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Parrà HS, Latteri F, Cavina R, Sala A, Dambrosio M, Alloisio M, Santoro A. Treatment Perspectives in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/03008916000865s109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Soto Parrà
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano (Mi)
| | - Fiorenza Latteri
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano (Mi)
| | - Raffaele Cavina
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano (Mi)
| | - Alfonso Sala
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano (Mi)
| | - Mario Dambrosio
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano (Mi)
| | - Marco Alloisio
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano (Mi)
| | - Armando Santoro
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano (Mi)
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Manfiolli AO, Dos Reis TF, de Assis LJ, de Castro PA, Silva LP, Hori JI, Walker LA, Munro CA, Rajendran R, Ramage G, Goldman GH. Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) and protein phosphatases are involved in Aspergillus fumigatus adhesion and biofilm formation. Cell Surf 2018; 1:43-56. [PMID: 32743127 PMCID: PMC7389341 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The main characteristic of biofilm formation is extracellular matrix (ECM) production. The cells within the biofilm are surrounded by ECM which provides structural integrity and protection. During an infection, this protection is mainly against cells of the immune system and antifungal drugs. A. fumigatus forms biofilms during static growth on a solid substratum and in chronic aspergillosis infections. It is important to understand how, and which, A. fumigatus signal transduction pathways are important for the adhesion and biofilm formation in a host during infection. Here we investigated the role of MAP kinases and protein phosphatases in biofilm formation. The loss of the MAP kinases MpkA, MpkC and SakA had an impact on the cell surface and the ECM during biofilm formation and reduced the adherence of A. fumigatus to polystyrene and fibronectin-coated plates. The phosphatase null mutants ΔsitA and ΔptcB, involved in regulation of MpkA and SakA phosphorylation, influenced cell wall carbohydrate exposure. Moreover, we characterized the A. fumigatus protein phosphatase PphA. The ΔpphA strain was more sensitive to cell wall-damaging agents, had increased β-(1,3)-glucan and reduced chitin, decreased conidia phagocytosis by Dictyostelium discoideum and reduced adhesion and biofilm formation. Finally, ΔpphA strain was avirulent in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and increased the released of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) from bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs). These results show that MAP kinases and phosphatases play an important role in signaling pathways that regulate the composition of the cell wall, extracellular matrix production as well as adhesion and biofilm formation in A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Oliveira Manfiolli
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thaila Fernanda Dos Reis
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Leandro José de Assis
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Alves de Castro
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lilian Pereira Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Juliana I Hori
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Louise A Walker
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Carol A Munro
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ranjith Rajendran
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, The University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, The University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK
| | - Gustavo H Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Powell JA, Wallington-Beddoe CT, Pitson SM. Targeting sphingosine kinase 1 in acute myeloid leukemia: translation to clinic. Int J Hematol Oncol 2017; 6:31-34. [PMID: 30302220 DOI: 10.2217/ijh-2017-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Powell
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia & SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia & SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Craig T Wallington-Beddoe
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia & SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia & SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia & SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia & SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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The Aspergillus fumigatus sitA Phosphatase Homologue Is Important for Adhesion, Cell Wall Integrity, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:728-44. [PMID: 25911225 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00008-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic pathogenic fungus able to infect immunocompromised patients, eventually causing disseminated infections that are difficult to control and lead to high mortality rates. It is important to understand how the signaling pathways that regulate these factors involved in virulence are orchestrated. Protein phosphatases are central to numerous signal transduction pathways. Here, we characterize the A. fumigatus protein phosphatase 2A SitA, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sit4p homologue. The sitA gene is not an essential gene, and we were able to construct an A. fumigatus null mutant. The ΔsitA strain had decreased MpkA phosphorylation levels, was more sensitive to cell wall-damaging agents, had increased β-(1,3)-glucan and chitin, was impaired in biofilm formation, and had decreased protein kinase C activity. The ΔsitA strain is more sensitive to several metals and ions, such as MnCl2, CaCl2, and LiCl, but it is more resistant to ZnSO4. The ΔsitA strain was avirulent in a murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and induces an augmented tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) response in mouse macrophages. These results stress the importance of A. fumigatus SitA as a possible modulator of PkcA/MpkA activity and its involvement in the cell wall integrity pathway.
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Study on Molecular Recognition between Euphorbia FactorL713283 and β-Tubulin via Molecular Simulation Methods. J CHEM-NY 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/879238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Euphorbia factorL713283 is a new lathyrane diterpene isolated fromEuphorbia lathyrisand shows strong anticancer activity. By using molecular similarity analysis,β-tubulin was identified as one of the possible targets of L713283. We further investigated the binding modes of L713283 withβ-tubulin using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods. The results indicated that the binding site betweenβ-tubulin and L713283 was composed of the four regions, that is, residues Phe20~Glu27, Leu225~Thr232, Phe270~Gly277, and Ile356~Met363. MM/GBSA method was used to calculate the binding free energy and determine the key residues for the association of L713283 withβ-tubulin. It was found that nonpolar interactions made the major contributions for the binding. In addition, we compared the binding pocket and motion modes of L713283-free and L713283-boundβ-tubulin systems. It is proposed that L713283 may bind toβ-tubulin and favor the formation ofαβ-tubulin dimmer. This work provides possible explanation for molecular mechanism of the anticancer agent L713283, and the strategy used here could benefit the investigation of possible target profile for those bioactive agents with unknown mechanisms.
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Schwartzberg L, Hermann R, Flinn I, Flora D, Hsi ED, Hamid O, Shi P, Lin BK, Myrand SP, Nguyen TS, Dreyling M. Open-label, single-arm, phase II study of enzastaurin in patients with follicular lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2014; 166:91-7. [PMID: 24673609 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This open-label, phase II study investigated whether enzastaurin, a protein kinase C-beta (PKCβ) inhibitor, had activity in patients with grade 1 or 2 follicular lymphoma (FL). Adults with grade 1 or 2 FL who had no more than one prior treatment received oral enzastaurin continuously for up to 3 years. Of the 66 patients who received enzastaurin, 53 were evaluable for response. Overall response rate (ORR, primary efficacy endpoint) was 26.4% (3.8% complete response). Median (95% confidence interval) progression-free survival, time to response, and duration of response were 18.1 (11.5-28.3), 4.9 (2.8-8.1), and 22.3 (8.8-not applicable) months, respectively. In patients with tumour tissue available for biomarker analysis, ORRs in low versus high PKCβ2 expression groups were 41.7% and 8.3%, respectively (P = 0.041). The most common, mainly low-grade drug-related adverse events were fatigue (25.8%), diarrhoea (25.8%), nausea (18.2%), and chromaturia (18.2%). Four (6.1%) patients had Grade 3 toxicity and one (1.5%) patient had Grade 4 toxicity. Enzastaurin demonstrated limited clinical activity in grade 1 or 2 FL. Patients with low PKCβ2 expression in tumours had higher ORR than those with high PKCβ2 expression. Enzastaurin was well tolerated with mostly grade 1 or 2 toxicities. Further studies may be warranted in select patient populations.
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Mukthavaram R, Jiang P, Saklecha R, Simberg D, Bharati IS, Nomura N, Chao Y, Pastorino S, Pingle SC, Fogal V, Wrasidlo W, Makale M, Kesari S. High-efficiency liposomal encapsulation of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor leads to improved in vivo toxicity and tumor response profile. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:3991-4006. [PMID: 24174874 PMCID: PMC3808212 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s51949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Staurosporine (STS) is a potent pan-kinase inhibitor with marked activity against several chemotherapy-resistant tumor types in vitro. The translational progress of this compound has been hindered by poor pharmacokinetics and toxicity. We sought to determine whether liposomal encapsulation of STS would enhance antitumor efficacy and reduce toxicity, thereby supporting the feasibility of further preclinical development. We developed a novel reverse pH gradient liposomal loading method for STS, with an optimal buffer type and drug-to-lipid ratio. Our approach produced 70% loading efficiency with good retention, and we provide, for the first time, an assessment of the in vivo antitumor activity of STS. A low intravenous dose (0.8 mg/kg) inhibited U87 tumors in a murine flank model. Biodistribution showed preferential tumor accumulation, and body weight data, a sensitive index of STS toxicity, was unaffected by liposomal STS, but did decline with the free compound. In vitro experiments revealed that liposomal STS blocked Akt phosphorylation, induced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and produced cell death via apoptosis. This study provides a basis to explore further the feasibility of liposomally encapsulated STS, and potentially related compounds for the management of resistant solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Mukthavaram
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Vergote IB, Chekerov R, Amant F, Harter P, Casado A, Emerich J, Bauknecht T, Mansouri K, Myrand SP, Nguyen TS, Shi P, Sehouli J. Randomized, Phase II, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study With and Without Enzastaurin in Combination With Paclitaxel and Carboplatin As First-Line Treatment Followed by Maintenance Treatment in Advanced Ovarian Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:3127-32. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.44.9116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Enzastaurin is an oral serine/threonine kinase inhibitor antitumor agent. Our phase II trial tested the efficacy and safety of enzastaurin added to a standard carboplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy regimen in patients with newly diagnosed advanced ovarian cancer. Patients and Methods This was a randomized, placebo-controlled study in patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIB to IV ovarian, fallopian tube, or peritoneal epithelial carcinoma. Patients were randomly assigned to six cycles of chemotherapy (paclitaxel/carboplatin ± enzastaurin [PCE/PC]) followed by maintenance therapy (enzastaurin/placebo). Primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary measures included response rate, safety assessment, and translational research. Results A total of 142 patients were randomly assigned to PCE (n = 69) or PC (n = 73). Patients in the PCE group had a 3.7-month longer median PFS compared with patients in the PC group; this was not statistically significant (hazard ratio [HR], 0.80; 95% CI, 0.50 to 1.29; P = .37). Safety profiles of the treatment arms were comparable. Frequency of discontinuation because of adverse events was similar (PCE, 11.9%; PC, 9.7%). Multivariate analyses confirmed the importance of optimal debulking with regard to PFS (debulking optimal v suboptimal: HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.85; P = .009). HR for covariate stage (stage IIB to IIIB v IIIC to IV) was not statistically significant (0.75; 95% CI, 0.38 to 1.47; P = .40). Translational research of immunohistochemistry protein assays did not identify any markers significantly associated with treatment difference regarding PFS. Conclusion The PCE combination increased PFS, but it was not significantly superior to PC in this phase II study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignace B. Vergote
- Ignace B. Vergote and Frederic Amant, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium; Radoslav Chekerov and Jalid Sehouli, University Medicine of Berlin, Berlin; Philipp Harter, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Essen; Thomas Bauknecht and Kambiz Mansouri, Lilly Deutschland, Bad Homburg, Germany; Antonio Casado, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Janusz Emerich, Provincial Specialist Hospital, Slupsk, Poland; and Scott P. Myrand, Tuan S. Nguyen, and Peipei Shi, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Radoslav Chekerov
- Ignace B. Vergote and Frederic Amant, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium; Radoslav Chekerov and Jalid Sehouli, University Medicine of Berlin, Berlin; Philipp Harter, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Essen; Thomas Bauknecht and Kambiz Mansouri, Lilly Deutschland, Bad Homburg, Germany; Antonio Casado, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Janusz Emerich, Provincial Specialist Hospital, Slupsk, Poland; and Scott P. Myrand, Tuan S. Nguyen, and Peipei Shi, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Frederic Amant
- Ignace B. Vergote and Frederic Amant, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium; Radoslav Chekerov and Jalid Sehouli, University Medicine of Berlin, Berlin; Philipp Harter, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Essen; Thomas Bauknecht and Kambiz Mansouri, Lilly Deutschland, Bad Homburg, Germany; Antonio Casado, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Janusz Emerich, Provincial Specialist Hospital, Slupsk, Poland; and Scott P. Myrand, Tuan S. Nguyen, and Peipei Shi, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Philipp Harter
- Ignace B. Vergote and Frederic Amant, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium; Radoslav Chekerov and Jalid Sehouli, University Medicine of Berlin, Berlin; Philipp Harter, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Essen; Thomas Bauknecht and Kambiz Mansouri, Lilly Deutschland, Bad Homburg, Germany; Antonio Casado, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Janusz Emerich, Provincial Specialist Hospital, Slupsk, Poland; and Scott P. Myrand, Tuan S. Nguyen, and Peipei Shi, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Antonio Casado
- Ignace B. Vergote and Frederic Amant, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium; Radoslav Chekerov and Jalid Sehouli, University Medicine of Berlin, Berlin; Philipp Harter, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Essen; Thomas Bauknecht and Kambiz Mansouri, Lilly Deutschland, Bad Homburg, Germany; Antonio Casado, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Janusz Emerich, Provincial Specialist Hospital, Slupsk, Poland; and Scott P. Myrand, Tuan S. Nguyen, and Peipei Shi, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Janusz Emerich
- Ignace B. Vergote and Frederic Amant, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium; Radoslav Chekerov and Jalid Sehouli, University Medicine of Berlin, Berlin; Philipp Harter, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Essen; Thomas Bauknecht and Kambiz Mansouri, Lilly Deutschland, Bad Homburg, Germany; Antonio Casado, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Janusz Emerich, Provincial Specialist Hospital, Slupsk, Poland; and Scott P. Myrand, Tuan S. Nguyen, and Peipei Shi, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas Bauknecht
- Ignace B. Vergote and Frederic Amant, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium; Radoslav Chekerov and Jalid Sehouli, University Medicine of Berlin, Berlin; Philipp Harter, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Essen; Thomas Bauknecht and Kambiz Mansouri, Lilly Deutschland, Bad Homburg, Germany; Antonio Casado, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Janusz Emerich, Provincial Specialist Hospital, Slupsk, Poland; and Scott P. Myrand, Tuan S. Nguyen, and Peipei Shi, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Kambiz Mansouri
- Ignace B. Vergote and Frederic Amant, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium; Radoslav Chekerov and Jalid Sehouli, University Medicine of Berlin, Berlin; Philipp Harter, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Essen; Thomas Bauknecht and Kambiz Mansouri, Lilly Deutschland, Bad Homburg, Germany; Antonio Casado, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Janusz Emerich, Provincial Specialist Hospital, Slupsk, Poland; and Scott P. Myrand, Tuan S. Nguyen, and Peipei Shi, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Scott P. Myrand
- Ignace B. Vergote and Frederic Amant, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium; Radoslav Chekerov and Jalid Sehouli, University Medicine of Berlin, Berlin; Philipp Harter, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Essen; Thomas Bauknecht and Kambiz Mansouri, Lilly Deutschland, Bad Homburg, Germany; Antonio Casado, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Janusz Emerich, Provincial Specialist Hospital, Slupsk, Poland; and Scott P. Myrand, Tuan S. Nguyen, and Peipei Shi, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Tuan S. Nguyen
- Ignace B. Vergote and Frederic Amant, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium; Radoslav Chekerov and Jalid Sehouli, University Medicine of Berlin, Berlin; Philipp Harter, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Essen; Thomas Bauknecht and Kambiz Mansouri, Lilly Deutschland, Bad Homburg, Germany; Antonio Casado, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Janusz Emerich, Provincial Specialist Hospital, Slupsk, Poland; and Scott P. Myrand, Tuan S. Nguyen, and Peipei Shi, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Peipei Shi
- Ignace B. Vergote and Frederic Amant, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium; Radoslav Chekerov and Jalid Sehouli, University Medicine of Berlin, Berlin; Philipp Harter, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Essen; Thomas Bauknecht and Kambiz Mansouri, Lilly Deutschland, Bad Homburg, Germany; Antonio Casado, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Janusz Emerich, Provincial Specialist Hospital, Slupsk, Poland; and Scott P. Myrand, Tuan S. Nguyen, and Peipei Shi, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jalid Sehouli
- Ignace B. Vergote and Frederic Amant, University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium; Radoslav Chekerov and Jalid Sehouli, University Medicine of Berlin, Berlin; Philipp Harter, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Essen; Thomas Bauknecht and Kambiz Mansouri, Lilly Deutschland, Bad Homburg, Germany; Antonio Casado, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid, Spain; Janusz Emerich, Provincial Specialist Hospital, Slupsk, Poland; and Scott P. Myrand, Tuan S. Nguyen, and Peipei Shi, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN
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Szabo E, Mao JT, Lam S, Reid ME, Keith RL. Chemoprevention of lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2013; 143:e40S-e60S. [PMID: 23649449 PMCID: PMC3749715 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-2348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in men and women in the United States. Cigarette smoking is the main risk factor. Former smokers are at a substantially increased risk of developing lung cancer compared with lifetime never smokers. Chemoprevention refers to the use of specific agents to reverse, suppress, or prevent the process of carcinogenesis. This article reviews the major agents that have been studied for chemoprevention. METHODS Articles of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention trials were reviewed and summarized to obtain recommendations. RESULTS None of the phase 3 trials with the agents β-carotene, retinol, 13-cis-retinoic acid, α-tocopherol, N-acetylcysteine, acetylsalicylic acid, or selenium has demonstrated beneficial and reproducible results. To facilitate the evaluation of promising agents and to lessen the need for a large sample size, extensive time commitment, and expense, surrogate end point biomarker trials are being conducted to assist in identifying the most promising agents for later-stage chemoprevention trials. With the understanding of important cellular signaling pathways and the expansion of potentially important targets, agents (many of which target inflammation and the arachidonic acid pathway) are being developed and tested which may prevent or reverse lung carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS By integrating biologic knowledge, additional early-phase trials can be performed in a reasonable time frame. The future of lung cancer chemoprevention should entail the evaluation of single agents or combinations that target various pathways while working toward identification and validation of intermediate end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Szabo
- Lung and Upper Aerodigestive Cancer Research Group, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jenny T Mao
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, New Mexico VA Health Care System/University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Stephen Lam
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mary E Reid
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Robert L Keith
- VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO.
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Welch PA, Sinha VP, Cleverly AL, Darstein C, Flanagan SD, Musib LC. Safety, Tolerability, QTc Evaluation, and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple Doses of Enzastaurin HCl (LY317615), a Protein Kinase C-β Inhibitor, in Healthy Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 47:1138-51. [PMID: 17766700 DOI: 10.1177/0091270007304775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of orally administered enzastaurin were evaluated in 2 placebo-controlled, dose escalation studies in healthy subjects. In the first human dose study, single doses (2-400 mg) were evaluated, with 22 subjects receiving enzastaurin. The mean half-lives of enzastaurin and its metabolites ranged from approximately 12 to 40 hours. The longer half-life of the major circulating and pharmacologically active metabolite allowed once-a-day dosing and predicted that steady state would be achieved within 2 weeks of daily oral dosing in all subjects. In the multiple-dose study, daily doses (25-400 mg) were examined, with 24 subjects receiving at least 1 dose. The most common adverse events related to enzastaurin were headache, sleepiness, diarrhea, and nausea. No clinically significant changes in QTc intervals were observed. Overall, enzastaurin was well tolerated in healthy subjects, and the planned maximum dose was achieved in both studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Welch
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center DC 0734, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase II study with and without enzastaurin in combination with docetaxel-based chemotherapy in patients with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. Invest New Drugs 2013; 31:1044-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-9940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Structure–activity relationship investigation of methoxy substitution on anticancer pyrimido[4,5-c]quinolin-1(2H)-ones. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-012-0428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Gray JE, Altiok S, Alexandrow MG, Walsh FW, Chen J, Schell MJ, Tai DF, Bepler G. Phase 2 randomized study of enzastaurin (LY317615) for lung cancer prevention in former smokers. Cancer 2012; 119:1023-32. [PMID: 23065656 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemoprevention for lung cancer with nutraceutical or anti-inflammatory agents has had mixed clinical benefit. Novel targeted agents hold the promise of greater efficacy and selectivity. The authors of this report evaluated enzastaurin, a selective protein kinase C-β (PKC-β) inhibitor with antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties, in former smokers. METHODS The primary objective of this study was to compare the average fraction of Ki-67-stained cells (the Ki-67 labeling index [LI]) in bronchial biopsy specimens that were collected before and after treatment. Participants were randomized (2:1) to receive either 6 months of daily oral enzastaurin (500 mg) or placebo. Stratification was based on morphology, history of lung cancer, and airway obstruction. RESULTS In pretrial investigations, the rationale for PKC-β inhibition and pathway interrogation was established in premalignant lesions and early stage lung cancer. In an intent-to-treat analysis, of 40 randomized participants, there was no significant difference in the pretreatment/post-treatment change in the Ki-67 LI between the enzastaurin group and the placebo group (P = .53). Six participants discontinued enzastaurin, including 4 participants who had adverse events, including abdominal distension, deep vein thrombosis, hyponatremia, and rash, and 2 participants who decided to discontinue. One participant in the placebo group was discontinued on the study because of noncompliance. Two participants had ≥1 serious adverse event (bradycardia, deep vein thrombosis, and hypotension). CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, this represents the first chemoprevention trial with a non-US Food and Drug Administration-approved, oral, small-molecule-targeted agent. Although the primary endpoint was not met, enzastaurin was tolerable for 6 months by 75% of participants, and there was a suggestion of response in a subset analysis that was restricted to those who had metaplastic or dysplastic lesions.
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Kim JC, Crary B, Chang YC, Kwon-Chung KJ, Kim KJ. Cryptococcus neoformans activates RhoGTPase proteins followed by protein kinase C, focal adhesion kinase, and ezrin to promote traversal across the blood-brain barrier. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36147-57. [PMID: 22898813 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.389676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes meningoencephalitis. Previous studies have demonstrated that Cryptococcus binding and invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) is a prerequisite for transmigration across the blood-brain barrier. However, the molecular mechanism involved in the cryptococcal blood-brain barrier traversal is poorly understood. In this study we examined the signaling events in HBMEC during interaction with C. neoformans. Analysis with inhibitors revealed that cryptococcal association, invasion, and transmigration require host actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. Rho pulldown assays revealed that Cryptococcus induces activation of three members of RhoGTPases, e.g. RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42, and their activations are required for cryptococcal transmigration across the HBMEC monolayer. Western blot analysis showed that Cryptococcus also induces phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), ezrin, and protein kinase C α (PKCα), all of which are involved in the rearrangement of host actin cytoskeleton. Down-regulation of FAK, ezrin, or PKCα by shRNA knockdown, dominant-negative transfection, or inhibitors significantly reduces cryptococcal ability to traverse the HBMEC monolayer, indicating their positive role in cryptococcal transmigration. In addition, activation of RhoGTPases is the upstream event for phosphorylation of FAK, ezrin, and PKCα during C. neoformans-HBMEC interaction. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that C. neoformans activates RhoGTPases and subsequently FAK, ezrin, and PKCα to promote their traversal across the HBMEC monolayer, which is the critical step for cryptococcal brain infection and development of meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chul Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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15
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In vivo efficacy of a novel liposomal formulation of safingol in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. J Control Release 2012; 160:290-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
There has been great interest in developing anti-angiogenic therapies for the treatment of patients with high-grade gliomas. In fact, some anti-angiogenic agents are now routinely used for the treatment of patients with glioblastoma. However, the use of these agents is largely based on trials which indicate an initial radiographic response, while it remains unclear whether any anti-angiogenic therapies tested to date have improved the overall survival of patients with malignant glial tumours. This manuscript reviews the landscape of anti-angiogenic therapy in glioma, with a focus on GBM, and demonstrates that further innovation is needed to determine the true utility of anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Butowski N, Chang SM, Lamborn KR, Polley MY, Pieper R, Costello JF, Vandenberg S, Parvataneni R, Nicole A, Sneed PK, Clarke J, Hsieh E, Costa BM, Reis RM, Hristova-Kazmierski M, Nicol SJ, Thornton DE, Prados MD. Phase II and pharmacogenomics study of enzastaurin plus temozolomide during and following radiation therapy in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme and gliosarcoma. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:1331-8. [PMID: 21896554 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This open-label, single-arm, phase II study combined enzastaurin with temozolomide plus radiation therapy (RT) to treat glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and gliosarcoma. Adults with newly diagnosed disease and Karnofsky performance status (KPS) ≥ 60 were enrolled. Treatment was started within 5 weeks after surgical diagnosis. RT consisted of 60 Gy over 6 weeks. Temozolomide was given at 75 mg/m(2) daily during RT and then adjuvantly at 200 mg/m(2) daily for 5 days, followed by a 23-day break. Enzastaurin was given once daily during RT and in the adjuvant period at 250 mg/day. Cycles were 28 days. The primary end point was overall survival (OS). Progression-free survival (PFS), toxicity, and correlations between efficacy and molecular markers analyzed from tumor tissue samples were also evaluated. A prospectively planned analysis compared OS and PFS of the current trial with outcomes from 3 historical phase II trials that combined novel agents with temozolomide plus RT in patients with GBM or gliosarcoma. Sixty-six patients were enrolled. The treatment regimen was well tolerated. OS (median, 74 weeks) and PFS (median, 36 weeks) results from the current trial were comparable to those from a prior phase II study using erlotinib and were significantly better than those from 2 other previous studies that used thalidomide or cis-retinoic acid, all in combination with temozolomide plus RT. A positive correlation between O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter methylation and OS was observed. Adjusting for age and KPS, no other biomarker was associated with survival outcome. Correlation of relevant biomarkers with OS may be useful in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Butowski
- Neuro-Oncology Service, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, A808, San Francisco, CA 94143-0350, USA.
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Ravassa S, García-Bolao I, Zudaire A, Macías A, Gavira JJ, Beaumont J, Arias T, Huerta A, Díez J. Cardiac resynchronization therapy-induced left ventricular reverse remodelling is associated with reduced plasma annexin A5. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 88:304-13. [PMID: 20542876 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) diminishes cardiac apoptosis and improves systolic function in heart failure (HF) patients with ventricular dyssynchrony. Plasma annexin A5 (AnxA5), a protein related to cellular damage, is associated with systolic dysfunction. We investigated whether the response to CRT is associated with plasma AnxA5. We also studied AnxA5 overexpression effects in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS AnxA5 ELISA was performed in plasma from 57 patients with HF and ventricular dyssynchrony at baseline and after 1 year of CRT. Patients were categorized as responders if they presented both a reduction in left ventricular (LV) end-systolic volume index (LVESVi) >10% and an increase in LV ejection fraction (LVEF) >10%. HL-1 cells were transfected with human AnxA5 cDNA, and AnxA5, PKC, Akt, p38MAPK, Bcl-2, mitochondrial integrity, caspase-3, and ATP were assessed. At baseline, an increased plasma AnxA5 level was associated with decreased LVEF and increased LVEDVi values (P < 0.05). No differences in baseline AnxA5 were observed between responders and non-responders. After CRT, AnxA5 decreased (P = 0.001) in responders but remained unchanged in non-responders. Final values of AnxA5 were independently associated with LVEF (r = -0.387, P = 0.003) and LVESVi (r = 0.403, P = 0.004) in all patients. Compared with control cells, AnxA5-transfected cells exhibited AnxA5 overexpression, decreased PKC and Akt and increased p38MAPK and Bcl-2 phosphorylation, loss of mitochondrial integrity, caspase-3 activation, and decreased ATP. CONCLUSION CRT-induced LV reverse remodelling is associated with reduction in plasma AnxA5. The excess of AnxA5 is detrimental for HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Collectively, these data suggest that the beneficial effects of CRT might be related to an AnxA5 decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ravassa
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Avda. Pío XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Phase II study of paclitaxel plus the protein kinase C inhibitor bryostatin-1 in advanced pancreatic carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol 2010; 33:121-4. [PMID: 19738452 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0b013e3181a31920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the efficacy and toxicity of the protein kinase C inhibitor bryostatin-1 plus paclitaxel in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma. METHODS Each treatment cycle consisted of paclitaxel 90 mg/m by intravenous infusion over 1 hour on days 1, 8, and 16, plus bryostatin 25 mcg/m as a 1-hour intravenous infusion on days 2, 9, and 15, given every 28 days. Patients were evaluated for response after every 2 treatment cycles, and continued therapy until disease progression or prohibitive toxicity. The primary objective was to determine whether the combination produced a response rate of at least 30%. RESULTS Nineteen patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma received a total of 52 cycles of therapy (range: 1-10). Patients received the combination as first-line therapy for advanced disease (N = 5) or after prior chemotherapy used alone or in combination with local therapy. No patients had a confirmed objective response. The median time to treatment failure was 1.9 months (95% confidence intervals: 1.2, 2.6 months). Reasons for discontinuing therapy included progressive disease or death in 14 patients (74%) or because of adverse events or patient choice in 5 patients (26%). The most common grade 3 to 4 toxicities included leukopenia in 26%, anemia in 11%, myalgias in 11%, gastrointestinal bleeding in 11%, infection in 10%, and thrombosis in 10%. CONCLUSION The combination of weekly paclitaxel and bryostatin-1 is not an effective therapy for patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma.
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Oral enzastaurin in prostate cancer: a two-cohort phase II trial in patients with PSA progression in the non-metastatic castrate state and following docetaxel-based chemotherapy for castrate metastatic disease. Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:1441-8. [PMID: 20369375 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enzastaurin is an oral serine/threonine kinase inhibitor of the beta isoform of protein kinase C that may have therapeutic activity in prostate cancer. We explored the efficacy of enzastaurin on two cohorts of patients with prostate cancer progression in the castrate state. PATIENTS AND METHODS A two-cohort phase II trial was conducted, with both groups participating simultaneously. Cohort 1 consisted of patients with non-metastatic castrate prostate-specific antigen progressive disease. Cohort 2 consisted of patients with castrate metastatic disease with progression following docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Patients in both cohorts received 500 mg/day enzastaurin. RESULTS Therapy was well tolerated in both cohorts. One complete response was observed in Cohort 1, with limited activity in the majority of patients. In Cohort 2, no objective responses were seen and the median progression-free survival (11 weeks [90% confidence interval: 7.6, 11.7]) did not differ from the historical control. CONCLUSIONS Enzastaurin as a single agent has limited activity in castrate progressive prostate cancer. Evaluation in combination with docetaxel is ongoing.
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Butowski N, Chang SM, Lamborn KR, Polley MY, Parvataneni R, Hristova-Kazmierski M, Musib L, Nicol SJ, Thornton DE, Prados MD. Enzastaurin plus temozolomide with radiation therapy in glioblastoma multiforme: a phase I study. Neuro Oncol 2010; 12:608-13. [PMID: 20156802 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nop070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a phase I study to determine the safety and recommended phase II dose of enzastaurin (oral inhibitor of the protein kinase C-beta [PKCbeta] and the PI3K/AKT pathways) when given in combination with radiation therapy (RT) plus temozolomide to patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme or gliosarcoma. Patients with Karnofsky performance status > or =60 and no enzyme-inducing anti-epileptic drugs received RT (60 Gy) over 6 weeks, concurrently with temozolomide (75 mg/m(2) daily) followed by adjuvant temozolomide (200 mg/m(2)) for 5 days/28-d cycle. Enzastaurin was given once daily during RT and adjuvantly with temozolomide; the starting dose of 250 mg/d was escalated to 500 mg/d if < or =1/6 patients had dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) during RT and the first adjuvant cycle. Patients continued treatment for 12 adjuvant cycles unless disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurred. Twelve patients enrolled. There was no DLT in the first 6 patients treated with 250 mg enzastaurin. At 500 mg, 2 of 6 patients experienced a DLT (1 Grade 4 and 1 Grade 3 thrombocytopenia). The patient with Grade 3 DLT recovered to Grade <1 within 28 days and adjuvant temozolomide and enzastaurin was reinitiated with dose reductions. The other patient recovered to Grade <1 toxicity after 28 days and did not restart treatment. Enzastaurin 250 mg/d given concomitantly with RT and temozolomide and adjuvantly with temozolomide was well tolerated and is the recommended phase II dose. The proceeding phase II trial has finished accrual and results will be reported in 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Butowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, A808, San Francisco, CA 94143-0350, USA.
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Wiebe JP, Beausoleil M, Zhang G, Cialacu V. Opposing actions of the progesterone metabolites, 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone (5alphaP) and 3alpha-dihydroprogesterone (3alphaHP) on mitosis, apoptosis, and expression of Bcl-2, Bax and p21 in human breast cell lines. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 118:125-32. [PMID: 19931389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that breast tissues and breast cell lines convert progesterone (P) to 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone (5alphaP) and 3alpha-dihydroprogesterone (3alphaHP) and that 3alphaHP suppresses, whereas 5alphaP promotes, cell proliferation and detachment. The objectives of the current studies were to determine if the 5alphaP- and 3alphaHP-induced changes in cell numbers are due to altered rates of mitosis and/or apoptosis, and if 3alphaHP and 5alphaP act on tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic cells, regardless of estrogen (E) and P receptor status. The studies were conducted on tumorigenic (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, T47D) and non-tumorigenic (MCF-10A) human breast cell lines, employing several methods to assess the effects of the hormones on cell proliferation, mitosis, apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2, Bax and p21. In all four cell lines, 5alphaP increased, whereas 3alphaHP decreased cell numbers, [(3)H]thymidine uptake and mitotic index. Apoptosis was stimulated by 3alphaHP and suppressed by 5alphaP. 5alphaP resulted in increases in Bcl-2/Bax ratio, indicating decreased apoptosis; 3alphaHP resulted in decreases in Bcl-2/Bax ratio, indicating increased apoptosis. The effects of either 3alphaHP or 5alphaP on cell numbers, [(3)H]thymidine uptake, mitosis, apoptosis, and Bcl-2/Bax ratio, were abrogated when cells were treated simultaneously with both hormones. The expression of p21 was increased by 3alphaHP, and was unaffected by 5alphaP. The results provide the first evidence that 5alphaP stimulates mitosis and suppresses apoptosis, whereas 3alphaHP inhibits mitosis and stimulates apoptosis. The opposing effects of 5alphaP and 3alphaHP were observed in all four breast cell lines examined and the data suggest that all breast cancers (estrogen-responsive and unresponsive) might be suppressed by blocking 5alphaP formation and/or increasing 3alphaHP. The findings further support the hypothesis that progesterone metabolites are key regulatory hormones and that changes in their relative concentrations in the breast microenvironment determine whether breast tissues remain normal or become cancerous.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Wiebe
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Role of protein kinase C in cAMP-dependent exocytosis in parotid acinar cells. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Satoh K, Matsuki-Fukushima M, Qi B, Guo MY, Narita T, Fujita-Yoshigaki J, Sugiya H. Phosphorylation of myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate is involved in the cAMP-dependent amylase release in parotid acinar cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G1382-90. [PMID: 19372103 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90536.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) is known as a major cellular substrate for protein kinase C (PKC). MARCKS has been implicated in the regulation of brain development and postnatal survival, cellular migration and adhesion, as well as phagocytosis, endocytosis, and exocytosis. The involvement of MARCKS phosphorylation in secretory function has been reported in Ca(2+)-mediated exocytosis. In rat parotid acinar cells, the activation of beta-adrenergic receptors provokes exocytotic amylase release via accumulation of intracellular cAMP levels. Here, we studied the involvement of MARCKS phosphorylation in the cAMP-dependent amylase release in rat parotid acinar cells. MARCKS protein was detected in rat parotid acinar cells by Western blotting. The beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (IPR) induced MARCKS phosphorylation in a time-dependent manner. Translocation of a part of phosphorylated MARCKS from the membrane to the cytosol and enhancement of MARCKS phosphorylation at the apical membrane site induced by IPR were observed by immunohistochemistry. H89, a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor, inhibited the IPR-induced MARCKS phosphorylation. The PKCdelta inhibitor rottlerin inhibited the IPR-induced MARCKS phosphorylation and amylase release. IPR activated PKCdelta, and the effects of IPR were inhibited by the PKA inhibitors. A MARCKS-related peptide partially inhibited the IPR-induced amylase release. These findings suggest that MARCKS phosphorylation via the activation of PKCdelta, which is downstream of PKA activation, is involved in the cAMP-dependent amylase release in parotid acinar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Satoh
- Dept. of Physiology, Nihon Univ. School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
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Isothiocyanates sensitize the effect of chemotherapeutic drugs via modulation of protein kinase C and telomerase in cervical cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 330:9-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0095-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Latonen L, Järvinen PM, Laiho M. Cytoskeleton-interacting LIM-domain protein CRP1 suppresses cell proliferation and protects from stress-induced cell death. Exp Cell Res 2007; 314:738-47. [PMID: 18177859 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Members of the cysteine-rich protein (CRP) family are actin cytoskeleton-interacting LIM-domain proteins known to act in muscle cell differentiation. We have earlier found that CRP1, a founding member of this family, is transcriptionally induced by UV radiation in human diploid fibroblasts [M. Gentile, L. Latonen, M. Laiho, Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis provoked by UV radiation-induced DNA damage are transcriptionally highly divergent responses, Nucleic Acids Res. 31 (2003) 4779-4790]. Here we show that CRP1 is induced by growth-inhibitory signals, such as increased cellular density, and cytotoxic stress induced by UV radiation or staurosporine. We found that high levels of CRP1 correlate with differentiation-associated morphology towards the myofibroblast lineage and that expression of ectopic CRP1 suppresses cell proliferation. Following UV- and staurosporine-induced stresses, expression of CRP1 provides a survival advantage evidenced by decreased cellular death and increased cellular metabolic activity and attachment. Our studies identify that CRP1 is a novel stress response factor, and provide evidence for its growth-inhibitory and cytoprotective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Latonen
- Molecular Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Correlations of mRNA expression and in vitro chemosensitivity to enzastaurin in freshly explanted human tumor cells. Invest New Drugs 2007; 26:215-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-007-9095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in the United States. Cigarette smoking is the main risk factor. Former smokers are at a substantially increased risk for lung cancer compared with lifetime never-smokers. Chemoprevention is the use of specific agents to reverse, suppress, or prevent the process of carcinogenesis. This article reviews the major agents that have been studied for chemoprevention. METHODS Articles of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention trials were reviewed and summarized to obtain recommendations. RESULTS None of the phase III trials with the agents beta carotene, retinol, 13-cis-retinoic acid, alpha-tocopherol, N-acetylcysteine, or acetylsalicylic acid has demonstrated beneficial, reproducible results. For facilitating the evaluation of promising agents and for lessening the need for a large sample size, extensive time commitment, and expense, focus is now turning toward the assessment of surrogate end point biomarkers for lung carcinogenesis. With the understanding of important cellular signaling pathways, various inhibitors that may prevent or reverse lung carcinogenesis are being developed. CONCLUSIONS By integrating biological knowledge, more trials can be performed in a reasonable time frame. The future of lung cancer chemoprevention should entail the evaluation of single agents or combinations that target various pathways while working toward identification and validation of intermediate end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhanelle Gray
- Division of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Dr, MRC-4W, Room 4046, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Yin X, Ouyang S, Xu W, Zhang X, Fok KL, Wong HY, Zhang J, Qiu X, Miao S, Chan HC, Wang L. YWK-II protein as a novel Go-coupled receptor for Müllerian inhibiting substance in cell survival. J Cell Sci 2007; 120:1521-8. [PMID: 17452623 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.001230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) has recently been implicated in multiple cellular functions including promotion of cell survival, but the receptor(s) and signaling pathways involved remain elusive. We have investigated the possibility of YWK-II protein, previously shown to interact physically with MIS and Go protein, being a receptor mediating the cell survival effect of MIS. In YWK-II-overexpressing CHO cells, MIS activates the Go-coupled ERK1/2 signaling pathway and promotes cell survival with altered levels of p53 and caspase-3. YWK-II antibody is found to interfere with the ability of MIS to promote viability of mouse sperm and affect MIS-activated ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In vivo studies involving injection of YWK-II antibody into the seminiferous tubule of the mouse testis, where MIS is known to be produced, show significant reduction in the sperm count with accumulation of p53 and cleaved caspase-3 in testicular nuclei. Taken together, the present study has demonstrated a new Go-coupled receptor for MIS in mediating ERK1/2 activation leading to anti-apoptotic activity or cell survival.
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MESH Headings
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism
- Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/physiology
- Animals
- Anti-Mullerian Hormone
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- CHO Cells
- COS Cells
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/antagonists & inhibitors
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/genetics
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Peptide/physiology
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Spermatozoa/cytology
- Spermatozoa/drug effects
- Testicular Hormones/pharmacology
- Testis/cytology
- Testis/drug effects
- Testis/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqian Yin
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China
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Hanauske AR, Oberschmidt O, Hanauske-Abel H, Lahn MM, Eismann U. Antitumor activity of enzastaurin (LY317615.HCl) against human cancer cell lines and freshly explanted tumors investigated in in-vitro [corrected] soft-agar cloning experiments. Invest New Drugs 2007; 25:205-10. [PMID: 17347872 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-007-9038-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Enzastaurin (LY317615.HCl) is an antiproliferative agent targeted specifically against PKC-beta. We have investigated the antitumoral effects of Enzastaurin against human cancer cell lines and freshly explanted human tumor tissue. Ten human cancer cell lines (NSCLC, colon, and thyroid) and human tumor specimens from 72 patients were used for in vitro studies in a cloning assay (HTCA). Cell lines and primary tumor cells were exposed to Enzastaurin for either 1 h or 7 days, or for 1 h or 21 days. At clinically achievable concentrations of Enzastaurin, inhibition of cell growth was observed for lung, colorectal, and thyroid cancer cell lines in a concentration dependent manner. Patient specimens exposed 1 h or 21 days to 1,400 nM Enzastaurin demonstrated inhibition rates of 24 and 32%, respectively. Marked inhibitory effects were observed in breast, thyroid, head/neck, non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and melanoma. In addition to its established antiangiogenic effects, Enzastaurin has direct antitumor activity against established human cancer cell lines and primary tumor specimens. This warrants further clinical development in tumors which have been identified to be potentially sensitive to Enzastaurin.
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Butowski NA, Sneed PK, Chang SM. Diagnosis and treatment of recurrent high-grade astrocytoma. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:1273-80. [PMID: 16525182 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.04.7522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas represent a significant source of cancer-related death, and usually recur despite treatment. In this analysis of current brain tumor medicine, we review diagnosis, standard treatment, and emerging therapies for recurrent astrocytomas. Difficulties in interpreting radiographic evidence, especially with regard to differentiating between tumor and necrosis, present a formidable challenge. The most accurate diagnoses come from tissue confirmation of recurrent tumor, but a combination of imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging, may also be relevant for diagnosis. Repeat resection can prolong life, but repeat irradiation of the brain poses serious risks and results in necrosis of healthy brain tissue; therefore, reirradiation is usually not offered to patients with recurrent tumors. We describe the use of conventional radiotherapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy, brachytherapy, radiosurgery, and photodynamic therapy for recurrent high-grade glioma. The use of chemotherapy is limited by drug distribution and toxicity, but the development of new drug-delivery techniques such as convection-enhanced delivery, which delivers therapeutic molecules at an effective concentration directly to the brain, may provide a way to reduce systemic exposure to cytotoxic agents. We also discuss targeted therapies designed to inhibit aberrant cell-signaling pathways, as well as new experimental therapies such as immunotherapy. The treatment of this devastating disease has so far been met with limited success, but emerging knowledge of neuroscience and the development of novel therapeutic agents will likely give patients new options and require the neuro-oncology community to redefine clinical trial design and strategy continually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Butowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0350, USA
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Daniel PT, Koert U, Schuppan J. Apoptolidin: Induction of Apoptosis by a Natural Product. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:872-93. [PMID: 16404760 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200502698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Apoptolidin is a natural product that selectively induces apoptosis in several cancer cell lines. Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is a biological key pathway for regulating homeostasis and morphogenesis. Apoptotic misregulations are connected with several diseases, in particular cancer. The extrinsic way to apoptosis leads through death ligands and death receptors to the activiation of the caspase cascade, which results in proteolytic degradation of the cell architecture. The intrinsic pathway transmits signals of internal cellular damage to the mitochondrion, which loses its structural integrity, and forms an apoptosome that initiates the caspase cascade. Compounds which regulate apoptosis are of high medical significance. Many natural products regulate apoptotic pathways, and apoptolidin is one of them. The known synthetic routes to apoptolidin are described and compared in this Review. Selected further natural products which regulate apoptosis are introduced briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Daniel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, University Medical Center Charité, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany
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Daniel PT, Koert U, Schuppan J. Apoptolidin: Induktion von Apoptose durch einen Naturstoff. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200502698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Drake EN. Cancer chemoprevention: Selenium as a prooxidant, not an antioxidant. Med Hypotheses 2006; 67:318-22. [PMID: 16574336 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the average daily dietary selenium (Se) intake in the United States is consistently above the adult RDA of 55 microg Se/day, supranutritional supplements of 200 microg Se/day have been shown to provide chemopreventive benefits against several cancers, particularly prostate cancer. The hypothesis herein contends that selenium compounds with the greatest anticarcinogenic potency are likely to be sodium selenite with Se in the +4 oxidation state and methylseleninic acid. These compounds exert their cancer chemopreventive effects by directly oxidizing critical thiol-containing cellular substrates, and are more effective than the more frequently preferred (used) supplements of selenomethionine and Se-methylselenocysteine that lack oxidation capability. Selenate (+6 Se) the immediate precursor of selenite (+4 Se) can be metabolically reduced, and although less potent than the +4 Se compounds cited above, appears to be a more effective anticarcinogen than organic forms of dietary selenium. Apoptosis, an important, Se-induced anticarcinogenic mechanism, is accomplished by the direct oxidation of vicinal sulfhydryl groups in cysteine clusters within the catalytic domains of cellular enzymes (e.g., protein kinase C), and by the production of CH3Se-, which reacts with O2 to generate superoxide and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). Activated oncogenes "prime" cells for Se-induced prooxidative apoptosis thereby providing the needed margin for "killing" cancer cells while leaving normal, healthy cells unharmed. Selenoethers, such as selenomethionine and Se-methylselenocysteine are not oxidizing agents, and first, must be converted to methylselenol (CH3Se-) that can be directly oxidized to methylseleninic acid. The addition of methioninase, to selenomethionine, or beta-lyase to Se-methylselenocysteine, rapidly produces significant amounts of methylselenol, which may be oxidized to methylseleninic acid or may react with O2 to produce superoxide and ROS, resulting in anticarcinogenic activities comparable to selenite or methylseleninic acid. The relatively large amounts of selenomethionine or Se-methylselenocysteine needed to produce apoptosis in cancer cells compared with selenite or methylseleninic acid are a probable consequence of low tissue levels of the required enzymes. Even though many studies have consistently shown that selenomethionine is an ineffective anticarcinogen at doses corresponding to those currently allowed by the FDA, it has been chosen as the Se intervention agent in the 32,500-man (phase III), NCI-funded SELECT trial, which tests the effectiveness of dietary supplements of dietary supplements of Se and tocopherol, individually or in combination, in the prevention of prostate cancer. In 2013, when the data are in, the value of using Se supplements for cancer chemoprevention is likely to be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Drake
- Rocky Mountain Selenium, Inc., 2101 Ridge Road, Estes Park, Rocky Mountain, CO 80517, USA.
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Jenny M, Wrulich OA, Schwaiger W, Ueberall F. Relevance of atypical protein kinase C isotypes to the drug discovery process. Chembiochem 2005; 6:491-9. [PMID: 15712318 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200400186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Jenny
- Innsbruck Biocentre, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Innsbruck Medical School, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish A Shah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Thomas A, Pepper C, Hoy T, Bentley P. Bryostatin induces protein kinase C modulation, Mcl-1 up-regulation and phosphorylation of Bcl-2 resulting in cellular differentiation and resistance to drug-induced apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2004; 45:997-1008. [PMID: 15291360 DOI: 10.1080/10428190310001639470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bryostatin, a macrocyclic lactone and protein kinase C (PKC) modulator, has been shown to have differentiation and anti-tumor activity against several leukemia cell lines in vitro. In this study, we demonstrated Bryostatin-induced differentiation in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells, characterized by an increase in cell size and a marked up-regulation of CD11c expression. The specific inhibitors of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase C pathways, PD98059 and GF 109203X respectively, each completely blocked Bryostatin-induced differentiation of B-CLL cells, suggesting that activation of the ERK pathway plays a direct role in this process in a PKC-dependent manner. Furthermore, Bryostatin reduced both spontaneous and drug-induced apoptosis with chlorambucil, fludarabine and 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (2-Cda) in B-CLL cells. This resistance was associated with an early up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 and post-translational phosphorylation of Bcl-2 at serine 70. The anti-apoptotic effects of Bryostatin were abrogated by GF 109203X, and to a lesser extent by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) inhibitor, LY294002. Interestingly, the ERK inhibitor, PD98059 inhibited Mcl-1 expression but had little effect on Bryostatin-induced survival suggesting that the ERK pathway predominantly affects differentiation. Taken together these results present an explanation for Bryostatin-induced B-CLL cell survival in which modulation of the PKC pathway couples differentiation with an increase in antiapoptotic protein expression and calls into question the rationale for its use in the treatment of B-CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alun Thomas
- Department of Haematology, Llandough Hospital, Penlan Road, Penarth, Vale of Glamorgan, CF64 2XX, UK.
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Jimenez-Lopez JM, Cederbaum AI. Protein Kinase C Signaling as a Survival Pathway against CYP2E1-Derived Oxidative Stress and Toxicity in HepG2 Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 312:998-1006. [PMID: 15494549 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.076737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic induction of CYP2E1 is a major pathway involved in oxidative stress and damage caused by chronic ethanol consumption; CYP2E1 also promotes the activation of a variety of hepatotoxins to reactive intermediates. Phorbol esters activate protein kinase C (PKC), thereby blocking cell differentiation and promoting tumor growth. In this study, we examined the possible role of PKC signaling as a survival pathway against CYP2E1-mediated toxicity using transfected HepG2 hepatoma cells stably overexpressing CYP2E1 (E47 cells). Cells were exposed to arachidonic acid (AA) plus Fe, which has been previously reported to cause a synergistic toxicity in E47 cells by a mechanism dependent on CYP2E1 activity and involving oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), but not the inactive analog 4-alpha-TPA, prevented lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, and loss of viability produced by AA + Fe in E47 cells. TPA also protected against the toxicity caused by AA alone, or by iron alone, in the E47 cells. TPA did not lower but instead induced catalytically active CYP2E1 in these cells. The protective effect of TPA on CYP2E1-dependent AA + Fe toxicity seemed to involve a PKC-related survival mechanism, since PKC inhibitors such as Ro 31-8425 (bisindolylmaleimide X hydrochloride) or staurosporine abolished that protection, and activation of PKC by TPA was an early event that occurs prior to the developing toxicity. In conclusion, PKC activation by TPA prevents CYP2E1-derived acute oxidative stress and toxicity in HepG2 cells, and this appears to involve maintenance of the intracellular redox homeostasis via PKC signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Jimenez-Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Box 1603, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Abstract
Modulation of PKC represents a novel approach to cancer therapy. Bryostatin-1 is a macrocyclic lactone derived from a marine invertebrate that binds to the regulatory domain of protein kinase C. Short-term exposure to bryostatin-1 promotes activation of PKC, whereas prolonged exposure promotes significant downregulation of PKC. In numerous hematological and solid tumor cell lines, bryostatin-1 inhibits proliferation, induces differentiation, and promotes apoptosis. Furthermore, preclinical studies indicate that bryostatin-1 potently enhances the effect of chemotherapy. In many cases, this effect is sequence specific. Bryostatin-1 is currently in phase I and phase II clinical trials. The major toxicities are myalgias, nausea, and vomiting. Although there is minimal single-agent activity, combinations with standard chemotherapy are providing very encouraging results and indicate a new direction in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Kortmansky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Gastrointestinal Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Green SK, Francia G, Isidoro C, Kerbel RS. Antiadhesive antibodies targeting E-cadherin sensitize multicellular tumor spheroids to chemotherapy in vitro. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.149.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Multicellular resistance, a subtype of therapeutic resistance manifested in cancer cells grown as three-dimensional multicellular masses, such as spheroids in vitro and solid tumors in vivo, occurs with respect to a variety of anticancer treatment strategies including chemotherapy, ionizing radiation, and even host-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that multicellular resistance to chemotherapy demonstrated by aggregates of EMT-6 murine mammary carcinoma cells can be overcome by using hyaluronidase to disrupt intercellular adhesive interactions and associated patterns of protein expression. In this proof of principle study, we explored the concept of antiadhesive chemosensitization in the context of human cancer cells by using a monoclonal antibody to disrupt E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell interactions in multicellular spheroids of HT29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma. In so doing, we found that disruption of E-cadherin-mediated adhesion sensitizes multicellular spheroids of HT29 in vitro to treatment with 5-fluorouracil, paclitaxel, vinblastine, and etoposide but not cisplatin. Furthermore, we have found that antibody-mediated blockage of E-cadherin function leads to decreased expression and activity of protein kinase C α and β1, both of which have previously been implicated in chemoresistance exhibited by HT29 cells; however, we have found that the chemosensitization effects of the anti-E-cadherin antibody are independent of its influence on protein kinase C β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane K. Green
- 1Molecular and Cellular Biology Research, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Center and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada and
| | - Giulio Francia
- 1Molecular and Cellular Biology Research, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Center and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada and
| | - Ciro Isidoro
- 2Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences, “Amedeo Avogadro” University, Novara, Italy
| | - Robert S. Kerbel
- 1Molecular and Cellular Biology Research, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Center and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada and
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Abstract
Although it has been exciting for lung cancer doctors to observe objective remissions with gefitinib and erlotinib in heavily pretreated NSCLC patients, all of the reported phase III trials testing noncytotoxic, targeted therapies in NSCLC have been negative. Two basic strategies have been employed in developing and conducting these randomized studies. In the case of gefitinib and the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, phase III trials were launched based on preclinical data. The second strategy was based on survival results from phase II trials involving regimens consisting of the targeted agent and chemotherapy. Unfortunately, negative results have been observed with the first phase III study (chemotherapy +/- ISIS 3521), which was based on the results of a phase II trial. The initial negative results with targeted agents suggest that a paradigm shift in cancer drug development is needed. Typically, the development of a cytotoxic agent involves determination of the maximum tolerated dose, followed by an assessment of activity as defined by the objective response rate in specific tumor types. "Active" drugs are then moved into phase III testing to determine the effect on survival. Other than targeting the specific tumor type and defining the usual eligibility parameters, no attempt is made to select patients for treatment with new agents. It seems unlikely that there will be significant progress with the targeted therapies unless there is a paradigm shift from this classic model of cancer drug development to a model in which much greater effort is directed toward identifying the target or targets in preclinical models. Intensive effort should be devoted to the development of reliable, clinically applicable assays for the targets that could identify patients who are most likely to benefit from a specific treatment. Rothenberg et al recently made similar recommendations with respect to improving the drug discovery process for cancer. These investigators have emphasized testing new agents in the most appropriate setting, increasing efforts to understand the role of the target, and collection of tissue in an effort to select appropriate patients. Although results from initial randomized trials of targeted therapies in NSCLC have been relatively disappointing, this is not a time to be discouraged. Rather, it is a time to increase the collaborative efforts between basic scientists and clinical investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Leslie
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 West Harrison Street, Suite 821, Chicago, IL 60612-3828, USA.
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Johnson CR, Chun J, Bittman R, Jarvis WD. Intrinsic Cytotoxicity and Chemomodulatory Actions of Novel Phenethylisothiocyanate Sphingoid Base Derivatives in HL-60 Human Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 309:452-61. [PMID: 14724218 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.060665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzyme superfamily represents a popular target in pharmacological interventions designed to elicit apoptosis directly in tumor cells or to potentiate the lethal effects of antineoplastic agents. Numerous observations support the clinical utility of PKC inhibition by experimental sphingolipid derivatives such as safingol. The present studies document the cytotoxicity and chemomodulatory capacity of phenethylisothiocyanate derivatives of sphinganine and sphingosine (PEITC-Sa and PEITC-So) in the human myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60. The biological actions of these novel derivatives were compared directly with those of the parent compounds sphinganine and sphingosine. Exposure to natural and modified sphingoid bases promoted extensive apoptotic cell death. The PEITC-sphingoid base derivatives exhibited higher cytotoxicity than their natural counterparts and were also distinctly superior to the clinically relevant sphingoid base analog safingol. In each instance, lethality was shown to correlate with inhibition of conventional and novel PKC isoforms and downstream loss of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/ERK2. The involvement of these signaling systems in potentiating the lethal actions of 1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine (araC) was also examined with regard to the differential actions of PEITC-Sa and PEITC-So to that of the parent compounds as well as safingol. Exposure to araC alone rapidly increased PKC activity. In the presence of PEITC-Sa or PEITC-So, the therapeutic efficacy of araC increased markedly; moreover, potentiation was directly related to the loss of araC-stimulated PKC activity. These findings demonstrate that PEITC-substituted sphingoid base analogs exert potent antineoplastic effects in human leukemia cells. We suggest that these synthetic lipids represent potentially useful agents in the development of conventional PKC/novel PKC-directed chemotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene R Johnson
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, USA
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Steube KG, Meyer C, Schupp P, Proksch P, Drexler HG. Differential effects of staurosporine and its analogues on chemokine release by promyelocytic leukemia cell line NB-4. Leuk Res 2003; 27:957-63. [PMID: 12860017 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(03)00047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine elicits multiple responses in various systems. We evaluated nine naturally occurring staurosporine derivatives as modulators of chemokine production by monitoring the secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in the cell line NB-4. Several staurosporines increased, dose- and time-dependently, the IL-8 and MCP-1 concentration in the cell culture supernatants and three derivatives strongly inhibited proliferation of the NB-4 cells. By comparing the efficiency of these analogues at the same concentration, the lead compound staurosporine (STS-1) was the best inducer of chemokine secretion, whereas 3-hydroxystaurosporine (STS-3) was the most potent growth inhibitor. Besides the staurosporines, also 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) strongly increased the IL-8 and MCP-1 secretion of NB-4 cells. Several staurosporine analogues clearly inhibited the TPA-induced but enhanced the TNFalpha-mediated chemokine increase. These effects, namely the increase of chemokines in untreated or TNFalpha-treated cells and the inhibition of chemokine release in TPA-treated cells, cannot be explained by the exclusive inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC). It may indicate that staurosporines are additionally involved in activation of the PKC-triggered chemokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus G Steube
- DSMZ, German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Mascheroder Weg 1B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Ma BBY, Bristow RG, Kim J, Siu LL. Combined-modality treatment of solid tumors using radiotherapy and molecular targeted agents. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:2760-76. [PMID: 12860956 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2003.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Molecular targeted agents have been combined with radiotherapy (RT) in recent clinical trials in an effort to optimize the therapeutic index of RT. The appeal of this strategy lies in their potential target specificity and clinically acceptable toxicity. DESIGN This article integrates the salient, published research findings into the underlying molecular mechanisms, preclinical efficacy, and clinical applicability of combining RT with molecular targeted agents. These agents include inhibitors of intracellular signal transduction molecules, modulators of apoptosis, inhibitors of cell cycle checkpoints control, antiangiogenic agents, and cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors. RESULTS Molecular targeted agents can have direct effects on the cytoprotective and cytotoxic pathways implicated in the cellular response to ionizing radiation (IR). These pathways involve cellular proliferation, DNA repair, cell cycle progression, nuclear transcription, tumor angiogenesis, and prostanoid-associated inflammation. These pathways can also converge to alter RT-induced apoptosis, terminal growth arrest, and reproductive cell death. Pharmacologic modulation of these pathways may potentially enhance tumor response to RT though inhibition of tumor repopulation, improvement of tumor oxygenation, redistribution during the cell cycle, and alteration of intrinsic tumor radiosensitivity. CONCLUSION Combining RT and molecular targeted agents is a rational approach in the treatment of solid tumors. Translation of this approach from promising preclinical data to clinical trials is actively underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigette B Y Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Precess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Suite 5-210, 610 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
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Shah MA, Schwartz GK. Cyclin-dependent kinases as targets for cancer therapy. CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY AND BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIERS 2003; 21:145-70. [PMID: 15338744 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4410(03)21007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle perturbations are commonly observed in human malignancies. Exploiting this finding is the rationale for the development of CDK inhibitors as anti-tumor agents. Single-agent evaluation of several CDKIs has demonstrated limited clinical activity. The combination of CDKIs with standard cytotoxic agents is an emerging, alternative approach to anticancer therapy that also exploits the cell cycle perturbations of malignancy. Pre-clinical studies demonstrate the concept of cell cycle mediated drug resistance, and suggest that the combination of standard cytotoxic agents with CDKIs will require thoughtful sequencing and scheduling. With this in mind, there are presently several clinical investigations underway examining the combination of a standard cytotoxic with a novel CDKI, with particular attention to sequence and scheduling. Although phase II evaluation of these combination studies will provide initial evidence of anti-tumor activity, definitive phase III studies will be needed to establish this class of agents in the care of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish A Shah
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Tapia JA, Bragado MJ, García-Marín LJ, Jensen RT. Cholecystokinin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of PKC-delta in pancreatic acinar cells is regulated bidirectionally by PKC activation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1593:99-113. [PMID: 12431789 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(02)00346-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PKC-delta is important in cell growth, apoptosis, and secretion. Recent studies show its stability is regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation (TYR-P), which can be stimulated by a number of agents. Many of these stimuli also activate phospholipase C (PLC) cascades and little is known about the relationship between these cascades and PKC-delta TYR-P. Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates PKCs but it is unknown if it causes PKC-delta TYR-P and if so, the relationship between these cascades is unknown. In rat pancreatic acini, CCK-8 stimulated rapid PKC-delta TYR-P by activation of the low affinity CCK(A) receptor state. TPA had a similar effect. BAPTA did not decrease CCK-stimulated PKC-delta TYR-P but instead, increased it. A23187 did not stimulate PKC-delta TYR-P. Wortmannin and LY 294002 did not alter CCK-stimulated PKC-delta TYR-P. GF 109203X, at low concentrations, increased PKC-delta TYR-P stimulated by CCK or TPA and at higher concentrations, inhibited it. The cPKC inhibitors, Gö 6976 and safingol, caused a similar increase in TPA- and CCK-stimulated PKC-delta TYR-P. These results demonstrate that CCK(A) receptor activation causes PKC-delta TYR-P through activation of only one of its two receptor affinity states. This PKC-delta TYR-P is not directly influenced by changes in [Ca(2+)](i); however, the resultant activation of PKC-alpha has an inhibitory effect. Therefore, CCK activates both stimulatory and inhibitory PKC cascades regulating PKC-delta TYR-P and, hence, likely plays an important role in regulating PKC-delta degradation and cellular abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Tapia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres 10071, Spain
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsil Seong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University Medical College, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
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Sarker M, Ruiz-Ruiz C, Robledo G, López-Rivas A. Stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway antagonizes TRAIL-induced apoptosis downstream of BID cleavage in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Oncogene 2002; 21:4323-7. [PMID: 12082620 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2001] [Revised: 03/18/2002] [Accepted: 03/26/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We studied the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the regulation of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis in breast tumor MCF-7 cells. We found that addition of a protein kinase C (PKC) activator to MCF-7 cultures prevented TRAIL-induced apoptosis, by inhibiting a step downstream of both caspase-8 activation and BID cleavage. TRAIL-induced translocation of Bax from cytosol to mitochondria, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and activation of caspase-9 were all inhibited by PKC activation. PKC-mediated prevention of mitochondrial apoptotic events and apoptosis was found to be dependent on the MAPK pathway. Since TRAIL is a ligand of potential use in antineoplastic clinical trials, our findings may provide relevant information in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabika Sarker
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina CSIC, calle Ventanilla 11, 18001 Granada, Spain
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Pallis M, Turzanski J, Higashi Y, Russell N. P-glycoprotein in acute myeloid leukaemia: therapeutic implications of its association with both a multidrug-resistant and an apoptosis-resistant phenotype. Leuk Lymphoma 2002; 43:1221-8. [PMID: 12152989 DOI: 10.1080/10428190290026277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (Pgp) expression is an independent prognostic factor for response to remission-induction chemotherapy in acute myeloblastic leukaemia, particularly in the elderly. There are several potential agents for modulating Pgp-mediated multi-drug resistance, such as cyclosporin A and PSC833, which are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. An alternative therapeutic strategy is to increase the use of drugs which are unaffected by Pgp. However, in this review, we explain why this may be more difficult than it appears. Evidence from in vitro studies of primary AML blasts supports the commonly held supposition that chemoresistance may be linked to apoptosis-resistance. We have found that Pgp has a drug-independent role in the inhibition of in vitro apoptosis in AML blasts. Modulation of cytokine efflux, signalling lipids and intracellular pH have all been suggested as ways by which Pgp may affect cellular resistance to apoptosis; these are discussed in this review. For a chemosensitising agent to be successful, it may be more important for it to enhance apoptosis than to increase drug uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Pallis
- Academic Haematology, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK.
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