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Kostrzewa-Nowak D, Tarasiuk J. Bioreductive activation of mitoxantrone by NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase does not change its apoptotic stimuli properties in regard to sensitive and multidrug resistant leukaemia HL60 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 721:141-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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2
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Kumar S, Tomar MS, Acharya A. HSF1-mediated regulation of tumor cell apoptosis: a novel target for cancer therapeutics. Future Oncol 2013; 9:1573-86. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death/apoptosis is a genetically conserved phenomenon involved in many biological processes including reconstruction of multicellular organisms and elimination of old or damaged cells. It is regulated by the activation/deactivation of PKC in response to exogenous and endogenous stimuli. PKC is activated under stress by a series of downstream signaling cascades, which ultimately induce HSF1 activation, which results in overexpression of heat shock proteins. Overexpression of heat shock proteins interferes in the apoptotic pathway, while their blocking results in apoptosis. Therefore, HSF1 could be a novel therapeutic target against a variety of tumors. Several pharmacological inhibitors of PKC have been demonstrated to exert inhibitory effects on the activation of HSF1 and, therefore, induce apoptosis in tumor cells. However, studies regarding the role of pharmacological inhibitors in the regulation of apoptosis and possible anti-tumor therapeutic intervention are still unknown or in their infancy. Therefore, an attempt has been made to delineate the precise role of HSF1 in the regulation of apoptosis and its prospects in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Centre of Advance Study in Zoology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi–221 005, U.P., India
| | - Munendra Singh Tomar
- Centre of Advance Study in Zoology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi–221 005, U.P., India
| | - Arbind Acharya
- Centre of Advance Study in Zoology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi–221 005, U.P., India
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3
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Nowak R, Tarasiuk J. Retaining cytotoxic activity of anthrapyridone CO1 against multidrug resistant cells is related to the ability to induce concomitantly apoptosis and lysosomal death of leukaemia HL60/VINC and HL60/DOX cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2013; 65:855-67. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The effect of anthrapyridone compound CO1 retaining cytotoxic activity against multidrug resistant (MDR) tumour cells on inducing cell death of the sensitive leukaemia HL60 cell line and its MDR sublines (HL60/VINC and HL60/DOX) was examined.
Methods
The effects of CO1 and the reference compound doxorubicin (DOX) on examined cells were analysed by studying their cytotoxicity, drug intracellular accumulation, cell cycle distribution, caspase-3 and caspase-8 activity, Fas expression and lysosomal integrity.
Key findings
CO1 was much less effective at influencing the cell cycle of examined cells than DOX a well-known antitumour drug targeting cellular DNA and causing G2/M checkpoint arrest. CO1 caused much less pronounced appearance of the sub-G1 population and oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation, characteristic of apoptosis, compared with DOX. Significantly lower caspase-3 and caspase-8 activity was also observed in the response of these cells to CO1 compared with DOX treatment. CO1 did not change the expression of the Fas death receptor, characteristic of apoptotic pathways, on the surface of studied cells. Interestingly, the results showed that CO1 caused lysosomal membrane permeability (LMP) of the cells, whereas DOX did not perturb the lysosomal integrity of the studied cells.
Conclusions
The results suggest that CO1 could induce LMP-mediated cell death as a main lethal effect in a caspase-independent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nowak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Tarasiuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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4
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Ong YH, Lim M, Liu Q. Comparison of principal component analysis and biochemical component analysis in Raman spectroscopy for the discrimination of apoptosis and necrosis in K562 leukemia cells. OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 20:22158-71. [PMID: 23037364 DOI: 10.1364/oe.20.022158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has been explored as a promising label-free technique in discriminating apoptosis and necrosis induced cell death in leukemia cells. In addition to Principal component analysis (PCA) as commonly employed in Raman data analysis, another less commonly used but powerful method is Biochemical Component Analysis (BCA). In BCA, a Raman spectrum is decomposed into the contributions from several known basic biochemical components, such as proteins, lipid, nucleic acids and glycogen groups etc. The differences in terms of classification accuracy and interpretability of resulting data between these two methods in Raman spectroscopy have not been systematically investigated to our knowledge. In this study, we utilized both methods to analyze the Raman spectra measured from live cells, apoptotic and necrotic leukemia cells. The comparison indicates that two methods yield comparable accuracy in sample classification when the numbers of basic components are equal. The changes in the contributions of biochemical components in BCA can be interpreted by cell biology principles in apoptosis and necrosis. In contrast, the contributions of most principle components in PCA are difficult to interpret except the first one. The capability of BCA to unveil fine biochemical changes in cell spectra and excellent accuracy in classification can impel the broad application of Raman spectroscopy in biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hong Ong
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, 637457 Singapore
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Li SY, Wang XG, Ma MM, Liu Y, Du YH, Lv XF, Zhou JG, Tang YB, Guan YY. Ginsenoside-Rd potentiates apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide in basilar artery smooth muscle cells through the mitochondrial pathway. Apoptosis 2012; 17:113-20. [PMID: 22076303 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-011-0671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that ginsenoside-Rd, a purified component from Panax notoginseng, inhibited cell proliferation and reversed basilar artery remodeling. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ginsenoside- Rd influences H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis in basilar artery smooth muscle cells (BASMCs). The results showed that ginsenoside-Rd significantly potentiated H(2)O(2)-induced cell death and cell apoptosis. This resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction of the cell viability. Ginsenoside-Rd further increased cytochrome C release and caspase-9/caspase-3 activations, and reduced the stability of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax. Cyclosporine A, an inhibitor of mitochondrial-permeability transition, inhibited alteration of mitochondrial permeability induced by H(2)O(2) and reversed the effect of ginsenoside-Rd on MMP. Our data strongly suggest that ginsenoside-Rd potentiated H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis of BASMCs through the mitochondria-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Research Center, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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6
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Anthraquinone antitumour agents, doxorubicin, pirarubicin and benzoperimidine BP1, trigger caspase-3/caspase-8-dependent apoptosis of leukaemia sensitive HL60 and resistant HL60/VINC and HL60/DOX cells. Anticancer Drugs 2012; 23:380-92. [PMID: 22198116 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32834f8ab4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of selected anthraquinone antitumour agents - doxorubicin (DOX), pirarubicin (PIRA) and benzoperimidine BP1 - on inducing apoptosis of the sensitive leukaemia HL60 cell line and its multidrug resistance sublines overexpressing P-glycoprotein (HL60/VINC) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (HL60/DOX). All agents used at IC50 and IC90 were able to influence the cell cycle of sensitive HL60 and resistant cells and induce apoptosis. Interestingly, it was seen that HL60/VINC cells were more susceptible to undergo caspase-3/caspase-8-dependent apoptosis induced by the studied anthraquinone compounds compared with HL60 and HL60/DOX cells. However, the examined agents did not change the expression of Fas receptors on the surface of HL60-sensitive and-resistant cells.
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7
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Chaudhuri S, Acharya S, Chatterjee S, Kumar P, Singh MK, Bhattacharya D, Basu AK, Dasgupta S, Flora S, Chaudhuri S. Therapeutic Profile of T11TS vs. T11TS+MiADMSA: A Hunt for a More Effective Therapeutic Regimen for Arsenic Exposure. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:2943-8. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.6.2943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
tRNAs possess a high content of modified nucleosides, which display an incredible structural variety. These modified nucleosides are conserved in their sequence and have important roles in tRNA functions. Most often, hypermodified nucleosides are found in the wobble position of tRNAs, which play a direct role in maintaining translational efficiency and fidelity, codon recognition, etc. One of such hypermodified base is queuine, which is a base analogue of guanine, found in the first anticodon position of specific tRNAs (tyrosine, histidine, aspartate and asparagine tRNAs). These tRNAs of the ‘Q-family’ originally contain guanine in the first position of anticodon, which is post-transcriptionally modified with queuine by an irreversible insertion during maturation. Queuine is ubiquitously present throughout the living system from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, including plants. Prokaryotes can synthesize queuine de novo by a complex biosynthetic pathway, whereas eukaryotes are unable to synthesize either the precursor or queuine. They utilize salvage system and acquire queuine as a nutrient factor from their diet or from intestinal microflora. The tRNAs of the Q-family are completely modified in terminally differentiated somatic cells. However, hypomodification of Q-tRNA (queuosine-modified tRNA) is closely associated with cell proliferation and malignancy. The precise mechanisms of queuine- and Q-tRNA-mediated action are still a mystery. Direct or indirect evidence suggests that queuine or Q-tRNA participates in many cellular functions, such as inhibition of cell proliferation, control of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, bacterial virulence, etc. The role of Q-tRNA modification in cellular machinery and the signalling pathways involved therein is the focus of this review.
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Ryan LA, Wilkins RC, McFarlane NM, Sung MM, McNamee JP, Boreham DR. Relative biological effectiveness of 280 keV neutrons for apoptosis in human lymphocytes. HEALTH PHYSICS 2006; 91:68-75. [PMID: 16775482 DOI: 10.1097/01.hp.0000200339.91550.6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of neutrons varies from unity to greater than ten depending upon neutron energy and the biological endpoint measured. In our study, we examined apoptosis in human lymphocytes to assess the RBE of low energy 280 keV neutrons compared to Cs gamma radiation and found the RBE to be approximately one. Similar results have been observed for high energy neutrons using the same endpoint. As apoptosis is a major process that influences the consequences of radiation exposure, our results indicate that biological effect and the corresponding weighting factors for 280 keV neutrons may be lower in some cell types and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Ryan
- McMaster University, Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences Unit, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. L8S 4K1.
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10
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Batista LFZ, Chiganças V, Brumatti G, Amarante-Mendes GP, Menck CFM. Involvement of DNA replication in ultraviolet-induced apoptosis of mammalian cells. Apoptosis 2006; 11:1139-48. [PMID: 16703265 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-7109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of cells to ultraviolet (UV) light damages the genome and the persistence of DNA lesions triggers apoptosis in mammalian cells. RNA transcription blockage by DNA damage is believed to be implicated in signaling for UV-induced apoptosis, but the role played by DNA replication in this process is still unclear. To address this point, we have employed the DNA polymerase inhibitor aphidicolin in UV-irradiated wild-type and XPB-mutated Chinese hamster ovary cells. The data obtained with synchronized cells indicate that induction of apoptosis by UV light is independent of the cell cycle phase. Nevertheless, cells treated with aphidicolin after UV exposure showed a significant prevention of apoptosis induction when compared to proliferating cells. These results were observed in both DNA-repair proficient and deficient cells, indicating that the prevention of apoptosis by aphidicolin is independent of the cells' ability to repair the photolesions caused by UV. Taken together, these data suggest that replication of damaged DNA also leads to critical events signaling for UV-induced cell death.
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11
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Wu QL, Wu XP, Liang YJ, Chen LM, Ding Y, Fu LW. P-glycoprotein is not involved in pathway of anti-Fas/Fas-induced apoptosis in KBv200 cells. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:3544-8. [PMID: 15962371 PMCID: PMC4315957 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i23.3544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To verify whether P-glycoprotein (P-gp) could induce cell resistance to apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-8 and caspase-3.
METHODS: Human KB cells, either drug-sensitive or with multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype caused by overexpression of P-gp (KBv200 cells), were treated with anti-Fas (CH-11 monoclonal antibody) to induce apoptosis. Cytotoxicity was detected by MTT assay. Symptoms of cell death were assessed by morphological observation after Hoechst33258 staining, activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 was measured by Western blotting.
RESULTS: Compared with KB cells, the resistance of KBv200 cells to VCR (vincristine) was about 51-fold higher. Anti-Fas (CH-11) induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in both sensitive KB cells and MDR phenotype KBv200 cells. The IC50 of CH-11 in KB cells was similar to that in KBv200 cells. CH-11 induced similar apoptotic rates in both KB cells and KBv200 cells, which could be classified as caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. Verapamil (VRP) did not affect CH-11-mediated apoptosis in KBv200 cells.
CONCLUSION: Expression of P-glycoprotein does not induce resistance to caspase-8 and -3 activation or anti-Fas-induced cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Liang Wu
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
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12
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Bowen JM, Gibson RJ, Keefe DM, Cummins AG. Cytotoxic chemotherapy upregulates pro-apoptotic Bax and Bak in the small intestine of rats and humans. Pathology 2005; 37:56-62. [PMID: 15875735 DOI: 10.1080/00313020400023461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Small intestinal crypt cells rapidly undergo apoptosis in response to cytotoxic drug treatment that results in gastrointestinal toxicity. The Bcl-2 family have been implicated in both positive and negative regulation of intestinal cell apoptosis. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of cytotoxic treatment on Bcl-2 protein expression in patients and rats with tumours. METHODS Four pro- and four anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family, caspase-3 and p53 were examined in small intestinal crypts before and after treatment in rats and humans. Immunohistochemistry identified changes in protein expression over time, while relative RT-PCR was used to investigate mRNA expression in rat small intestine. RESULTS Cytotoxic treatment increased p53 and caspase-3 which coincided with elevated levels of apoptosis. Bax and Bak protein and mRNA expression also significantly increased at 6 hours following treatment in rats. Bax and Bak protein increased at day 1 after treatment in humans. Anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 protein decreased within 24hours. Other Bcl-2 family members showed only modest changes. CONCLUSION Increased expression of Bax and Bak but not other Bcl-2 family members is associated with apoptosis in small intestinal crypts and may amplify the sensitivity and susceptibility of crypt cells to chemotherapy-induced enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Bowen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia.
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13
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Leskovac V, Trivić S, Pericin D, Kandrac J. Inactivation of cytochrome-c with glucose oxidase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2004; 19:169-74. [PMID: 15449732 DOI: 10.1080/1475636042000191461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel reaction of cytochrome-c from the horse heart with the enzyme glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger (EC 1.1.3.4), in acidic media is described. Glucose oxidase is able to induce a rapid, profound and irreversible physico-chemical change in cytochrome-c, under anaerobic conditions and in the presence of glucose. The initial rate of reaction is almost independent of the concentration of enzyme and glucose. The striking feature of this reaction is the fact that the reaction proceeds efficiently even below a concentration of 10 nM enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Leskovac
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, YU-21000 Novi Sad.
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14
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Abbro L, Lanubile R, Dini L. Ultrastructural study of apoptotic U937 [corrected] cells treated with different pro-apoptotic substances. Microsc Res Tech 2004; 64:77-85. [PMID: 15287020 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human monocytic leukemia U937 cells readily undergo apoptosis when exposed to various stimuli, including inhibition of protein synthesis, oxidative stress, antitumoral agents, etc. The sequential, step-by-step morphological changes in U937 cells that occur during the apoptotic program are largely determined by the activation of a specific class of proteases, the caspases. The action of these proteases were followed at the ultrastructural level. From our observations 1) no unique morphological feature exists during apoptosis, even in the same cell type; 2) the extent of the morphological modifications are inducer- and dose-dependent; 3) double or triple treatments amplify the morphological modifications with a single inducer, but not the rate of apoptosis; and 4) in the case of double treatment the second inducer has to have a cytoplasmatic target because damage to the cytoplasm occurs before nuclear modifications become visible. These data should facilitate a more objective evaluation of apoptosis in conditions where antiproliferative drugs, like antiblastic or immunosuppressive molecules, are used to monitor the efficiency of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Abbro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Lecce, Italy
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15
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Di Iorio P, Ballerini P, Traversa U, Nicoletti F, D'Alimonte I, Kleywegt S, Werstiuk ES, Rathbone MP, Caciagli F, Ciccarelli R. The antiapoptotic effect of guanosine is mediated by the activation of the PI 3-kinase/AKT/PKB pathway in cultured rat astrocytes. Glia 2004; 46:356-68. [PMID: 15095366 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Guanosine has many trophic effects in the CNS, including the stimulation of neurotrophic factor synthesis and release by astrocytes, which protect neurons against excitotoxic death. Therefore, we questioned whether guanosine protected astrocytes against apoptosis induced by staurosporine. We evaluated apoptosis in cultured rat brain astrocytes, following exposure (3 h) to 100 nM staurosporine by acridine orange staining or by oligonucleosome, or caspase-3 ELISA assays. Staurosporine promoted apoptosis rapidly, reaching its maximal effect (approximately 10-fold over basal apoptotic values) in 18-24 h after its administration to astrocytes. Guanosine, added to the culture medium for 4 h, starting from 1 h prior to staurosporine, reduced the proportion of apoptotic cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 value for the inhibitory effect of guanosine is 7.5 x 10(-5) M. The protective effect of guanosine was not affected by inhibiting the nucleoside transporters by propentophylline, or by the selective antagonists of the adenosine A1 or A2 receptors (DPCPX or DMPX), or by an antagonist of the P2X and P2Y purine receptors (suramin). In contrast, pretreatment of astrocytes with pertussis toxin, which uncouples Gi-proteins from their receptors, abolished the antiapoptotic effect of guanosine. The protective effect of guanosine was also reduced by pretreatment of astrocytes with inhibitors of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K; LY294002, 30 microM) or the MAPK pathway (PD98059, 10 microM). Addition of guanosine caused a rapid phosphorylation of Akt/PKB, and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) and induced an upregulation of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein expression. These data demonstrate that guanosine protects astrocytes against staurosporine-induced apoptosis by activating multiple pathways, and these are mediated by a Gi-protein-coupled putative guanosine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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16
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Uzarski RL, Pestka JJ. Comparative susceptibility of B cells with different lineages to cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction by translational inhibitors. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2003; 66:2105-2118. [PMID: 14710595 DOI: 10.1080/15287390390211315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The trichothecene mycotoxins, Shiga toxins (STs), and ricin are potent translational inhibitors that exert diverse mechanisms of action but all have the capacity to induce death by apoptosis. Germinal centers containing actively dividing B cells are particularly sensitive to protein synthesis inhibition, and, of these, the immature B cell is reportedly most susceptible to apoptosis. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that immature and mature B-cell lineages were differentially susceptible to apoptosis and cytotoxicity induction by representative trichothecene mycotoxins, ST-1, and ricin, as well as cycloheximide (CHX), a prototypical protein synthesis inhibitor commonly used to study cell signal transduction. WEHI-231 and CH31 cells were used as representatives of phenotypically immature B cells, whereas CH12.LX cells were used to model mature B cells. Resultant data suggest that Type D and Type A trichothecenes, ricin, and ST-1 were more potent inducers of apoptosis than CHX, whereas Type B and Type A trichothecene metabolites were less. CHX and the trichothecenes affected immature and mature B cells equally, thus suggesting that toxicity due to these natural toxins was lineage independent. In contrast, mature B cells were more sensitive to ricin- and ST-1-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis than immature B cells. Taken together, these results suggest that B cells are targets of a diverse array of naturally occurring translational inhibitors. Upregulation of apoptosis in B lymphocytes may contribute to the impairment of the immune response and other symptoms described following exposure to these toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Uzarski
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1224, USA
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18
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Wang LS, Liu HJ, Zhang JH, Wu CT. Purging effect of dibutyl phthalate on leukemia cells involves fas independent activation of caspase-3/CPP32 protease. Cancer Lett 2002; 186:177-82. [PMID: 12213287 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We previously found that dibutyl phthalate (DBP) had a pharmacological activity in eliminating tumor cells and could be used as a purging agent in autologous bone marrow transplantation. In this study, we show that DBP can induce apoptosis in MO7e and U937 leukemia cell lines. Treatment of these cells with DBP up-regulates cellular activity of caspase-3/CPP32 and causes apoptosis rapidly as determined by cell viability and dUTP nick end labeling assay. Activation of caspase-3/CPP32 and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase were determined in DBP-induced apoptosis of leukemia cells. However, DBP treatment did not induce the expression of fas. Two caspase inhibitors, z-VAD-fmk and N-acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-aldehyde partly blocked the cell death of MO7e cells induced by DBP. These results suggest that fas-independent activation of caspase-3 protease plays important roles in the purging effect of DBP on leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Sheng Wang
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Di Iorio P, Kleywegt S, Ciccarelli R, Traversa U, Andrew CM, Crocker CE, Werstiuk ES, Rathbone MP. Mechanisms of apoptosis induced by purine nucleosides in astrocytes. Glia 2002; 38:179-90. [PMID: 11968056 DOI: 10.1002/glia.10055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes release adenine-based and guanine-based purines under physiological and, particularly, pathological conditions. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine if adenosine induced apoptosis in cultured rat astrocytes. Further, if guanosine, which increases the extracellular concentration of adenosine, also induced apoptosis determined using the TUNEL and Annexin V assays. Adenosine induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner up to 100 microM. Inosine, hypoxanthine, guanine, and guanosine did not. Guanosine or adenosine (100 microM) added to the culture medium was metabolized, with 35% or 15%, respectively, remaining after 2-3 h. Guanosine evoked the extracellular accumulation of adenosine, and particularly of adenine-based nucleotides. Cotreatment with EHNA and guanosine increased the extracellular accumulation of adenosine and induced apoptosis. Inhibition of the nucleoside transporters using NBTI (100 microM) or propentophylline (100 microM) significantly decreased but did not abolish the apoptosis induced by guanosine + EHNA or adenosine + EHNA, respectively. Apoptosis produced by either guanosine + EHNA or adenosine + EHNA was unaffected by A(1) or A(2) adenosine receptor antagonists, but was significantly reduced by MRS 1523, a selective A(3) adenosine receptor antagonist. Adenosine + EHNA, not guanosine + EHNA, significantly increased the intracellular concentration of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) and greatly reduced the ratio of S-adenosyl-L-methioine to SAH, which is associated with apoptosis. These data demonstrate that adenosine mediates apoptosis of astrocytes both, via activation of A(3) adenosine receptors and by modulating SAH hydrolase activity. Guanosine induces apoptosis by accumulating extracellular adenosine, which then acts solely via A(3) adenosine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Chieti, Italy
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20
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Cullen K, Davey R, Davey M. The drug resistance proteins, multidrug resistance-associated protein and P-glycoprotein, do not confer resistance to Fas-induced cell death. CYTOMETRY 2001; 43:189-94. [PMID: 11170105 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0320(20010301)43:3<189::aid-cyto1048>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug resistance (MDR) is mediated by the drug resistance proteins, the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) and P-glycoprotein, both of which confer resistance by the active efflux of chemotherapeutic drugs from the cell. Reduced Fas (CD95/APO-1) expression and resistance to Fas-mediated apoptosis have also been correlated with P-glycoprotein-mediated MDR. METHODS We investigated cell surface Fas expression (using anti-Fas monoclonal antibody DX2.1) in a series of MRP-expressing drug-resistant leukemia sublines, and P-glycoprotein-expressing leukemia sublines, and their susceptibility to apoptosis induced by anti-Fas treatment (CH-11 monoclonal antibody). Caspase-3 activation was detected by Western blot and apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry with 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD) staining of cells. RESULTS Fas expression was not reduced in either the MRP- or P-glycoprotein-expressing drug-resistant cell lines, although expression was reduced by 15% in one low-level drug-resistant subline. Expression of MRP or P-glycoprotein did not confer resistance to caspase-3 activation or to anti-Fas-induced cell death. CONCLUSIONS MDR mediated by the drug transport proteins MRP and P-glycoprotein does not correlate with resistance to Fas-mediated cell death or resistance to caspase-3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Cullen
- Cell and Molecular Biology Department, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
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21
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Backus HH, Dukers DF, van Groeningen CJ, Vos W, Bloemena E, Wouters D, van Riel JM, Smid K, Giaccone G, Pinedo HM, Peters GJ. 5-Fluorouracil induced Fas upregulation associated with apoptosis in liver metastases of colorectal cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2001; 12:209-16. [PMID: 11300326 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008331525368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro, thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibition by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) induces thymineless apoptosis possibly via Fas receptor Fas ligand interactions and cell-cycle arrest. In colorectal cancer patients we evaluated whether 5-FU administration also resulted in apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest and which proteins might be involved. PATIENTS AND METHODS Biopsy specimens were taken from 36 patients 2, 22 or 46 hours after administration of 500 mg/m2 5-FU, and from 12 control patients who did not receive 5-FU. In frozen tissue-sections from liver metastases immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies directed against p53, p21, E2F2, Rb, Ki67 and TS (cell-cycle related) and bax, BCL-2, BCL-x, mcl-1, PARP, caspase-3, Fas receptor and Fas ligand (apoptosis related). Apoptosis was determined by M30 immunostaining, which recognises a cleavage product of cytokeratin 18. RESULTS Fas receptor expression was 50% higher (P = 0.036) 46 hours after 5-FU administration compared to the control group. This was associated with a 12% increase (P < 0.02) in M30 positive tumour cells and with elevation of caspase-3 and PARP expression. The expression of Ki67 and E2F2 was 30% lower after 46 hours compared to the control group, whereas TS was 56% lower after 2 hours and 32% higher again after 46 hours. No differences in the expression of the other proteins were found. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that 5-FU decreases proliferation status and induces apoptosis possibly via the Fas pathway. Since Fas mediated cell killing is important for cytotoxic T cells this indicates that clinical studies combining immunotherapy for activation of T cells and chemotherapy using 5-FU might be very effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Backus
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Barreda DR, Belosevic M. Characterisation of growth enhancing factor production in different phases of in vitro fish macrophage development. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 11:169-185. [PMID: 11308078 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2000.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We previously described the release of macrophage growth factor(s) (MGF) into culture supernatants (CCM) by a goldfish macrophage cell line (GMCL) and in vitro derived kidney macrophages (IVDKM). In this study, we report that IVDKM growth can be subdivided into three developmental phases, defined using both morphological and flow cytometric characteristics: a lag phase, a proliferative phase, and a senescence phase. Analysis of the growth inducing capabilities of CCM indicated that maximum activity was consistently found in supernatants isolated from IVDKM cultures during the proliferative phase of development. In contrast, CCM from the senescence phase proved to be poor inducers of macrophage growth. Overall, we identify a link between the seeding-CCM composition, the extent of IVDKM growth and the rate of entrance into a senescent state characterised by IVDKM apoptotic cell death. Use of IVDKM CCM obtained at the peak of macrophage growth maximised macrophage growth factor (MGF) activity, and prevented the introduction of negative regulators of IVDKM proliferation, which will contribute significantly to our MGF purification efforts. Furthermore, the collection of IVDKM, prior to their commitment into apoptotic pathways, will prove to be essential in the selection of specific cell subsets for studies of antimicrobial mechanisms of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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23
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Pillai MR, Nair MK. Development of a condemned mucosa syndrome and pathogenesis of human papillomavirus-associated upper aerodigestive tract and uterine cervical tumors. Exp Mol Pathol 2000; 69:233-41. [PMID: 11115364 DOI: 10.1006/exmp.2000.2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of many squamous carcinomas, particularly those of the uterine cervix. A number of random studies have also reported association of high-risk HPV subtypes with cancers of the oral cavity, larynx, hypopharynx, and esophagus. The roles of other molecular factors involved during HPV infection in these tumors still remain unclear. Recent findings from our laboratories have suggested possible mechanisms associated with HPV-mediated carcinogenesis. Both p53 mutation-dependent and mutation-independent pathways may be associated with HPV-mediated carcinogenesis, the former mainly in upper aerodigestive tract tumors (UADT) and the latter in cervical tumors. In cervical tumors, inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor protein by the E6 gene product of high-risk HPVs and mutation of the p53 gene in UADT is associated with alterations in the apoptotic regulatory bcl-2 and bax genes, leading to downregulation of programmed cell death (PCD) and increased cell proliferation. HPV infection is also associated with increased tissue angiogenesis and activation of telomerase. Altered kinetics of telomere fragments is evident in HPV-infected tissue. We therefore believe that the combined manifestations of all these factors may contribute to development of a "condemned mucosa syndrome" facilitating development UADT and cervical cancers. A distinct step in the pathogenesis of both types of tumors may only be in the mode of p53 inactivation, whereas all other events appear to be strongly correlated to the presence of HPV. The development and validation of such a molecular model has significant clinical priority. It can be used to identify target populations or individuals for intervention, to monitor effects of intervention, and to determine which individuals or groups are at increased risk of developing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Pillai
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram. India
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24
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Yoshizawa K, Yang J, Senzaki H, Uemura Y, Kiyozuka Y, Shikata N, Oishi Y, Miki H, Tsubura A. Caspase-3 inhibitor rescues N -methyl- N -nitrosourea-induced retinal degeneration in Sprague-Dawley rats. Exp Eye Res 2000; 71:629-35. [PMID: 11095915 DOI: 10.1006/exer.2000.0921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a caspase-3 inhibitor on N -methyl- N -nitrosourea (MNU)-induced retinal degeneration was investigated. Sixty mg kg(-1)MNU was given intraperitoneally to 50 day old female Sprague-Dawley rats, and 4000 ng Ac-DEVD-CHO, a caspase-3 inhibitor, was injected intravitreally twice at 0 and 10 hr after MNU. In both peripheral and central retina, an apoptotic index of the photoreceptor cells 24 hr after MNU treatment was calculated by TUNEL labeling, and retinal damage 7 days after MNU treatment was evaluated from retinal thickness and a retinal damage ratio (length of damaged retina : whole retinal length). In MNU-treated rats, the TUNEL index 24 hr post-MNU was 79.5% in the peripheral and 83.7% in the central retina, while the Ac-DEVD-CHO injection significantly reduced it to 59.7 and 71.8%, respectively. Total retinal thickness 7 days after MNU was 38 microm in the peripheral and 75 microm in the central retina. Ac-DEVD-CHO injection increased these values to 72 and 77 microm, respectively. The retinal damage ratio 7 days after MNU was 98.5%. Ac-DEVD-CHO injection significantly reduced this value to 54.4%. The use of a caspase-3 inhibitor was effective in the suppression of MNU-induced retinal apoptosis and may be a therapeutic intervention in human retinitis pigmentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshizawa
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506, Japan
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Narayan A, Tuck-Muller C, Weissbecker K, Smeets D, Ehrlich M. Hypersensitivity to radiation-induced non-apoptotic and apoptotic death in cell lines from patients with the ICF chromosome instability syndrome. Mutat Res 2000; 456:1-15. [PMID: 11087891 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(00)00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficiency, centromeric region instability, and facial anomalies (ICF), a rare recessive chromosome instability syndrome, involves the loss of DNA methyltransferase 3B activity and the consequent hypomethylation of a small portion of the genome. We demonstrate for the first time that ICF cells are strongly hypersensitive to a genotoxic agent, namely, ionizing radiation. However, unlike cell lines from patients with ataxia telangiectasia or Nijmegen breakage syndrome, chromosome instability syndromes also associated with unusual sensitivity to ionizing radiation, ICF cells did not show any deficiencies in their cell cycle checkpoints. ICF lymphoblastoid cell lines demonstrated increased apoptosis, long-term cell cycle arrest, and loss of viability in clonogenicity assays after irradiation compared to analogous normal cell lines. Also, the ICF cell lines were subject to high frequencies of rapid non-apoptotic cell death upon irradiation but not to abnormally high levels of radiation-induced, cytogenetically detectable chromosome abnormalities. ICF-associated undermethylation of some regulatory gene(s) might lead to an exaggerated response to radiation-induced breaks in DNA yielding increased rates of cell death and irreversible cell cycle arrest. As a defense against their frequent spontaneous breaks in chromosomes 1 and 16, ICF patients may be abnormally prone to chromosome break-induced apoptosis, non-apoptotic cell death, and permanent cell cycle arrest so as to minimize the number of cycling cells with spontaneous rearrangements. A similarly increased cell death and cycle-arrest response to chromosome breaks due to cancer-linked DNA hypomethylation might occur during carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Narayan
- Department of Biochemistry, Tulane Medical School, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Wang LS, Liu HJ, Xia ZB, Broxmeyer HE, Lu L. Expression and activation of caspase-3/CPP32 in CD34(+) cord blood cells is linked to apoptosis after growth factor withdrawal. Exp Hematol 2000; 28:907-15. [PMID: 10989191 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(00)00485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-3/CPP32, a member of the interleukin-1 converting enzyme (ICE) family, is considered an executioner protease in mammalian cells during apoptosis. Although expression and activation of caspase-3/CPP32 protein have been studied in many tissues and leukemia cell lines, this has not been explored in primitive hematopoietic CD34(+) cells. In this study, we evaluated expression and activation of caspase-3/CPP32 protein in CD34(+) cells from cord blood (CB) during apoptosis induced by growth factor deprivation. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and flow cytometry analysis were used in this study to determine the expression of caspase-3/CPP32 in CD34(+) CB cells during apoptosis. Our results demonstrated that caspase-3/CPP32 mRNA was constitutively expressed at a very low level in freshly isolated CD34(+) cells. Expression of caspase-3/CPP32 mRNA and protein was upregulated when these cells were first expanded in suspension culture with growth factors for 3 days. However, only the 32 kDa inactive caspase-3/CPP32 proenzyme was detected in the freshly isolated CD34(+) cells and after 3 days expansion with cytokines. Within 12 hours after growth factor withdrawal from expanded cells caspase-3/CPP32 was activated and a cleavage 20 kDa protein was detected; a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was cleaved by activated caspase-3/CPP32. Activation of caspase-3/CPP32 and apoptosis upon growth factor withdrawal were inhibited/reduced by the caspase inhibitors, z-VAD-fmk and DEVD-CHO. These results demonstrate that caspase-3/CPP32 is involved in apoptosis of primitive CB CD34(+) cells but may not be the only mechanism involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Wang
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5254, USA
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27
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Werstiuk ES, Lee RMKW. Vascular β-adrenoceptor function in hypertension and in ageing. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2000. [DOI: 10.1139/y00-015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Functional β-adrenoceptors (β-AR) have been identified and characterized in blood vessels under in vivo conditions as well as in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) grown in culture. Agonist occupancy of β-AR activates adenylyl cyclase (AC) via the stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding protein (Gs) and leads to elevations in intracellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate levels (cAMP). Increased cAMP activates the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), with subsequent phosphorylation of various target proteins. This β-AR pathway interacts with several other intracellular signalling pathways via cross-talk, so that activation by β-AR agonists may also modulate other second messengers and protein kinases. SMC β-AR play an important role in SMC function. In intact blood vessels they mediate SMC relaxation by various intracellular mechanisms, ultimately causing a decrease in intracellular Ca2+ levels. In cultured SMC, activation of the β-AR pathway results in inhibition of cellular proliferation, the development of SMC polyploidy, and SMC apoptosis. Blood vessels from hypertensive animals are characterized by an increase in SMC cell mass, a greater incidence of SMC polyploidy in the aorta, and an impairment in the β-agonist-mediated SMC relaxation. Some of these changes may result from an attenuation of β-AR function due to agonist-induced receptor desensitization caused by the uncoupling of receptors from the Gs-AC system. The phosphorylated β-AR may in turn trigger new signals and activate different intracellular pathways. However, the details of these mechanisms are still unresolved. Since functional β-AR play such a prominent and multi-faceted role in SMC function, it is important to understand how these diverse physiological effects are mediated by this receptor system, and how they contribute to the development of hypertension. With ageing, a decrease in β-AR-Gs-AC coupling is observed, and this is implicated in the reduced responsiveness of SMC. The similarities in SMC β-AR functional changes in hypertension and in ageing suggest that the underlying mechanisms are also analogous.Key words: smooth muscle, β-adrenoceptors, cyclic AMP, protein kinase A, cell proliferation, polyploidy, relaxation, apoptosis, hypertension, ageing.
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer cells are usually resistant to apoptosis induced by cytotoxic drugs, by activation of surface receptors such as Fas and TNF receptor or by serum or growth factor withdrawal. Actinomycin D (actD) is an inhibitor of RNA synthesis and acts as a potent inducer of apoptosis in several cell lines. In the present study, we investigated the effects of actD on PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. ActD caused apoptosis in PANC-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, as determined by cell growth assays, DNA laddering and TUNEL assays. Induction of apoptosis correlated with activation of the JNK/SAPK pathway and increased expression of Bax but not Bad or p53. PANC-1 cells were completely resistant to Fas antibody and TNF-alpha. In contrast, TRAIL decreased the growth of PANC-1 cells by 22%. Low concentrations of actD (10 ng/ml) enhanced the cytotoxic effects of all 3 cytokines. EGF, FGF-2 and IGF-I did not protect PANC-1 cells from actD-mediated apoptosis. ActD (10 ng/ml) also inhibited the growth of CAPAN-1 and T3M4 pancreatic cancer cells but not MiaPaCa-2 cells. Our observations suggest that actD may act via JNK/SAPK and Bax to promote apoptosis in PANC-1 cells and that it may inhibit the growth of other pancreatic cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kleeff
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Departments of Medicine, Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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29
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Yoshizawa K, Nambu H, Yamamoto D, Yang J, Kiyozuka Y, Shikata N, Tsubura A. Time-specific occurrence of alopecia in neonatal C57BL mice treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea and the therapeutic efficacy of tacrolimus hydrate. Pathol Int 2000; 50:175-84. [PMID: 10792780 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2000.01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia was induced in male and female neonatal C57BL mice by a single intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). MNU administration was most effective in the 8-day-old mice and less effective in the 5-day-old mice (at active and early anagen stages of the first hair cycle, respectively). No alopecia was seen in the day 14 MNU-treated animals (at telogen stage of the first hair cycle). MNU effectively induced hair follicular cell apoptosis at the anagen stage by up-regulation of Bax protein without down-modulation of Bcl-2 protein. In day 8 MNU-treated mice, the immunosuppressive agent 0.01% tacrolimus hydrate (FK506), when topically applied for 5 days from 1 day after MNU treatment (before the occurrence of alopecia), decreased the severity of alopecia. However, it did not stimulate hair growth when applied for 5 days from 20 days of age (after occurrence of alopecia).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshizawa
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
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30
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Abstract
Apoptosis consists of a distinct form of cell death that displays characteristic alterations in cell morphology and cell fate which are different than death due to oncosis or necrosis. In terms of tissue kinetics, apoptosis may be considered a mechanism that counterbalances the effect of cell proliferation by mitotic division. In fact, deregulated apoptosis has been implicated in the development a wide variety of human diseases. Excessive apoptotic cell death may cause organ atrophy and organ failure. On the other hand, insufficient elimination of redundant cells may lead to organ and tissue structural remodeling. In recent years, apoptosis has become a highly fashionable and competitive area of research. Fortunately, it has not escaped the attention of the cardiovascular community. Sightings of apoptosis have been reported from every corner of cardiovascular medicine ranging from conduction system defects to congestive heart failure, and from atherosclerosis to aneurysms. There is no question that these sightings will eventually be converted into mechanistic etiopathogenic and physiopathological insights and will form the basis for designing new diagnostic modalities and novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Díez
- Departamento de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona.
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Boucher MJ, Morisset J, Vachon PH, Reed JC, Lain� J, Rivard N. MEK/ERK signaling pathway regulates the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Mcl-1 and promotes survival of human pancreatic cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-4644(20001201)79:3<355::aid-jcb20>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li W, Zhang J, Flechner L, Hyun T, Yam A, Franke TF, Pierce JH. Protein kinase C-alpha overexpression stimulates Akt activity and suppresses apoptosis induced by interleukin 3 withdrawal. Oncogene 1999; 18:6564-72. [PMID: 10597260 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in apoptotic signaling induced by cytokine withdrawal, we expressed PKC-alpha, -delta and -epsilon individually in the 32D myeloid progenitor cells. The parental and PKC-delta- and PKC-epsilon-transfected 32D cells underwent apoptosis within 24 h in the absence of interleukin 3. In contrast, expression of PKC-alpha inhibited the onset of apoptosis as determined by genomic DNA fragmentation and flow cytometric analysis. Correlating with the inhibition of apoptosis, PKC-alpha transfectants exhibited increased activity of the endogenous Akt serine/threonine kinase. Furthermore, PKC-alpha, but not PKC-delta or -epsilon, specifically activated overexpressed Akt. PKC-alpha-induced Akt activity was partially dependent on phosphoinositol 3' kinase (PI 3'K) since a PI 3'K inhibitor was able to suppress PKC-alpha-induced Akt activation. Both basal and interleukin 3-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt on serine 473 was enhanced in the PKC-alpha and Akt contransfectants. Coexpression of wild type Akt and PKC-alpha resulted in greater suppression of apoptosis than PKC-alpha expression alone. Together, our results demonstrate that suppression of apoptosis by PKC-alpha correlates with its ability of activating endogenous Akt. Furthermore, activation of overexpressed Akt by PKC-alpha is consistent with their synergistic effect on suppressing apoptosis, providing the strong evidence of cross talk between Akt and PKC-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Li
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a significant cause of mortality in Western societies. The progression of the disease from normal colonic epithelium to the acquisition of the malignant phenotype is accompanied by numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations. Compelling experimental and epidemiological evidence indicates that diet and nutrition are key factors in the modulation of colorectal cancer. A salient case in point is the recent observation that a dietary regimen based on a Western-style diet provokes in the rodent colon the appearance of preneoplastic lesions in the absence of any genotoxic insult. This review mainly describes dietary factors that inhibit the development and progression of colorectal cancer. Much is unknown about the precise mechanisms of action of chemically disparate nutrients and how they interfere with the development and progression of this disease. Current knowledge about this important issue is summarized. We believe that continuing scrutiny and precise assessment of the benefits (and potential risks) of nutrients in the treatment and prevention of colorectal cancer will prove significant to controlling this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lipkin
- Strang Cancer Prevention Center, New York, USA.
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Taylor JK, Zhang QQ, Monia BP, Marcusson EG, Dean NM. Inhibition of Bcl-xL expression sensitizes normal human keratinocytes and epithelial cells to apoptotic stimuli. Oncogene 1999; 18:4495-504. [PMID: 10442640 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is continually exposed to harmful mutagens that have the potential to cause DNA damage. To protect the skin from accumulating mutated cells, keratinocytes have developed a highly regulated mechanism of eliminating damaged cells through apoptosis. Bcl-xL is a well-described cell survival protein that when overexpressed in skin can protect keratinocytes from UV radiation-induced apoptosis. To begin to unravel the complex mechanisms that keratinocytes use to survive, we wanted to characterize the role of endogenous Bcl-xL in protecting cells from death. In this study, we describe the development and characterization of an antisense inhibitor to Bcl-xL. We show that this inhibitor reduces Bcl-xL RNA and protein in a concentration-dependent, sequence-specific manner. Furthermore, treatment of keratinocytes and epithelial cells with this inhibitor sensitizes these cells to UV-B radiation and cisplatinum treatment-induced apoptosis. Thus, these results offer direct evidence that Bcl-xL is critical in the protection of skin and epithelial cells from apoptosis and provide a basis for the role of Bcl-xL in keratinocyte and epithelial cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California 92008, USA
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Peissner W, Kocher M, Treuer H, Gillardon F. Ionizing radiation-induced apoptosis of proliferating stem cells in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat hippocampus. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1999; 71:61-8. [PMID: 10407187 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of radiation-induced apoptosis in normal brain was investigated using an animal model of radiosurgery. Adult male Fischer rats aged 3 to 4 months were subjected to single dose convergent beam irradiation (10 Gy). Apoptotic cell death was determined by in situ labeling of DNA nick ends (TUNEL) and light microscopic evaluation of cell morphology. Five hours after irradiation, a highly significant increase of apoptotic cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus was paralleled by a corresponding significant decrease of cells immunoreactive for the proliferation marker Ki-67. Morphology, location and distribution of cells affected by radiation-induced apoptosis in the dentate gyrus subgranular zone, together with NeuN-immunohistochemistry, support the contention that these cells belong to the immature progenitor population responsible for neurogenesis in the adult rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Peissner
- Max-Planck-Institute for Neurological Research, Department for Experimental Neurology, Gleueler Strasse 50, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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Interferon γ Induces Upregulation and Activation of Caspases 1, 3, and 8 to Produce Apoptosis in Human Erythroid Progenitor Cells. Blood 1999. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v93.10.3309.410k04_3309_3316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon γ (IFNγ) induces apoptosis in purified human erythroid colony-forming cells (ECFC) and inhibits cell growth. Fas (APO-1; CD95) and Fas ligand (FasL) mediate apoptosis induced by IFNγ, because Fas is significantly upregulated by IFNγ, whereas Fas ligand is constitutively present in the ECFC and neutralization of FasL greatly reduces the apoptosis. Because conversion of caspases from their dormant proenzyme forms to active enzymes has a critical role in transducing a cascade leading to apoptosis, we performed further studies of the expression and activation of caspases in normal human and IFNγ-treated day-6 ECFC to better understand the mechanism of IFNγ action in producing this cell death. RNase protection assays showed that the caspase-1, -2, -6, -8, and -9 mRNAs were upregulated by IFNγ, whereas the caspase-5 and -7 mRNAs were not increased. Western blots showed that FLICE/caspase-8 was upregulated and activated by 24 hours of incubation with IFNγ. FADD was not similarly altered by incubation with IFNγ. Western blots of ICE/caspase-1, which might be required for amplification of the initial FLICE activation signal, showed that pro-ICE expression significantly increased after treatment with IFNγ for 24 hours and cleavage of pro-ICE also increased. CPP32/apopain/caspase-3, responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of poly (ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP), was also studied and treatment of ECFC with IFNγ resulted in an increased concentration of caspase-3 by 24 hours and a clear induction of enzyme activation by 48 hours, which was identified by the appearance of its p17-kD peptide fragment. The cleavage of PARP was demonstrated by an obvious increase of the 89-kD PARP cleavage product, which was observed at almost the same time as caspase-3 activation in the IFNγ-treated cells, whereas untreated ECFC showed little change. Peptide inhibitors of the caspase proteins, DEVD-fmk, DEVD-cho, YVAD-cho, and IETD-fmk, were incubated with the ECFC to obtain further evidence for the involvement of caspases in IFNγ-induced apoptosis. The activation of FLICE/caspase-8 and CPP32/caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP clearly were inhibited, but the reduction of cell growth due to apoptosis, induced by IFNγ, was only partially blocked by the presence of the inhibitors. These results indicate that IFNγ acts on ECFC not only to upregulate Fas, but also to selectively upregulate caspases-1, -3, and -8, which are activated and produce apoptosis, whereas the concentrations of FasL and FADD are not demonstrably changed.
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Guo YL, Kang B, Yang LJ, Williamson JR. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and ceramide induce cell death through different mechanisms in rat mesangial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 276:F390-7. [PMID: 10070162 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.1999.276.3.f390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that ceramide acts as a cellular messenger to mediate tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced apoptosis. Based on this hypothesis, it was postulated that resistance of some cells to TNF-alpha cytotoxicity was due to an insufficient production of ceramide on stimulation by TNF-alpha. The present study was initiated to investigate whether this was the case in mesangial cells, which normally are insensitive to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. Our results indicate that although C2 ceramide was toxic to mesangial cells, the cell death it induced differed both morphologically and biochemically from that induced by TNF-alpha in the presence of cycloheximide (CHX). The most apparent effect of C2 ceramide was to cause cells to swell, followed by disruption of the cell membrane. It is evident that C2 ceramide caused cell death by necrosis, whereas TNF-alpha in the presence of CHX killed the cells by apoptosis. C2 ceramide did not mimic the effects of TNF-alpha on the activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB transcription factor. Although mitogen-activated protein kinase [extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK)] was activated by both C2 ceramide and TNF-alpha, such activation appeared to be mediated by different mechanisms as judged from the kinetics of ERK activation. Furthermore, the cleavage of cytosolic phospholipase A2 during cell death induced by C2 ceramide and by TNF-alpha in the presence of CHX showed distinctive patterns. The present study provides evidence that apoptosis and necrosis use distinctive signaling machinery to cause cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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