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Marcos CM, da Silva JDF, de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Singulani JDL, Lopez AM, Tamayo DP, Hernandez-Ruiz O, McEwen JG, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Decreased expression of 14-3-3 in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis confirms its involvement in fungal pathogenesis. Virulence 2015; 7:72-84. [PMID: 26646480 PMCID: PMC4994830 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1122166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the fungal pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and host cells is usually mediated by specific binding events between adhesins on the fungal surface and receptors on the host extracellular matrix or cell surface. One molecule implicated in the P. brasiliensis-host interaction is the 14-3-3 protein. The 14-3-3 protein belongs to a family of conserved regulatory molecules that are expressed in all eukaryotic cells and are involved in diverse cellular functions. Here, we investigated the relevance of the 14-3-3 protein to the virulence of P. brasiliensis. Using antisense RNA technology and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, we generated a 14-3-3-silenced strain (expression reduced by ˜55%). This strain allowed us to investigate the interaction between 14-3-3 and the host and to correlate the functions of P. brasiliensis 14-3-3 with cellular features, such as morphological characteristics and virulence, that are important for pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Maria Marcos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julhiany de Fátima da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Haroldo Cesar de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Akemi Assato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Junya de Lacorte Singulani
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Maria Lopez
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular; Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) - Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana Patricia Tamayo
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular; Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) - Medellín, Colombia
| | - Orville Hernandez-Ruiz
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular; Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) - Medellín, Colombia
- Escuela de Microbiología; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan G McEwen
- Unidad de Biología Celular y Molecular; Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) - Medellín, Colombia
- Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Antioquia; Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Araraquara; UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista; Departamento de Análises Clínicas; Laboratório de Micologia Clínica; Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kurokawa CS, Araujo JP, Soares AMVC, Sugizaki MF, Peraçoli MTS. Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines Produced by Human Monocytes ChallengedIn VitrowithParacoccidioides brasiliensis. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:421-8. [PMID: 17446681 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages play a central role in innate and adaptive immune response against systemic fungal infections. Imbalances in suppressor or stimulatory cytokine secretion caused by these cells may influence disease development, microorganism death, and the nature of the adaptive immune response. This study analyzed the monocyte cytokine profiles of healthy individuals challenged with high and low virulent strains of P. brasiliensis and mRNA cytokine expression kinetics by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Peripheral blood monocytes from healthy volunteers were cultured in vitro with and without virulent (Pb18) or low virulence (Pb265) strains from P. brasiliensis viable yeast cells. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta1) were measured in culture supernatants by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA), and mRNA cytokine expression was determined by RT-PCR at 0, 4, 8, 12, 18 and 48 hr. Both P. brasiliensis strains induced monocyte production of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha. Pb18 induced higher levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-10 than Pb265. IL-8 and TGF-beta1 levels were not significantly different from those cultured without stimulus. The mRNA cytokine expression was similar to supernatant cytokines measured by ELISA. In vitro monocyte challenge with virulent P. brasiliensis strain induces earlier and higher levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines than low virulence strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cilmery Suemi Kurokawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Kioshima ES, Aliperti F, Maricato JT, Mortara RA, Bagagli E, Mariano M, Lopes JD. A synthetic peptide selectively kills only virulent Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeasts. Microbes Infect 2010; 13:251-60. [PMID: 21070862 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This work was conducted to identify virulence biomarkers for Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb), the fungus responsible for Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic disease endemic in Latin America. Measurement of mortality showed that all B10.A mice were killed after 250 days by the virulent Pb18 isolate while only one of the mice that received the attenuated counterpart died. Also, number of lung CFUs from virulent Pb18 inoculated mice were much higher when these isolates were compared. Phage display methodology allowed selection of three phages that specifically bound to virulent Pb18. Variability of p04 phage binding to different Pb isolates were examples of variability of expression by the fungus of its binding molecule, strongly suggesting p04 as a biomarker of virulence. In vitro, its derived peptide pep04 killed only virulent fungi, and confocal microscopy showed that it was internalized only by the virulent isolate. Pep04 blocked establishment of Pb infection in mice and virulent Pb18 pre-incubated with p04 showed significantly inhibited lung infection. Furthermore, infected mice treated with p04 showed highly significant reduction in lung CFUs. These findings firmly establish p04 as a biomarker of Pb virulence. Therefore, after proper peptide engineering, p04 may become a useful adjuvant for the distressing treatment of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Seki Kioshima
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Bannwart CF, Nakaira-Takahagi E, Golim MA, de Medeiros LTL, Romão M, Weel IC, Serrão Peraçoli MT. Downregulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway by silibinin in human monocytes challenged with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Life Sci 2010; 86:880-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Siqueira KZ, Campos Soares ÂMVD, Dias-Melicio LA, Calvi SA, Peraçoli MTS. Interleukin-6 treatment enhances human monocyte permissiveness forParacoccidioides brasiliensisgrowth by modulating cytokine production. Med Mycol 2009; 47:259-67. [DOI: 10.1080/13693780802244204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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do Nascimento MPP, de Campos Soares AMV, Dias-Melicio LA, Parise-Fortes MR, Martins RAR, Nakaira ET, Peraçoli MTS. Fungicidal activity of human monocyte-derived multinucleated giant cells induced in vitro by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis antigen. Mycopathologia 2008; 166:25-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-9051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Moreira AP, Dias-Melicio LA, Peraçoli MTS, Calvi SA, Victoriano de Campos Soares AM. Killing of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells by IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha activated murine peritoneal macrophages: evidence of H(2)O (2) and NO effector mechanisms. Mycopathologia 2008; 166:17-23. [PMID: 18496766 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-9046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a deep mycosis, endemic in Latin America, caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Macrophage activation by cytokines is the major effector mechanism against this fungus. This work aimed at a better understanding of the interaction between yeast cells-murine peritoneal macrophages and the cytokine signals required for the effective killing of high virulence yeast-form of P. brasiliensis. In addition, the killing effector mechanisms dependent on the generation of reactive oxygen or nitrogen intermediates were investigated. Cell preincubation with IFN-gamma or TNF-alpha, at adequate doses, resulted in effective yeast killing as demonstrated in short-term (4-h) assays. Both, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha activation were associated with higher levels of H(2)O(2) and NO when compared to nonactivation. Treatment with catalase (CAT), a H(2)O(2 )scavenger, and N(G)-monomethyl-L: -arginine (L: -NMMA), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, reverted the killing effect of activated cells. Taken together, these results suggest that both oxygen and L: -arginine-nitric oxide pathways play a role in the killing of highly virulent P. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Moreira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, UNESP, Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, CEP 18618-000, Brazil
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8
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Bordon AP, Dias-Melicio LA, Acorci MJ, Biondo GA, Fecchio D, Peraçoli MTS, de Soares AMVC. Prostaglandin E(2) production by high and low virulent strains of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Mycopathologia 2007; 163:129-35. [PMID: 17364218 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-007-0098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The production of prostaglandins (PGs) during fungal infections could be an important suppressor factor of host immune response. Host cells are one source of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)); however another potential source of PGE(2) is the fungal pathogen itself. Thus, both host and fungal PGE2 production is theorized to play a role in pathogenesis, being critical for growth of the fungus and to modulate the host immune response. The purpose of this work was to investigate if high and low virulent strains of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis have the capacity to produce PGE(2) in vitro, and if this production was related to the fungal growth. The results demonstrated that both strains of P. brasiliensis produce high levels of PGE(2) and the treatment with indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, significantly reduced the production of this mediator, as well as the viability of the fungus. Thus, our data indicate that PGE(2) is produced by P. brasiliensis by a cyclooxygenase-dependent metabolic pathway, and its production is required for fungal survival. This discovery reveals an important factor that has potentially great implications for understanding the mechanisms of immune deviation during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Bordon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rubião Júnior, CEP: Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-000, Brazil
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Carmo JPM, Dias-Melicio LA, Calvi SA, Peraçoli MTS, Soares AMVC. TNF-α activates human monocytes forParacoccidioides brasiliensiskilling by an H2O2-dependent mechanism. Med Mycol 2006; 44:363-8. [PMID: 16772231 DOI: 10.1080/13693780500536885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human monocytes activated by recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) exhibited significant fungicidal activity on the yeast cells of a highly virulent strain of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. This process was significantly inhibited in the presence of catalase (CAT - a scavenger of H2O2), but not in the presence of superoxide-dismutase (SOD - a scavenger of superoxide anion) or NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NG-MMLA - a nitric oxide inhibitor). Furthermore, there was a direct association between the intracellular killing of the fungus and the production of H2O2 by activated cells. These results strongly suggest a role for H2O2 in the killing of highly virulent strains of P. brasiliensis by TNF-alpha-activated human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P M Carmo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Kurokawa CS, Lopes CR, Sugizaki MF, Kuramae EE, Franco MF, Peraçoli MTS. Virulence profile of ten Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates: association with morphologic and genetic patterns. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2005; 47:257-62. [PMID: 16302108 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652005000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten isolates of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis were examined for differences in virulence in outbred mice intravenously inoculated with the fungus, associated with mycelial morphology, and genetic patterns measured by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Virulence was evaluated by viable yeast cell recovery from lungs and demonstration of histopathologic lesions in different organs. The results showed that the isolates presented four virulence degrees: high virulence, intermediate, low and non-virulence. RAPD clustered the isolates studied in two main groups with 56% of genetic similarity. Strains with low virulence, Pb265 or the non-virulent, Pb192, showed glabrous/cerebriform morphology and high genetic similarity (98.7%) when compared to the other isolates studied. The same was observed with Bt79 and Bt83 that shared 96% genetic similarity, cottony colonies and high virulence. The RAPD technique could only discriminate P. brasiliensis isolates according to glabrous/cerebriform or cottony colonies, and also high from low virulence strains. Isolates with intermediate virulence such as Pb18, Pb18B6, Bt32 and Bt56 showed variability in their similarity coefficient suggesting that RAPD was able to detect genetic variability in this fungal specie. Virulence profile of P. brasiliensis demonstrated that both mycelial morphologic extreme phenotypes may be associated with fungal virulence and their in vitro subculture time. Thus, RAPD technique analysis employed in association with virulence, morphologic and immunologic aspects might prove adequate to detect differences between P. brasiliensis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cilmery S Kurokawa
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Hebeler-Barbosa F, Montenegro MR, Bagagli E. Virulence profiles of ten Paracoccidioides brasiliensis isolates obtained from armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus). Med Mycol 2003; 41:89-96. [PMID: 12964840 DOI: 10.1080/mmy.41.2.89.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiologic agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America. The armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus, has been confirmed as the primary natural reservoir of this fungus. Its geographic distribution is similar to that of human PCM. In this study, virulence profiles of 10 P. brasiliensis isolates from different armadillos and of two clinical isolates were tested in an experimental hamster model. Pathogenicity was evaluated by counting cfu and performing histopathological analysis in the testis, liver, spleen and lung. Circulating specific antibodies were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All isolates from armadillos were virulent in the model, with dissemination to many organs. The clinical isolates, which had long been stored in cultured collections, were less virulent. The isolates were classified into four virulence categories according to number of cfu per gram of tissue: very high, high, intermediate and low. This study confirms that armadillos harbor pathogenic genotypes of P. brasiliensis, probably the same ones that infect humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hebeler-Barbosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biociências-Unesp-Botucatu, Brazil
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Restrepo A, McEwen JG, Castañeda E. The habitat of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: how far from solving the riddle? Med Mycol 2001; 39:233-41. [PMID: 11446526 DOI: 10.1080/mmy.39.3.233.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When trying to understand the pathophysiology of any infectious agent, one key piece of information is the determination of its habitat. In the case of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the precise location of the fungus' environmental niche remains undefined despite the efforts of various research groups. This review summarizes recent studies on the ecology of P. brasiliensis and certain facets of paracoccidioidomycosis. Studies on the juvenile form of paracoccidioidomycosis in children less than 13 years of age, the characterization of the ecological factors in the 'reservarea' where the infection is acquired and the presence of P. brasiliensis in the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), are all helping to pinpoint the microniche of this pathogen. The application of molecular biology techniques based on the amplification of nucleic acids will also hopefully help in establishing the precise habitat of P. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Restrepo
- Coporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medelliń, Colombia.
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