.); and GSK Research & Development Ltd., Stevenage (G.C.Y.)
| | - Andrea A Romeo
- Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium (F.C.); H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.G.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.C.C.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (D.K.S.); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (A.D.J.); Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.L.P.); Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.S.); AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (D.S.W.); Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany (K.G., S.I.S.); The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (H.S.); Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (I.B.); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland (A.A.R.); Servier, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (G.Da.V.); Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany (S.B.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (P.M.); and GSK Research & Development Ltd., Stevenage (G.C.Y.)
| | - Georges Da Violante
- Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium (F.C.); H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.G.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.C.C.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (D.K.S.); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (A.D.J.); Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.L.P.); Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.S.); AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (D.S.W.); Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany (K.G., S.I.S.); The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (H.S.); Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (I.B.); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland (A.A.R.); Servier, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (G.Da.V.); Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany (S.B.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (P.M.); and GSK Research & Development Ltd., Stevenage (G.C.Y.)
| | - Stefan Blech
- Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium (F.C.); H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.G.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.C.C.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (D.K.S.); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (A.D.J.); Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.L.P.); Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.S.); AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (D.S.W.); Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany (K.G., S.I.S.); The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (H.S.); Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (I.B.); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland (A.A.R.); Servier, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (G.Da.V.); Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany (S.B.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (P.M.); and GSK Research & Development Ltd., Stevenage (G.C.Y.)
| | - Patricia Moliner
- Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium (F.C.); H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.G.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.C.C.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (D.K.S.); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (A.D.J.); Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.L.P.); Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.S.); AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (D.S.W.); Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany (K.G., S.I.S.); The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (H.S.); Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (I.B.); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland (A.A.R.); Servier, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (G.Da.V.); Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany (S.B.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (P.M.); and GSK Research & Development Ltd., Stevenage (G.C.Y.)
| | - Graeme C Young
- Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium (F.C.); H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark (M.G.H.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.C.C.); Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (D.K.S.); Novartis, Basel, Switzerland (A.D.J.); Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.L.P.); Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.S.); AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois (D.S.W.); Bayer AG, Wuppertal, Germany (K.G., S.I.S.); The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (H.S.); Novo Nordisk, Maaloev, Denmark (I.B.); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland (A.A.R.); Servier, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (G.Da.V.); Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany (S.B.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (P.M.); and GSK Research & Development Ltd., Stevenage (G.C.Y.)
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19
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Shim SY. Late-Stage C-H Activation of Drug (Derivative) Molecules with Pd(ll) Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302620. [PMID: 37846586 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
This review comprehensively analyses representative examples of Pd(II)-catalyzed late-stage C-H activation reactions and demonstrates their efficacy in converting C-H bonds at multiple positions within drug (derivative) molecules into diverse functional groups. These transformative reactions hold immense potential in medicinal chemistry, enabling the efficient and selective functionalization of specific sites within drug molecules, thereby enhancing their pharmacological activity and expanding the scope of potential drug candidates. Although notable articles have focused on late-stage C-H functionalization reactions of drug-like molecules using transition-metal catalysts, reviews specifically focusing on late-stage C-H functionalization reactions of drug (derivative) molecules using Pd(II) catalysts are required owing to their prominence as the most widely utilized metal catalysts for C-H activation and their ability to introduce a myriad of functional groups at specific C-H bonds. The utilization of Pd-catalyzed C-H activation methodologies demonstrates impressive success in introducing various functional groups, such as cyano (CN), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), aromatic rings, olefin, alkyl, alkyne, and hydroxyl groups, to drug (derivative) molecules with high regioselectivity and functional-group tolerance. These breakthroughs in late-stage C-H activation reactions serve as invaluable tools for drug discovery and development, thereby offering strategic options to optimize drug candidates and drive the exploration of innovative therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yong Shim
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT) KRICT School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
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20
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Wang S, Ballard TE, Christopher LJ, Foti RS, Gu C, Khojasteh SC, Liu J, Ma S, Ma B, Obach RS, Schadt S, Zhang Z, Zhang D. The Importance of Tracking "Missing" Metabolites: How and Why? J Med Chem 2023; 66:15586-15612. [PMID: 37769129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Technologies currently employed to find and identify drug metabolites in complex biological matrices generally yield results that offer a comprehensive picture of the drug metabolite profile. However, drug metabolites can be missed or are captured only late in the drug development process. This could be due to a variety of factors, such as metabolism that results in partial loss of the molecule, covalent bonding to macromolecules, the drug being metabolized in specific human tissues, or poor ionization in a mass spectrometer. These scenarios often draw a great deal of attention from chemistry, safety assessment, and pharmacology. This review will summarize scenarios of missing metabolites, why they are missing, and associated uncovering strategies from deeper investigations. Uncovering previously missed metabolites can have ramifications in drug development with toxicological and pharmacological consequences, and knowledge of these can help in the design of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - T Eric Ballard
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., 35 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lisa J Christopher
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Robert S Foti
- Preclinical Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chungang Gu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shuguang Ma
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pliant Therapeutics, 260 Littlefield Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Simone Schadt
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacher Strasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhoupeng Zhang
- DMPK Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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21
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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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22
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Lynch C, Downey JW, Zhang Y, Hooker JM, Levin MD. Core-Labeling (Radio) Synthesis of Phenols. Org Lett 2023; 25:7230-7235. [PMID: 37751441 PMCID: PMC10563162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a method that enables the fast incorporation of carbon isotopes into the ipso carbon of phenols. Our approach relies on the synthesis of a 1,5-dibromo-1,4-pentadiene precursor, which upon lithium-halogen exchange followed by treatment with carbonate esters results in a formal [5 + 1] cyclization to form the phenol product. Using this strategy, we have prepared 12 1-13C-labeled phenols, show proof-of-concept for the labeling of phenols with carbon-14, and demonstrate phenol synthesis directly from cyclotron-produced [11C]CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin
F. Lynch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Joseph W. Downey
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Department
of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Lurie
Center for Autism, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
| | - Mark D. Levin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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23
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Kramp H, Weck R, Sandvoss M, Sib A, Mencia G, Fazzini PF, Chaudret B, Derdau V. In situ Generated Iridium Nanoparticles as Hydride Donors in Photoredox-Catalyzed Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Reactions with Deuterium and Tritium Gas. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308983. [PMID: 37453077 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the photoredox-catalyzed hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) reaction with deuterium or tritium gas as isotope sources and in situ formed transition metal nanoparticles as hydrogen atom transfer pre-catalysts. By this means we have found synergistic reactivities applying two different HIE mechanisms, namely photoredox-catalyzed and CH-functionalization HIE leading to the synthesis of highly deuterated complex molecules. Finally, we adopted these findings successfully to tritium chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Kramp
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Remo Weck
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Sandvoss
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Sib
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gabriel Mencia
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Pier-Francesco Fazzini
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-objets, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Volker Derdau
- Sanofi Germany, R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Industriepark Höchst, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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24
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Labiche A, Malandain A, Molins M, Taran F, Audisio D. Modern Strategies for Carbon Isotope Exchange. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303535. [PMID: 37074841 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to stable and natural abundant carbon-12, the synthesis of organic molecules with carbon (radio)isotopes must be conceived and optimized in order to navigate through the hurdles of radiochemical requirements, such as high costs of the starting materials, harsh conditions and radioactive waste generation. In addition, it must initiate from the small cohort of available C-labeled building blocks. For long time, multi-step approaches have represented the sole available patterns. On the other side, the development of chemical reactions based on the reversible cleavage of C-C bonds might offer new opportunities and reshape retrosynthetic analysis in radiosynthesis. This review aims to provide a short survey on the recently emerged carbon isotope exchange technologies that provide effective opportunity for late-stage labeling. At present, such strategies have relied on the use of primary and easily accessible radiolabeled C1-building blocks, such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and cyanides, while the activation principles have been based on thermal, photocatalytic, metal-catalyzed and biocatalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Labiche
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SCBM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Augustin Malandain
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SCBM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maxime Molins
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SCBM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SCBM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Davide Audisio
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, SCBM, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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25
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Pan S, Ding A, Li Y, Sun Y, Zhan Y, Ye Z, Song N, Peng B, Li L, Huang W, Shao H. Small-molecule probes from bench to bedside: advancing molecular analysis of drug-target interactions toward precision medicine. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5706-5743. [PMID: 37525607 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00056g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, remarkable advances have been witnessed in the development of small-molecule probes. These molecular tools have been widely applied for interrogating proteins, pathways and drug-target interactions in preclinical research. While novel structures and designs are commonly explored in probe development, the clinical translation of small-molecule probes remains limited, primarily due to safety and regulatory considerations. Recent synergistic developments - interfacing novel chemical probes with complementary analytical technologies - have introduced and expedited diverse biomedical opportunities to molecularly characterize targeted drug interactions directly in the human body or through accessible clinical specimens (e.g., blood and ascites fluid). These integrated developments thus offer unprecedented opportunities for drug development, disease diagnostics and treatment monitoring. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the structure and design of small-molecule probes with novel functionalities and the integrated development with imaging, proteomics and other emerging technologies. We further highlight recent applications of integrated small-molecule technologies for the molecular analysis of drug-target interactions, including translational applications and emerging opportunities for whole-body imaging, tissue-based measurement and blood-based analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijun Pan
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Aixiang Ding
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yisi Li
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yaxin Sun
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Yueqin Zhan
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Zhenkun Ye
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Ning Song
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Lin Li
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Huilin Shao
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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26
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Gumieniczek A, Berecka-Rycerz A. Metabolism and Chemical Degradation of New Antidiabetic Drugs: A Review of Analytical Approaches for Analysis of Glutides and Gliflozins. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2127. [PMID: 37626624 PMCID: PMC10452759 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The drug metabolism and drug degradation pathways may overlap, resulting in the formation of similar constituents. Therefore, the metabolism data can be helpful for deriving safe levels of degradation impurities and improving the quality of respective pharmaceutical products. The present article contains considerations on possible links between metabolic and degradation pathways for new antidiabetic drugs such as glutides, gliflozins, and gliptins. Special attention was paid to their reported metabolites and identified degradation products. At the same time, many interesting analytical approaches to conducting metabolism as well as degradation experiments were mentioned, including chromatographic methods and radioactive labeling of the drugs. The review addresses the analytical approaches elaborated for examining the metabolism and degradation pathways of glutides, i.e., glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, and gliflozins, i.e., sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. The problems associated with the chromatographic analysis of the peptide compounds (glutides) and the polar drugs (gliflozins) were addressed. Furthermore, issues related to in vitro experiments and the use of stable isotopes were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gumieniczek
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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27
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Malandain A, Molins M, Hauwelle A, Talbot A, Loreau O, D'Anfray T, Goutal S, Tournier N, Taran F, Caillé F, Audisio D. Carbon Dioxide Radical Anion by Photoinduced Equilibration between Formate Salts and [ 11C, 13C, 14C]CO 2: Application to Carbon Isotope Radiolabeling. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37486080 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The need for carbon-labeled radiotracers is increasingly higher in drug discovery and development (carbon-14, β-, t1/2 = 5730 years) as well as in positron emission tomography (PET) for in vivo molecular imaging applications (carbon-11, β+, t1/2 = 20.4 min). However, the structural diversity of radiotracers is still systematically driven by the narrow available labeled sources and methodologies. In this context, the emergence of carbon dioxide radical anion chemistry might set forth potential unexplored opportunities. Based on a dynamic isotopic equilibration between formate salts and [13C, 14C, 11C]CO2, C-labeled radical anion CO2•- could be accessed under extremely mild conditions within seconds. This methodology was successfully applied to hydrocarboxylation and dicarboxylation reactions in late-stage carbon isotope labeling of pharmaceutically relevant compounds. The relevance of the method in applied radiochemistry was showcased by the whole-body PET biodistribution profile of [11C]oxaprozin in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustin Malandain
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maxime Molins
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexandre Hauwelle
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale Paris-Saclay (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - Alex Talbot
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Loreau
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Timothée D'Anfray
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sébastien Goutal
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale Paris-Saclay (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale Paris-Saclay (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fabien Caillé
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale Paris-Saclay (BioMaps), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CNRS, CEA, F-91401 Orsay, France
| | - Davide Audisio
- Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage, DMTS, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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28
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Wang L, Wen L, Pan Y, Zhang X, Chen H, Liu Z, Huang L. Metabolism and Tissue Elimination of Diaveridine in Swine, Chickens, and Rats Using Radioactive Tracing Coupled with LC-ESI-IT-TOF/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37036393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c09159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Diaveridine (DVD) has widespread use in food animals due to its antibacterial synergistic effects. This study revealed the metabolism, excretion, and tissue elimination of DVD in swine, chickens, and rats following oral gavage of 10 mg/kg b.w. tritium-labeled DVD using radioactive tracing coupled with liquid chromatography-electron spray ionization-ion trap-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-IT-TOF/MS). The metabolic pathways involved demethylation, α-hydroxylation, glucuronidation, and sulfonylation and produced four metabolites in swine (M0, DVD; M1, 3'/4'-demethyl-DVD; M2, 3'/4'-demethyl-DVD-O-glucuronide; M4, 2/4-glucuronidated-DVD) and five in chickens (M0∼M2; M3, α-hydroxy-DVD; M4) and rats (M0∼M3; M5, 3'/4'-demethyl-DVD-O-sulfation). M0 was dominant in the excreta of chicken and female and male rats, while M2 was mainly excreted in swine. Among the three species studied, M0 was the most persistent in the kidneys (t1/2 3.15-3.89 d); therefore, M0 kidney levels are residue monitoring targets. This study enabled a thorough comprehension of the metabolism and pharmacokinetic characteristics of DVD in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liye Wang
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, Henan 471934, PR China
| | - Lihua Wen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, Henan 471934, PR China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, Henan 471934, PR China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
- MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
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29
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Isin EM. Unusual Biotransformation Reactions of Drugs and Drug Candidates. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:413-426. [PMID: 36653118 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailed assessment of the fate of drugs in nonclinical test species and humans is essential to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines in patients. In this context, biotransformation of drugs and drug candidates has been an area of keen interest over many decades in the pharmaceutical industry as well as academia. Although many of the enzymes and biotransformation pathways involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and more specifically drugs have been well characterized, each drug molecule is unique and constitutes specific challenges for the biotransformation scientist. In this mini-review written for the special issue on the occasion of the 50th Anniversary celebration of Drug Metabolism and Disposition and to celebrate contributions of F. Peter Guengerich, one of the pioneers of the drug metabolism field, recently reported "unusual" biotransformation reactions are presented. Scientific and technological advances in the "toolbox" of the biotransformation scientists are summarized. As the pharmaceutical industry continues to explore therapeutic modalities different from the traditional small molecule drugs, the new challenges confronting the biotransformation scientist as well as future opportunities are discussed. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: For the biotransformation scientists, it is essential to share and be aware of unexpected biotransformation reactions so that they can increase their confidence in predicting metabolites of drugs in humans to ensure the safety and efficacy of these metabolites before the medicines reach large numbers of patients. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent observations of "unusual" metabolites so that the scientists working in the area of drug metabolism can strengthen their readiness in expecting the unexpected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre M Isin
- Translational Medicine, Servier, 25/27 Rue Eugène Vignat, 45000, Orléans, France
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Tarrach X, Yang J, Soleiman-Beigi M, Díez-González S. Straightforward and Efficient Deuteration of Terminal Alkynes with Copper Catalysis. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13040648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mild and effective preparation of deuterated organic molecules is an active area of research due to their important applications. Herein, we report an air-stable and easy to access copper(I) complex as catalyst for the deuteration of mono-substituted alkynes. Reactions were carried out in technical solvents and in the presence of air, to obtain excellent deuterium incorporation in a range of functionalised alkynes.
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31
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Flynn NR, Swamidass SJ. Message Passing Neural Networks Improve Prediction of Metabolite Authenticity. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:1675-1694. [PMID: 36926871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes aid in the elimination of a preponderance of small molecule drugs, but can generate reactive metabolites that may adversely react with protein and DNA and prompt drug candidate attrition or market withdrawal. Previously developed models help understand how these enzymes modify molecule structure by predicting sites of metabolism or characterizing formation of metabolite-biomolecule adducts. However, the majority of reactive metabolites are formed by multiple metabolic steps, and understanding the progenitor molecule's network-level behavior necessitates an integrative approach that blends multiple site of metabolism and structure inference models. Our previously developed tool, XenoNet 1.0, generates metabolic networks, where nodes are molecules and weighted edges are metabolic transformations. We extend XenoNet with a bidirectional message passing neural network that integrates edge feature information and local network structure using edge-conditioned graph convolutions and jumping knowledge to predict the authenticity of inferred Phase I metabolite structures. Our model significantly outperformed prior work and algorithmic baselines on a data set of 311 networks and 6606 intermediates annotated using a chemically diverse set of 20 736 individual in vitro and in vivo reaction records accounting for 92.3% of all human Phase I metabolism in the Accelrys Metabolite Database. Cross-validated predictions resulted in area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 88.5% and 87.6% for separating experimentally observed and unobserved metabolites at global and network levels, respectively. Further analysis verified robustness to networks of varying depth and breadth, accurate detection of metabolites, such as d,l-methamphetamine, that are experimentally observed or unobserved in different network contexts, extraction of important metabolic subnetworks, and identification of known bioactivation pathways, such as for nimesulide and terbinafine. By exploiting network structures, our approach accurately suggests unreported metabolites for experimental study and may rationalize modifications for avoiding deleterious pathways antecedent to reactive metabolite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah R Flynn
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - S Joshua Swamidass
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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32
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Dual-Labelled Nanoparticles Inform on the Stability of Fluorescent Labels In Vivo. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030769. [PMID: 36986630 PMCID: PMC10059031 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent labelling is commonly used to monitor the biodistribution of nanomedicines. However, meaningful interpretation of the results requires that the fluorescent label remains attached to the nanomedicine. In this work, we explore the stability of three fluorophores (BODIPY650, Cyanine 5 and AZ647) attached to polymeric hydrophobic biodegradable anchors. Using dual-labelled poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactic acid) (PEG-PLA) nanoparticles that are both radioactive and fluorescent, we investigated how the properties of the fluorophores impact the stability of the labelling in vitro and in vivo. Results suggest that the more hydrophilic dye (AZ647) is released faster from nanoparticles, and that this instability results in misinterpretation of in vivo data. While hydrophobic dyes are likely more suitable to track nanoparticles in biological environments, quenching of the fluorescence inside the nanoparticles can also introduce artefacts. Altogether, this work raises awareness about the importance of stable labelling methods when investigating the biological fate of nanomedicines.
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33
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Felten S, He CQ, Weisel M, Shevlin M, Emmert MH. Accessing Diverse Azole Carboxylic Acid Building Blocks via Mild C–H Carboxylation: Parallel, One-Pot Amide Couplings and Machine-Learning-Guided Substrate Scope Design. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23115-23126. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Felten
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc, 126 E Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Cyndi Qixin He
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc, 126 E Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mark Weisel
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc, 126 E Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael Shevlin
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc, 126 E Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Marion H. Emmert
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc, 126 E Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Ding Y, Pedersen SS, Lin A, Qian R, Ball ZT. Direct formation and site-selective elaboration of methionine sulfoximine in polypeptides. Chem Sci 2022; 13:14101-14105. [PMID: 36540816 PMCID: PMC9728511 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04220g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Sulfoximines are emerging moieties for medicinal and biological chemistry, due in part to their efficacy in selective inhibition of amide-forming enzymes such as γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase. While small-molecule sulfoximines such as methionine sulfoximine (MSO) and its derivatives are well studied, structures with methionine sulfoximine residues within complex polypeptides have been generally inaccessible. This paper describes a straightforward means of late-stage one-step oxidation of methionine residues within polypeptides to afford NH-sulfoximines. We also present chemoselective subsequent elaboration, most notably by copper(ii)-mediated N-H cross-coupling at methionine sulfoximine residues with arylboronic acid reagents. This development serves as a strategy to incorporate diverse sulfoximine structures within natural polypeptides, and also identifies the methionine sulfoximine residue as a new site for bioorthogonal, chemoselective bioconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA
| | - Simon S Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Alex Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA
| | - Ruoyu Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA
| | - Zachary T Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA
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New 5-Aryl-1,3,4-Thiadiazole-Based Anticancer Agents: Design, Synthesis, In Vitro Biological Evaluation and In Vivo Radioactive Tracing Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121476. [PMID: 36558927 PMCID: PMC9781117 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-based compounds featuring pyridinium (3), substituted piperazines (4a-g), benzyl piperidine (4i), and aryl aminothiazoles (5a-e) heterocycles were synthesized. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity potential of the new compounds against MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cell lines indicated that compounds 4e and 4i displayed the highest activity toward the tested cancer cells. A selectivity study demonstrated the high selective cytotoxicity of 4e and 4i towards cancerous cells over normal mammalian Vero cells. Cell cycle analysis revealed that treatment with either compound 4e or 4i induced cell cycle arrest at the S and G2/M phases in HepG2 and MCF-7 cells, respectively. Moreover, the significant increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase 9 levels in HepG2 and MCF-7 cells treated with either 4e or 4i indicated that their cytotoxic effect is attributed to the ability to induce apoptotic cell death. Finally, an in vivo radioactive tracing study of compound 4i proved its targeting ability to sarcoma cells in a tumor-bearing mice model.
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36
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Vaidyanathan S, Reed A. Pipeline Impact of Radiolabeled Compounds in Drug Discovery and Development. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1564-1567. [PMID: 36262403 PMCID: PMC9575178 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-lived radionuclides tritium and carbon-14 have been used for many years in pharmaceutical research and development for making key efficacy and toxicological decisions. Early discovery utilizes radiolabels for compound selection through radioligand binding assays and autoradiography. In preclinical safety evaluation, the use of labeled compounds for adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies is often preferred for the added detection sensitivity. As the drug substance proceeds to the clinic, human metabolism studies are reliant on the use of labeled materials to fulfill required regulatory applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srirajan Vaidyanathan
- Department of Process Chemistry, Radiochemistry, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Aimee Reed
- Department of Process Chemistry, Radiochemistry, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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37
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Zhao H, Zeng Q, Yang J, Xu B, Lei H, Xu L, Walsh PJ. Rhodium(I)-catalyzed directed trideuteromethylation of (hetero)arene C-H bonds with CD 3CO 2D. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:7645-7649. [PMID: 36125438 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01581a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Rh(I)-catalyzed trideuteromethylation of heteroarenes with inexpensive and readily available deuterated acetic acid (CD3CO2D) with the aid of a N-containing directing groups is developed. The oxidant-free reaction is applicable to a wide range of heteroarene substrates, including 2-pyridones, indoles, aryl rings, pyrroles and carbazoles. It allows installation of CD3 groups under straightforward reaction conditions. It is expected that the salient and practical features of this trideuteromethylation protocol will be of use to academic and industrial researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China. .,Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China. .,Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Qi Zeng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Ji Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Lijin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Patrick J Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
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Mayer TS, Taeufer T, Brandt S, Rabeah J, Pospech J. Photomediated Hydro- and Deuterodecarboxylation of Pharmaceutically Relevant and Natural Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 2022; 88:6347-6353. [PMID: 36126247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a photomediated hydro- and deuterodecarboxylation of different primary, secondary, and tertiary carboxylic acids catalyzed by an organic pyrimidopteridine photoredox catalyst. The reaction was optimized by a statistical design of experiment (DoE). Under optimized reaction conditions, the conversion of commercially available nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in tablet form and on gram scale was realized. The scope of the application comprises primary, secondary, and tertiary aliphatic biologically active carboxylic acids. A deuterium incorporation of up to 95% by using D2O as inexpensive deuterium source was achieved. A sensitivity assessment as well as experiments aiding the elucidation of the reaction mechanism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea S Mayer
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tobias Taeufer
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sina Brandt
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jola Pospech
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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39
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Esposito S, Orsatti L, Pucci V. Subcutaneous Catabolism of Peptide Therapeutics: Bioanalytical Approaches and ADME Considerations. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:828-839. [PMID: 36039395 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2119180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Many peptide drugs such as insulin and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) analogues are successfully administered subcutaneously (SC). Following SC injection, peptides may undergo catabolism in the SC compartment before entering systemic circulation, which could compromise their bioavailability and in turn affect their efficacy.This review will discuss how both technology and strategy have evolved over the past years to further elucidate peptide SC catabolism.Modern bioanalytical technologies (particularly liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry) and bioinformatics platforms for data mining has prompted the development of in silico, in vitro and in vivo tools for characterizing peptide SC catabolism to rapidly address proteolytic liabilities and, ultimately, guide the design of peptides with improved SC bioavailability.More predictive models able to recapitulate the interplay between SC catabolism and other factors driving SC absorption are highly desirable to improve in vitro/in vivo correlations.We envision the routine incorporation of in vitro and in vivo SC catabolism studies in ADME screening funnels to develop more effective peptide drugs for SC delivery.
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40
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Babin V, Taran F, Audisio D. Late-Stage Carbon-14 Labeling and Isotope Exchange: Emerging Opportunities and Future Challenges. JACS AU 2022; 2:1234-1251. [PMID: 35783167 PMCID: PMC9241029 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-14 (14C) is a gold standard technology routinely utilized in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries for tracking synthetic organic molecules and providing their metabolic and safety profiles. While the state of the art has been dominated for decades by traditional multistep synthetic approaches, the recent emergence of late-stage carbon isotope labeling has provided new avenues to rapidly access carbon-14-labeled biologically relevant compounds. In particular, the development of carbon isotope exchange has represented a fundamental paradigm change, opening the way to unexplored synthetic transformations. In this Perspective, we discuss the recent developments in the field with a critical assessment of the literature. We subsequently discuss research directions and future challenges within this rapidly evolving field.
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41
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Babin V, Sallustrau A, Molins M, Labiche A, Goudet A, Taran F, Audisio D. Parallel Screening with
14
C‐Labeled Carbon Dioxide: De‐risking the Staudinger‐Aza‐Wittig Reaction**. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Babin
- Université Paris Saclay CEA Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage DMTS 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Antoine Sallustrau
- Université Paris Saclay CEA Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage DMTS 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Maxime Molins
- Université Paris Saclay CEA Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage DMTS 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Alexandre Labiche
- Université Paris Saclay CEA Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage DMTS 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Amélie Goudet
- Université Paris Saclay CEA Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage DMTS 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Frédéric Taran
- Université Paris Saclay CEA Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage DMTS 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Davide Audisio
- Université Paris Saclay CEA Service de Chimie Bio-organique et Marquage DMTS 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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42
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Liu B, Wang G, Xu Z, Wang M, Nie Y, Luo Z. Ionic liquid/boronic acid system enabled deuteration with D2O. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Transition metal-free photocatalytic reductive deuteration of ketone derivatives. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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44
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Peters M, Bockfeld D, Tamm M. Cationic Iridium(I) NHC‐Phosphinidene Complexes and Their Application in Hydrogen Isotope Exchange Reactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marius Peters
- Technische Universität Braunschweig: Technische Universitat Braunschweig Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Dirk Bockfeld
- Technische Universität Braunschweig: Technische Universitat Braunschweig Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Technische Universität Braunschweig Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig GERMANY
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45
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Liu P, Chen X, Xu X, Yang L, Zeng G, Ye C, Shi Q, Yang J, Li F. From hydrogen autotransfer process to deuterium autotransfer process: The N-trideuteromethylation of amines with deuterated methanol to trideuteromethylated amines catalyzed by a Cp*Ir complex bearing a flexible bridging and functional ligand. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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46
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Ou W, Qiu C, Su C. Photo- and electro-catalytic deuteration of feedstock chemicals and pharmaceuticals: A review. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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47
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Yang H, Huang Z, Lehnherr D, Lam YH, Ren S, Strotman NA. Efficient Aliphatic Hydrogen-Isotope Exchange with Tritium Gas through the Merger of Photoredox and Hydrogenation Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5010-5022. [PMID: 35263094 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Employment of a combination of an organophotoredox catalyst with Wilkinson's catalyst (Rh(PPh3)3Cl) has given rise to an unprecedented method for hydrogen-isotope exchange (HIE) of aliphatic C(sp3)-H bonds of complex pharmaceuticals using T2 gas directly. Wilkinson's catalyst, commonly used for catalytic hydrogenations, was exploited as a precatalyst for activation of D2 or T2 and hydrogen atom transfer. In this combined methodology and mechanistic study, we demonstrate that by coupling photocatalysis with Rh catalysis, carbon-centered radicals generated via photoredox catalysis can be intercepted by Rh-hydride intermediates to deliver an effective hydrogen atom donor for hydrogen-isotope labeling of complex molecules in one step. By optimizing the ratio of the photocatalyst and Wilkinson's catalyst to balance the rate of the dual catalytic cycles, we can achieve efficient HIE and high recovery yield. This protocol was readily applied to direct HIE of C(sp3)-H bonds in 10 complex drug molecules, showing high isotope incorporation efficiency and exceptionally good functional group tolerance and demonstrating this approach as a practical and attractive labeling method for deuteration and tritiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Yang
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zheng Huang
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yu-Hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Sumei Ren
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Neil A Strotman
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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48
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Kang QK, Li Y, Chen K, Zhu H, Wu WQ, Lin Y, Shi H. Rhodium-Catalyzed Stereoselective Deuteration of Benzylic C-H Bonds via Reversible η 6 -Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117381. [PMID: 35006640 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report a convenient method for benzylic H/D exchange of a wide variety of substrates bearing primary, secondary, or tertiary C-H bonds via a reversible η6 -coordination strategy. A doubly cationic [CpCF3 RhIII ]2+ catalyst that serves as an arenophile facilitates deprotonation of inert benzylic hydrogen atoms (pKa >40 in DMSO) without affecting other hydrogen atoms, such as those on aromatic rings or in α-positions of carboxylate groups. Notably, the H/D exchange reactions feature high stereoretention. We demonstrated the potential utility of this method by using it for deuterium labeling of ten pharmaceuticals and their analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Kai Kang
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuntong Li
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yunzhi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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49
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Zhang L, Ritter T. A Perspective on Late-Stage Aromatic C-H Bond Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2399-2414. [PMID: 35084173 PMCID: PMC8855345 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization of C-H bonds (C-H LSF) can provide a straightforward approach to the efficient synthesis of functionalized complex molecules. However, C-H LSF is challenging because the C-H bond must be functionalized in the presence of various other functional groups. In this Perspective, we evaluate aromatic C-H LSF on the basis of four criteria─reactivity, chemoselectivity, site-selectivity, and substrate scope─and provide our own views on current challenges as well as promising strategies and areas of growth going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der
Ruhr, Germany
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der
Ruhr, Germany
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50
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Wang L, Wen L, Pan Y, Wang Z, Zhou K, Mi K, Liu Z, Qu W, Huang L. Metabolite Identification and Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Diaveridine in the Plasma of Pigs and Chickens Based on Radioactive Tracing Coupled With LC/MS-IT-TOF Assay. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:799773. [PMID: 35118152 PMCID: PMC8803906 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.799773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Diaveridine (DVD) is widely used for the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis and leucocytozoonosis infections in food-producing animals. To gain a better understanding of DVD metabolism and pharmacokinetics in healthy Landrace/Doric Cross castrated male pigs and both female and male Cobb 500 broiler chickens, a method involving radioactive tracing coupled with LC/MS-IT-TOF was developed for the identification and quantitation of DVD and its metabolites in pig and chicken plasma, and then was applied to investigate DVD pharmacokinetics. A simple MCX solid phase extraction procedure was adopted for sample preparation. After a single oral administration of 3H-DVD (10 mg/kg BW), three radioactive compounds (D0: DVD; D1: 3'-desmethyl-DVD; and D2: monoglucuronide of 3'-desmethyl-DVD) were identified in pig plasma, while only two radioactive compounds (D0 and D2) were identified in chicken plasma. In both species, the C max values for all detected compounds were reached at 2 h after dosing. The C max order was D2 (1.38 μg/ml) > D0 (0.49 μg/ml) > D1 (0.24 μg/ml) in pigs and D0 (1.55 μg/ml) > D2 (0.27 μg/ml) in chickens. The longer t 1/2 (elimination half-life) of D0 contributed to the slow elimination of DVD-related compounds. The t 1/2β of D0 in pigs (66.41 h) was significantly longer than that in chickens (48.30 h), but the t 1/2 of total DVD-related metabolites in pigs (42.86 h) was lower than that in chickens (56.11 h). These findings suggested that the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of DVD in pigs and chickens were significantly different, and that this would affect its effectiveness, toxicology, and food safety in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liye Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Lihua Wen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Kaixiang Zhou
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Mi
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Qu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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