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Controlled processivity in glycosyltransferases: A way to expand the enzymatic toolbox. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 63:108081. [PMID: 36529206 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GT) catalyse the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates which are the most abundant group of molecules in nature. They are involved in several key mechanisms such as cell signalling, biofilm formation, host immune system invasion or cell structure and this in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. As a result, research towards complete enzyme mechanisms is valuable to understand and elucidate specific structure-function relationships in this group of molecules. In a next step this knowledge could be used in GT protein engineering, not only for rational drug design but also for multiple biotechnological production processes, such as the biosynthesis of hyaluronan, cellooligosaccharides or chitooligosaccharides. Generation of these poly- and/or oligosaccharides is possible due to a common feature of several of these GTs: processivity. Enzymatic processivity has the ability to hold on to the growing polymer chain and some of these GTs can even control the number of glycosyl transfers. In a first part, recent advances in understanding the mechanism of various processive enzymes are discussed. To this end, an overview is given of possible engineering strategies for the purpose of new industrial and fundamental applications. In the second part of this review, we focused on specific chain length-controlling mechanisms, i.e., key residues or conserved regions, and this for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic enzymes.
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Karimi Alavijeh M, Meyer AS, Gras SL, Kentish SE. Synthesis of N-Acetyllactosamine and N-Acetyllactosamine-Based Bioactives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7501-7525. [PMID: 34152750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
N-Acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) or more specifically β-d-galactopyranosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine is a unique acyl-amino sugar and a key structural unit in human milk oligosaccharides, an antigen component of many glycoproteins, and an antiviral active component for the development of effective drugs against viruses. LacNAc is useful itself and as a basic building block for producing various bioactive oligosaccharides, notably because this synthesis may be used to add value to dairy lactose. Despite a significant amount of information in the literature on the benefits, structures, and types of different LacNAc-derived oligosaccharides, knowledge about their effective synthesis for large-scale production is still in its infancy. This work provides a comprehensive analysis of existing production strategies for LacNAc and important LacNAc-based structures, including sialylated LacNAc as well as poly- and oligo-LacNAc. We conclude that direct extraction from milk is too complex, while chemical synthesis is also impractical at an industrial scale. Microbial routes have application when multiple step reactions are needed, but the major route to large-scale biochemical production will likely lie with enzymatic routes, particularly those using β-galactosidases (for LacNAc synthesis), sialidases (for sialylated LacNAc synthesis), and β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (for oligo-LacNAc synthesis). Glycosyltransferases, especially for the biosynthesis of extended complex LacNAc structures, could also play a major role in the future. In these cases, immobilization of the enzyme can increase stability and reduce cost. Processing parameters, such as substrate concentration and purity, acceptor/donor ratio, water activity, and temperature, can affect product selectivity and yield. More work is needed to optimize these reaction parameters and in the development of robust, thermally stable enzymes to facilitate commercial production of these important bioactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karimi Alavijeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - A S Meyer
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology Division, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - S L Gras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - S E Kentish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Coussement P, Bauwens D, Peters G, Maertens J, De Mey M. Mapping and refactoring pathway control through metabolic and protein engineering: The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107512. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Hunter CD, Guo T, Daskhan G, Richards MR, Cairo CW. Synthetic Strategies for Modified Glycosphingolipids and Their Design as Probes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8188-8241. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmanah D. Hunter
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tianlin Guo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Gour Daskhan
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michele R. Richards
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Anderson LA, Islam MA, Prather KLJ. Synthetic biology strategies for improving microbial synthesis of "green" biopolymers. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5053-5061. [PMID: 29339554 PMCID: PMC5892568 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.tm117.000368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide-based biopolymers have many material properties relevant to industrial and medical uses, including as drug delivery agents, wound-healing adhesives, and food additives and stabilizers. Traditionally, polysaccharides are obtained from natural sources. Microbial synthesis offers an attractive alternative for sustainable production of tailored biopolymers. Here, we review synthetic biology strategies for select "green" biopolymers: cellulose, alginate, chitin, chitosan, and hyaluronan. Microbial production pathways, opportunities for pathway yield improvements, and advances in microbial engineering of biopolymers in various hosts are discussed. Taken together, microbial engineering has expanded the repertoire of green biological chemistry by increasing the diversity of biobased materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Anderson
- From the Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Integrative Synthetic Biology (CISB), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - M Ahsanul Islam
- From the Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Integrative Synthetic Biology (CISB), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Kristala L J Prather
- From the Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Integrative Synthetic Biology (CISB), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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6
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Chitin Deacetylases: Structures, Specificities, and Biotech Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10040352. [PMID: 30966387 PMCID: PMC6415152 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Depolymerization and de-N-acetylation of chitin by chitinases and deacetylases generates a series of derivatives including chitosans and chitooligosaccharides (COS), which are involved in molecular recognition events such as modulation of cell signaling and morphogenesis, immune responses, and host-pathogen interactions. Chitosans and COS are also attractive scaffolds for the development of bionanomaterials for drug/gene delivery and tissue engineering applications. Most of the biological activities associated with COS seem to be largely dependent not only on the degree of polymerization but also on the acetylation pattern, which defines the charge density and distribution of GlcNAc and GlcNH₂ moieties in chitosans and COS. Chitin de-N-acetylases (CDAs) catalyze the hydrolysis of the acetamido group in GlcNAc residues of chitin, chitosan, and COS. The deacetylation patterns are diverse, some CDAs being specific for single positions, others showing multiple attack, processivity or random actions. This review summarizes the current knowledge on substrate specificity of bacterial and fungal CDAs, focusing on the structural and molecular aspects of their modes of action. Understanding the structural determinants of specificity will not only contribute to unravelling structure-function relationships, but also to use and engineer CDAs as biocatalysts for the production of tailor-made chitosans and COS for a growing number of applications.
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Enzyme and microbial technology for synthesis of bioactive oligosaccharides: an update. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:3017-3026. [PMID: 29476402 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides, in either free or bound forms, play crucial roles in a wide range of biological processes. Increasing appreciation of their roles in cellular communication, interaction, pathogenesis, and prebiotic functions has stimulated tremendous interests in their synthesis. Pure and structurally defined oligosaccharides are essential for fundamental studies. On the other hand, for those with near term medical and nutraceutical applications, their large-scale synthesis is necessary. Unfortunately, oligosaccharides are notoriously difficult in their synthesis, and their enormous diverse structures leave a vast gap between what have been synthesized in laboratory and those present in various biological systems. While enzymes and microbes are nature's catalysts for oligosaccharides, their effective use is not without challenges. Using examples of galactose-containing oligosaccharides, this review analyzes the pros and cons of these two forms of biocatalysts and provides an updated view on the status of biocatalysis in this important field. Over the past few years, a large number of novel galactosidases were discovered and/or engineered for improved synthesis via transglycosylation. The use of salvage pathway for regeneration of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-galactose has made the use of Leloir glycosyltransferases simpler and more efficient. The recent success of large-scale synthesis of 2' fucosyllactose heralded the power of whole-cell biocatalysis as a scalable technology. While it still lags behind enzyme catalysis in terms of the number of oligosaccharides synthesized, an acceleration in the use of this form of biocatalyst is expected as rapid advances in synthetic biology have made the engineering of whole cell biocatalysts less arduous and less time consuming.
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Metabolic engineering for amino-, oligo-, and polysugar production in microbes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:2523-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Naqvi S, Moerschbacher BM. The cell factory approach toward biotechnological production of high-value chitosan oligomers and their derivatives: an update. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 37:11-25. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1104289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Leppyanen IV, Artamonova TO, Lopatin SA, Varlamov VP, Tikhonovich IA, Dolgikh EA. Biosynthesis of hexa- and pentameric chitooligosaccharides using N-acetyl-glucoseaminyl transferase from rhizobial bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079059714050098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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“Lost sugars” — reality of their biological and medical applications. Open Life Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-012-0079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe glycan chains attached to cell surfaces or to single proteins are highly dynamic structures with various functions. The glycan chains of mammals and of some microorganisms often terminate in sialic acids or α-1,3-galactose. Although these two sugars are completely distinct, there are several similarities in their biological and medical importance. First, one type of sialic acid, N-glycolylneuraminic acid, and the galactose bound by an α-1,3-linkage to LacNAc, that forms an α-gal epitope, were both eliminated in human evolution, resulting in the production of antibodies to these sugars. Both of these evolutionary events have consequences connected with the consumption of foods of mammalian origin, causing medical complications of varying severity. In terms of ageing, sialic acids prevent the clearance of glycoproteins and circulating blood cells, whereas cryptic α-gal epitopes on senescent red blood cells contribute to their removal from circulation. The efficiency of therapeutic proteins can be increased by sialylation. Another common feature is the connection with microorganisms since sialic acids and α-gal epitopes serve as receptors on host cells and can also be expressed on the surfaces of some microorganisms. Whereas, the sialylation of IgG antibodies may help to treat inflammation, the expression of the α-gal epitope on microbial antigens increases the immunogenicity of the corresponding vaccines. Finally, sialic acids and the α-gal epitope have applications in cancer immunotherapy. N-glycolylneuraminic acid is a powerful target for cancer immunotherapy, and the α-gal epitope increases the efficiency of cancer vaccines. The final section of this article contains a brief overview of the methods for oligosaccharide chain synthesis and the characteristics of sialyltransferases and α-1,3-galactosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Schmaltz
- The Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Ruffing AM, Chen RR. Citrate Stimulates Oligosaccharide Synthesis in Metabolically Engineered Agrobacterium sp. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 164:851-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9179-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ilg K, Yavuz E, Maffioli C, Priem B, Aebi M. Glycomimicry: Display of the GM3 sugar epitope on Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica sv Typhimurium. Glycobiology 2010; 20:1289-97. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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15
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Ruffing A, Chen RR. Metabolic engineering of microbes for oligosaccharide and polysaccharide synthesis. Microb Cell Fact 2006; 5:25. [PMID: 16859553 PMCID: PMC1544344 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-5-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic engineering has recently been embraced as an effective tool for developing whole-cell biocatalysts for oligosaccharide and polysaccharide synthesis. Microbial catalysts now provide a practical means to derive many valuable oligosaccharides, previously inaccessible through other methods, in sufficient quantities to support research and clinical applications. The synthesis process based upon these microbes is scalable as it avoids expensive starting materials. Most impressive is the high product concentrations (up to 188 g/L) achieved through microbe-catalyzed synthesis. The overall cost for selected molecules has been brought to a reasonable range (estimated $ 30–50/g). Microbial synthesis of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides is a carbon-intensive and energy-intensive process, presenting some unique challenges in metabolic engineering. Unlike nicotinamide cofactors, the required sugar nucleotides are products of multiple interacting pathways, adding significant complexity to the metabolic engineering effort. Besides the challenge of providing the necessary mammalian-originated glycosyltransferases in active form, an adequate uptake of sugar acceptors can be an issue when another sugar is necessary as a carbon and energy source. These challenges are analyzed, and various strategies used to overcome these difficulties are reviewed in this article. Despite the impressive success of the microbial coupling strategy, there is a need to develop a single strain that can achieve at least the same efficiency. Host selection and the manner with which the synthesis interacts with the central metabolism are two important factors in the design of microbial catalysts. Additionally, unlike in vitro enzymatic synthesis, product degradation and byproduct formation are challenges of whole-cell systems that require additional engineering. A systematic approach that accounts for various and often conflicting requirements of the synthesis holds the key to deriving an efficient catalyst. Metabolic engineering strategies applied to selected polysaccharides (hyaluronan, alginate, and exopolysaccharides for food use) are reviewed in this article to highlight the recent progress in this area and similarity to challenges in oligosaccharide synthesis. Many naturally occurring microbes possess highly efficient mechanisms for polysaccharide synthesis. These mechanisms could potentially be engineered into a microbe for oligosaccharide and polysaccharide synthesis with enhanced efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ruffing
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0100, USA
| | - Rachel Ruizhen Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332-0100, USA
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16
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Ruffing A, Mao Z, Ruizhen Chen R. Metabolic engineering of Agrobacterium sp. for UDP-galactose regeneration and oligosaccharide synthesis. Metab Eng 2006; 8:465-73. [PMID: 16890004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Curdlan-producing Agrobacterium sp. is unique in possessing a highly efficient UDP-glucose regeneration system. A broad-host-range expression strategy was successfully developed to exploit the unique metabolic capability for UDP-galactose regeneration during oligosaccharide synthesis. The engineered Agrobacterium cells functioned as a UDP-galactose regeneration system, allowing galactose-containing disaccharides to be synthesized from glucose or other simple sugars. Unexpectedly, a lag period of 24h preceded the active synthesis, which could be eliminated with rifampicin. An intracellular nucleotide profiling revealed that the UMP level was elevated by 3.8 fold in the presence of rifampicin, suggesting that rifampicin simulated a nitrogen-limitation condition that triggered the metabolic change. Product selectivity was improved nearly 40-fold by using high acceptor concentration and restricting glucose supply. N-acetyllactosamine concentration near 20 mM (7.5 g/l) was obtained, demonstrating the effectiveness of the engineered strain in UDP-galactose regeneration. This organism could be engineered to regenerate other UDP-sugar nucleotides using the same strategy as illustrated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Ruffing
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0100, USA
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Cottaz S, Samain E. Genetic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of NI,NII-diacetylchitobiose (chitinbiose) and its utilization as a primer for the synthesis of complex carbohydrates. Metab Eng 2005; 7:311-7. [PMID: 16046269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Revised: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chitinbiose was produced at more than 4 g L-1 by a high cell density culture of an Escherichia coli strain that co-expressed the rhizobial chitinoligosaccharide synthase gene nodC and a truncated form of the chitinase gene chiA which has been designed to be functionally produced in the E. coli cytoplasm. Chitinpentaose, which has previously been shown to be produced by the nodC protein in growing E. coli, was formed as an intermediate that was subsequently hydrolyzed into chitinbiose by the chitinase encoded by chiA. Chitinbiose was mainly recovered in the extracellular medium and to prevent its catabolism, the genes for the chitinbiose PTS permease had to be disrupted. When the additional gene lgtB for beta1,4-galactosyltransferase was expressed, intracellular chitinbiose was converted into the trisaccharide Galbeta-4GlcNAcbeta-4GlcNAc which could serve as acceptor for glycosyltransferase that recognize the terminal N-acetyllactosamine structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Cottaz
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, ICMG, FR CNRS - UJF 2607, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex9, France
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Abstract
We report here a new pH-indicator-based assay for galactosyltransferase. The method is simple and fast, requires no specialized equipment, labeled substrate, or other expensive materials, and is thus expected to have broad applications including automated high-throughput screening. The method is based upon the detection of absorbance change of a pH indicator, phenol red, in response to proton release that accompanies the galactosyltransferase-catalyzed galactose transfer. The assay was used to compare three galactosyltransferases in our collection. As demonstrated here, subtle differences in substrate specificity were readily discerned with this sensitive method. All three enzymes accept both N-acetylglucosamine and glucose as acceptor but the relative activity varies with the origin of the enzyme. The method was demonstrated to be useful in the initial characterization of recombinant galactosyltransferase from crude cell extract. Optimal metal cofactor Mn(2+) concentration and temperature were determined with the method. Overall, the method offers a great improvement over current methods in reducing time and material consumption. It is the first pH-sensitive method for galactosyltransferase. The principles of using pH indicator in galactosyltransferase assay should be applicable to other glycosyltransferase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghua Deng
- Chemical Engineering Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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Antoine T, Priem B, Heyraud A, Greffe L, Gilbert M, Wakarchuk WW, Lam JS, Samain E. Large-scale in vivo synthesis of the carbohydrate moieties of gangliosides GM1 and GM2 by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. Chembiochem 2003; 4:406-12. [PMID: 12740812 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200200540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strains have been constructed to produce the carbohydrate moieties of gangliosides GM2 (GalNAcbeta-4(NeuAcalpha-3)Galbeta-4Glc; Gal = galactose, Glc = glucose, Ac = acetyl) and GM1 (Galbeta-3GalNAcbeta-4(NeuAcalpha-3)Galbeta-4Glc. The GM2 oligosaccharide-producing strain TA02 was devoid of both beta-galactosidase and sialic acid aldolase activities and overexpressed the genes for CMP-NeuAc synthase (CMP = cytidine monophosphate), alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase, UDP-GlcNAc (UDP = uridine diphosphate) C4 epimerase, and beta-1,4-GalNAc transferase. When this strain was cultivated on glycerol, exogenously added lactose and sialic acid were shown to be actively internalized into the cytoplasm and converted into GM2 oligosaccharide. The in vivo synthesis of GM1 oligosaccharide was achieved by taking a similar approach but using strain TA05, which additionally overexpressed the gene for beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase. In high-cell-density cultures, the production yields for the GM2 and GM1 oligosaccharides were 1.25 g L(-1) and 0.89 g L(-1), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Antoine
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales 601 rue de la Chimie, BP 53X 38041 Grenoble, cedex 09, France.
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Bettler E, Imberty A, Priem B, Chazalet V, Heyraud A, Joziasse DH, Geremia RA. Production of recombinant xenotransplantation antigen in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 302:620-4. [PMID: 12615080 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of sufficient amounts of oligosaccharides is the bottleneck for the study of their biological function and their possible use as drug. As an alternative for chemical synthesis, we propose to use Escherichia coli as a "living factory." We have addressed the production of the Galp alpha(1-3)Galp beta(1-4)GlcNAc epitope, the major porcine antigen responsible for xenograft rejection. An E. coli strain was generated which simultaneously expresses NodC (to provide the chitin-pentaose acceptor), beta(1-4) galactosyltransferase LgtB, and bovine alpha(1-3) galactosyltransferase GstA. This strain produced 0.68 g/L of the heptasaccharide Galp alpha(1-3)Galp beta(1-4)(GlcNAc)(5), which harbours the xenoantigen at its non-reducing end, establishing the feasibility of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bettler
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CNRS), Affiliated with Joseph Fourier University, BP 53X, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
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Chen X, Liu Z, Zhang J, Zhang W, Kowal P, Wang PG. Reassembled Biosynthetic Pathway for Large-Scale Carbohydrate Synthesis:α-Gal Epitope Producing “Superbug”. Chembiochem 2002; 3:47-53. [PMID: 17590953 DOI: 10.1002/1439-7633(20020104)3:1<47::aid-cbic47>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A metabolic pathway engineered Escherichia coli strain (superbug) containing one plasmid harboring an artificial gene cluster encoding all the five enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of Galalpha l,3Lac through galactose metabolism has been developed. The plasmid contains a lambda promoter, a c1857 repressor gene, an ampicillin resistance gene, and a T7 terminator. Each gene was preceded by a Shine - Dalgarno sequence for ribosome binding. In a reaction catalyzed by the recombinant E. coli strain, Galalpha 1,3Lac trisaccharide accumulated at concentrations of 14.2 mM (7.2 gL(-1)) in a reaction mixture containing galactose, glucose, lactose, and a catalytic amount of uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose. This work demonstrates that large-scale synthesis of complex oligosaccharides can be achieved economically and efficiently through a single, biosynthetic pathway engineered microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Abstract
Rapid advances in the cloning and expression of glycosyltransferase genes, especially from bacteria, could open the way to overcoming difficulties in the mass production of oligosaccharides. The large-scale production of oligosaccharides using either glycosyltransferases isolated from engineered microorganisms or whole cells as an enzyme source could promote a new era in the field of carbohydrate synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Endo
- Tokyo Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co Ltd, 3-6-6, Asahi-machi, Machida-shi, 194-8533, Tokyo, Japan.
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