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Xu G, Huang R, Xia W, Jiang B, Xiao G, Li Y. Associations between inflammasome-related gene NLRP3 Polymorphisms (rs10754558 and rs35829419) and risk of bladder cancer in a Chinese population. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23973. [PMID: 34636069 PMCID: PMC8605168 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NLRP3 inflammasome as a component of immune system has been found related to several cancers, but no study has assessed NLRP3 polymorphisms on risk of bladder cancer (BC). We aim to investigate whether NLRP3 polymorphisms are associated with the risk and clinical features of bladder cancer (BC) in a Chinese population. Methods Genotype frequency of two commonly studied NLRP3 SNPs (rs10754558 and rs35829419) was examined in 154 patients with BC and the 308 healthy controls. NLRP3 gene polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results The distribution frequencies of GG, AG+GG, GG, and G allele in NLRP3 (rs10754558) genotypes were significantly different between case and control group (OR = 2.296, P = .022; OR = 1.598, P = .020; OR = 1.998, P = .049; OR = 1.557, P = .006), but no statistical difference existed for rs35829419. Among smokers and alcohol drinkers, for rs10754558, individuals with AG, GG, and GG+AG genotypes had a higher BC risk compared with individuals with AA; for rs35829419, individuals with variant genotypes (AG and GG+AG) had a stronger risk of developing BC compared with individuals with AA (all P < .05). In stratified analyses of tumor size and tumor node metastasis, AG or GG genotypes of rs10754558 and rs35829419 SNPs were associated with BC risk (both P < .05). Conclusion NLRP3 polymorphisms (rs10754558 and rs35829419) were related to BC risk and tumor size and lymph node metastasis, especially among smokers and alcohol drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Department of Urological Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ruohui Huang
- Department of Urological Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Urological Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Urological Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Guancheng Xiao
- Department of Urological Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yanmin Li
- Department of Urological Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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Vartolomei MD, Iwata T, Roth B, Kimura S, Mathieu R, Ferro M, Shariat SF, Seitz C. Impact of alcohol consumption on the risk of developing bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Urol 2019; 37:2313-2324. [PMID: 31172281 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-019-02825-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies that investigated alcohol consumption in relation to the risk of bladder cancer (BCa) have demonstrated inconsistent results. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature to investigate the association of alcohol including different types of alcoholic beverages consumption with the risk of BCa. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search of Web of Science, Medline/PubMed and Cochrane library was performed in May 2018. Studies were considered eligible if they assessed the risk of BCa due to alcohol consumption (moderate or heavy dose) and different types of alcoholic beverages (moderate or heavy dose) in multivariable analysis in the general population (all genders, males or females) or compared with a control group of individuals without BCa. STUDY DESIGN observational cohorts or case-control. RESULTS Sixteen studies were included in this meta-analysis. Moderate and heavy alcohol consumption did not increase the risk of BCa in the entire population. Sub-group and sensitivity analyses revealed that heavy alcohol consumption increased significantly the risk of BCa in the Japanese population, RR 1.31 (95% CI 1.08-1.58, P < 0.01) in the multivariable analysis, and in males RR of 1.50 (95% CI 1.18-1.92, P < 0.01), with no significant statistical heterogeneity. Moreover, heavy consumption of spirits drinks increased the risk of BCa in males, RR 1.42 (95% CI 1.15-1.75, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION In this meta-analysis, moderate and heavy alcohol consumption did not increase the risk of bladder cancer significantly. However, heavy consumption of alcohol might increase the risk of BCa in males and in some specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Dorin Vartolomei
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Takehiro Iwata
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Beat Roth
- Department of Urology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Shoji Kimura
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Romain Mathieu
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Urology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Matteo Ferro
- Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Urology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia. .,Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Christian Seitz
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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The association between coffee consumption and bladder cancer in the bladder cancer epidemiology and nutritional determinants (BLEND) international pooled study. Cancer Causes Control 2019; 30:859-870. [PMID: 31147895 PMCID: PMC8985651 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-019-01191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Inconsistent results for coffee consumption and bladder cancer (BC) risk have been shown in epidemiological studies. This research aims to increase the understanding of the association between coffee consumption and BC risk by bringing together worldwide case–control studies on this topic. Methods Data were collected from 13 case–control comprising of 5,911 cases and 16,172 controls. Pooled multivariate odds ratios (ORs), with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were obtained using multilevel logistic regression models. Furthermore, linear dose–response relationships were examined using fractional polynomial models. Results No association of BC risk was observed with coffee consumption among smokers. However, after adjustment for age, gender, and smoking, the risk was significantly increased for never smokers (ever vs. never coffee consumers: ORmodel2 1.30, 95% CI 1.06–1.59; heavy (> 4 cups/day) coffee consumers vs. never coffee consumers: ORmodel2 1.52, 95% CI 1.18–1.97, p trend = 0.23). In addition, dose–response analyses, in both the overall population and among never smokers, also showed a significant increased BC risk for coffee consumption of more than four cups per day. Among smokers, a significant increased BC risk was shown only after consumption of more than six cups per day. Conclusion This research suggests that positive associations between coffee consumption and BC among never smokers but not smokers.
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Choi EO, Park C, Hwang HJ, Hong SH, Kim GY, Cho EJ, Kim WJ, Choi YH. Baicalein induces apoptosis via ROS-dependent activation of caspases in human bladder cancer 5637 cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1009-18. [PMID: 27571890 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Baicalein is a flavonoid derived originally from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which has been used in Oriental medicines for treating various diseases. Although this compound has been reported to have anticancer activities in several human cancer cell lines, the therapeutic effects of baicalein on human bladder cancer and its mechanisms of action have not been extensively studied. This study investigated the proapoptotic effects of baicalein in human bladder cancer 5637 cells. For this study, cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthia-zol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, trypan blue dye exclusion assay 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, and flow cytometry. Measurements of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), caspase activity assays and western blots were conducted to determine whether 5637 cell death occurred by apoptosis. Treatment with baicalein resulted in a concentration-dependent growth inhibition coupled with apoptosis induction, as indicated by the results of nuclei morphology examination and flow cytometry analyses. The induction of the apoptotic cell death of 5637 cells by baicalein exhibited a correlation with the downregulation of members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, including cIAP-1 and cIAP-2, and the activation of caspase-9 and -3 accompanied by proteolytic degradation of poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase. The study also showed that baicalein decreases the expression of the proapoptotic protein Bax, increases antiapoptotic Bcl-2 expression, and noticeably aggravates the loss of MMP. Concomitantly, the data showed that baicalein increases the levels of death receptors and their associated ligands and enhances the activation of caspase-8 and truncation of Bid. However, the pan-caspase inhibitor can reverse baicalein-induced apoptosis, demonstrating that it is a caspase-dependent pathway. Moreover, it was found that baicalein can induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and that pretreatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine significantly attenuates the baicalein effects on the loss of MMP and activation of caspase. In addition, the blocking of ROS generation decreases the apoptotic activity and antiproliferative effect of baicalein, indicating that baicalein induces apoptosis of 5637 cells through the ROS-dependent activation of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ok Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences and Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Hwang
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea
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5
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van Osch FH, Jochems SH, van Schooten FJ, Bryan RT, Zeegers MP. Quantified relations between exposure to tobacco smoking and bladder cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 89 observational studies. Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:857-70. [PMID: 27097748 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is a major risk factor for bladder cancer (BC). This meta-analysis updates previous reviews on smoking characteristics and BC risk, and provides a more quantitative estimation of the dose-response relationship between smoking characteristics and BC risk. METHODS In total, 89 studies comprising data from 57 145 BC cases were included and summary odds ratios (SORs) were calculated. Dose-response meta-analyses modelled relationships between smoking intensity, duration, pack-years and cessation and BC risk. Sources of heterogeneity were explored and sensitivity analyses were conducted to test the robustness of findings. RESULTS Current smokers (SOR = 3.14, 95% CI = 2.53-3.75) and former smokers(SOR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.52-2.14) had an increased risk of BC compared with never smokers. Age at first exposure was negatively associated with BC risk. BC risk increased gradually by smoking duration and a risk plateau at smoking 15 cigarettes a day and 50 pack-years was observed. Smoking cessation is most beneficial from 20 years before diagnosis. The population-attributable risk of BC for smokers has decreased from 50% to 43% in men and from 35% to 26% in women from Europe since estimated in 2000. Results were homogeneous between sources of heterogeneity, except for lower risk estimates found in studies of Asian populations. CONCLUSIONS Active smokers are at an increased risk of BC. Dose-response meta-analyses showed a BC risk plateau for smoking intensity and indicate that even after long-term smoking cessation, an elevated risk of bladder cancer remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frits Hm van Osch
- Department of Complex Genetics, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Department of Complex Genetics, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands,
| | - Sylvia Hj Jochems
- Department of Complex Genetics, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands and
| | - Richard T Bryan
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Maurice P Zeegers
- Department of Complex Genetics, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, Department of Complex Genetics, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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6
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Pourshahidi LK, Navarini L, Petracco M, Strain J. A Comprehensive Overview of the Risks and Benefits of Coffee Consumption. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2016; 15:671-684. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Kirsty Pourshahidi
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE); Univ. of Ulster; Coleraine BT52 1SA UK
| | | | | | - J.J. Strain
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health (NICHE); Univ. of Ulster; Coleraine BT52 1SA UK
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7
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Liu M, Li M, Liu J, Wang H, Zhong D, Zhou H, Yang B. Elevated urinary urea by high-protein diet could be one of the inducements of bladder disorders. J Transl Med 2016; 14:53. [PMID: 26879937 PMCID: PMC4755000 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous work found that urea accumulation in urothelial cells caused by urea transporter B knockout led to DNA damage and apoptosis that contributed to the carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study is to explore the potential connection between high urinary urea concentration and the bladder disorders. Methods A high protein diet rat model was conducted by feeding with 40 % protein diet. In-silico modeling and algorithm, based on the results of microarray and proteomics from the bladder urothelium, were used for the reconstruction of accurate cellular networks and the identification of novel master regulators in the high-protein diet rat model. Pathway and biological process enrichment analysis were used to characterize predicted targets of candidate mRNAs/proteins. The expression pattern of the most significant master regulators was evaluated by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Results Based on the analysis of different expressed mRNAs/proteins, 15 significant ones (CRP, MCPT2, MCPT9, EPXH2, SERPING1, SRGN, CDKN1C, CDK6, CCNB1, PCNA, BAX, MAGEB16, SERPINE1, HSPA2, FOS) were highly identified and verified by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. They were involved in immune and inflammatory response, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and pathways in cancer. These abnormally activated processes caused the bladder interstitial congestion and inflammatory infiltrates under the thinner urothelium, cell desquamation, cytoplasm vacuolization, nucleus swelling and malformation in the high-protein diet group. Conclusions We provided evidences that high urinary urea concentration caused by high-protein diet might be a potential carcinogenic factor in bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Jiangfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Hongkai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Dandan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Baoxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
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8
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Wu W, Tong Y, Zhao Q, Yu G, Wei X, Lu Q. Coffee consumption and bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9051. [PMID: 25761588 PMCID: PMC4356958 DOI: 10.1038/srep09051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversial results of the association between coffee consumption and bladder cancer (BC) risk were reported among epidemiological studies. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to clarify the association. Relevant studies were identified according to the inclusion criteria. Totally, 34 case-control studies and 6 cohort studies were included in our meta-analysis. The overall odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) between coffee consumption and BC risk was 1.33 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.48). The summary ORs of BC for an increase of 1 cup of coffee per day were 1.05 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.06) for case-control studies and 1.03 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.06) for cohort studies. The overall ORs for male coffee drinkers, female coffee drinkers and coffee drinkers of both gender were 1.31 (95% CI: 1.08 to 1.59), 1.30 (95% CI: 0.87 to 1.96) and 1.35 (95% CI: 1.20 to 1.51). Compared with smokers (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.91 to 1.70), non-smokers had a higher risk (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.25 to 2.35) for BC. Results of this meta-analysis suggested that there was an increased risk between coffee consumption and BC. Male coffee drinkers and non-smoking coffee drinkers were more likely to develop BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei. 430030, China
| | - Yeqing Tong
- Hubei provincial center for disease control and prevention
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei. 430030, China
| | - Guangxia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei. 430030, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei. 430030, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education &Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei. 430030, China
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Chu H, Wang M, Zhang Z. Bladder cancer epidemiology and genetic susceptibility. J Biomed Res 2013; 27:170-8. [PMID: 23720672 PMCID: PMC3664723 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.27.20130026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urinary system. The incidence of bladder cancer of men is higher than that of women (approximately 4:1). Here, we summarize the bladder cancer-related risk factors, including environmental and genetic factors. In recent years, although the mortality rate induced by bladder cancer has been stable or decreased gradually, the public health effect may be pronounced. The well-established risk factors for bladder cancer are cigarette smoking and occupational exposure. Genetic factors also play important roles in the susceptibility to bladder cancer. A recent study demonstrated that hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer is associated with increased risk of bladder cancer. Since 2008, genome-wide association study (GWAS) has been used to identify the susceptibility loci for bladder cancer. Further gene-gene or gene-environment interaction studies need to be conducted to provide more information for the etiology of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Chu
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China; ; Department of Genetic Toxicology, the Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
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Cigarette Smoking Status at Diagnosis and Recurrence in Intermediate-risk Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Carcinoma. Urology 2013; 81:277-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Grant EJ, Ozasa K, Preston DL, Suyama A, Shimizu Y, Sakata R, Sugiyama H, Pham TM, Cologne J, Yamada M, De Roos AJ, Kopecky KJ, Porter MP, Seixas N, Davis S. Effects of Radiation and Lifestyle Factors on Risks of Urothelial Carcinoma in the Life Span Study of Atomic Bomb Survivors. Radiat Res 2012; 178:86-98. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2841.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Zhou Y, Tian C, Jia C. A dose-response meta-analysis of coffee consumption and bladder cancer. Prev Med 2012; 55:14-22. [PMID: 22564775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies have examined the association between coffee consumption and risk of bladder cancer, but uncertainty about the dose-response relationship remains. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive search was performed to identify all observational studies providing quantitative estimates between bladder cancer risk and coffee consumption. Dose-response relationship was assessed by restricted cubic spline model and bivariate random-effect meta-regression. RESULTS 23 case-control studies with 7690 cases and 13,507 controls, and 5 cohort studies with 700 cases and 229,099 participants, met the inclusion criteria. Compared with non-drinkers and for case-control studies, the pooled smoking-adjusted RRs(95% CI) of bladder cancer were 1.07(1.02-1.13) for 1 cup/day, 1.15(1.05-1.26) for 2 cups/day, 1.22(1.08-1.38) for 3 cups/day, and 1.29(1.12-1.48) for 4 cups/day. For cohort studies, the pooled smoking-adjusted RRs of bladder cancer were 1.09(95% CI, 0.89-1.34) for 1 cup/day, 1.13(95% CI, 0.82-1.55) for 2 cups/day, 1.09(95% CI, 0.77-1.56) for 3 cups/day, and 1.01(95% CI, 0.69-1.48) for 4 cups/day. CONCLUSIONS Although data from case-control studies suggested that coffee was a risk factor for bladder cancer, there was no conclusive evidence on this association because of inconsistencies between case-control and cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Shandong University, PR China
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13
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Pelucchi C, Galeone C, Tramacere I, Bagnardi V, Negri E, Islami F, Scotti L, Bellocco R, Corrao G, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C. Alcohol drinking and bladder cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 2012; 23:1586-93. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Socio-demographic factors and processes associated with stages of change for smoking cessation in pregnant versus non-pregnant women. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2011; 11:3. [PMID: 21261957 PMCID: PMC3037321 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-11-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background The tobacco control community assumes that the most effective interventions are personalized. Nevertheless, little attention is paid to understanding differences between pregnant and non-pregnant European women in terms of the social factors that influence tobacco use and the processes of change used to quit smoking. Methods The study consecutively enrolled 177 pregnant women who acknowledged smoking the year before pregnancy and 177 non-pregnant women who acknowledged smoking the year before their clinic visit for a Pap test. Results With respect to socio-demographic factors, the stages of change in pregnant women were associated with level of education, marital status, and the presence of roommates, partners and friends who smoke. In pregnant women, there was no statistically significant difference in the processes used to stop smoking among the stages of change. Furthermore, behavioral processes were higher in non-pregnant women than in pregnant women, and the difference was statistically significant in the advanced stages of behavioral change. Both pregnant and non-pregnant women showed higher levels of acceptance towards smoking in the earlier stages of change, but the acceptability of smoking in the pre-contemplative stage was higher in non-pregnant women. Greater craving was detected in non-pregnant vs. pregnant women at all stages and reached a statistically significant level at the pre-contemplative stage. Conclusion Pregnancy is a favorable time to stop smoking since pregnant women are more likely to be in an advanced stage of behavioral change. Pregnant and non-pregnant women are distinct populations in the types and processes of change involved in smoking cessation. The intervention programs to promote smoking cessation and prevent relapses will need to take these differences into account.
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Mao Q, Lin Y, Zheng X, Qin J, Yang K, Xie L. A meta-analysis of alcohol intake and risk of bladder cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21:1843-50. [PMID: 20617375 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-010-9611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epidemiologic studies have reported conflicting results relating alcohol intake to bladder cancer risk. A meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies was conducted to pool the risk estimates of the association between alcohol intake and bladder cancer. METHODS Eligible studies were retrieved via both computer searches and review of references. We analyzed abstracted data with random effects models to obtain the summary risk estimates. Dose-response meta-analysis was performed for studies reporting categorical risk estimates for a series of exposure levels. RESULTS Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria of the meta-analysis. No association with bladder cancer was observed in either overall alcohol intake group (OR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.89-1.10) or subgroups stratified by sex, study design, geographical region, or smoking status. However, in the analysis by specific beverages, both beer (OR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.76-0.96) and wine (OR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.71-1.00) consumption exhibited a negative dose-response relationship with bladder cancer. CONCLUSION The overall current literature on alcohol consumption and the risk of bladder cancer suggested no association, while the consumption of beer and wine was associated with reduced risk of bladder cancer. Further efforts should be made to confirm these findings and clarify the underlying biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Mao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Qingchun Road 79, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang, China
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Abstract
The objective was to review epidemiological studies that evaluated the association between consumption of coffee and alcohol and urinary bladder cancer. We searched the Medline database for observational studies of bladder neoplasms that included information on coffee or alcohol drinking, and looked for papers quoted as references in reviews of risk factors for bladder cancer and in studies that had been selected for inclusion. Results from epidemiological studies allow excluding a strong association between coffee and bladder cancer. Several studies reported a moderate increase in risk in coffee drinkers as compared with nondrinkers, but no trend with dose has been established. Epidemiological data on alcohol drinking and bladder cancer are suggestive of no association, although findings were not always consistent. For both habits, an explanation of the moderate increase in risk observed in some investigations might be attributed to residual confounding by smoking, or to an association between alcohol, coffee, and yet unidentified risk factors for bladder cancer.
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Pelucchi C, Tavani A, La Vecchia C. Coffee and alcohol consumption and bladder cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009:37-44. [PMID: 18815915 DOI: 10.1080/03008880802237090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies on coffee, alcohol and bladder cancer risk published up to 2007 were reviewed. Coffee drinkers have a moderately higher relative risk of bladder cancer compared to non-drinkers. The association may partly be due to residual confounding by smoking or dietary factors, but the interpretation remains open to discussion, although the absence of dose and duration-risk relations weighs against the presence of a causal association. Most studies of alcohol and bladder cancer found no association, with some studies finding a direct and other an inverse one. This again may be due to differential confounding effect of tobacco smoking--the major risk factor for bladder cancer--in various populations. Thus, epidemiological findings on the relation between alcohol drinking and bladder cancer exclude any meaningful association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Pelucchi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via La Masa 19, Milan, Italy
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Villanueva CM, Silverman DT, Murta-Nascimento C, Malats N, Garcia-Closas M, Castro F, Tardon A, Garcia-Closas R, Serra C, Carrato A, Rothman N, Real FX, Dosemeci M, Kogevinas M. Coffee consumption, genetic susceptibility and bladder cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20:121-7. [PMID: 18798002 PMCID: PMC2912840 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-008-9226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated the bladder cancer risk associated with coffee consumption in a case-control study in Spain and examined the gene-environment interactions for genetic variants of caffeine-metabolizing enzymes. METHODS The analyses included 1,136 incident cases with urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder and 1,138 controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were adjusted for area, age, gender, amount of cigarette smoking, and years since quitting among former smokers. RESULTS The OR (95% CI) for ever consumed coffee was 1.25 (0.95-1.64). For consumers of 1, 2, 3, and 4 or more cups/day relative to never drinkers, OR were, respectively, 1.24 (0.92-1.66), 1.11 (95% CI 0.82-1.51), 1.57 (1.13-2.19), and 1.27 (0.88-1.81). Coffee consumption was higher in smokers compared to never smokers. The OR for drinking at least 4 cups/day was 1.13 (0.61-2.09) in current smokers, 1.57 (0.86-2.90) in former smokers, and 1.23 (0.55-2.76) in never smokers. Gene-coffee interactions evaluated in NAT2, CYP1A2, and CYP2E1-02 and CYP1A1 were not identified after adjusting for multiple testing. CONCLUSION We observed a modest increased bladder cancer risk among coffee drinkers that may, in part, be explained by residual confounding by smoking. The findings from the gene-coffee interactions need replication in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Villanueva
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), PRBB Building, Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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Kurahashi N, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Tsugane S. Coffee, green tea, and caffeine consumption and subsequent risk of bladder cancer in relation to smoking status: a prospective study in Japan. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:294-91. [PMID: 19068095 PMCID: PMC11158312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.01027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Coffee and caffeine consumption are thought to increase the risk of bladder cancer. However, few studies have stratified this risk by smoking status, which is a potential confounder. Here, we investigated the association between coffee, green tea (another major source of caffeine), and caffeine, and bladder cancer incidence in relation to smoking status. We conducted a population-based prospective study in a cohort of Japanese, comprising a total of 49 566 men and 54 874 women aged 40–69 years who reported their coffee and green tea consumption at baseline. During follow-up from 1990 through 2005, 164 men and 42 women were newly diagnosed with bladder cancer. Cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer, with a strong dose–response relationship. Coffee was positively associated with bladder cancer risk in men, without statistical significance. When stratified by smoking status, coffee and caffeine consumption were associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in never- or former-smoking men, with hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) in the highest categories of coffee (one or more cups per day) and caffeine consumption compared with the lowest of 2.24 (95% CI = 1.21–4.16) and 2.05 (95% CI = 1.15–3.66), respectively. In conclusion, cigarette smoking was confirmed as a risk factor for bladder cancer. Coffee and caffeine may be associated with an increased bladder cancer risk in never or former smokers among Japanese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norie Kurahashi
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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George SE, Ramalakshmi K, Mohan Rao LJ. A Perception on Health Benefits of Coffee. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008; 48:464-86. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390701522445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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21
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Covolo L, Placidi D, Gelatti U, Carta A, Scotto Di Carlo A, Lodetti P, Piccichè A, Orizio G, Campagna M, Arici C, Porru S. Bladder cancer, GSTs, NAT1, NAT2, SULT1A1, XRCC1, XRCC3, XPD genetic polymorphisms and coffee consumption: a case–control study. Eur J Epidemiol 2008; 23:355-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10654-008-9238-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Jiang X, Castelao JE, Groshen S, Cortessis VK, Ross RK, Conti DV, Gago-Dominguez M. Alcohol consumption and risk of bladder cancer in Los Angeles County. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:839-45. [PMID: 17440923 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of alcoholic beverages in bladder carcinogenesis is still unclear, with conflicting evidence from different studies. We investigated the relationship between alcohol consumption and bladder cancer, and the potential interaction between alcohol consumption and other exposures. In a population-based case-control study conducted in Los Angeles County, 1,586 pairs of cases and their matched neighborhood controls were interviewed. Data were analyzed to determine whether bladder cancer risk differs by alcohol consumption, and whether different alcoholic beverages have different effects. The risk of bladder cancer decreased with increasing frequency (p for trend = 0.003) and duration of alcohol consumption (p for trend = 0.017). Subjects who drank more than 4 drinks per day had a 32% lower (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.52-0.90) risk of bladder cancer than those who never drank any alcoholic beverage. Beer (p for trend = 0.002) and wine (p for trend = 0.054) consumption were associated with reduced risk of bladder cancer, while hard liquor was not. The reduction in risk was mostly seen among shorter-term smokers who urinated frequently. Alcohol consumption was strongly associated with a reduced risk of bladder cancer. The effect was modified by the type of alcoholic beverage, cigarette smoking and frequency of urination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejuan Jiang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED AIM AND RATIONALE: The preventable nature of smoking-associated diseases places a responsibility on health professionals for smoking-related health promotion. This paper disseminates information from a survey of qualified Greek nurses, comparing smoking attitudes, influences on smoking behaviours and desire to quit with their motivation to act as health promoters with patients and other health professionals who smoke. METHOD AND SAMPLE A random sample (n=402) of qualified nurses employed by hospitals in Athens was surveyed with a self-administered questionnaire in a cross-sectional survey which had a 73% response rate. Following quality control measures, a final sample of 308 was achieved. RESULTS Results showed that almost half of the nurses in the sample were current smokers, almost a quarter were former smokers, with just less than a third non-smokers. Using the Stages of Change model as a measure, the survey reported that 11% of the smokers in the sample expressed a desire to stop within the next month, another 12% in the coming 6 months and 23% of current smokers were still in the pre-contemplation stage. The main reasons given for continuing to smoke included using tobacco for enjoyment and as a coping mechanism for stress. Organizational problems were identified as the main source of stress. Finally, the majority of respondents confirmed the important part that they can play as role models in promoting health behaviours in their patients. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that smoking prevalence among qualified Greek nurses is greater than that reported in the general Greek population. Implications and recommendations for nursing practice, education and research include the early provision of smoking education in nurse training. Interventions should be directed at nurses who smoke to assist them to stop and to maintain cessation according to their stages of change.
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Villanueva CM, Cantor KP, King WD, Jaakkola JJK, Cordier S, Lynch CF, Porru S, Kogevinas M. Total and specific fluid consumption as determinants of bladder cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2005; 118:2040-7. [PMID: 16284957 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We pooled the data from 6 case-control studies of bladder cancer with detailed information on fluid intake and water pollutants, particularly trihalomethanes (THM), and evaluated the bladder cancer risk associated with total and specific fluid consumption. The analysis included 2,729 cases and 5,150 controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for fluid consumption were adjusted for age, gender, study, smoking status, occupation and education. Total fluid intake was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in men. The adjusted OR for 1 l/day increase in intake was 1.08, (95% CI 1.03-1.14, p-value for linear trend <0.001), while no trend was observed in women (OR=1.04, 0.94-1.15; p-value=0.7). OR was 1.33 (1.12-1.58) for men in the highest category of intake (>3.5 l/day) as compared to those in the lowest (<or=2 l/day). An increased risk was associated with intake of tap water. OR for >2 l/day vs. <or=0.5 l/day was 1.46 (1.20-1.78), with a higher risk among men (OR=1.50, 1.21-1.88). No increased risk was observed for the same intake groups of nontap water in men (OR=0.97, 0.77-1.22) or in women (OR=0.85, 0.50-1.42). Increased bladder cancer risks were observed for an intake of >5 cups of coffee daily vs. <5 and for THM exposure, but neither exposure confounded or modified the OR for tap water intake. The association of bladder cancer with tap water consumption, but not with nontap water fluids, suggests that carcinogenic chemicals in tap water may explain the increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Villanueva
- Respiratory and Environmental Health Research Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
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Djoussé L, Schatzkin A, Chibnik LB, D'Agostino RB, Kreger BE, Ellison RC. Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Bladder Cancer in the Framingham Heart Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96:1397-400. [PMID: 15367573 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djh263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between alcohol consumption and bladder cancer is controversial. We used data from 10,125 participants in the Framingham Heart Study to assess the association between total and beverage-specific alcohol consumption and the risk of bladder cancer. For each case of bladder cancer, up to five control subjects were selected and matched on major confounders using a risk set method. We used conditional logistic regression to assess the risk of bladder cancer according to categories of alcohol consumption. During a mean follow-up of 27.3 +/- 10.1 years, there were 126 incident cases of bladder cancer. There was no statistically significant association between alcohol consumption and risk of bladder cancer (P(trend) =.3). In beverage-specific analyses, beer consumption was associated with a reduced risk of bladder cancer (P(trend) =.03), whereas wine (P(trend) =.7) and spirit (P(trend) =.2) consumption were not. Our data suggest that total and beverage-specific alcohol consumption are not associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Djoussé
- Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Section, Evans Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Rm. B-612, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Sommer F, Klotz T, Schmitz-Dräger BJ. Lifestyle issues and genitourinary tumours. World J Urol 2003; 21:402-13. [PMID: 14673616 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-003-0379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2003] [Accepted: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of lifestyle factors, including physical activity, artificial sweeteners, alcohol consumption and smoking, have been reported to contribute to the risk of developing urological malignancies. A great number of epidemiological studies suggest that sports and physical activity may have a preventive influence on genitourinary tumours, especially on the incidence of prostate cancer. Smoking appears to be the most relevant lifestyle factor significantly increasing both incidence and mortality from bladder cancer. Furthermore, there is evidence implicating an association between tobacco use and kidney cancer. In contrast, prostate and testicular cancers are unlikely to be linked to tobacco use. As far as alcohol is concerned, most studies indicate that neither amount nor type of alcohol seems to be clearly associated with a risk of developing urological malignancies. However, some more recent cohort studies suggest a moderately increased risk for prostate and bladder cancer for specific types of alcohol. On the other hand, there is evidence that moderate alcohol consumption may even protect women from developing renal cancer. Since the introduction of artificial sweeteners, reports of potential cancer risks have circulated periodically through the mass media. The wide distribution of these agents and the fact that mostly combinations of the different compounds are added to a broad variety of food, drinks, drugs, and hygiene products complicates a systematic analysis of their potential impact on the development of urological malignancies. Nevertheless, so far not a single study has convincingly demonstrated a statistically significant risk of bladder cancer due to the consumption of artificial sweeteners. This survey demonstrates that the individual assessment of lifestyle factors not only may identify groups with an increased risk for urological malignancies but also clearly displays a potential for tumour prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Sommer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie der Universität zu Köln, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50931 Köln, Germany.
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Nawrot P, Jordan S, Eastwood J, Rotstein J, Hugenholtz A, Feeley M. Effects of caffeine on human health. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2003; 20:1-30. [PMID: 12519715 DOI: 10.1080/0265203021000007840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 594] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine is probably the most frequently ingested pharmacologically active substance in the world. It is found in common beverages (coffee, tea, soft drinks), in products containing cocoa or chocolate, and in medications. Because of its wide consumption at different levels by most segments of the population, the public and the scientific community have expressed interest in the potential for caffeine to produce adverse effects on human health. The possibility that caffeine ingestion adversely affects human health was investigated based on reviews of (primarily) published human studies obtained through a comprehensive literature search. Based on the data reviewed, it is concluded that for the healthy adult population, moderate daily caffeine intake at a dose level up to 400 mg day(-1) (equivalent to 6 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) in a 65-kg person) is not associated with adverse effects such as general toxicity, cardiovascular effects, effects on bone status and calcium balance (with consumption of adequate calcium), changes in adult behaviour, increased incidence of cancer and effects on male fertility. The data also show that reproductive-aged women and children are 'at risk' subgroups who may require specific advice on moderating their caffeine intake. Based on available evidence, it is suggested that reproductive-aged women should consume </=300 mg caffeine per day (equivalent to 4.6 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1) for a 65-kg person) while children should consume </=2.5 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nawrot
- Toxicological Evaluation Section, Chemical Health Hazard Assessment Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture, PL 2204D1, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0L2.
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Tripathi A, Folsom AR, Anderson KE. Risk factors for urinary bladder carcinoma in postmenopausal women. The Iowa Women's Health Study. Cancer 2002; 95:2316-23. [PMID: 12436437 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.10975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated prospectively the association of smoking and other potential risk factors with bladder carcinoma incidence in postmenopausal women. METHODS A total of 37,459 women participating in the Iowa Women's Health Study completed baseline questionnaires in 1986 and were followed 13 years for bladder carcinoma incidence (n = 112). RESULTS Adjusted for potential confounders, the relative risk (RR) of bladder carcinoma in women who were current smokers compared with those who had never smoked was 3.58 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.86-6.88). The RR declined as years since quitting increased. Currently, married women, compared with unmarried women, had a RR of 0.66 (95% CI = 0.44-0.99). A 2.46-fold (95% CI = 1.32-4.59) increase in bladder carcinoma risk was identified for women who reported, versus did not report, diabetes. Regular versus no physical activity (RR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.43-1.01) and body mass index were inversely associated (P = 0.06) with bladder carcinoma incidence. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for bladder carcinoma in women; women who had quit smoking had a reduction of risk. We also identified diabetes as a potential risk factor, which may invite more research on its role in the development of urinary bladder carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apeksha Tripathi
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, USA
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Woolcott CG, King WD, Marrett LD. Coffee and tea consumption and cancers of the bladder, colon and rectum. Eur J Cancer Prev 2002; 11:137-45. [PMID: 11984131 DOI: 10.1097/00008469-200204000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Coffee has been observed to be associated weakly or not at all with bladder cancer risk, inversely with colon cancer risk, and inconsistently with rectal cancer risk. The association between these cancers and consumption of coffee and tea was examined in a single case-control study conducted in Ontario, Canada from 1992 to 1994. A questionnaire was filled out by 927 bladder cancer cases, 991 colon cancer cases, 875 rectal cancer cases, and 2118 population controls. Although bladder cancer risk was not associated with coffee or tea, risk estimates associated with coffee among subjects who had never smoked were non-significantly increased. Colon cancer risk was inversely associated with coffee. Relative to those drinking less than 1 cup of coffee per day, the odds ratios (OR) for those drinking 1-2 cups was 0.9 (95% CI 0.8-1.1), for those drinking 3-4 cups was 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-1.0), and for those drinking 5 or more cups was 0.7 (95% CI 0.5-0.9); these ORs decreased linearly (P = 0.008). The reduced risk estimates were more pronounced with cancer of the proximal colon than the distal colon. Rectal cancer risk was not associated with either coffee or tea. Coffee consumption was observed to have a different relationship for each of the cancer sites and tea consumption was not related to any cancer site.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Woolcott
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Gutjahr E, Gmel G. Defining alcohol-related fatal medical conditions for social-cost studies in western societies: an update of the epidemiological evidence. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2002; 13:239-64. [PMID: 11693450 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-3289(01)00086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To elaborate a state-of-the-art list of alcohol-related fatal medical conditions for future social-cost studies in Western societies. METHODS Three major social-cost studies were compared with regard to their respective section on fatal health effects attributable to long-term as well as short-term use of alcohol. On discordant conditions, a systematic literature search was conducted in the Medline and ETOH databases. RESULTS There is no consensus between social-cost studies with respect to alcohol-related causes of mortality. Based on the recent epidemiological evidence on alcohol and health, this paper suggests an up-to-date list of fatal medical conditions for which the causal relationship has been established with sufficient scientific evidence. A further investigation is needed, however, to reestimate relative risks by meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS Evaluating new epidemiological evidence regularly is necessary for the purpose of up-to-date social-cost studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gutjahr
- Swiss Institute for the Prevention of Alcohol and Other Drug Problems, Lausanne
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Zeegers MP, Tan FE, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. Are coffee and tea consumption associated with urinary tract cancer risk? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30:353-62. [PMID: 11369742 DOI: 10.1093/ije/30.2.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Narrative reviews have concluded that there is a small association between coffee consumption and an increased risk of urinary tract cancer, possibly due to confounding by smoking. No association for tea consumption has been indicated. This systematic review attempts to summarize and quantify these associations both unadjusted and adjusted for age, smoking and sex. METHOD Thirty-four case-control and three follow-up studies were included in this systematic review. Summary odds ratios (OR) were calculated by meta-regression analyses. RESULTS The unadjusted summary OR indicated a small increased risk of urinary tract cancer for current coffee consumers versus non-drinkers. The adjusted summary OR were: 1.26 (95% CI : 1.09-1.46) for studies with only men, 1.08 (95% CI : 0.79-1.46) for studies with only women and 1.18 (95% CI : 1.01-1.38) for studies with men and women combined. Neither unadjusted nor adjusted summary OR provided evidence for a positive association between tea consumption and urinary tract cancer. Even though studies differed in methodology, the results were rather consistent. We did not perform dose-response analyses for coffee and tea consumption due to sparse data. CONCLUSIONS In accordance with earlier reviews, we found that coffee consumption increases the risk of urinary tract cancer by approximately 20%. The consumption of tea seems not to be related to an increased risk of urinary tract cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Zeegers
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Zeegers MP, Volovics A, Dorant E, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. Alcohol consumption and bladder cancer risk: results from The Netherlands Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153:38-41. [PMID: 11159145 DOI: 10.1093/aje/153.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several epidemiologic studies have been conducted on alcohol consumption and bladder cancer risk, the risk according to quantity and type of alcohol consumed is not clear. The authors investigated these associations in a large prospective cohort study on diet and cancer among 120,852 subjects in the Netherlands aged 55-69 years at baseline (1986). Subjects completed a questionnaire on risk factors for cancer, including alcohol consumption. Follow-up for incident cancer was established by record linkage to cancer registries. The case-cohort analysis was restricted to a follow-up period of 6.3 years and was based on 594 cases with bladder cancer and 3,170 subcohort members. The authors corrected for age and smoking in multivariable analyses. The incidence rate ratios for men who consumed <5, 5-<15, 15-<30, and > or =30 grams of alcohol per day were 1.49, 1.52, 1.16, and 1.63 compared with nondrinkers, respectively (p for trend = 0.13). Alcohol consumed from beer, wine, and liquor was associated with moderately elevated risks, although most were not statistically significant. The incidence rate ratios for women varied around unity. The results of this study do not suggest an important association between alcohol consumption and bladder cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Zeegers
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies on the relation between coffee consumption and cancer risk have been mainly focused on cancers of the urinary bladder, pancreas and colorectum. The relation between coffee and bladder cancer is controversial, despite a large number of studies published over the last three decades. In most studies, the risk tends to be higher in coffee drinkers than in those who do not drink coffee, but the excess risk is generally moderate and is neither dose- nor duration-related. Thus, a strong association between coffee drinking and bladder cancer can be excluded, although it is still unclear whether the weak association is causal or nonspecific and due to some bias or confounding. For pancreatic cancer, a possible association with coffee consumption has been postulated in a large case-control study published in 1981; since then, however, most studies have shown no substantial association, and overall evidence suggests that coffee is not materially related to pancreatic cancer risk. Overall evidence on the coffee-colorectal cancer relation suggests an inverse association, since most case-control studies found odds ratios below unity, particularly for colon cancer. The pattern of risk is less clear for cohort studies. A plausible biological explanation has been given in terms of coffee-related reduction of bile acids and neutral sterol secretion in the colon. For other cancer sites, including oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach, liver, breast, ovary, kidney and lymphoid neoplasms, the relation of coffee drinking with cancer risk has been less extensively investigated, but the evidence is largely reassuring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tavani
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche, Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
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Brennan P, Bogillot O, Cordier S, Greiser E, Schill W, Vineis P, Lopez-Abente G, Tzonou A, Chang-Claude J, Bolm-Audorff U, Jöckel KH, Donato F, Serra C, Wahrendorf J, Hours M, T'Mannetje A, Kogevinas M, Boffetta P. Cigarette smoking and bladder cancer in men: a pooled analysis of 11 case-control studies. Int J Cancer 2000; 86:289-94. [PMID: 10738259 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000415)86:2<289::aid-ijc21>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The primary risk factor for bladder cancer is cigarette smoking. Using a combined analysis of 11 case-control studies, we have accurately measured the relationship between cigarette smoking and bladder cancer in men. Available smoking information on 2,600 male bladder cancer cases and 5,524 male controls included duration of smoking habit, number of cigarettes smoked per day and time since cessation of smoking habit for ex-smokers. There was a linear increasing risk of bladder cancer with increasing duration of smoking, ranging from an odds ratio (OR) of 1.96 after 20 years of smoking (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48-2.61) to 5.57 after 60 years (CI 4.18-7.44). A dose relationship was observed between number of cigarettes smoked per day and bladder cancer up to a threshold limit of 15-20 cigarettes per day, OR = 4.50 (CI 3.81-5. 33), after which no increased risk was observed. An immediate decrease in risk of bladder cancer was observed for those who gave up smoking. This decrease was over 30% after 1-4 years, OR = 0.65 (0. 53-0.79), and was over 60% after 25 years of cessation, OR = 0.37 (0. 30-0.45). However, even after 25 years, the decrease in risk did not reach the level of the never-smokers, OR = 0.20. (0.17-0.24). The proportion of bladder cancer cases attributable to ever-smoking was 0.66 (0.61-0.70) for all men and 0.73 (0.66-0.79) for men younger than 60. These estimates are higher than previously calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
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Kuper H, Tzonou A, Kaklamani E, Hsieh CC, Lagiou P, Adami HO, Trichopoulos D, Stuver SO. Tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and their interaction in the causation of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000215)85:4<498::aid-ijc9>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Pohlabeln H, Jöckel KH, Bolm-Audorff U. Non-occupational risk factors for cancer of the lower urinary tract in Germany. Eur J Epidemiol 1999; 15:411-9. [PMID: 10442466 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007595809278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In a hospital-based case-control study conducted between 1989 and 1992 in Hessen (West Germany) 300 cases (239 male and 61 female) of histologically confirmed cancer of the lower urinary tract (LUT) were individually matched to controls from the same hospitals with respect to sex, age and area of residence. Smoking of cigarettes was associated with an elevated risk of 2.80 in males (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.65-4.76) and 5.33 (95% CI: 1.55-18.33) in females, as compared with nonsmokers. Variables like daily amount of smoked cigarettes, duration of smoking, age at beginning of cigarette smoking and time since smoking cessation showed a clear dose- and time-response relationship in males, but not in females. Elevated risks were observed for higher consumption of coffee, beer and wine, but - especially for the consumption of coffee were drastically reduced after adjustment for smoking. A weak association was found between the daily fluid intake and bladder cancer in males. Among females a significantly decreased odds ratio (OR) of 0.34 (95% CI: 0.11-0.99) was found for a daily fluid intake of more than two liters. Protective effects and risk reductions of approximately 50% were found for the regular intake of raw carrots, kale, salads and fruits. The findings of this investigation support an association between lifestyle factors and cancer of the lower urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pohlabeln
- Bremen Institute for Prevention Research and Social Medicine, Germany.
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Donato F, Boffetta P, Fazioli R, Gelatti U, Porru S. Reliability of data on smoking habit and coffee drinking collected by personal interview in a hospital-based case-control study. Eur J Epidemiol 1998; 14:259-67. [PMID: 9663519 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007463620130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A study on the reliability of information on smoking habits and coffee drinking collected via interview was conducted among 500 subjects enrolled in a case-control study on bladder cancer in Brescia, North Italy. A total of 215 cases (incident and prevalent) and 285 controls were interviewed personally in the hospital setting by a first interviewer, and then re-interviewed by telephone by either the same interviewer or another one. Agreement between the first and second interview was evaluated using the kappa statistic and the intra-class correlation coefficient and via multiple logistic regression modelling. No important differences in reliability were found according to sex, education or case/control status, while agreement was better among subjects below 65 than among older ones, and among incident than prevalent cases. A slightly better agreement was found among subjects interviewed twice by the same interviewer than those interviewed by two different individuals, which may reflect the presence of inter-observer reliability for the latter. Overall, these results show a very high reliability of data on smoking and a fairly high reliability regarding coffee drinking as collected through face-to-face interviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Donato
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Brescia, Italy.
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