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Thakur A, Yue G, Ahire D, Mettu VS, Maghribi AA, Ford K, Peixoto L, Leeder JS, Prasad B. Sex and the Kidney Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters: Are Preclinical Drug Disposition Data Translatable to Humans? Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 116:235-246. [PMID: 38711199 PMCID: PMC11218045 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Cross-species differences in drug transport and metabolism are linked to poor translation of preclinical pharmacokinetic and toxicology data to humans, often resulting in the failure of new chemical entities (NCEs) during clinical drug development. Specifically, inaccurate prediction of renal clearance and renal accumulation of NCEs due to differential abundance of enzymes and transporters in kidneys can lead to differences in pharmacokinetics and toxicity between experimental animals and humans. We carried out liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based protein quantification of 78 membrane drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs) in the kidney membrane fractions of humans, rats, and mice for characterization of cross-species and sex-dependent differences. In general, majority of DMET proteins were higher in rodents than in humans. Significant cross-species differences were observed in 30 out of 33 membrane DMET proteins quantified in all three species. Although no significant sex-dependent differences were observed in humans, the abundance of 28 and 46 membrane proteins showed significant sex dependence in rats and mice, respectively. These cross-species and sex-dependent quantitative abundance data are valuable for gaining a mechanistic understanding of drug renal disposition and accumulation. Further, these data can also be integrated into systems pharmacology tools, such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic models, to enhance the interpretation of preclinical pharmacokinetic and toxicological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarzoo Thakur
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, US
| | - Guihua Yue
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, US
| | - Deepak Ahire
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, US
| | - Vijaya S. Mettu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, US
| | - Abrar Al Maghribi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, US
| | - Kaitlyn Ford
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, US
| | - Lucia Peixoto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, US
| | | | - Bhagwat Prasad
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, US
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2
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Jurva U, Sandinge AS, Baek JM, Avanthay M, Thomson RES, D'Cunha SA, Andersson S, Hayes MA, Gillam EMJ. Biocatalysis using Thermostable Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Bacterial Membranes - Comparison of Metabolic Pathways with Human Liver Microsomes and Recombinant Human Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:242-251. [PMID: 38176735 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Detailed structural characterization of small molecule metabolites is desirable during all stages of drug development, and often relies on the synthesis of metabolite standards. However, introducing structural changes into already complex, highly functionalized small molecules both regio- and stereo-selectively can be challenging using purely chemical approaches, introducing delays into the drug pipeline. An alternative is to use the cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) that produce the metabolites in vivo, taking advantage of the enzyme's inherently chiral active site to achieve regio- and stereoselectivity. Importantly, biotransformations are more sustainable: they proceed under mild conditions and avoid environmentally damaging solvents and transition metal catalysts. Recombinant enzymes avoid the need to use animal liver microsomes. However, native enzymes must be stabilized to work for extended periods or at elevated temperatures, and stabilizing mutations can alter catalytic activity. Here we assessed a set of novel, thermostable P450s in bacterial membranes, a format analogous to liver microsomes, for their ability to metabolize drugs through various pathways and compared them to human liver microsomes. Collectively, the thermostable P450s could replicate the metabolic pathways seen with human liver microsomes, including bioactivation to protein-reactive intermediates. Novel metabolites were found, suggesting the possibility of obtaining metabolites not produced by human or rodent liver microsomes. Importantly, no alteration in assay conditions from standard protocols for microsomal incubations was necessary. Thus, such bacterial membranes represent an analogous metabolite generation system to liver microsomes in terms of metabolites produced and ease of use, but which provides access to more diversity of metabolite structures. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In drug development it is often chemically challenging, to synthesize authentic metabolites of drug candidates for structural identification and evaluation of activity and safety. Biosynthesis using microsomes or recombinant human enzymes is confounded by the instability of the enzymes. Here we show that thermostable ancestral cytochrome P450 enzymes derived from P450 families responsible for human drug metabolism offer advantages over the native human forms in being more robust and over microbial enzymes in faithfully reflecting human drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Jurva
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Ann-Sofie Sandinge
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Jong Min Baek
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Mickaël Avanthay
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Raine E S Thomson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Stephlina A D'Cunha
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Shalini Andersson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Martin A Hayes
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
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3
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Ge X, Ma S, Yan S, Wu Y, Chen C, Tang C, Zhan Y, Bian YC, Shen K, Feng S, Gao X, Zhong D, Zhang H, Miao LY, Diao XX. Mass balance study of [ 14C]SHR0302, a selective and potent JAK1 inhibitor in humans. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:69-83. [PMID: 36745485 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2176267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SHR0302, a selective JAK1 inhibitor developed by Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co., was intended for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, we evaluated the pharmacokinetics, mass balance, and metabolism of SHR0302 in six healthy Chinese male subjects after a single 8 mg (80 µCi) oral dose of [14C]SHR0302.SHR0302 was absorbed rapidly (Tmax = 0.505 h), and the average t1/2 of the SHR0302-related components in plasma was approximately 9.18 h. After an oral dose was administered, the average cumulative excretion of the radioactive components was 100.56% ± 1.51%, including 60.95% ± 11.62% in urine and 39.61% ± 10.52% in faeces.A total of 16 metabolites were identified. In plasma, the parent drug SHR0302 accounted for 90.42% of the total plasma radioactivity. In urine, SHR161279 was the main metabolite, accounting for 33.61% of the dose, whereas the parent drug SHR0302 only accounted for 5.1% of the dose. In faeces, the parent drug SHR0302 accounted for 23.73% of the dose, and SHR161279 was the significant metabolite, accounting for 5.67% of the dose. In conclusion, SHR0302-related radioactivity was mainly excreted through urine (60.95%) and secondarily through faeces (39.61%).The metabolic reaction of SHR0302 in the human body is mainly through mono-oxidation and glucuronidation. The main metabolic location of SHR0302 in the human body is the pyrrolopyrimidine ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Ge
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shu Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yali Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongzhuang Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Cong Bian
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Shen
- Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd, Lianyungang, China
| | - Sheng Feng
- Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xuehu Gao
- Jiangsu Hengrui Medicine Co., Ltd, Lianyungang, China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Yan Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Drug Research and Translational Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xing-Xing Diao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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4
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Asano D, Nakamura K, Nishiya Y, Shiozawa H, Takakusa H, Shibayama T, Inoue SI, Shinozuka T, Hamada T, Yahara C, Watanabe N, Yoshinari K. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Quantitative Prediction of Exposure to a Human Disproportionate Metabolite of the Selective Na V1.7 Inhibitor DS-1971a, a Mixed Substrate of Cytochrome P450 and Aldehyde Oxidase, Using Chimeric Mice With Humanized Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:67-80. [PMID: 36273823 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study on the human mass balance of DS-1971a, a selective NaV1.7 inhibitor, its CYP2C8-dependent metabolite M1 was identified as a human disproportionate metabolite. The present study assessed the usefulness of pharmacokinetic evaluation in chimeric mice grafted with human hepatocytes (PXB-mice) and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) simulation of M1. After oral administration of radiolabeled DS-1971a, the most abundant metabolite in the plasma, urine, and feces of PXB-mice was M1, while those of control SCID mice were aldehyde oxidase-related metabolites including M4, suggesting a drastic difference in the metabolism between these mouse strains. From a qualitative perspective, the metabolite profile observed in PXB-mice was remarkably similar to that in humans, but the quantitative evaluation indicated that the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) ratio of M1 to DS-1971a (M1/P ratio) was approximately only half of that in humans. A PXB-mouse-derived PBPK model was then constructed to achieve a more accurate prediction, giving an M1/P ratio (1.3) closer to that in humans (1.6) than the observed value in PXB-mice (0.69). In addition, simulated maximum plasma concentration and AUC values of M1 (3429 ng/ml and 17,116 ng·h/ml, respectively) were similar to those in humans (3180 ng/ml and 18,400 ng·h/ml, respectively). These results suggest that PBPK modeling incorporating pharmacokinetic parameters obtained with PXB-mice is useful for quantitatively predicting exposure to human disproportionate metabolites. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The quantitative prediction of human disproportionate metabolites remains challenging. This paper reports on a successful case study on the practical estimation of exposure (C max and AUC) to DS-1971a and its CYP2C8-dependent, human disproportionate metabolite M1, by PBPK simulation utilizing pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from PXB-mice and in vitro kinetics in human liver fractions. This work adds to the growing knowledge regarding metabolite exposure estimation by static and dynamic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Asano
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (D.A., K.N., N.Y., H.S., H.T., T. Shibayama, S.-i.I., C.Y., N.W.), R&D Planning & Management Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T. Shinozuka), Research Function, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T.H.), Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Koichi Nakamura
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (D.A., K.N., N.Y., H.S., H.T., T. Shibayama, S.-i.I., C.Y., N.W.), R&D Planning & Management Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T. Shinozuka), Research Function, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T.H.), Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Yumi Nishiya
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (D.A., K.N., N.Y., H.S., H.T., T. Shibayama, S.-i.I., C.Y., N.W.), R&D Planning & Management Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T. Shinozuka), Research Function, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T.H.), Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Hideyuki Shiozawa
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (D.A., K.N., N.Y., H.S., H.T., T. Shibayama, S.-i.I., C.Y., N.W.), R&D Planning & Management Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T. Shinozuka), Research Function, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T.H.), Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Hideo Takakusa
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (D.A., K.N., N.Y., H.S., H.T., T. Shibayama, S.-i.I., C.Y., N.W.), R&D Planning & Management Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T. Shinozuka), Research Function, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T.H.), Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Takahiro Shibayama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (D.A., K.N., N.Y., H.S., H.T., T. Shibayama, S.-i.I., C.Y., N.W.), R&D Planning & Management Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T. Shinozuka), Research Function, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T.H.), Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (D.A., K.N., N.Y., H.S., H.T., T. Shibayama, S.-i.I., C.Y., N.W.), R&D Planning & Management Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T. Shinozuka), Research Function, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T.H.), Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Shinozuka
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (D.A., K.N., N.Y., H.S., H.T., T. Shibayama, S.-i.I., C.Y., N.W.), R&D Planning & Management Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T. Shinozuka), Research Function, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T.H.), Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Takakazu Hamada
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (D.A., K.N., N.Y., H.S., H.T., T. Shibayama, S.-i.I., C.Y., N.W.), R&D Planning & Management Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T. Shinozuka), Research Function, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T.H.), Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Chizuko Yahara
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (D.A., K.N., N.Y., H.S., H.T., T. Shibayama, S.-i.I., C.Y., N.W.), R&D Planning & Management Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T. Shinozuka), Research Function, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T.H.), Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Nobuaki Watanabe
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (D.A., K.N., N.Y., H.S., H.T., T. Shibayama, S.-i.I., C.Y., N.W.), R&D Planning & Management Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T. Shinozuka), Research Function, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T.H.), Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (K.Y.)
| | - Kouichi Yoshinari
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (D.A., K.N., N.Y., H.S., H.T., T. Shibayama, S.-i.I., C.Y., N.W.), R&D Planning & Management Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T. Shinozuka), Research Function, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (T.H.), Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan (K.Y.)
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5
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Metabolic activation of drugs by cytochrome P450 enzymes: Biochemical insights into mechanism-based inactivation by fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitors and chemical approaches to attenuate reactive metabolite formation. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Thomson RES, D'Cunha SA, Hayes MA, Gillam EMJ. Use of engineered cytochromes P450 for accelerating drug discovery and development. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:195-252. [PMID: 35953156 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Numerous steps in drug development, including the generation of authentic metabolites and late-stage functionalization of candidates, necessitate the modification of often complex molecules, such as natural products. While it can be challenging to make the required regio- and stereoselective alterations to a molecule using purely chemical catalysis, enzymes can introduce changes to complex molecules with a high degree of stereo- and regioselectivity. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are biocatalysts of unequalled versatility, capable of regio- and stereoselective functionalization of unactivated CH bonds by monooxygenation. Collectively they catalyze over 60 different biotransformations on structurally and functionally diverse organic molecules, including natural products, drugs, steroids, organic acids and other lipophilic molecules. This catalytic versatility and substrate range makes them likely candidates for application as potential biocatalysts for industrial chemistry. However, several aspects of the P450 catalytic cycle and other characteristics have limited their implementation to date in industry, including: their lability at elevated temperature, in the presence of solvents, and over lengthy incubation times; the typically low efficiency with which they metabolize non-natural substrates; and their lack of specificity for a single metabolic pathway. Protein engineering by rational design or directed evolution provides a way to engineer P450s for industrial use. Here we review the progress made to date toward engineering the properties of P450s, especially eukaryotic forms, for industrial application, and including the recent expansion of their catalytic repertoire to include non-natural reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raine E S Thomson
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephlina A D'Cunha
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Martin A Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and Management, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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7
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Study on In Vitro Metabolism and In Vivo Pharmacokinetics of Beauvericin. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14070477. [PMID: 35878215 PMCID: PMC9320654 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA) is a well-known mycotoxin produced by many fungi, including Beaveria bassiana. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro distribution and metabolism characteristics as well as the in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of BEA. The in vitro metabolism studies of BEA were performed using rat, dog, mouse, monkey and human liver microsomes, cryopreserved hepatocytes and plasma under conditions of linear kinetics to estimate the respective elimination rates. Additionally, LC-UV-MSn (n = 1~2) was used to identify metabolites in human, rat, mouse, dog and monkey liver microsomes. Furthermore, cytochrome P450 (CYP) reaction phenotyping was carried out. Finally, the absolute bioavailability of BEA was evaluated by intravenous and oral administration in rats. BEA was metabolically stable in the liver microsomes and hepatocytes of humans and rats; however, it was a strong inhibitor of midazolam 1′-hydroxylase (CYP3A4) and mephenytoin 4′-hydroxylase (CYP2C19) activities in human liver microsomes. The protein binding fraction values of BEA were >90% and the half-life (T1/2) values of BEA were approximately 5 h in the plasma of the five species. The absolute bioavailability was calculated to be 29.5%. Altogether, these data indicate that BEA has great potential for further development as a drug candidate. Metabolic studies of different species can provide important reference values for further safety evaluation.
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Ezzamouri B, Shoaie S, Ledesma-Amaro R. Synergies of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology in Human Microbiome Studies. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:681982. [PMID: 34531833 PMCID: PMC8438329 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.681982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have shown that the microbial communities of the human body are integral for the maintenance of human health. Advances in next-generation sequencing have enabled rapid and large-scale quantification of the composition of microbial communities in health and disease. Microorganisms mediate diverse host responses including metabolic pathways and immune responses. Using a system biology approach to further understand the underlying alterations of the microbiota in physiological and pathological states can help reveal potential novel therapeutic and diagnostic interventions within the field of synthetic biology. Tools such as biosensors, memory arrays, and engineered bacteria can rewire the microbiome environment. In this article, we review the computational tools used to study microbiome communities and the current limitations of these methods. We evaluate how genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) can advance our understanding of the microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions. Moreover, we present how synergies between these system biology approaches and synthetic biology can be harnessed in human microbiome studies to improve future therapeutics and diagnostics and highlight important knowledge gaps for future research in these rapidly evolving fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouchra Ezzamouri
- Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, St John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kindom
- Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Faculty of Dentistry, Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH—Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Department of Bioengineering and Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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An interim internal Threshold of Toxicologic Concern (iTTC) for chemicals in consumer products, with support from an automated assessment of ToxCast™ dose response data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 114:104656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Masuyama Y, Nishikawa M, Yasuda K, Sakaki T, Ikushiro S. Whole-cell dependent biosynthesis of N- and S-oxides using human flavin containing monooxygenases expressing budding yeast. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:274-280. [PMID: 32305264 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Flavin containing monooxygenases (FMOs) represent one of the predominant types of phase I drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), and thus play an important role in the metabolism of xeno- and endobiotics for the generation of their corresponding oxides. These oxides often display biological activities, however they are difficult to study since their chemical or biological synthesis is generally challenging even though only small amounts are required to evaluate their efficacy and safety. Previously, we constructed a DME expression system for cytochrome P450, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), and sulfotransferase (SULT) using yeast cells, and successfully produced xenobiotic metabolites in a whole-cell dependent manner. In this study, we developed a heterologous expression system for human FMOs, including FMO1-FMO5, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and examined its N- and S-oxide productivity. The recombinant yeast cells expressed each of the FMO successfully, and the FMO4 transformant produced N- and S-oxide metabolites at several milligrams per liter within 24 h. This whole-cell dependent biosynthesis enabled the production of N- and S-oxides without the use of the expensive cofactor NADPH. Such novel yeast expression system could be a powerful tool for the production of oxide metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuka Masuyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Miyu Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Shinichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan.
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11
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Zhang F, Bartels M, Clark A, Erskine T, Auernhammer T, Bhhatarai B, Wilson D, Marty S. Performance evaluation of the GastroPlus TM software tool for prediction of the toxicokinetic parameters of chemicals. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 29:875-893. [PMID: 30286617 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2018.1518928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The accurate prediction of toxicokinetic parameters arising from oral, dermal and inhalation routes of chemical exposure is a key element in chemical safety assessments. In this research, the physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) GastroPlusTM software was evaluated against a series of chemicals for the prediction of toxicokinetic parameters. Overall, 67% of predicted intrinsic clearance (Clint) values were within 1- to 10-fold of empirical data for 463 compounds, and 87% of the predicted fraction unbounded in plasma (Fup) values were 1- to 3-fold of empirical data for 441 compounds. The r2 (coefficient of determination) of predicted Cmax (maximum plasma concentration) and AUC (Area Under Curve) values versus the corresponding empirical values from oral, inhalation and dermal exposures ranged from 0.04 to 0.92. Among the three exposures, the highest r2 values, ranging from 0.80 to 0.92, were observed for oral exposure predictions, where 88% of the compounds had 1- to 10-fold differences between predicted and empirical values for Cmax and AUC. The predicted plasma Css (steady-state plasma concentration) values were consistent with those Css values calculated by in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) approaches using experimental parameters. Based on the evaluation results, GastroPlus™ can be used as a QSAR/PBPK tool for toxicokinetic parameter predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zhang
- a The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , MI , USA
| | - M Bartels
- b ToxMetrics.com LLC , Midland , MI , USA
| | - A Clark
- a The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , MI , USA
| | - T Erskine
- a The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , MI , USA
| | | | - B Bhhatarai
- c Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research , Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - D Wilson
- a The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , MI , USA
| | - S Marty
- a The Dow Chemical Company , Midland , MI , USA
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12
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Shah V, Yang C, Shen Z, Kerr BM, Tieu K, Wilson DM, Hall J, Gillen M, Lee CA. Metabolism and disposition of lesinurad, a uric acid reabsorption inhibitor, in humans. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:811-822. [PMID: 30117757 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1504257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the absolute bioavailability of lesinurad and to characterized its disposition in humans. The oral bioavailability assessment was performed using a clinical design of simultaneous dosing of a therapeutic oral dose of lesinurad with an intravenous infusion of [14C]lesinurad microdose. The bioavailability of lesinurad was determined to be 100%. The disposition of lesinurad in humans involves hepatic oxidation and renal elimination following administration of oral [14C]lesinurad dose. Metabolism of lesinurad occurred post-systemically with low circulating levels of metabolites <3% of total radioactivity as 74.2% of total radioactivity was attributed to lesinurad. In vitro metabolism studies identified CYP2C9 as the predominant isoform, and summation of metabolites indicated that it was responsible for ∼50% of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Shah
- a Preclinical and Clinical DMPK , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Chun Yang
- a Preclinical and Clinical DMPK , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Zancong Shen
- a Preclinical and Clinical DMPK , San Diego , CA , USA
| | | | - Kathy Tieu
- a Preclinical and Clinical DMPK , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - David M Wilson
- b Bioanalytical Development Ardea Biosciences, Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Jesse Hall
- c Clinical Development Ardea Biosciences, Inc. , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Michael Gillen
- d Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit , Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca LP , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
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13
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Claesson A, Minidis A. Systematic Approach to Organizing Structural Alerts for Reactive Metabolite Formation from Potential Drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:389-411. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alf Claesson
- Awametox AB, Lilldalsvägen 17 A, SE-14461 Rönninge, Sweden
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14
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Schadt S, Bister B, Chowdhury SK, Funk C, Hop CECA, Humphreys WG, Igarashi F, James AD, Kagan M, Khojasteh SC, Nedderman ANR, Prakash C, Runge F, Scheible H, Spracklin DK, Swart P, Tse S, Yuan J, Obach RS. A Decade in the MIST: Learnings from Investigations of Drug Metabolites in Drug Development under the “Metabolites in Safety Testing” Regulatory Guidance. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:865-878. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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15
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Luffer-Atlas D, Atrakchi A. A decade of drug metabolite safety testing: industry and regulatory shared learning. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:897-900. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1364362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Debra Luffer-Atlas
- Drug Disposition and Toxicology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Aisar Atrakchi
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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16
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Genovino J, Sames D, Hamann LG, Touré BB. Die Erschließung von Wirkstoffmetaboliten durch übergangsmetallkatalysierte C-H-Oxidation: die Leber als Inspiration für die Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Genovino
- Pfizer Inc.; Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED); 558 Eastern Point Road Groton CT 06340 USA
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Columbia University; Department of Chemistry and Neurotechnology Center; 3000 Broadway MC3101 New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Lawrence G. Hamann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Sciences (NIBR), Global Discovery Chemistry (GDC); 181 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - B. Barry Touré
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Sciences (NIBR), Global Discovery Chemistry (GDC); 100 Technology Square Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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17
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Genovino J, Sames D, Hamann LG, Touré BB. Accessing Drug Metabolites via Transition-Metal Catalyzed C-H Oxidation: The Liver as Synthetic Inspiration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14218-14238. [PMID: 27723189 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Can classical and modern chemical C-H oxidation reactions complement biotransformation in the synthesis of drug metabolites? We have surveyed the literature in an effort to try to answer this important question of major practical significance in the pharmaceutical industry. Drug metabolites are required throughout all phases of the drug discovery and development process; however, their synthesis is still an unsolved problem. This Review, not intended to be comprehensive or historical, highlights relevant applications of chemical C-H oxidation reactions, electrochemistry and microfluidic technologies to drug templates in order to access drug metabolites, and also highlights promising reactions to this end. Where possible or appropriate, the contrast with biotransformation is drawn. In doing so, we have tried to identify gaps where they exist in the hope to spur further activity in this very important research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Genovino
- Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases (CVMED), 558 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Dalibor Sames
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry and Neurotechnology Center, 3000 Broadway MC3101, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Lawrence G Hamann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Sciences (NIBR), Global Discovery Chemistry (GDC), 181 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - B Barry Touré
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Sciences (NIBR), Global Discovery Chemistry (GDC), 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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18
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Metabolism and bioactivation of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline in human liver microsomes and human urine. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1365-81. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Amitriptyline is a widely used tricyclic antidepressant, but the metabolic studies were conducted almost 20 years ago using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detector or radiolabeled methods. Results: First, multiple ion monitoring (MIM)- enhanced product ion (EPI) scan was used to obtain the diagnostic ions or neutral losses in human liver microsome incubations with amitriptyline. Subsequently, predicted multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-EPI scan was used to identify the metabolites in human urine with the diagnostic ions or neutral losses. Finally, product ion filtering and neutral loss filtering were used as the data mining tools to screen metabolites. Consequently, a total of 28 metabolites were identified in human urine after an oral administration using LC–MS/MS. Conclusion: An integrated workflow using LC–MS/MS was developed to comprehensively profile the metabolites of amitriptyline in human urine, in which five N-acetyl-l-cysteine conjugates were characterized as tentative biomarkers for idiosyncratic toxicity.
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Baillie TA, Dalvie D, Rietjens IMCM, Cyrus Khojasteh S. Biotransformation and bioactivation reactions – 2015 literature highlights. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:113-38. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1195404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepak Dalvie
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - S. Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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20
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Shen J, Serby M, Surber B, Lee AJ, Ma J, Badri P, Menon R, Kavetskaia O, de Morais SM, Sydor J, Fischer V. Metabolism and Disposition of Pan-Genotypic Inhibitor of Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Ombitasvir in Humans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1148-57. [PMID: 27179128 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ombitasvir (also known as ABT-267) is a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 5A (NS5A), which has been developed in combination with paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir in a three direct-acting antiviral oral regimens for the treatment of patients infected with HCV genotype 1. This article describes the mass balance, metabolism, and disposition of ombitasvir in humans without coadministration of paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir. Following the administration of a single 25-mg oral dose of [(14)C]ombitasvir to four healthy male volunteers, the mean total percentage of the administered radioactive dose recovered was 92.1% over the 192-hour sample collection in the study. The recovery from the individual subjects ranged from 91.4 to 93.1%. Ombitasvir and corresponding metabolites were primarily eliminated in feces (90.2% of dose), mainly as unchanged parent drug (87.8% of dose), but minimally through renal excretion (1.9% of dose). Biotransformation of ombitasvir in human involves enzymatic amide hydrolysis to form M23 (dianiline), which is further metabolized through cytochrome P450-mediated oxidative metabolism (primarily by CYP2C8) at the tert-butyl group to generate oxidative and/or C-desmethyl metabolites. [(14)C]Ombitasvir, M23, M29, M36, and M37 are the main components in plasma, representing about 93% of total plasma radioactivity. The steady-state concentration measurement of ombitasvir metabolites by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis in human plasma following multiple doses of ombitasvir, in combination with paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir, confirmed that ombitasvir is the main component (51.9% of all measured drug-related components), whereas M29 (19.9%) and M36 (13.1%) are the major circulating metabolites. In summary, the study characterized ombitasvir metabolites in circulation, the metabolic pathways, and the elimination routes of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Shen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael Serby
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bruce Surber
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anthony J Lee
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Junli Ma
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Prajakta Badri
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rajeev Menon
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Olga Kavetskaia
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sonia M de Morais
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jens Sydor
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Volker Fischer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Research and Development (Ji.S., M.S., A.J.L., J.M., S.M.M., V.F.), Process Chemistry (B.S.), Drug Analysis (O.K., Je.S.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics-Clinical Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (P.B., R.M.), AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois
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Huskey SEW, Zhu CQ, Lin MM, Forseth RR, Gu H, Simon O, Eggimann FK, Kittelmann M, Luneau A, Vargas A, Li H, Wang L, Einolf HJ, Zhang J, Favara S, He H, Mangold JB. Identification of Three Novel Ring Expansion Metabolites of KAE609, a New Spiroindolone Agent for the Treatment of Malaria, in Rats, Dogs, and Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:653-64. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.069112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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22
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Iegre J, Hayes MA, Thompson RA, Weidolf L, Isin EM. Database Extraction of Metabolite Information of Drug Candidates: Analysis of 27 AstraZeneca Compounds with Human Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion Data. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:732-40. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.067850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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23
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Sanoh S. [In Vitro and in Vivo Assessments of Drug-induced Hepatotoxicity and Drug Metabolism in Humans]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2015; 135:1273-9. [PMID: 26521876 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.15-00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is of concern in drug discovery and development. Reactive metabolites generated by drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver contribute to the induction of hepatotoxicity. Therefore, drug-induced hepatotoxicity, drug metabolism, and pharmacokinetics were evaluated in vitro and in vivo in this pre-clinical study. First, hepatotoxicity was tested in vitro using three-dimensional hepatocyte cultures. Hepatocyte spheroids formed in the three-dimensional culture systems maintain various liver functions such as the expression of drug metabolizing enzymes. High dose exposure to acetaminophen (APAP) induces hepatotoxicity because of the formation of reactive metabolites by CYP. Using fluorescence imaging, we observed that cell viability and glutathione levels were reduced in hepatocyte spheroids exposed to APAP mediated by the metabolic activation of CYP. On the other hand, there are species differences in the expression of drug metabolizing enzymes and metabolite profiles between animals and humans. Therefore, chimeric mice transfected with human hepatocytes were used for the in vivo assessment of metabolic profiles in humans. We found that drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics mediated by CYP and non-CYP enzymes, such as UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and aldehyde oxidase, in chimeric mice with humanized liver were similar to those in humans. The combination of in vitro and in vivo assessments using spheroids and chimeric mice with humanized liver, respectively, during the screening of drug candidates may help to reveal hepatotoxicity induced by the formation of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima Univeristy
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24
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Reinen J, Vredenburg G, Klaering K, Vermeulen NP, Commandeur JN, Honing M, Vos JC. Selective whole-cell biosynthesis of the designer drug metabolites 15- or 16-betahydroxynorethisterone by engineered Cytochrome P450 BM3 mutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Most of what we know about a drug prior to human clinical studies is derived from animal testing. Because animals and humans have substantial differences in their physiology and in their drug metabolism pathways, we do not know very much about the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of a drug in humans until after it is administered to many people. Hence, drug-induced liver injury has become a significant public health problem, and we have a very inefficient drug development process with a high failure rate. Because the human liver is at the heart of these problems, chimeric mice with humanized livers could be used to address these issues. We examine recent evidence indicating that drug testing in chimeric mice could provide better information about a drug's metabolism, disposition, and toxicity (i.e., its "behavior") in humans and could aid in developing personalized medicine strategies, which would improve drug efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305;
| | - Gary Peltz
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305;
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Kiebist J, Holla W, Heidrich J, Poraj-Kobielska M, Sandvoss M, Simonis R, Gröbe G, Atzrodt J, Hofrichter M, Scheibner K. One-pot synthesis of human metabolites of SAR548304 by fungal peroxygenases. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4324-4332. [PMID: 26142319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs, EC 1.11.2.1) have proved to be stable oxygen-transferring biocatalysts for H2O2-dependent transformation of pharmaceuticals. We have applied UPOs in a drug development program and consider the enzymatic approach in parallel to a conventional chemical synthesis of the human metabolites of the bile acid reabsorption inhibitor SAR548304. Chemical preparation of N,N-di-desmethyl metabolite was realized by a seven-step synthesis starting from a late precursor of SAR548304 and included among others palladium catalysis and laborious chromatographic purification with an overall yield of 27%. The enzymatic approach revealed that the UPO of Marasmius rotula is particularly suitable for selective N-dealkylation of the drug and enabled us to prepare both human metabolites via one-pot conversion with an overall yield of 66% N,N-di-desmethyl metabolite and 49% of N-mono-desmethylated compound in two separated kinetic-controlled reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kiebist
- Enzymtechnology, Faculty of Science, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Großenhainer Str. 57, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Holla
- Isotope Chemistry & Metabolite Synthesis, DSAR-DD, Sanofi-Aventis, Industriepark Höchst G876, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Johannes Heidrich
- Isotope Chemistry & Metabolite Synthesis, DSAR-DD, Sanofi-Aventis, Industriepark Höchst G876, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marzena Poraj-Kobielska
- Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, TU Dresden-IHI Zittau, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany
| | - Martin Sandvoss
- Isotope Chemistry & Metabolite Synthesis, DSAR-DD, Sanofi-Aventis, Industriepark Höchst G876, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Reiner Simonis
- Isotope Chemistry & Metabolite Synthesis, DSAR-DD, Sanofi-Aventis, Industriepark Höchst G876, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Glenn Gröbe
- Enzymtechnology, Faculty of Science, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Großenhainer Str. 57, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry & Metabolite Synthesis, DSAR-DD, Sanofi-Aventis, Industriepark Höchst G876, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Hofrichter
- Department of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, TU Dresden-IHI Zittau, Markt 23, 02763 Zittau, Germany
| | - Katrin Scheibner
- Enzymtechnology, Faculty of Science, BTU Cottbus-Senftenberg, Großenhainer Str. 57, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany
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Geier M, Bachler T, Hanlon SP, Eggimann FK, Kittelmann M, Weber H, Lütz S, Wirz B, Winkler M. Human FMO2-based microbial whole-cell catalysts for drug metabolite synthesis. Microb Cell Fact 2015; 14:82. [PMID: 26062974 PMCID: PMC4464233 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-015-0262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Getting access to authentic human drug metabolites is an important issue during the drug discovery and development process. Employing recombinant microorganisms as whole-cell biocatalysts constitutes an elegant alternative to organic synthesis to produce these compounds. The present work aimed for the generation of an efficient whole-cell catalyst based on the flavin monooxygenase isoform 2 (FMO2), which is part of the human phase I metabolism. RESULTS We show for the first time the functional expression of human FMO2 in E. coli. Truncations of the C-terminal membrane anchor region did not result in soluble FMO2 protein, but had a significant effect on levels of recombinant protein. The FMO2 biocatalysts were employed for substrate screening purposes, revealing trifluoperazine and propranolol as FMO2 substrates. Biomass cultivation on the 100 L scale afforded active catalyst for biotransformations on preparative scale. The whole-cell conversion of trifluoperazine resulted in perfectly selective oxidation to 48 mg (46% yield) of the corresponding N (1)-oxide with a purity >98%. CONCLUSIONS The generated FMO2 whole-cell catalysts are not only useful as screening tool for human metabolites of drug molecules but more importantly also for their chemo- and regioselective preparation on the multi-milligram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Geier
- acib GmbH c/o Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Thorsten Bachler
- acib GmbH c/o Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | | | | | | | - Hansjörg Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | | | - Beat Wirz
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Margit Winkler
- acib GmbH c/o Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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Lolkema MP, Bohets HH, Arkenau HT, Lampo A, Barale E, de Jonge MJA, van Doorn L, Hellemans P, de Bono JS, Eskens FALM. The c-Met Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor JNJ-38877605 Causes Renal Toxicity through Species-Specific Insoluble Metabolite Formation. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2297-2304. [PMID: 25745036 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The receptor tyrosine kinase c-Met plays an important role in tumorigenesis and is a novel target for anticancer treatment. This phase I, first-in-human trial, explored safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and initial antitumor activity of JNJ-38877605, a potent and selective c-Met inhibitor. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We performed a phase I dose-escalation study according to the standard 3+3 design. RESULTS Even at subtherapeutic doses, mild though recurrent renal toxicity was observed in virtually all patients. Renal toxicity had not been observed in preclinical studies in rats and dogs. Additional preclinical studies pointed toward the rabbit as a suitable toxicology model, as the formation of the M10 metabolite of JNJ-38877605 specifically occurred in rabbits and humans. Additional toxicology studies in rabbits clearly demonstrated that JNJ-38877605 induced species-specific renal toxicity. Histopathological evaluation in rabbits revealed renal crystal formation with degenerative and inflammatory changes. Identification of the components of these renal crystals revealed M1/3 and M5/6 metabolites. Accordingly, it was found that humans and rabbits showed significantly increased systemic exposure to these metabolites relative to other species. These main culprit insoluble metabolites were generated by aldehyde oxidase activity. Alternative dosing schedules of JNJ-3877605 and concomitant probenecid administration in rabbits failed to prevent renal toxicity at dose levels that could be pharmacologically active. CONCLUSIONS Combined clinical and correlative preclinical studies suggest that renal toxicity of JNJ-38877605 is caused by the formation of species-specific insoluble metabolites. These observations preclude further clinical development of JNJ-38877605.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn P Lolkema
- Phase I Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey & London, United Kingdom.,Dept. of medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ann Lampo
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Erio Barale
- Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Maja J A de Jonge
- Dept. of medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leni van Doorn
- Dept. of medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johann S de Bono
- Phase I Unit, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey & London, United Kingdom
| | - Ferry A L M Eskens
- Dept. of medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Comparison of minipig, dog, monkey and human drug metabolism and disposition. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 74:80-92. [PMID: 25545337 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This article gives an overview of the drug metabolism and disposition (ADME) characteristics of the most common non-rodent species used in toxicity testing of drugs (minipigs, dogs, and monkeys) and compares these to human characteristics with regard to enzymes mediating the metabolism of drugs and the transport proteins which contribute to the absorption, distribution and excretion of drugs. METHODS Literature on ADME and regulatory guidelines of relevance in drug development of small molecules has been gathered. RESULTS Non-human primates (monkeys) are the species that is closest to humans in terms of genetic homology. Dogs have an advantage due to the ready availability of comprehensive background data for toxicological safety assessment and dogs are easy to handle. Pigs have been used less than dogs and monkeys as a model in safety assessment of drug candidates. However, when a drug candidate is metabolised by aldehyde oxidase (AOX1), N-acetyltransferases (NAT1 and NAT2) or cytochrome (CYP2C9-like) enzymes which are not expressed in dogs, but are present in pigs, this species may be a better choice than dogs, provided that adequate exposure can be obtained in pigs. Conversely, pigs might not be the right choice if sulfation, involving 3-phospho-adenosyl-5-phosphosulphate sulphotransferase (PAPS) is an important pathway in the human metabolism of a drug candidate. DISCUSSION In general, the species selection should be based on comparison between in vitro studies with human cell-based systems and animal-cell-based systems. Results from pharmacokinetic studies are also important for decision-making by establishing the obtainable exposure level in the species. Access to genetically humanized mouse models and highly sensitive analytical methods (accelerator mass spectrometry) makes it possible to improve the chance of finding all metabolites relevant for humans before clinical trials have been initiated and, if necessary, to include another animal species before long term toxicity studies are initiated. In conclusion, safety testing can be optimized by applying knowledge about species ADME differences and utilising advanced analytical techniques.
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Sharma R, Litchfield J, Bergman A, Atkinson K, Kazierad D, Gustavson SM, Di L, Pfefferkorn JA, Kalgutkar AS. Comparison of the circulating metabolite profile of PF-04991532, a hepatoselective glucokinase activator, across preclinical species and humans: potential implications in metabolites in safety testing assessment. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:190-8. [PMID: 25384899 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.061218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous report from our laboratory disclosed the identification of PF-04991532 [(S)-6-(3-cyclopentyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)propanamido)nicotinic acid] as a hepatoselective glucokinase activator for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lack of in vitro metabolic turnover in microsomes and hepatocytes from preclinical species and humans suggested that metabolism would be inconsequential as a clearance mechanism of PF-04991532 in vivo. Qualitative examination of human circulating metabolites using plasma samples from a 14-day multiple ascending dose clinical study, however, revealed a glucuronide (M1) and monohydroxylation products (M2a and M2b/M2c) whose abundances (based on UV integration) were greater than 10% of the total drug-related material. Based on this preliminary observation, mass balance/excretion studies were triggered in animals, which revealed that the majority of circulating radioactivity following the oral administration of [¹⁴C]PF-04991532 was attributed to an unchanged parent (>70% in rats and dogs). In contrast with the human circulatory metabolite profile, the monohydroxylated metabolites were not detected in circulation in either rats or dogs. Available mass spectral evidence suggested that M2a and M2b/M2c were diastereomers derived from cyclopentyl ring oxidation in PF-04991532. Because cyclopentyl ring hydroxylation on the C-2 and C-3 positions can generate eight possible diastereomers, it was possible that additional diastereomers may have also formed and would need to be resolved from the M2a and M2b/M2c peaks observed in the current chromatography conditions. In conclusion, the human metabolite scouting study in tandem with the animal mass balance study allowed early identification of PF-04991532 oxidative metabolites, which were not predicted by in vitro methods and may require additional scrutiny in the development phase of PF-04991532.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Sharma
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S., A.B., K.A., S.M.G., L.D.); and Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.L., D.K., J.A.P., A.S.K.)
| | - John Litchfield
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S., A.B., K.A., S.M.G., L.D.); and Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.L., D.K., J.A.P., A.S.K.)
| | - Arthur Bergman
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S., A.B., K.A., S.M.G., L.D.); and Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.L., D.K., J.A.P., A.S.K.)
| | - Karen Atkinson
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S., A.B., K.A., S.M.G., L.D.); and Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.L., D.K., J.A.P., A.S.K.)
| | - David Kazierad
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S., A.B., K.A., S.M.G., L.D.); and Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.L., D.K., J.A.P., A.S.K.)
| | - Stephanie M Gustavson
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S., A.B., K.A., S.M.G., L.D.); and Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.L., D.K., J.A.P., A.S.K.)
| | - Li Di
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S., A.B., K.A., S.M.G., L.D.); and Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.L., D.K., J.A.P., A.S.K.)
| | - Jeffrey A Pfefferkorn
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S., A.B., K.A., S.M.G., L.D.); and Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.L., D.K., J.A.P., A.S.K.)
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (R.S., A.B., K.A., S.M.G., L.D.); and Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (J.L., D.K., J.A.P., A.S.K.)
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Walker GS, Bauman JN, Ryder TF, Smith EB, Spracklin DK, Obach RS. Biosynthesis of Drug Metabolites and Quantitation Using NMR Spectroscopy for Use in Pharmacologic and Drug Metabolism Studies. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1627-39. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Liu S, Zha C, Nacro K, Hu M, Cui W, Yang YL, Bhatt U, Sambandam A, Isherwood M, Yet L, Herr MT, Ebeltoft S, Hassler C, Fleming L, Pechulis AD, Payen-Fornicola A, Holman N, Milanowski D, Cotterill I, Mozhaev V, Khmelnitsky Y, Guzzo PR, Sargent BJ, Molino BF, Olson R, King D, Lelas S, Li YW, Johnson K, Molski T, Orie A, Ng A, Haskell R, Clarke W, Bertekap R, O’Connell J, Lodge N, Sinz M, Adams S, Zaczek R, Macor JE. Design and synthesis of 4-heteroaryl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines as triple reuptake inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:760-5. [PMID: 25050161 DOI: 10.1021/ml500053b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 4-bicyclic heteroaryl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline inhibitors of the serotonin transporter (SERT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and dopamine transporter (DAT) was discovered. The synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of these triple reuptake inhibitors (TRIs) will be discussed. Compound 10i (AMR-2), a very potent inhibitor of SERT, NET, and DAT, showed efficacy in the rat forced-swim and mouse tail suspension models with minimum effective doses of 0.3 and 1 mg/kg (po), respectively. At efficacious doses in these assays, 10i exhibited substantial occupancy levels at the three transporters in both rat and mouse brain. The study of the metabolism of 10i revealed the formation of a significant active metabolite, compound 13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Congxiang Zha
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Kassoum Nacro
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Min Hu
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Wenge Cui
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Yuh-Lin Yang
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Ulhas Bhatt
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Aruna Sambandam
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | | | - Larry Yet
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Michael T. Herr
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Sarah Ebeltoft
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Carla Hassler
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Linda Fleming
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | | | | | - Nicholas Holman
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | | | - Ian Cotterill
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Vadim Mozhaev
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Yuri Khmelnitsky
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Peter R. Guzzo
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Bruce J. Sargent
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Bruce F. Molino
- AMRI, 26 Corporate Circle, Albany, New York 12212, United States
| | - Richard Olson
- Bristol Myers Squibb R&D, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Dalton King
- Bristol Myers Squibb R&D, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Snjezana Lelas
- Bristol Myers Squibb R&D, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Yu-Wen Li
- Bristol Myers Squibb R&D, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Kim Johnson
- Bristol Myers Squibb R&D, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Thaddeus Molski
- Bristol Myers Squibb R&D, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Anitra Orie
- Bristol Myers Squibb R&D, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Alicia Ng
- Bristol Myers Squibb R&D, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Roy Haskell
- Bristol Myers Squibb R&D, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Wendy Clarke
- Bristol Myers Squibb R&D, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Robert Bertekap
- Bristol Myers Squibb R&D, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Jonathan O’Connell
- Bristol Myers Squibb R&D, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Nicholas Lodge
- Bristol Myers Squibb R&D, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Michael Sinz
- Bristol Myers Squibb R&D, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Stephen Adams
- Bristol Myers Squibb R&D, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - Robert Zaczek
- Bristol Myers Squibb R&D, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
| | - John E. Macor
- Bristol Myers Squibb R&D, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492-7660, United States
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Ballard P, Swaisland HC, Malone MD, Sarda S, Ghiorghiu S, Wilbraham D. Metabolic disposition of AZD8931, an oral equipotent inhibitor of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 signalling, in rat, dog and man. Xenobiotica 2014; 44:1083-98. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.938257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Xu D, Nishimura T, Nishimura S, Zhang H, Zheng M, Guo YY, Masek M, Michie SA, Glenn J, Peltz G. Fialuridine induces acute liver failure in chimeric TK-NOG mice: a model for detecting hepatic drug toxicity prior to human testing. PLoS Med 2014; 11:e1001628. [PMID: 24736310 PMCID: PMC3988005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seven of 15 clinical trial participants treated with a nucleoside analogue (fialuridine [FIAU]) developed acute liver failure. Five treated participants died, and two required a liver transplant. Preclinical toxicology studies in mice, rats, dogs, and primates did not provide any indication that FIAU would be hepatotoxic in humans. Therefore, we investigated whether FIAU-induced liver toxicity could be detected in chimeric TK-NOG mice with humanized livers. METHODS AND FINDINGS Control and chimeric TK-NOG mice with humanized livers were treated orally with FIAU 400, 100, 25, or 2.5 mg/kg/d. The response to drug treatment was evaluated by measuring plasma lactate and liver enzymes, by assessing liver histology, and by electron microscopy. After treatment with FIAU 400 mg/kg/d for 4 d, chimeric mice developed clinical and serologic evidence of liver failure and lactic acidosis. Analysis of liver tissue revealed steatosis in regions with human, but not mouse, hepatocytes. Electron micrographs revealed lipid and mitochondrial abnormalities in the human hepatocytes in FIAU-treated chimeric mice. Dose-dependent liver toxicity was detected in chimeric mice treated with FIAU 100, 25, or 2.5 mg/kg/d for 14 d. Liver toxicity did not develop in control mice that were treated with the same FIAU doses for 14 d. In contrast, treatment with another nucleotide analogue (sofosbuvir 440 or 44 mg/kg/d po) for 14 d, which did not cause liver toxicity in human trial participants, did not cause liver toxicity in mice with humanized livers. CONCLUSIONS FIAU-induced liver toxicity could be readily detected using chimeric TK-NOG mice with humanized livers, even when the mice were treated with a FIAU dose that was only 10-fold above the dose used in human participants. The clinical features, laboratory abnormalities, liver histology, and ultra-structural changes observed in FIAU-treated chimeric mice mirrored those of FIAU-treated human participants. The use of chimeric mice in preclinical toxicology studies could improve the safety of candidate medications selected for testing in human participants. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Toshi Nishimura
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
- Center for the Advancement of Health and Biosciences, Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Sachiko Nishimura
- Center for the Advancement of Health and Biosciences, Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Haili Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ying-Ying Guo
- Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Marylin Masek
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
| | - Sara A. Michie
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Glenn
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JG); (GP)
| | - Gary Peltz
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JG); (GP)
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Haglund J, Halldin MM, Brunnström Å, Eklund G, Kautiainen A, Sandholm A, Iverson SL. Pragmatic Approaches to Determine the Exposures of Drug Metabolites in Preclinical and Clinical Subjects in the MIST Evaluation of the Clinical Development Phase. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:601-10. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400449z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Haglund
- AstraZeneca R&D, DMPK Södertälje, SE-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | | | - Åsa Brunnström
- AstraZeneca R&D, DMPK Södertälje, SE-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Göran Eklund
- AstraZeneca R&D, DMPK Södertälje, SE-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Sandholm
- AstraZeneca R&D, DMPK Södertälje, SE-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
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Data-driven approach for cross-species comparative metabolite exposure assessment: how to establish fundamental bioanalytical parameters for the peak area ratio method. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:641-50. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously developed an high-performance LC–MS peak area ratio approach to demonstrate whether an animal species used in a toxicology study has greater exposures to drug metabolites relative to humans, meeting regulatory guidances regarding safety assessment of drug metabolites. Herein we explain the underlying bioanalytical principals, how to establish all fundamental bioanalytical parameters, and how to evaluate data quality in sample analysis, in the absence of authentic standards of analyte(s). A data-driven tiered approach was used in which data from the peak area ratio method can stand based on statistical analysis, as well as assuring that fundamental elements of bioanalytical method and bioanalysis are met. This strategy offers considerable time- and resource-saving advantage while providing high confidence in the safety assessment of human metabolites in drug development.
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Abstract
Enzymes are the catalysts of biological systems and are extremely efficient. A typical enzyme accelerates the rate of a reaction by factors of at least a million compared to the rate of the same reaction in the absence of the enzyme. In contrast to traditional catalytic enzymes, the family of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are catalytically promiscuous, and thus they possess remarkable versatility in substrates. The great diversity of reactions catalyzed by CYP enzymes appears to be based on two unique properties of these heme proteins, the ability of their iron to exist under multiple oxidation states with different reactivities and a flexible active site that can accommodate a wide variety of substrates. Herein is a discussion of two distinct types of kinetics observed with CYP enzymes. The first example is of CYP complex kinetic profiles when multiple CYP enzymes form the sample product. The second is sequential metabolism, in other words, the formation of multiple products from one CYP enzyme. Given the degree of CYP enzyme promiscuity, it is hardly surprising that there is also a high degree of complex kinetic profiles generated during the catalytic cycle.
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Comparison of (bio-)transformation methods for the generation of metabolite-like compound libraries of p38α MAP kinase inhibitors using high-resolution screening. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:235-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dunér K, Bottner P, Norlén AK. Development of analytical methods for the quantification of metabolites of lesogaberan in a MIST investigation. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 28:362-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Dunér
- Regulatory Bioanalysis, Global IM; AstraZeneca R&D; Mölndal Sweden
| | - Pernilla Bottner
- Regulatory Bioanalysis, Global IM; AstraZeneca R&D; Mölndal Sweden
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Poraj-Kobielska M, Atzrodt J, Holla W, Sandvoss M, Gröbe G, Scheibner K, Hofrichter M. Preparation of labeled human drug metabolites and drug-drug interaction-probes with fungal peroxygenases. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:513-9. [PMID: 24285530 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic conversion of a drug can be an efficient alternative for the preparation of a complex metabolite compared with a multi-step chemical synthesis approach. Limitations exist for chemical methods for direct oxygen incorporation into organic molecules often suffering from low yields and unspecific oxidation and also for alternative whole-cell biotransformation processes, which require specific fermentation know-how. Stable oxygen-transferring biocatalysts such as unspecific peroxygenases (UPOs) could be an alternative for the synthesis of human drug metabolites and related stable isotope-labeled analogues. This work shows that UPOs can be used in combination with hydrogen/deuterium exchange for an efficient one-step process for the preparation of 4'-OH-diclofenac-d6. The scope of the reaction was investigated by screening of different peroxygenase subtypes for the transformation of selected deuterium-labeled substrates such as phenacetin-d3 or lidocaine-d3. Experiments with diclofenac-d7 revealed that the deuterium-labeling does not affect the kinetic parameters. By using the latter substrate and H2 (18) O2 as cosubstrate, it was possible to prepare a doubly isotope-labeled metabolite (4'-(18) OH-diclofenac-d6). UPOs offer certain practical advantages compared with P450 enzyme systems in terms of stability and ease of handling. Given these advantages, future work will expand the existing 'monooxygenation toolbox' of different fungal peroxygenases that mimic P450 in vitro reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Poraj-Kobielska
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, TU Dresden - International Institute Zittau, Markt 23, 02763, Zittau, Germany
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41
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Identification of drug targets by chemogenomic and metabolomic profiling in yeast. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2013; 22:877-86. [PMID: 23076370 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e32835aa888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To advance our understanding of disease biology, the characterization of the molecular target for clinically proven or new drugs is very important. Because of its simplicity and the availability of strains with individual deletions in all of its genes, chemogenomic profiling in yeast has been used to identify drug targets. As measurement of drug-induced changes in cellular metabolites can yield considerable information about the effects of a drug, we investigated whether combining chemogenomic and metabolomic profiling in yeast could improve the characterization of drug targets. BASIC METHODS We used chemogenomic and metabolomic profiling in yeast to characterize the target for five drugs acting on two biologically important pathways. A novel computational method that uses a curated metabolic network was also developed, and it was used to identify the genes that are likely to be responsible for the metabolomic differences found. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The combination of metabolomic and chemogenomic profiling, along with data analyses carried out using a novel computational method, could robustly identify the enzymes targeted by five drugs. Moreover, this novel computational method has the potential to identify genes that are causative of metabolomic differences or drug targets.
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V. Selected scientific topics of the 11th International Isotope Symposium on the Synthesis and Applications of Isotopes and Isotopically Labeled Compounds. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:408-16. [PMID: 24285513 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This micro-review describes hot topics and new trends in isotope science discussed at the 11th International Isotope Symposium on the Synthesis and Applications of Isotopes and Isotopically Labeled Compounds from a personal perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry & Metabolite Synthesis, DSAR-DD, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst G876, 65926, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Bohnert T, Gan LS. Plasma protein binding: from discovery to development. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2953-94. [PMID: 23798314 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The importance of plasma protein binding (PPB) in modulating the effective drug concentration at pharmacological target sites has been the topic of significant discussion and debate amongst drug development groups over the past few decades. Free drug theory, which states that in absence of energy-dependent processes, after steady state equilibrium has been attained, free drug concentration in plasma is equal to free drug concentration at the pharmacologic target receptor(s) in tissues, has been used to explain pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics relationships in a large number of cases. Any sudden increase in free concentration of a drug could potentially cause toxicity and may need dose adjustment. Free drug concentration is also helpful to estimate the effective concentration of drugs that potentially can precipitate metabolism (or transporter)-related drug-drug interactions. Disease models are extensively validated in animals to progress a compound into development. Unbound drug concentration, and therefore PPB information across species is very informative in establishing safety margins and guiding selection of First in Human (FIH) dose and human efficacious dose. The scope of this review is to give an overview of reported role of PPB in several therapeutic areas, highlight cases where PPB changes are clinically relevant, and provide drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics recommendations in discovery and development settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonika Bohnert
- Preclinical PK & In Vitro ADME, Biogen Idec Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
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Callegari E, Kalgutkar AS, Leung L, Obach RS, Plowchalk DR, Tse S. Drug metabolites as cytochrome p450 inhibitors: a retrospective analysis and proposed algorithm for evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction potential of metabolites in drug discovery and development. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:2047-55. [PMID: 23792812 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.052241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is a key component of clinical practice ensuring patient safety and efficacy of medicines. The role of drug metabolites in DDIs is a developing area of science, and has been recently highlighted in a draft regulatory guidance. The guidance states that metabolites representing ≥25% of the parent drug's area under the plasma concentration/time curve and/or >10% of exposure of total drug-related material should trigger in vitro characterization of metabolites for cytochrome P450 inhibition and propensity for DDIs. The relationship between in vitro cytochrome P450 inhibitory potency, systemic exposure, and DDI potential of drug metabolites was examined using the Pfizer development database to identify compounds with pre-existing in vivo biotransformation data, where circulating metabolites were identified in humans. The database yielded 33 structurally diverse compounds with collectively 115 distinct circulating metabolites. Of these, 52% (60/115) achieved exposures >25% of parent drug levels as judged from mass balance/metabolite identification studies. It was noted that 14 metabolite standards for 12 parent drugs had been synthesized, monitored in clinical studies, and examined for cytochrome P450 inhibition. For the 14 metabolite/parent drug pairs, no clinically relevant DDIs were expected to occur against the major human cytochrome P450 isoforms. A review of the literature for parent/metabolite DDI information was also conducted to examine trends using a larger data set. Leveraging the analysis of both internal and literature-based data sets, an algorithm was devised for use in drug discovery/early development to assess cytochrome P450 inhibitory potential of drug metabolites and the propensity to cause a clinically relevant DDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Callegari
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism-New Chemical Entities (E.C., L.L., R.S.O., S.T.) and Clinical Pharmacology (D.R.P.), Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut; and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism-New Chemical Entities, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.S.K.)
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Metabolism, excretion, and mass balance of the HIV-1 integrase inhibitor dolutegravir in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:3536-46. [PMID: 23669385 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00292-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of dolutegravir, an unboosted, once-daily human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase inhibitor, were studied in healthy male subjects following single oral administration of [(14)C]dolutegravir at a dose of 20 mg (80 μCi). Dolutegravir was well tolerated, and absorption of dolutegravir from the suspension formulation was rapid (median time to peak concentration, 0.5 h), declining in a biphasic fashion. Dolutegravir and the radioactivity had similar terminal plasma half-lives (t1/2) (15.6 versus 15.7 h), indicating metabolism was formation rate limited with no long-lived metabolites. Only minimal association with blood cellular components was noted with systemic radioactivity. Recovery was essentially complete (mean, 95.6%), with 64.0% and 31.6% of the dose recovered in feces and urine, respectively. Unchanged dolutegravir was the predominant circulating radioactive component in plasma and was consistent with minimal presystemic clearance. Dolutegravir was extensively metabolized. An inactive ether glucuronide, formed primarily via UGT1A1, was the principal biotransformation product at 18.9% of the dose excreted in urine and the principal metabolite in plasma. Two minor biotransformation pathways were oxidation by CYP3A4 (7.9% of the dose) and an oxidative defluorination and glutathione substitution (1.8% of the dose). No disproportionate human metabolites were observed.
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Peltz G. Can 'humanized' mice improve drug development in the 21st century? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:255-60. [PMID: 23602782 PMCID: PMC3682766 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric mice, which have human hepatocytes engrafted in their liver, have been used to study human drug metabolism and pharmacodynamic responses for nearly 20 years. However, there are very few examples where their use has prospectively impacted the development of a candidate medication. Here, three different chimeric mouse models and their utility for pharmacology studies are evaluated. Several recent studies indicate that using these chimeric mouse models could help to overcome traditional (predicting human-specific metabolites and toxicities) and 21st century problems (strategies for personalized medicine and selection of optimal combination therapies) in drug development. These examples suggest that there are many opportunities in which the use of chimeric mice could significantly improve the quality of preclinical drug assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Peltz
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Zhang M, Resuello CM, Guo J, Powell ME, Elmore CS, Hu J, Vishwanathan K. Contribution of Artifacts to N-Methylated Piperazine Cyanide Adduct Formation In Vitro from N-Alkyl Piperazine Analogs. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1023-34. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.050450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Minli Zhang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, 35 Gatehouse Dr., Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
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Smith DA. Evolution of ADME Science: Where Else Can Modeling and Simulation Contribute? Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1162-70. [DOI: 10.1021/mp3005319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A. Smith
- School of Biological
Sciences, University of Liverpool,
Liverpool, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Capetown,
Cape Town, South
Africa
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Abstract
Pharmacokinetic and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) characterization of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) reflects the dynamic interactions between the biological system and ADC, and provides critical assessments in lead selection, optimization, and clinical development. Understanding the pharmacokinetics (PK), ADME properties and consequently the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic properties of ADCs is critical for their successful development. This chapter discusses the PK properties of ADCs, types of PK and ADME studies in supporting different stages of development, general design of PK/ADME studies with a focus on ADC-specific characteristics, and interpretation of PK parameters.
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Rea V, Falck D, Kool J, de Kanter FJJ, Commandeur JNM, Vermeulen NPE, Niessen WMA, Honing M. Combination of biotransformation by P450 BM3 mutants with on-line post-column bioaffinity and mass spectrometric profiling as a novel strategy to diversify and characterize p38α kinase inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20283b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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