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Wang Y, Shang W, Niu M, Tian J, Xu K. Hypoxia-active nanoparticles used in tumor theranostic. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:3705-3722. [PMID: 31190820 PMCID: PMC6535445 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s196959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a hallmark of malignant tumors and often correlates with increasing tumor aggressiveness and poor treatment outcomes. Therefore, early diagnosis and effective killing of hypoxic tumor cells are crucial for successful tumor control. There has been a surge of interdisciplinary research aimed at developing functional molecules and nanomaterials that can be used to noninvasively image and efficiently treat hypoxic tumors. These mainly include hypoxia-active nanoparticles, anti-hypoxia agents, and agents that target biomarkers of tumor hypoxia. Hypoxia-active nanoparticles have been intensively investigated and have demonstrated advanced effects on targeting tumor hypoxia. In this review, we present an overview of the reports published to date on hypoxia-activated prodrugs and their nanoparticle forms used in tumor-targeted therapy. Hypoxia-responsive nanoparticles are inactive during blood circulation and normal physiological conditions but are activated by hypoxia once they extravasate into the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Their use can enhance the efficiency of tumor chemotherapy, radiotherapy, fluorescence and photoacoustic intensity, and other imaging and therapeutic strategies. By targeting the broad habitats of tumors, rather than tumor-specific receptors, this strategy has the potential to overcome the problem of tumor heterogeneity and could be used to design diagnostic and therapeutic nanoparticles for a broad range of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Wang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Shang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Niu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tian
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Medical Interdisciplinary Innovation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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2
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Penketh PG, Finch RA, Sauro R, Baumann RP, Ratner ES, Shyam K. pH-dependent general base catalyzed activation rather than isocyanate liberation may explain the superior anticancer efficacy of laromustine compared to related 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine prodrugs. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017. [PMID: 28636806 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Laromustine (also known as cloretazine, onrigin, VNP40101M, 101M) is a prodrug of 90CE, a short-lived chloroethylating agent with anticancer activity. The short half-life of 90CE necessitates the use of latentiated prodrug forms for in vivo treatments. Alkylaminocarbonyl-based prodrugs such as laromustine exhibit significantly superior in vivo activity in several murine tumor models compared to analogs utilizing acyl, and alkoxycarbonyl latentiating groups. The alkylaminocarbonyl prodrugs possess two exclusive characteristics: (i) They are primarily unmasked by spontaneous base catalyzed elimination; and (ii) they liberate a reactive carbamoylating species. Previous speculations as to the therapeutic superiority of laromustine have focused upon the inhibition of enzymes by carbamoylation. We have investigated the therapeutic interactions of analogs with segregated chloroethylating and carbamoylating activities (singly and in combination) in the in vivo murine L1210 leukemia model. The combined treatment with chloroethylating and carbamoylating prodrugs failed to result in any synergism and produced a reduction in the therapeutic efficacy compared to the chloroethylating prodrug alone. Evidence supporting an alternative explanation for the superior tumor selectivity of laromustine is presented that is centered upon the high pH sensitivity of its base catalyzed activation, and the more alkaline intracellular pH values commonly found within tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Penketh
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Finch
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX, USA
| | - Rachel Sauro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Raymond P Baumann
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elena S Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Krishnamurthy Shyam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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3
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Penketh PG, Shyam K, Baumann RP, Zhu R, Ishiguro K, Sartorelli AC, Ratner ES. When alcohol is the answer: Trapping, identifying and quantifying simple alkylating species in aqueous environments. Anal Biochem 2016; 508:34-7. [PMID: 27188264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Alkylating agents are a significant class of environmental carcinogens as well as commonly used anticancer therapeutics. Traditional alkylating activity assays have utilized the colorimetric reagent 4-(4-nitrobenzyl)pyridine (4NBP). However, 4NBP based assays have a relatively low sensitivity towards harder, more oxophilic alkylating species and are not well suited for the identification of the trapped alkyl moiety due to adduct instability. Herein we describe a method using water as the trapping agent which permits the trapping of simple alkylating electrophiles with a comparatively wide range of softness/hardness and permits the identification of donated simple alkyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Penketh
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA.
| | - Krishnamurthy Shyam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Raymond P Baumann
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Kimiko Ishiguro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
| | - Alan C Sartorelli
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA
| | - Elena S Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8063, USA
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4
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Shyam K, Penketh PG, Baumann RP, Finch RA, Zhu R, Zhu YL, Sartorelli AC. Antitumor sulfonylhydrazines: design, structure-activity relationships, resistance mechanisms, and strategies for improving therapeutic utility. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3639-71. [PMID: 25612194 DOI: 10.1021/jm501459c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Bis(sulfonyl)-1-alkylhydrazines (BSHs) were conceived as more specific DNA guanine O-6 methylating and chloroethylating agents lacking many of the undesirable toxicophores contained in antitumor nitrosoureas. O(6)-Alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (MGMT) is the sole repair protein for O(6)-alkylguanine lesions in DNA and has been reported to be absent in 5-20% of most tumor types. Many BSHs exhibit highly selective cytotoxicity toward cells deficient in MGMT activity. The development of clinically useful MGMT assays should permit the identification of tumors with this vulnerability and allow for the preselection of patient subpopulations with a high probability of responding. The BSH system is highly versatile, permitting the synthesis of many prodrug types with the ability to incorporate an additional level of tumor-targeting due to preferential activation by tumor cells. Furthermore, it may be possible to expand the spectrum of activity of these agents to include tumors with MGMT activity by combining them with tumor-targeted MGMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamurthy Shyam
- †Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Philip G Penketh
- †Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Raymond P Baumann
- †Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Rick A Finch
- ‡Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 650 Cool Water Drive, Bastrop, Texas 78602, United States
| | - Rui Zhu
- †Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Yong-Lian Zhu
- †Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
| | - Alan C Sartorelli
- †Department of Pharmacology and Developmental Therapeutics Program, Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8066, United States
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Ji W, Yang M, Praggastis A, Li Y, Zhou HJ, He Y, Ghazvinian R, Cincotta DJ, Rice KP, Min W. Carbamoylating activity associated with the activation of the antitumor agent laromustine inhibits angiogenesis by inducing ASK1-dependent endothelial cell death. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103224. [PMID: 25068797 PMCID: PMC4113355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticancer agent 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)-2-[(methylamino)carbonyl]hydrazine (laromustine), upon decomposition in situ, yields methyl isocyanate and the chloroethylating species 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine (90CE). 90CE has been shown to kill tumor cells via a proposed mechanism that involves interstrand DNA cross-linking. However, the role of methyl isocyanate in the antineoplastic function of laromustine has not been delineated. Herein, we show that 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-[(methylamino)carbonyl]hydrazine (101MDCE), an analog of laromustine that generates only methyl isocyanate, activates ASK1-JNK/p38 signaling in endothelial cells (EC). We have previously shown that ASK1 forms a complex with reduced thioredoxin (Trx1) in resting EC, and that the Cys residues in ASK1 and Trx1 are critical for their interaction. 101MDCE dissociated ASK1 from Trx1, but not from the phosphoserine-binding inhibitor 14-3-3, in whole cells and in cell lysates, consistent with the known ability of methyl isocyanate to carbamoylate free thiol groups of proteins. 101MDCE had no effect on the kinase activity of purified ASK1, JNK, or the catalytic activity of Trx1. However, 101MDCE, but not 90CE, significantly decreased the activity of Trx reductase-1 (TrxR1). We conclude that methyl isocyanate induces dissociation of ASK1 from Trx1 either directly by carbamoylating the critical Cys groups in the ASK1-Trx1 complex or indirectly by inhibiting TrxR1. Furthermore, 101MDCE (but not 90CE) induced EC death through a non-apoptotic (necroptotic) pathway leading to inhibition of angiogenesis in vitro. Our study has identified methyl isocyanates may contribute to the anticancer activity in part by interfering with tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Ji
- No.1 Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Breast Disease Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Alexandra Praggastis
- Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, Maine, United States of America
| | - Yonghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanjiao Jenny Zhou
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yun He
- No.1 Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Roxanne Ghazvinian
- Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, Maine, United States of America
| | - Dylan J. Cincotta
- Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, Maine, United States of America
| | - Kevin P. Rice
- Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WM); (KPR)
| | - Wang Min
- No.1 Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WM); (KPR)
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6
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Penketh PG, Patridge E, Shyam K, Baumann RP, Zhu R, Ishiguro K, Sartorelli AC. Influence of glutathione and glutathione S-transferases on DNA interstrand cross-link formation by 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine, the active anticancer moiety generated by laromustine. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1440-9. [PMID: 25012050 PMCID: PMC4137992 DOI: 10.1021/tx500197t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Prodrugs
of 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine
(90CE) are promising anticancer agents. The 90CE moiety is a readily
latentiated, short-lived (t1/2 ∼
30 s) chloroethylating agent that can generate high yields of oxophilic
electrophiles responsible for the chloroethylation of the O-6 position
of guanine in DNA. These guanine O-6 alkylations are believed to be
responsible for the therapeutic effects of 90CE and its prodrugs.
Thus, 90CE demonstrates high selectivity toward tumors with diminished
levels of O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase
(MGMT), the resistance protein responsible for O6-alkylguanine repair. The formation of O6-(2-chloroethyl)guanine lesions ultimately leads to the generation
of highly cytotoxic 1-(N3-cytosinyl),-2-(N1-guaninyl)ethane DNA interstrand cross-links
via N1,O6-ethanoguanine
intermediates. The anticancer activity arising from this sequence
of reactions is thus identical to this component of the anticancer
activity of the clinically used chloroethylnitrosoureas. Herein, we
evaluate the ability of glutathione (GSH) and other low molecular
weight thiols, as well as GSH coupled with various glutathione S-transferase enzymes (GSTs) to attenuate the final yields
of cross-links generated by 90CE when added prior to or immediately
following the initial chloroethylation step to determine the major
point(s) of interaction. In contrast to studies utilizing BCNU as
a chloroethylating agent by others, GSH (or GSH/GST) did not appreciably
quench DNA interstrand cross-link precursors. While thiols alone offered
little protection at either alkylation step, the GSH/GST couple was
able to diminish the initial yields of cross-link precursors. 90CE
exhibited a very different GST isoenzyme susceptibility to that reported
for BCNU, this could have important implications in the relative resistance
of tumor cells to these agents. The protection afforded by GSH/GST
was compared to that produced by MGMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Penketh
- Department of Pharmacology and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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