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Mansour HM, Muralidharan P, Hayes D. Inhaled Nanoparticulate Systems: Composition, Manufacture and Aerosol Delivery. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2024; 37:202-218. [PMID: 39172256 PMCID: PMC11465844 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2024.29117.mk] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
An increasing growth in nanotechnology is evident from the growing number of products approved in the past decade. Nanotechnology can be used in the effective treatment of several pulmonary diseases by developing therapies that are delivered in a targeted manner to select lung regions based on the disease state. Acute or chronic pulmonary disorders can benefit from this type of therapy, including respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pulmonary infections (e.g. tuberculosis, Yersinia pestis infection, fungal infections, bacterial infections, and viral infections), lung cancer, cystic fibrosis (CF), pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Modification of size and surface property renders nanoparticles to be targeted to specific sites, which can serve a vital role in innovative pulmonary drug delivery. The nanocarrier type chosen depends on the intended purpose of the formulation and intended physiological target. Liquid nanocarriers and solid-state nanocarriers can carry hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs (e.g. small molecular weight drug molecules, large molecular weight drugs, peptide drugs, and macromolecular biological drugs), while surface modification with polymer can provide cellular targeting, controlled drug release, and/or evasion of phagocytosis by immune cells, depending on the polymer type. Polymeric nanocarriers have versatile architectures, such as linear, branched, and dendritic forms. In addition to the colloidal dispersion liquid state, the various types of nanoparticles can be formulated into the solid state, offering important unique advantages in formulation versatility and enhanced stability of the final product. This chapter describes the different types of nanocarriers, types of inhalation aerosol device platforms, liquid aerosols, respirable powders, and particle engineering design technologies for inhalation aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M. Mansour
- College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- The BIO5 Research Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Institute of the Environment, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- National Cancer Institute Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Priya Muralidharan
- College of Pharmacy, Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Don Hayes
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Lung and Heart-Lung Transplant Programs, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Chang RYK, Chow MY, Khanal D, Chen D, Chan HK. Dry powder pharmaceutical biologics for inhalation therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:64-79. [PMID: 33705876 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic biologics such as genes, peptides, proteins, virus and cells provide clinical benefits and are becoming increasingly important tools in respiratory medicine. Pulmonary delivery of therapeutic biologics enables the potential for safe and effective treatment option for respiratory diseases due to high bioavailability while minimizing absorption into the systemic circulation, reducing off-target toxicity to other organs. Development of inhalable powder formulation requires stabilization of complex biological materials, and each type of biologics may present unique challenges and require different formulation strategy combined with manufacture process to ensure biological and physical stabilities during production and over shelf-life. This review examines key formulation strategies for stabilizing proteins, nucleic acids, virus (bacteriophages) and bacterial cells in inhalable powders. It also covers characterization methods used to assess physicochemical properties and aerosol performance of the powders, biological activity and structural integrity of the biologics, and chemical analysis at the nanoscale. Furthermore, the review includes manufacture technologies which are based on lyophilization and spray-drying as they have been applied to manufacture Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved protein powders. In perspective, formulation and manufacture of inhalable powders for biologic are highly challenging but attainable. The key requirements are the stability of both the biologics and the powder, along with the powder dispersibility. The formulation to be developed depends on the manufacture process as it will subject the biologics to different stresses (temperature, mechanical and chemical) which could lead to degradation by different pathways. Stabilizing excipients coupled with the suitable choice of process can alleviate the stability issues of inhaled powders of biologics.
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3
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Chang RYK, Chen L, Chen D, Chan HK. Overcoming challenges for development of amorphous powders for inhalation. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2020; 17:1583-1595. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2020.1813105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Yoon Kyung Chang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lan Chen
- Hangzhou Chance Pharmaceuticals, Hangzhou, China
| | - Donghao Chen
- Hangzhou Chance Pharmaceuticals, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Park HJ, Yoon TJ, Son WS, Lee CJ, Kim SN, Song SU, Lee YW. Precipitation of VEGF from mesenchymal stem cell culture supernatant using the PCA process. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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5
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Chen L, Okuda T, Lu XY, Chan HK. Amorphous powders for inhalation drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 100:102-15. [PMID: 26780404 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For inhalation drug delivery, amorphous powder formulations offer the benefits of increased bioavailability for poorly soluble drugs, improved biochemical stability for biologics, and expanded options of using various drugs and their combinations. However, amorphous formulations usually have poor physicochemical stability. This review focuses on inhalable amorphous powders, including the production methods, the active pharmaceutical ingredients and the excipients with a highlight on stabilization of the particles.
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6
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A novel method for food particle production using subcritical water extraction: Ganoderma mushroom as a case example. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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7
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Polymers' ultrafine particles for drug delivery systems precipitated by supercritical carbon dioxide + organic solvent mixtures. POWDER TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Production of lysozyme microparticles to be used in functional foods, using an expanded liquid antisolvent process. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Esfandiari N, Ghoreishi SM. Ampicillin Nanoparticles Production via Supercritical CO2 Gas Antisolvent Process. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:1263-9. [PMID: 25771736 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-014-0264-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The micronization of ampicillin via supercritical gas antisolvent (GAS) process was studied. The particle size distribution was significantly controlled with effective GAS variables such as initial solute concentration, temperature, pressure, and antisolvent addition rate. The effect of each variable in three levels was investigated. The precipitated particles were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Zetasizer Nano ZS. The results indicated that decreasing the temperature and initial solute concentration while increasing the antisolvent rate and pressure led to a decrease in ampicillin particle size. The mean particle size of ampicillin was obtained in the range of 220-430 nm by varying the GAS effective variables. The purity of GAS-synthesized ampicillin nanoparticles was analyzed in contrast to unprocessed ampicillin by FTIR and HPLC. The results indicated that the structure of the ampicillin nanoparticles remained unchanged during the GAS process.
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Campardelli R, Baldino L, Reverchon E. Supercritical fluids applications in nanomedicine. J Supercrit Fluids 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Zhou QT, Leung SSY, Tang P, Parumasivam T, Loh ZH, Chan HK. Inhaled formulations and pulmonary drug delivery systems for respiratory infections. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 85:83-99. [PMID: 25451137 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections represent a major global health problem. They are often treated by parenteral administrations of antimicrobials. Unfortunately, systemic therapies of high-dose antimicrobials can lead to severe adverse effects and this calls for a need to develop inhaled formulations that enable targeted drug delivery to the airways with minimal systemic drug exposure. Recent technological advances facilitate the development of inhaled anti-microbial therapies. The newer mesh nebulisers have achieved minimal drug residue, higher aerosolisation efficiencies and rapid administration compared to traditional jet nebulisers. Novel particle engineering and intelligent device design also make dry powder inhalers appealing for the delivery of high-dose antibiotics. In view of the fact that no new antibiotic entities against multi-drug resistant bacteria have come close to commercialisation, advanced formulation strategies are in high demand for combating respiratory 'super bugs'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tony Zhou
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sharon Shui Yee Leung
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patricia Tang
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Thaigarajan Parumasivam
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Zhi Hui Loh
- GEA-NUS Pharmaceutical Processing Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hak-Kim Chan
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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12
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Pulmonary drug delivery by powder aerosols. J Control Release 2014; 193:228-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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13
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Prosapio V, Reverchon E, De Marco I. Antisolvent micronization of BSA using supercritical mixtures carbon dioxide+organic solvent. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Wan F, Maltesen M, Bjerregaard S, Foged C, Rantanen J, Yang M. Particle engineering technologies for improving the delivery of peptide and protein drugs. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(13)50052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Girotra P, Singh SK, Nagpal K. Supercritical fluid technology: a promising approach in pharmaceutical research. Pharm Dev Technol 2012; 18:22-38. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2012.726998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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16
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Production methods for nanodrug particles using the bottom-up approach. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:406-16. [PMID: 21457742 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on bottom-up processes such as precipitation (or crystallisation) and single droplet evaporation to produce nanoparticles containing largely pure therapeutics for pharmaceutical applications. Suitable precipitation techniques involve the use of high-gravity, confined impinging liquid jet mixing, multi-inlet vortex mixing, supercritical fluids, and ultrasonic waves. Droplet evaporation methods are spray-based, including nanospray drying, aerosol flow reactor method, spraying of low-boiling point solvent under ambient conditions and electrospraying of low-electrical conducting solutions. A key to the success of yielding stable nanoparticles in these various techniques is to control the particle growth kinetics through evaporation rate of the droplets or mixing rate during precipitation.
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Zalepugin DY, Tilkunova NA, Fronchek EV, Gallyamov MO, Chernyshova IV, Mishin VS, Yashin YS, Grigoryev TE, Gamzazade AI, Khokhlov AR. Production of new haemostatic materials by deposition of dispersed proteins onto porous matrices using supercritical carbon dioxide. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793110070018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Nukala RK, Boyapally H, Slipper IJ, Mendham AP, Douroumis D. The Application of Electrostatic Dry Powder Deposition Technology to Coat Drug-Eluting Stents. Pharm Res 2009; 27:72-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-0008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Salama RO, Traini D, Chan HK, Sung A, Ammit AJ, Young PM. Preparation and Evaluation of Controlled Release Microparticles for Respiratory Protein Therapy. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:2709-17. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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Ragab DM, Rohani S. Particle Engineering Strategies via Crystallization for Pulmonary Drug Delivery. Org Process Res Dev 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/op900013a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M. Ragab
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - Sohrab Rohani
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9
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21
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Rodrigues MA, Li J, Padrela L, Almeida A, Matos HA, de Azevedo EG. Anti-solvent effect in the production of lysozyme nanoparticles by supercritical fluid-assisted atomization processes. J Supercrit Fluids 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Kraft KS, Grant M. Preparation of macromolecule-containing dry powders for pulmonary delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 480:165-74. [PMID: 19085124 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-429-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery by inhalation is routine for the treatment of local pulmonary conditions like asthma, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Only recently, though, has the inhalation route been considered for administering drugs for systemic diseases. The pulmonary route is attractive for several reasons. It is non-invasive, it avoids first-pass metabolism, and it allows drug absorption from a large, highly vascularized surface area. However, consistent delivery to the deep lung requires drug particles within a very narrow size range. Several particle engineering approaches have been used to produce dry powders that will reach the alveolar space. Some of these methods, such as spray drying from solution, the formation of drug-containing liposomes, and the controlled crystallization of particles, are described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly S Kraft
- MannKind Corporation, 1 Casper Street, Danbury, CT 06810, USA
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23
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Are pharmaceutics really going supercritical? Int J Pharm 2008; 364:176-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Reverchon E, Adami R, Caputo G, De Marco I. Spherical microparticles production by supercritical antisolvent precipitation: Interpretation of results. J Supercrit Fluids 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Khosravi-Darani K, Vasheghani-Farahani E. Application of Supercritical Fluid Extraction in Biotechnology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008; 25:231-42. [PMID: 16419619 DOI: 10.1080/07388550500354841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present paper recent investigations on the applications of supercritical fluid extraction (SCE) from post fermentation biomass or in situ extraction of inhibitory fermentation products as a promising method for increasing the yield of extraction have been reviewed. Although supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) is unfriendly, or even toxic, for some living cells and precludes direct fermentation in dense CO2, it does not rule out other useful applications for in situ extraction of inhibitory fermentation products and fractional extraction of biomass constituents. This technique is a highly desirable method for fractional extraction of biomass constituents, and intracellular metabolites due to the potential of system modification by physical parameters and addition of co-solvents to selectively extract compounds of different polarity, volatility and hydrophilicity without any contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Khosravi-Darani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, IR Iran
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26
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Kim YH, Sioutas C, Shing KS. Influence of Stabilizers on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Inhaled Insulin Powders Produced by Supercritical Antisolvent Process. Pharm Res 2008; 26:61-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cape SP, Villa JA, Huang ETS, Yang TH, Carpenter JF, Sievers RE. Preparation of active proteins, vaccines and pharmaceuticals as fine powders using supercritical or near-critical fluids. Pharm Res 2008; 25:1967-90. [PMID: 18581212 PMCID: PMC2515571 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9575-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical or near-critical fluid processes for generating microparticles have enjoyed considerable attention in the past decade or so, with good success for substances soluble in supercritical fluids or organic solvents. In this review, we survey their application to the production of protein particles. A recently developed process known as CO2-assisted nebulization with a Bubble Dryer® (CAN-BD) has been demonstrated to have broad applicability to small-molecule as well as macromolecule substances (including therapeutic proteins). The principles of CAN-BD are discussed as well as the stabilization, micronization and drying of a wide variety of materials. More detailed case studies are presented for three proteins, two of which are of therapeutic interest: anti-CD4 antibody (rheumatoid arthritis), α1-antitrypsin (cystic fibrosis and emphysema), and trypsinogen (a model enzyme). Dry powders were formed in which stability and activity are maintained and which are fine enough to be inhaled and reach the deep lung. Enhancement of apparent activity after CAN-BD processing was also observed in some formulation and processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Cape
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and CIRES, University of Colorado, 215 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
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Okamoto H, Danjo K. Application of supercritical fluid to preparation of powders of high-molecular weight drugs for inhalation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:433-46. [PMID: 17996326 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The application of supercritical carbon dioxide to particle design has recently emerged as a promising way to produce powders of macromolecules such as proteins and genes. Recently, an insulin powder for inhalation was approved by authorities in Europe and the USA. Other macromolecules for inhalation therapy will follow. In the 1990s proteins were precipitated with supercritical CO(2) from solutions in an organic solvent such as dimethylsulfoxide, which caused significant unfolding of protein. Since 2000, aqueous solutions of proteins and genes have generally been used with a cosolvent such as ethanol to precipitate in CO(2). Operating conditions such as temperature, pressure, flow rates, and concentration of ingredients affect the particle size and integrity of proteins or genes. By optimizing these conditions, the precipitation of proteins and genes with supercritical CO(2) is a promising way to produce protein and gene particles for inhalation.
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Mishima K. Biodegradable particle formation for drug and gene delivery using supercritical fluid and dense gas. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:411-32. [PMID: 18061302 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in biodegradable particle formation using supercritical fluids and dense gases have been reviewed with an emphasis on studies of micronizing and encapsulating poorly-soluble pharmaceuticals and gene. General review articles published in previous years have then been provided. A brief description of the operating principles of some types of particle formation processes is given. These include the rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS), the particles from gas-saturated solution (PGSS) processes, the gas antisolvent process (GAS), and the supercritical antisolvent process (SAS). The papers have been reviewed under two groups, one involving the production of particles from pure biodegradable substances, and the other involving coating, capsule, and impregnation that contain active components, especially those that relate to pharmaceuticals. This review is a comprehensive review specifically focused on the formation of biodegradable particles for drug and gene delivery system using supercritical fluid and dense gas.
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Jovanović N, Bouchard A, Hofland GW, Witkamp GJ, Crommelin DJA, Jiskoot W. Stabilization of IgG by supercritical fluid drying: Optimization of formulation and process parameters. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 68:183-90. [PMID: 17574824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to stabilize human serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) by a supercritical fluid (SCF) drying process. Solutions containing IgG (20mg/ml) and trehalose or hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in a 1:4 (w/w) ratio were sprayed into a SCF phase consisting of CO(2) and ethanol at 100bar and 37 degrees C. Initially, a set of drying conditions previously developed to successfully stabilize lysozyme and myogobin formulations was used [N. Jovanović, A. Bouchard, G.W. Hofland, G.J. Witkamp, D.J.A. Crommelin, W. Jiskoot, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 27 (2006) 336-345]. Dried formulations were analyzed by Karl Fisher titration, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and modulated DSC. Protein structure in the solid-state was studied by FTIR and after reconstitution by UV/Vis, circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy, GPC and SDS-PAGE. When IgG was dried under the above-mentioned conditions, substantial amounts of insoluble aggregates were formed. Addition of buffer helped to reduce the fraction of insoluble material but not of soluble aggregates. Full stabilization could be achieved by adjusting the process conditions: drying without ethanol while keeping the other conditions the same, or drying with ethanol at a temperature below the critical point (20 degrees C). In conclusion, it is possible to stabilize human IgG by SCF drying provided that the formulation and process conditions are tailored to meet the specific requirements of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Jovanović
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Tagne JB, Kakumanu S, Ortiz D, Shea T, Nicolosi RJ. A nanoemulsion formulation of tamoxifen increases its efficacy in a breast cancer cell line. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:280-6. [PMID: 18171014 DOI: 10.1021/mp700091j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on the preparation of a water-soluble nanoemulsion of the highly lipid-soluble drug tamoxifen (TAM). In addition, relative to a suspension of TAM, the nanoemulsion preparation demonstrated a greater zeta potential (increased negative charge) which has previously been associated with increasing drug/membrane permeability. This study also reports that relative to suspensions of TAM with particle sizes greater than 6000 nm, nanoemulsions of TAM, having mean particle sizes of 47 nm, inhibited cell proliferation 20-fold greater and increased cell apoptosis 4-fold greater in the HTB-20 breast cancer cell line. Thus, this work suggests that a nanoemulsion compared to a suspension preparation of TAM increases its anticancer properties relative to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Bosco Tagne
- Center for Health and Disease Research, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA
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Abstract
Nanotechnology, or systems/device manufacture at sizes generally ranging between 1 and 100 nm, is a multidisciplinary scientific field undergoing explosive development. The genesis of nanotechnology can be traced to advances in medicine, communications, genomics and robotics. One of the greatest values of nanotechnology will be in the development of new and effective medical treatments (i.e. nanomedicine). This review focuses on the potential of nanomedicine as it relates to the development of nanoparticles for enabling and improving the targeted delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents. We highlight the use of nanoparticles for specific intra-compartmental analysis using the examples of delivery to malignant cancers, to the central nervous system, and across the gastrointestinal barriers.
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Lysozyme particle formation during supercritical fluid drying: Particle morphology and molecular integrity. J Supercrit Fluids 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chow AHL, Tong HHY, Chattopadhyay P, Shekunov BY. Particle Engineering for Pulmonary Drug Delivery. Pharm Res 2007; 24:411-37. [PMID: 17245651 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9174-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
With the rapidly growing popularity and sophistication of inhalation therapy, there is an increasing demand for tailor-made inhalable drug particles capable of affording the most efficient delivery to the lungs and the most optimal therapeutic outcomes. To cope with this formulation demand, a wide variety of novel particle technologies have emerged over the past decade. The present review is intended to provide a critical account of the current goals and technologies of particle engineering for the development of pulmonary drug delivery systems. These technologies cover traditional micronization and powder blending, controlled solvent crystallization, spray drying, spray freeze drying, particle formation from liquid dispersion systems, supercritical fluid processing and particle coating. The merits and limitations of these technologies are discussed with reference to their applications to specific drug and/or excipient materials. The regulatory requirements applicable to particulate inhalation products are also reviewed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert H L Chow
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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35
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Emerich DF, Thanos CG. The pinpoint promise of nanoparticle-based drug delivery and molecular diagnosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:171-84. [PMID: 16843058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2006.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 05/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology, or systems/device manufacture at the molecular level, is a multidisciplinary scientific field undergoing explosive development. The genesis of nanotechnology can be traced to the promise of revolutionary advances across medicine, communications, genomics and robotics. Without doubt one of the greatest values of nanotechnology will be in the development of new and effective medical treatments (i.e., nanomedicine). This review focuses on the potential of nanomedicine as it specifically relates to (1) the development of nanoparticles for enabling and improving the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents; (2) developing novel and more effective diagnostic and screening techniques to extend the limits of molecular diagnostics providing point-of-care diagnosis and more personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwaine F Emerich
- LCT BioPharma, Inc., 4 Richmond Square, Providence, RI, United States.
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36
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Pasquali I, Bettini R, Giordano F. Solid-state chemistry and particle engineering with supercritical fluids in pharmaceutics. Eur J Pharm Sci 2006; 27:299-310. [PMID: 16388936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present commentary aims to review the modern and innovative strategies in particle engineering by the supercritical fluid technologies and it is principally concerned with the aspects of solid-state chemistry. Supercritical fluids based processes for particle production have been proved suitable for controlling solid-state, morphology and particle size of pharmaceuticals, in some cases on an industrial scale. Supercritical fluids should be considered in a prominent position in the development processes of drug products for the 21st century. In this respect, this innovative technology will help in meeting the more and more stringent requirements of regulatory authorities in terms of solid-state characterisation and purity, and environmental acceptability.
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Velega SP, Carlfors J. Supercritical fluids processing of recombinant human growth hormone. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2005; 31:135-49. [PMID: 15773281 DOI: 10.1081/ddc-200047368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility of precipitating recombinant human growth hormone (hGH) from aqueous solutions using conventional and modified techniques of solution-enhanced dispersion (SEDS) by supercritical fluids. The study investigated the effect on hGH stability of adding isopropanol either as a cosolvent with the original aqueous protein solution (conventional process) or to the supercritical carbon dioxide before mixing with the aqueous protein solution (modified process). The influence of the addition of sucrose (with or without isopropanol) on the precipitation behavior and stability of the protein was also studied. Experiments were performed under various processing conditions (pressure 100-200 bars and temperature 40-50 degrees C), and with various flow rates and solution compositions (CO2/isopropanol and protein solution). Bioanalytical characterization of the resulting powders involved spectrophotometry, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polycrylamide gel electrophoresis, reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and size exclusion chromatography. Solid-state characterization was performed using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Karl Fischer techniques. Results showed that with both conventional and modified methods, under optimum processing conditions, the presence of sucrose in the solution decreased the destabilizing effects of the solvent and/or process on the structure of hGH. More hGH was dissolved from the precipitated powders containing sucrose than from those containing only isopropanol. Reverse-phase HPLC indicated that about 94% of the hGH was recovered in its native form. The proportion of dimers and oligomers was reduced in the presence of sucrose; about 92% of the soluble protein was present in monomer form under optimal conditions. The remaining undissolved protein was in monomeric form. The precipitated powders were amorphous, containing particulate aggregates in the size range 1-6 microm with 5-10% residual moisture content. In conclusion, hGH was successfully precipitated from aqueous solution using SEDS technology. The presence of sucrose in the protein solution promoted the precipitation of hGH and reduced aggregation and improved dissolution.
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38
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Abstract
Nanotechnology, or systems/device manufacture at the molecular level, is a multidisciplinary scientific field undergoing explosive development. The genesis of nanotechnology can be traced to the promise of revolutionary advances across medicine, communications, genomics and robotics. Without doubt, one of the greatest values of nanotechnology will be in the development of new and effective medical treatments (i.e., nanomedicine). This review focuses on the potential of nanomedicine, including the development of nanoparticles for diagnostic and screening purposes, DNA sequencing using nanopores, manufacture of drug delivery systems and single-virus detection.
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Bustami RT, Chan HK, Sweeney T, Dehghani F, Foster NR. Generation of fine powders of recombinant human deoxyribonuclease using the aerosol solvent extraction system. Pharm Res 2004; 20:2028-35. [PMID: 14725370 DOI: 10.1023/b:pham.0000008053.69903.c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the feasibility of using the Aerosol Solvent Extraction System (ASES) to produce fine powders of recombinant human deoxyribonuclease (rhDNase), lysozyme-lactose and rhDNase-lactose powders from aqueous based solutions. METHODS The ASES technique using high pressure carbon dioxide modified with ethanol or ethanol and triethylamine was used for the generation of rhDNase powders and protein-lactose powders from aqueous based solutions. Particle size, morphology, size distributions, crystallinity, and powder aerosol performance were measured. The biochemical integrity of the processed rhDNase was assessed by testing the monomer content and the degree of deamidation. RESULTS RhDNase precipitated as spherical particles in the size range between 50 and 500 nm. The primary nano-sized particles were agglomerated to micron-sized clumps of particles during the precipitation process. The median particle size and the fine particle fraction were functions of the operating temperature and the nozzle system used. RhDNase was substantially denatured in the ASES process using carbon dioxide modified with ethanol as anti-solvent. However almost complete recovery of the monomer was achieved using carbon dioxide modified with ethanol-triethylamine as an anti-solvent. Lysozyme-lactose and rhDNase-lactose powders were also precipitated as agglomerated spheres using the ASES process. The powders were amorphous except for those with lactose content higher than 45%. CONCLUSIONS Micron-sized particles of rhDNase suitable for inhalation delivery were generated from aqueous based solutions using the modified ASES technique. The biochemical integrity of the rhDNase powder is a function of the antisolvent and the operating temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana T Bustami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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Chen JF, Zhou MY, Shao L, Wang YY, Yun J, Chew NYK, Chan HK. Feasibility of preparing nanodrugs by high-gravity reactive precipitation. Int J Pharm 2004; 269:267-74. [PMID: 14698598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To study the feasibility of producing nanoparticles of organic pharmaceuticals using a novel high-gravity reactive precipitation (HGRP) technique, reactive precipitation of benzoic acid as a model compound was carried out in a rotating packed bed under high gravity. The main factors such as the rotating bed speed, concentration and volume flow rate of the reactants (sodium benzoate and HCl) affecting the particle size of the precipitate were studied. Particle size was measured by transmission electron microscopy. Benzoic acid was precipitated as nanoparticles as fine as 10nm. The particle size was decreased with increasing rotating bed speed, concentration and volume flow rate of the reactants. The formation of ultrafine particles was due to intensified micro-mixing of reactants in the rotating bed to enhance nucleation while suppressing crystal growth. The results have demonstrated the feasibility to produce nanodrugs by the principle of acid-base precipitating reaction using HGRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Chen
- Research Centre, Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering & Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, PR China.
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Todo H, Iida K, Okamoto H, Danjo K. Improvement of Insulin Absorption from Intratracheally Administrated Dry Powder Prepared by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Process. J Pharm Sci 2003; 92:2475-86. [PMID: 14603493 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to improve insulin absorption from dry powder after administration in lung without an absorption enhancer. The dry powders, with mannitol as a carrier, were prepared with or without an absorption enhancer (citric acid) by supercritical carbon dioxide (SCF) and spray drying (SD) processes. Insulin powder was precipitated from dimethyl sulfoxide and aqueous solutions by dispersing the insulin solutions from parallel and V-type nozzles, respectively, into supercritical carbon dioxide, which is an antisolvent for insulin. In vitro aerosol performance was evaluated with a cascade impactor. Insulin powder containing citric acid prepared by the SCF method (MIC SCF) showed improved inhalation performance compared with insulin powder prepared by the SD process, although the particle size of the former powder was larger than that in powders prepared by SD. Insulin absorption was estimated from the change in plasma glucose level. The blood glucose level after administration of the insulin powder without citric acid prepared by the SCF process (MI SCF) decreased rapidly, and a significant difference was observed for areas under the curve of change in plasma glucose concentration versus time (AUCs) between MI SCF and the insulin powder without citric acid prepared by the SD process (MI SD). These results suggest that the SCF technique would be useful to prepare dry powders suitable for inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Todo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
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Foster N, Mammucari R, Dehghani F, Barrett A, Bezanehtak K, Coen E, Combes G, Meure L, Ng A, Regtop HL, Tandya A. Processing Pharmaceutical Compounds Using Dense Gas Technology. Ind Eng Chem Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/ie030219x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Foster
- School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; Eiffel Technologies Limited, Level 14/50 Market Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; and CRC for Polymers, 32 Business Park Drive, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Raffaella Mammucari
- School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; Eiffel Technologies Limited, Level 14/50 Market Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; and CRC for Polymers, 32 Business Park Drive, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; Eiffel Technologies Limited, Level 14/50 Market Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; and CRC for Polymers, 32 Business Park Drive, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Angela Barrett
- School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; Eiffel Technologies Limited, Level 14/50 Market Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; and CRC for Polymers, 32 Business Park Drive, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Keivan Bezanehtak
- School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; Eiffel Technologies Limited, Level 14/50 Market Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; and CRC for Polymers, 32 Business Park Drive, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Emma Coen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; Eiffel Technologies Limited, Level 14/50 Market Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; and CRC for Polymers, 32 Business Park Drive, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Gary Combes
- School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; Eiffel Technologies Limited, Level 14/50 Market Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; and CRC for Polymers, 32 Business Park Drive, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Louise Meure
- School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; Eiffel Technologies Limited, Level 14/50 Market Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; and CRC for Polymers, 32 Business Park Drive, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Aaron Ng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; Eiffel Technologies Limited, Level 14/50 Market Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; and CRC for Polymers, 32 Business Park Drive, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Hubert L. Regtop
- School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; Eiffel Technologies Limited, Level 14/50 Market Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; and CRC for Polymers, 32 Business Park Drive, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Andrian Tandya
- School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; Eiffel Technologies Limited, Level 14/50 Market Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; and CRC for Polymers, 32 Business Park Drive, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Abstract
Nanotechnology, or systems/device manufacture at the molecular level, is a multidisciplinary scientific field undergoing explosive development. The genesis of nanotechnology can be traced to the promise of revolutionary advances across medicine, communications, genomics and robotics. On the surface, miniaturisation provides cost effective and more rapidly functioning mechanical, chemical and biological components. Less obvious though is the fact that nanometre sized objects also possess remarkable self-ordering and assembly behaviours under the control of forces quite different from macro objects. These unique behaviours are what make nanotechnology possible, and by increasing our understanding of these processes, new approaches to enhancing the quality of human life will surely be developed. A complete list of the potential applications of nanotechnology is too vast and diverse to discuss in detail, but without doubt one of the greatest values of nanotechnology will be in the development of new and effective medical treatments (i.e., nanomedicine). This review focuses on the potential of nanotechnology in medicine, including the development of nanoparticles for diagnostic and screening purposes, artificial receptors, DNA sequencing using nanopores, manufacture of unique drug delivery systems, gene therapy applications and the enablement of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwaine F Emerich
- Sertoli Technologies, Inc, 245 Armington Street, Cranston, RI 02905, USA.
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Herberger J, Murphy K, Munyakazi L, Cordia J, Westhaus E. Carbon dioxide extraction of residual solvents in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. J Control Release 2003; 90:181-95. [PMID: 12810301 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(03)00152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A process for the reduction of residual solvents in spray-dried poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-darbepoetin alfa microparticles was developed using carbon dioxide (CO(2)) as an extraction solvent. CO(2) was investigated in two phase states, liquid and gas. Detrimental effects on encapsulated protein integrity and microparticle morphology were observed with liquid CO(2) exposure. Extraction with CO(2) gas at <100 psig reduced residual solvent concentration and particle agglomeration was limited. Extraction rates and particle agglomeration increased with higher CO(2) gas pressures. The CO(2) pressures below which particles of polylactide (PLA) and PLGA microparticles significantly agglomerated were determined and the data used to develop extraction cycles. Extraction cycles were developed in which CO(2) gas pressure was increased as residual solvent concentration decreased in order to keep extraction rates high throughout the cycle. Spray dried darbepoetin alfa-PLGA microparticles were extracted with CO(2) gas and characterized for residual solvent concentration, process yield, particle size distribution, morphology, and protein integrity. The results indicated CO(2) gas may be used to reduce residual solvent to approximately 200 ppm with no significant detrimental effects on protein integrity or microparticle morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Herberger
- Drug Product Process Development, Amgen, Inc, One Amgen Ctr Dr, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA.
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Moshashaée S, Bisrat M, Forbes RT, Quinn EA, Nyqvist H, York P. Supercritical fluid processing of proteins: lysozyme precipitation from aqueous solution. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003; 55:185-92. [PMID: 12631410 DOI: 10.1211/002235702504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous solutions of hen egg lysozyme (3% w/v) were dispersed and precipitated by a homogenous mixture of supercritical carbon dioxide-ethanol using the Solution Enhanced Dispersion by Supercritical fluid (SEDS) process. The effects of different working conditions, such as temperature, pressure and the flow rates of the solution and ethanol, on the particle-formation process were studied. The morphology, particle size and size distribution and biological activity of the protein were determined. The precipitates were examined with high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (HSDSC) and high-performance cation-exchange chromatography. Particle size measurements showed the precipitates to be aggregates with primary particles of size 1-5 microm. The similarity of HSDSC data for unprocessed and processed samples indicated that the different physical forces that stabilise the native form of lysozyme are unchanged after SEDS processing. From FT-Raman spectroscopic studies secondary structural changes were observed in certain SEDS-produced lysozyme, with most processed samples displaying a slightly more disordered secondary structure than the unprocessed sample. However, SEDS samples produced at 200 bar and 40 degrees C exhibited negligible disturbance. Thus the SEDS process utilising aqueous solution was able to bring about size reduction of lysozyme with minimal loss of biological activity.
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Yu Z, Rogers TL, Hu J, Johnston KP, Williams RO. Preparation and characterization of microparticles containing peptide produced by a novel process: spray freezing into liquid. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2002; 54:221-8. [PMID: 12191695 DOI: 10.1016/s0939-6411(02)00050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate excipient type on the physicochemical properties of insulin microparticles produced by spray freezing into liquid (SFL). A novel process was developed to produce microparticles containing bioactive peptides and proteins. The microparticles were formed by atomization of an aqueous feed solution containing insulin beneath the surface of a cryogenic liquid (e.g. liquid nitrogen). In this study, bovine insulin was dissolved in deionized water alone or with tyloxapol, lactose or trehalose. The aqueous solution was sprayed directly into liquid nitrogen through a polyetheretherketone capillary nozzle under high pressure to form frozen microparticles. Lyophilization was used to sublime the ice. The SFL insulin powder was characterized by different techniques, including X-ray diffraction, reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution and surface area. The mean diameter of the insulin microparticles was 5-7 microm. SEM revealed that the microparticles were highly porous, and the morphology of the microparticles was influenced by the excipient type. The total surface area of the insulin microparticles ranged from 20 to 40 m(2)/g, and the magnitude depended on the specific composition and total solids content of the aqueous feed solution. X-ray diffraction results indicated lack of crystallinity. No change in the level of the degradation product, A-21 desamido insulin, was found in the SFL insulin samples processed alone or with trehalose or tyloxapol. Similarly, no change in formation of high molecular weight transformation products (e.g. covalent insulin dimer) was detected in the samples processed with excipients. The results demonstrated that SFL is a feasible technique for forming porous microparticles containing insulin. The physicochemical properties of insulin were preserved by the SFL technique.
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