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Dedhe AM, Chowkase AA, Gogate NV, Kshirsagar MM, Naphade R, Naphade A, Kulkarni P, Naik M, Dharm A, Raste S, Patankar S, Jogdeo CM, Sathe A, Kulkarni S, Bapat V, Joshi R, Deshmukh K, Lele S, Manke-Miller KJ, Cantlon JF, Pandit PS. Conventional and frugal methods of estimating COVID-19-related excess deaths and undercount factors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10378. [PMID: 38710715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Across the world, the officially reported number of COVID-19 deaths is likely an undercount. Establishing true mortality is key to improving data transparency and strengthening public health systems to tackle future disease outbreaks. In this study, we estimated excess deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Pune region of India. Excess deaths are defined as the number of additional deaths relative to those expected from pre-COVID-19-pandemic trends. We integrated data from: (a) epidemiological modeling using pre-pandemic all-cause mortality data, (b) discrepancies between media-reported death compensation claims and official reported mortality, and (c) the "wisdom of crowds" public surveying. Our results point to an estimated 14,770 excess deaths [95% CI 9820-22,790] in Pune from March 2020 to December 2021, of which 9093 were officially counted as COVID-19 deaths. We further calculated the undercount factor-the ratio of excess deaths to officially reported COVID-19 deaths. Our results point to an estimated undercount factor of 1.6 [95% CI 1.1-2.5]. Besides providing similar conclusions about excess deaths estimates across different methods, our study demonstrates the utility of frugal methods such as the analysis of death compensation claims and the wisdom of crowds in estimating excess mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek M Dedhe
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Aakash A Chowkase
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Niramay V Gogate
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Manas M Kshirsagar
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rohan Naphade
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA
| | - Atharv Naphade
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA
| | - Pranav Kulkarni
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Mrunmayi Naik
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA
| | - Aarya Dharm
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Soham Raste
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA
| | - Shravan Patankar
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chinmay M Jogdeo
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Aalok Sathe
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Soham Kulkarni
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA
- Troy High School, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Vibha Bapat
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rohinee Joshi
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kshitij Deshmukh
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Pappajohn Biomedical Discovery Building (PBDB), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Subhash Lele
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA
- Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Jessica F Cantlon
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pranav S Pandit
- JPF Analytics, Jnana Prabodhini Foundation, Murrieta, CA, USA.
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Tamm L, McNally KA, Altaye M, Parikh NA. Mathematics abilities associated with adaptive functioning in preschool children born preterm. Child Neuropsychol 2024; 30:315-328. [PMID: 36939102 PMCID: PMC10509309 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2023.2191942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that infants born very preterm (VPT) often demonstrate deficits in mathematical abilities in early childhood which are associated with poorer academic outcomes. Mathematic skills are also critical for other areas of functioning. However, it is not known whether mathematics skills are associated with adaptive functioning in children born preterm. Infants born at ≤31 weeks gestation and full term were recruited at birth and followed over time. At the 36-month corrected age assessment, children were administered the Early Number Concepts subtest of the Differential Abilities Scale, Second Edition, and caregivers completed the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Third Edition. After controlling for age, sex, cognitive abilities, and caregiver education, performance on the mathematics measure was uniquely and positively associated with adaptive behavior for preschool children in the VPT group only. Exploratory analyses revealed this association to be specifically related to the Practical and Social composites. Knowledge of concepts of number and quantity were associated with better adaptive functioning, particularly for behaviors related to functioning at home and in the community and play/social functioning, for children born VPT. Although replication is warranted, it would appear that mathematical skills may be an important early intervention target for children born VPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Tamm
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Mekibib Altaye
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Nehal A. Parikh
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- The Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Hoffman P, MacPherson SE. What determines cognitive estimation ability? Changing contributions of semantic and executive domains as a function of age. J Neuropsychol 2022; 16:481-497. [PMID: 35598102 PMCID: PMC9544445 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Cognitive Estimation Test (CET) is commonly used in neuropsychological assessment. It is typically assumed to load on executive functions, although research has shown that CET performance also depends on access to semantic knowledge. It is unknown whether these contributions vary with age. It is important to examine this question as these abilities have divergent life course trajectories: executive functions tend to decline as people age but semantic knowledge continues to accrue. In addition, previous research has not examined potential contributions to CET performance from semantic control abilities, that is cognitive control processes involved specifically in the retrieval and use of semantic information. To address these questions, we investigated cognitive predictors of CET performance in healthy young and older adults. We found that better executive function was associated with more accurate estimation in both age groups. However, the effect of semantic knowledge on CET performance was significantly larger in older people, having no predictive power in the younger group. The ability to detect weak semantic associations, which is thought to index controlled search and retrieval of semantic information, also had divergent effects on CET performance in the two age groups. Our results provide empirical support for the idea that older people are more reliant on semantic knowledge when estimating quantities, which may explain why age‐related decline in CET scores is not typically found. We conclude that deficits on the CET may be indicative either of semantic or executive impairments, particularly in older age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hoffman
- School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah E MacPherson
- School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Scarpina F, Mauro A, D'Aniello GE, Albani G, Castelnuovo G, Ambiel E, MacPherson SE. Cognitive Estimation in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 32:381-390. [PMID: 28334403 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The Cognitive Estimation Test (CET) is widely used in clinical and research settings to assess the ability to produce reasonable estimates to items that individuals would not know that the exact answer (e.g., "How fast do race horses run?"). We examined the performance of non-demented Parkinson's disease (PD) patients on the CET, because previous studies reported heterogeneous results about possible cognitive estimation impairments in PD. We also examined whether PD patients improve their performance if given the chance to reconsider their initial CET responses. Methods Thirty non-demented idiopathic PD patients and 30 healthy controls matched in age, gender and years of education performed the two parallel forms of Italian CET. The estimation scores for initial and final responses as well as the number of times individuals changed their answers were examined. Additional neuropsychological tests, evaluating intellectual, frontal executive, speed of processing, naming and arithmetical abilities, were also administered. Results The PD group were not significantly poorer than healthy controls at estimating the answers to items on either CET versions. Moreover, PD patients did not significantly differ in their initial and final responses or number of response changes. Performance on the CET was significantly related to performance on a global measure of executive function, processing speed and arithmetic. However, PD patients were impaired compared to controls on the component involving mainly, but not exclusively, length-related estimations. Conclusions Non-demented PD patients have mild impairments in cognitive estimation ability, which may depend on the estimations they are required to provide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Scarpina
- "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Italy.,Psychology Research Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauro
- "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Italy.,Division of Neurology and Neuro-Rehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy
| | - Guido E D'Aniello
- Psychology Research Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy
| | - Giovani Albani
- Division of Neurology and Neuro-Rehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Psychology Research Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy.,Department of Psychology,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Erika Ambiel
- Psychology Research Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy
| | - Sarah E MacPherson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Silverman S, Ashkenazi S. Deconstructing the Cognitive Estimation Task: A Developmental Examination and Intra-Task Contrast. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39316. [PMID: 27991553 PMCID: PMC5171918 DOI: 10.1038/srep39316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The cognitive estimation task (CET) requires participants to answer estimation questions that lack definitive answers. Few studies examine CET performance in healthy populations, and even fewer in children. Previous research has not considered differences between categories within the CET. The categories differ in their reliance on units of measurement, which is significant when examining CET performance in children due to educational factors. The goal of the study was to examine CET performance in 10 and 12 year-old children and contrast the CET categories. We found a developmental effect in overall CET performance: children’s performance was more extreme than adults but no differences were found between the groups of children. Examination of the CET categories revealed differential developmental trajectories: the children’s scores were more extreme in weight and time, while comparable to adults in quantity. We conclude that CET questions that require application of units of measurement are more difficult for childern due to higher involvement of executive functions, and children have less experience applying them in daily life. The CET is not a unified construct and has the potential to shed light on how children acquire an understanding of magnitudes and units of measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Silverman
- Learning Disabilities Program, The Seymour Fox School of Education, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus Jerusalem 91905, Israel
| | - Sarit Ashkenazi
- Learning Disabilities Program, The Seymour Fox School of Education, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus Jerusalem 91905, Israel
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Bringing the cognitive estimation task into the 21st century: normative data on two new parallel forms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92554. [PMID: 24671170 PMCID: PMC3966793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cognitive Estimation Test (CET) is widely used by clinicians and researchers to assess the ability to produce reasonable cognitive estimates. Although several studies have published normative data for versions of the CET, many of the items are now outdated and parallel forms of the test do not exist to allow cognitive estimation abilities to be assessed on more than one occasion. In the present study, we devised two new 9-item parallel forms of the CET. These versions were administered to 184 healthy male and female participants aged 18–79 years with 9–22 years of education. Increasing age and years of education were found to be associated with successful CET performance as well as gender, intellect, naming, arithmetic and semantic memory abilities. To validate that the parallel forms of the CET were sensitive to frontal lobe damage, both versions were administered to 24 patients with frontal lobe lesions and 48 age-, gender- and education-matched controls. The frontal patients’ error scores were significantly higher than the healthy controls on both versions of the task. This study provides normative data for parallel forms of the CET for adults which are also suitable for assessing frontal lobe dysfunction on more than one occasion without practice effects.
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Sawa T, Kodaira M, Oiji A, Sasayama D, Iwadare Y, Ushijima H, Usami M, Watanabe K, Saito K. Dysfunction of orbitofrontal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices in children and adolescents with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2013; 12:31. [PMID: 24103490 PMCID: PMC3851848 DOI: 10.1186/1744-859x-12-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence suggest that dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) contributes to the pathophysiology of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). The purpose of this study was to investigate neuropsychological dysfunctions in both the DLPFC and OFC of children and adolescents with high-functioning PDD. METHODS The Iowa gambling task (IGT), which reflects OFC function, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), which reflects DLPFC function, were assigned to 19 children and early adolescents with high-functioning PDD and 19 healthy controls matched for gender, age, and intelligence. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, patients with high-functioning PDD displayed poorer performance on the IGT and the WCST. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that both the DLPFC and OFC could be impaired in children and early adolescents with high-functioning PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Sawa
- Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-Ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan.
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Jepsen JRM, Fagerlund B, Pagsberg AK, Christensen AMR, Nordentoft M, Mortensen EL. Profile of cognitive deficits and associations with depressive symptoms and intelligence in chronic early-onset schizophrenia patients. Scand J Psychol 2013; 54:363-70. [DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Birgitte Fagerlund
- Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia; Research and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research; Psychiatric Centre Glostrup; Copenhagen University Hospital Glostrup; Denmark
| | - Anne Katrine Pagsberg
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Center Bispebjerg; Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg; Denmark
| | | | - Merete Nordentoft
- Psychiatric Center Copenhagen; Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg; Denmark
| | - Erik Lykke Mortensen
- Institute of Public Health and Center for Healthy Aging; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
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Roth RM, Pixley HS, Kruck CL, Garlinghouse MA, Giancola PR, Flashman LA. Performance on the Cognitive Estimation Test in Schizophrenia. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2012; 19:141-6. [DOI: 10.1080/09084282.2011.595461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Roth
- a Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School , Lebanon , New Hampshire
| | - Heather S. Pixley
- a Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School , Lebanon , New Hampshire
| | - Carrie L. Kruck
- a Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School , Lebanon , New Hampshire
| | | | - Peter R. Giancola
- b Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky
| | - Laura A. Flashman
- a Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School , Lebanon , New Hampshire
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Hurks PPM, Hendriksen JGM. Retrospective and Prospective Time Deficits in Childhood ADHD: The Effects of Task Modality, Duration, and Symptom Dimensions. Child Neuropsychol 2010; 17:34-50. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2010.514403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Killgore WDS, Muckle AE, Grugle NL, Killgore DB, Balkin TJ. Sex Differences in Cognitive Estimation During Sleep Deprivation: Effects of Stimulant Countermeasures. Int J Neurosci 2009; 118:1547-57. [DOI: 10.1080/00207450802323970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yoran-Hegesh R, Kertzman S, Vishne T, Weizman A, Kotler M. Neuropsychological mechanisms of Digit Symbol Substitution Test impairment in Asperger Disorder. Psychiatry Res 2009; 166:35-45. [PMID: 19215988 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the neurocognitive mechanisms recruited by adolescents with Asperger Disorder (AD), in comparison to controls, and to detect the underlying mechanisms during the complex information processing required for the performance of the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Male adolescents (n=23; mean age 15.1+/-3.6 years) with a DSM-IV diagnosis of AD were compared with a normal male control group with similar demographic characteristics (n=43; mean age: 15.1+/-3.6 years). A computerized neurocognitive battery was administered and included: Inspection Time (IT), Finger Tapping Test (FTT), Simple Reaction Time (SRT), Choice Reaction Time (CRT), Digit Running task (DRT), Stroop test and Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Adolescents with AD performed significantly worse than controls on the DSST. This impaired DSST performance was related to cognitive mechanisms different from those employed by normal controls. Motor slowness and inability to deal with increased amounts of information affected the performance of the AD group, while shifting of attention was the limiting factor in the controls. Both groups were similarly dependent on response selection. This study demonstrated differences in performance in complex cognitive tasks between adolescents with AD and normal controls that may be related to differences in neurocognitive mechanisms underlying information processing. Future neuroimaging studies are needed to clarify the neural network involved in the differences in cognitive performance between AD subjects and normal controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Yoran-Hegesh
- Research Unit, Beer Yakov-Nes-Ziona Mental Health Center, Nes-Ziona, Israel.
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Spencer RJ, Johnson-Greene D. The Cognitive Estimation Test (CET): Psychometric limitations in neurorehabilitation populations. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2009; 31:373-7. [DOI: 10.1080/13803390802206398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Spencer
- a Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation-Division of Rehabilitation Psychology and Neuropsychology , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Doug Johnson-Greene
- a Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation-Division of Rehabilitation Psychology and Neuropsychology , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
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Silverberg ND, Hanks RA, McKay C. Cognitive estimation in traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2007; 13:898-902. [PMID: 17697421 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617707071135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2006] [Revised: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study explores the construct and ecological validity of the Biber Cognitive Estimation Test (BCET) in a traumatic brain injury (TBI) sample. Participants completed the BCET in the course of a neuropsychological evaluation at 1-15 years after injury. BCET scores correlated moderately with other standard measures of executive functioning, and contrary to our hypotheses, at least as high with neuropsychological tests with minimal demands on executive functioning. Moreover, partialing out the portion of BCET variance not attributable to executive functioning markedly attenuated the former correlations. With respect to ecological validity, BCET scores did not predict concurrent functional status, as measured by the Disability Rating Scale. By comparison, standard measures of executive functioning strongly correlated with each other, correlated less strongly with nonexecutive functioning measures, and predicted functional status. In conclusion, unlike standard measures of executive functioning, the BCET demonstrated poor construct and ecological validity in TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah D Silverberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
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Happé F, Booth R, Charlton R, Hughes C. Executive function deficits in autism spectrum disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Examining profiles across domains and ages. Brain Cogn 2006; 61:25-39. [PMID: 16682102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in 'executive function' (EF) are characteristic of several clinical disorders, most notably Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). In this study, age- and IQ-matched groups with ASD, ADHD, or typical development (TD) were compared on a battery of EF tasks tapping three core domains: response selection/inhibition, flexibility, and planning/working memory. Relations between EF, age and everyday difficulties (rated by parents and teachers) were also examined. Both clinical groups showed significant EF impairments compared with TD peers. The ADHD group showed greater inhibitory problems on a Go-no-Go task, while the ASD group was significantly worse on response selection/monitoring in a cognitive estimates task. Age-related improvements were clearer in ASD and TD than in ADHD. At older (but not younger) ages, the ASD group outperformed the ADHD group, performing as well as the TD group on many EF measures. EF scores were related to specific aspects of communicative and social adaptation, and negatively correlated with hyperactivity in ASD and TD. Within the present groups, the overall findings suggested less severe and persistent EF deficits in ASD (including Asperger Syndrome) than in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Happé
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK.
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