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Chen X, Varghese S, Zhang Z, Du J, Ruan B, Baell JB, Liu X. Drug discovery and optimization based on the co-crystal structure of natural product with target. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 266:116126. [PMID: 38232464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Due to their structural diversities and prevalent biological activities, natural products (NPs) are momentous resources for drug discovery. Although NPs have a wide range of biological activities, many exhibit structural complexity that leads to synthetic difficulties, which combines with inefficient biological activity, toxicity, and unfavorable pharmacokinetic characteristics and ultimately imparts poor safety and efficacy outcomes. Progress in crystallization and computational techniques allow crystallography to have a seasonable influences on drug discovery. By co-crystallizing with proteins, therapeutic targets of NPs in specific diseases can be identified. By analyzing the co-crystal information, the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of NPs targeting specific proteins can be grasped. Under the guidance of co-crystal information, directional structural modification and simplification are powerful strategies for overcoming limitations of NPs, improving the success rate of NP-based drug discovery, and obtaining NP-based drugs with high selectivity, low toxicity and favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics. Here, we review the co-crystal information of a selection of NPs, focusing on the SARs of NPs reflected by co-crystal information and the modification and simplification strategies of NPs, and discuss how to apply co-crystal information in the optimization of NP-based lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China; School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China.
| | - Swapna Varghese
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China.
| | - Juncheng Du
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China.
| | - Banfeng Ruan
- Key Lab of Biofabrication of Anhui Higher Education, Hefei University, Hefei, 230601, PR China.
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Xinhua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China.
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Liu H, Yu H, Gao R, Ge F, Zhao R, Lu X, Wang T, Liu H, Yang C, Xia Y, Xun L. A Zero-Valent Sulfur Transporter Helps Podophyllotoxin Uptake into Bacterial Cells in the Presence of CTAB. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:27. [PMID: 38247452 PMCID: PMC10812762 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin (PTOX) is naturally produced by the plant Podophyllum species. Some of its derivatives are anticancer drugs, which are produced mainly by using chemical semi-synthesis methods. Recombinant bacteria have great potential in large-scale production of the derivatives of PTOX. In addition to introducing the correct enzymes, the transportation of PTOX into the cells is an important factor, which limits its modification in the bacteria. Here, we improved the cellular uptake of PTOX into Escherichia coli with the help of the zero-valent sulfur transporter YedE1E2 in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). CTAB promoted the uptake of PTOX, but induced the production of reactive oxygen species. A protein complex (YedE1E2) of YedE1 and YedE2 enabled E. coli cells to resist CTAB by reducing reactive oxygen species, and YedE1E2 was a hypothetical transporter. Further investigation showed that YedE1E2 facilitated the uptake of extracellular zero-valent sulfur across the cytoplasmic membrane and the formation of glutathione persulfide (GSSH) inside the cells. The increased GSSH minimized oxidative stress. Our results indicate that YedE1E2 is a zero-valent sulfur transporter and it also facilitates CTAB-assisted uptake of PTOX by recombinant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (H.L.); (H.Y.); (R.G.); (F.G.); (R.Z.); (X.L.); (T.W.); (H.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Huiyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (H.L.); (H.Y.); (R.G.); (F.G.); (R.Z.); (X.L.); (T.W.); (H.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (H.L.); (H.Y.); (R.G.); (F.G.); (R.Z.); (X.L.); (T.W.); (H.L.); (C.Y.)
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Test Technology on Food Quality and Safety, Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Fulin Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (H.L.); (H.Y.); (R.G.); (F.G.); (R.Z.); (X.L.); (T.W.); (H.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Rui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (H.L.); (H.Y.); (R.G.); (F.G.); (R.Z.); (X.L.); (T.W.); (H.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Xia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (H.L.); (H.Y.); (R.G.); (F.G.); (R.Z.); (X.L.); (T.W.); (H.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Tianqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (H.L.); (H.Y.); (R.G.); (F.G.); (R.Z.); (X.L.); (T.W.); (H.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Huaiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (H.L.); (H.Y.); (R.G.); (F.G.); (R.Z.); (X.L.); (T.W.); (H.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chunyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (H.L.); (H.Y.); (R.G.); (F.G.); (R.Z.); (X.L.); (T.W.); (H.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (H.L.); (H.Y.); (R.G.); (F.G.); (R.Z.); (X.L.); (T.W.); (H.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; (H.L.); (H.Y.); (R.G.); (F.G.); (R.Z.); (X.L.); (T.W.); (H.L.); (C.Y.)
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7520, USA
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3
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Jiu X, Chen H, Du T, Jia X, Liu D, Meng J, Xu X. Dormancy release of seeds of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle accompanied by changes in phytochemicals and inorganic elements. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294673. [PMID: 37972141 PMCID: PMC10653421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle is an alpine medicinal plant of considerable importance, and its seed dormancy severely inhibits population renewal. Although cold stratification can break dormancy to a certain extent, the migration and accumulation of phytochemicals and inorganic elements in the seeds during dormancy release and their functions remain unclear. Changes in phytochemicals and inorganic elements in different seed parts were analyzed during dormancy. The key differential phytochemicals and inorganic elements were screened and their association with dormancy release and their roles in dormancy release were explored. The results showed that dormancy release may have occurred following the decrease in palmitic acid and linoleic acid content in the seeds and the increase in 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydro-6-methyl-4 (h)-pyran-4-one content in the endosperm. Meanwhile, 6-propyltridecane and hexadecane in the seed coat may enhance the water permeability of seeds to speed up germination. Mg may migrate from the seed coat to the endosperm and seed embryos, whereas Co may migrate from the seed embryo to the seed coat. Ca, Mn, Mg, and Co are involved in various physiological metabolic processes, which may facilitate the dormancy release of P. hexandrum seeds. These findings have enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms of dormancy release in P. hexandrum seeds and can serve as a reference for the development of more effective dormancy-breaking techniques for the conservation of this endangered medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijia Jiu
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Honggang Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- Northwest Chinese and Tibetan Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Du
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- Northwest Chinese and Tibetan Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Lanzhou, China
| | - XiWei Jia
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - JinJin Meng
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - XiaoJuan Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
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Tiwari D, Kewlani P, Gaira KS, Bhatt ID, Sundriyal RC, Pande V. Predicting phytochemical diversity of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) across eco-climatic zones and elevation in Uttarakhand using Generalized Additive Model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10888. [PMID: 37407604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study uses a systematic approach to explore the phytochemical composition of medicinal plants from Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya. The phytochemical composition of medicinal plants was analyzed based on (i) the presence of different chemical groups and (ii) bioactive compounds. The Generalized Additive Model (GAM) analysis was used to predict the occurrence of chemical groups and active compounds across different eco-climatic zones and the elevation in Uttarakhand. A total of 789 medicinal plants represented by 144 taxonomic families were screened to explore the phytochemical diversity of the medicinal plants of Uttarakhand. These medicinal plant species are signified in different life forms such as herbs (58.86%), shrubs (18.24%), trees (17.48%), ferns (2.38%), and climbers (2.13%). The probability of occurrence of the chemical groups found in tropical, sub-tropical, and warm temperate eco-climatic zones, whereas active compounds have a high Probability towards alpine, sub-alpine, and cool temperate zones. The GAM predicted that the occurrence of species with active compounds was declining significantly (p < 0.01), while total active compounds increased across elevation (1000 m). While the occurrence of species with the chemical group increased, total chemical groups were indicated to decline with increasing elevation from 1000 m (p < 0.000). The current study is overwhelmed to predict the distribution of phytochemicals in different eco-climatic zones and elevations using secondary information, which offers to discover bioactive compounds of the species occurring in the different eco-climatic habitats of the region and setting the priority of conservation concerns. However, the study encourages the various commercial sectors, such as pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, chemical, food, and cosmetics, to utilize unexplored species. In addition, the study suggests that prioritizing eco-climatic zones and elevation based on phytochemical diversity should be a factor of concern in the Himalayan region, especially under the climate change scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Tiwari
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand, 263 643, India
| | - Pushpa Kewlani
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand, 263 643, India
| | - Kailash S Gaira
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Sikkim Regional Centre, Pangthang, Gangtok, Sikkim, India
| | - Indra D Bhatt
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand, 263 643, India.
| | - R C Sundriyal
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, 249169, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
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Guo S, Chen Y, Zhu Y, Tian M. Transcriptome analysis reveals differentially expressed genes involved in somatic embryogenesis and podophyllotoxin biosynthesis of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T. S. Ying. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:1221-1232. [PMID: 36840780 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T. S. Ying, an important source of podophyllotoxin (PTOX), has become a rare and endangered plant because of over-harvesting. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is the main way of seedling rapid propagation and germplasm enhancement, but the regeneration of S. hexandrum has not been well established, and the PTOX biosynthesis abilities at different SE stages remain unclear. Therefore, it is extremely important to elucidate the SE mechanism of S. hexandrum and clarify the biosynthesis variation of PTOX. In this study, the transcriptomes of S. hexandrum at different SE stages were sequenced, the contents of PTOX and 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin were assayed, and the transcript expression patterns were validated by qRT-PCR. The results revealed that plant hormone (such as auxins, abscisic acid, zeatin, and gibberellins) related pathways were significantly enriched among different SE stages, indicating these plant hormones play important roles in SE of S. hexandrum; the expression levels of a series of PTOX biosynthesis related genes as well as PTOX and 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin contents were much higher in embryogenic callus stage than in the other stages, suggesting embryogenic callus stage has the best PTOX biosynthesis ability among different SE stages. This study will contribute to germplasm conservation and fast propagation of S. hexandrum, and facilitate the production of PTOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghu Guo
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, Gansu, China.
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Yinchuan, 750002, Gansu, China.
| | - Yuchao Chen
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, Gansu, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Yinchuan, 750002, Gansu, China
| | - Yongxing Zhu
- Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan, 750002, Gansu, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Yinchuan, 750002, Gansu, China
| | - Mei Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden, Memorial Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
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Podophyllotoxin and its derivatives: Potential anticancer agents of natural origin in cancer chemotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114145. [PMID: 36586242 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of plant secondary metabolites has gained considerable attention among clinicians in the prevention and treatment of cancer. A secondary metabolite isolated mainly from the roots and rhizomes of Podophyllum species (Berberidaceae) is aryltetralin lignan - podophyllotoxin (PTOX). The purpose of this review is to discuss the therapeutic properties of PTOX as an important anticancer compound of natural origin. The relevant information regarding the antitumor mechanisms of podophyllotoxin and its derivatives were collected and analyzed from scientific databases. The results of the analysis showed PTOX exhibits potent cytotoxic activity; however, it cannot be used in its pure form due to its toxicity and generation of many side effects. Therefore, it practically remains clinically unusable. Currently, high effort is focused on attempts to synthesize analogs of PTOX that have better properties for therapeutic use e.g. etoposide (VP-16), teniposide, etopophos. PTOX derivatives are used as anticancer drugs which are showing additional immunosuppressive, antiviral, antioxidant, hypolipemic, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this review, attention is paid to the high potential of the usefulness of in vitro cultures of P. peltatum which can be a valuable source of lignans, including PTOX. In conclusion, the preclinical pharmacological studies in vitro and in vivo confirm the anticancer and chemotherapeutic potential of PTOX and its derivatives. In the future, clinical studies on human subjects are needed to certify the antitumor effects and the anticancer mechanisms to be certified and analyzed in more detail and to validate the experimental pharmacological preclinical studies.
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Liu W, Zhang Z, Zhang T, Qiao Q, Hou X. Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity in different organs of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1037582. [PMID: 36438133 PMCID: PMC9682152 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1037582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sinopodophyllum hexandrum is a perennial anti-cancer medicinal plant as unique phytochemical composition podophyllotoxin, and it has special effects on the treatments of pneumonic, cervical and testicular cancers. Besides the podophyllotoxin, phenolic substances play a key role in the clinical practice. However, few reports were available in terms of the phenolic compositions and antioxidant activity. In this work, main phenolic compounds were quantified by RP-HPLC in seven organs from S. hexandrum. Simultaneously, the sodium borohydride/chloranil-based (SBC) method and the Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetric method were used to determine total flavonoids and total phenols contents, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the different organs was further assessed by three methods (DPPH method, ABTS method and FRAP method). Phenolic compositions/total flavonoids contents/total phenols contents/antioxidant activity was observed to have significant differences among different organs (P<0.05), but have a consistent changing rule viz. rhizome>root>fruit>flower>leaf>stem>petiole. Furthermore, a correlation analysis was employed and indicated that a positive correlation existed between phenolic compositions contents and antioxidant activity. Obviously, rhizome had high phenolic compositions contents and strong antioxidant activity with the low DPPHIC50 value of 23.52 μg/mL, high ABTS value of 1137.82 μmol equiv. Trolox/g and high FRAP value of 685.76 μmol equiv. Trolox/g. Therefore, rhizome is recommended as a preponderant medicinal part, and root is proposed as an alternative raw material resource for natural antioxidant agents in functional food, medicine and chemicals. This study can provide a new insight into the utilization extension of S. hexandrum resources.
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Huang M, Liu C, Shao Y, Zhou S, Hu G, Yin S, Pu W, Yu H. Anti-tumor pharmacology of natural products targeting mitosis. Cancer Biol Med 2022; 19:j.issn.2095-3941.2022.0006. [PMID: 35699421 PMCID: PMC9257311 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2022.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer has been an insurmountable problem in the history of medical science. The uncontrollable proliferation of cancer cells is one of cancer’s main characteristics, which is closely associated with abnormal mitosis. Targeting mitosis is an effective method for cancer treatment. This review summarizes several natural products with anti-tumor effects related to mitosis, focusing on targeting microtubulin, inducing DNA damage, and modulating mitosis-associated kinases. Furthermore, the main disadvantages of several typical compounds, including drug resistance, toxicity to non-tumor tissues, and poor aqueous solubility and pharmacokinetic properties, are also discussed, together with strategies to address them. Improved understanding of cancer cell mitosis and natural products may pave the way to drug development for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manru Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Caiyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yingying Shao
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shiyue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Gaoyong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Weiling Pu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.,State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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Tewari D, Priya A, Bishayee A, Bishayee A. Targeting transforming growth factor-β signalling for cancer prevention and intervention: Recent advances in developing small molecules of natural origin. Clin Transl Med 2022; 12:e795. [PMID: 35384373 PMCID: PMC8982327 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer is the world's second leading cause of death, but a significant advancement in cancer treatment has been achieved within the last few decades. However, major adverse effects and drug resistance associated with standard chemotherapy have led towards targeted treatment options. Objectives Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signaling plays a key role in cell proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, regeneration, and tissue homeostasis. The prime objective of this review is to decipher the role of TGF‐β in oncogenesis and to evaluate the potential of various natural and synthetic agents to target this dysregulated pathway to confer cancer preventive and anticancer therapeutic effects. Methods Various authentic and scholarly databases were explored to search and obtain primary literature for this study. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) criteria was followed for the review. Results Here we provide a comprehensive and critical review of recent advances on our understanding of the effect of various bioactive natural molecules on the TGF‐β signaling pathway to evaluate their full potential for cancer prevention and therapy. Conclusion Based on emerging evidence as presented in this work, TGF‐β‐targeting bioactive compounds from natural sources can serve as potential therapeutic agents for prevention and treatment of various human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Anu Priya
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | | | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
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Singh A, Choudhary R, Ganguly S. Podophyllin in dermatology: Revisiting a historical drug. Indian Dermatol Online J 2022; 13:167-171. [PMID: 35198500 PMCID: PMC8809147 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_225_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Podophyllin is a cytotoxic material extracted from Podophyllum peltatum and Podophyllum hexandrum and is widely used for the treatment of genital warts. This article reviews the chemistry of podophyllin and its active components along with the mechanism of action in various dermatoses. Furthermore, the documented uses of podophyllin in various dermatological disorders have been described along with the side effects of the drug. Based on the available literature, a clinical guideline is being proposed so as to minimize the side effects. Further studies should be carried out on its use in a lower concentration in other dermatoses, especially premalignant and malignant skin diseases.
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11
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Dong S, Tang Y, He P, Ma S, Song W, Deng M, Tang Z. Hydrophobic modified poly(
l
‐glutamic acid) graft copolymer micelles with ultrahigh drug loading capacity for anticancer drug delivery. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Si Dong
- Department of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun PR China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun PR China
| | - Yue Tang
- Department of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun PR China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun PR China
| | - Pan He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Changchun University of Science and Technology Changchun PR China
| | - Sheng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun PR China
| | - Wantong Song
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun PR China
| | - Mingxiao Deng
- Department of Chemistry Northeast Normal University Changchun PR China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun PR China
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Motolinía-Alcántara EA, Castillo-Araiza CO, Rodríguez-Monroy M, Román-Guerrero A, Cruz-Sosa F. Engineering Considerations to Produce Bioactive Compounds from Plant Cell Suspension Culture in Bioreactors. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122762. [PMID: 34961231 PMCID: PMC8707313 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale production of plant-derived secondary metabolites (PDSM) in bioreactors to meet the increasing demand for bioactive compounds for the treatment and prevention of degenerative diseases is nowadays considered an engineering challenge due to the large number of operational factors that need to be considered during their design and scale-up. The plant cell suspension culture (CSC) has presented numerous benefits over other technologies, such as the conventional whole-plant extraction, not only for avoiding the overexploitation of plant species, but also for achieving better yields and having excellent scaling-up attributes. The selection of the bioreactor configuration depends on intrinsic cell culture properties and engineering considerations related to the effect of operating conditions on thermodynamics, kinetics, and transport phenomena, which together are essential for accomplishing the large-scale production of PDSM. To this end, this review, firstly, provides a comprehensive appraisement of PDSM, essentially those with demonstrated importance and utilization in pharmaceutical industries. Then, special attention is given to PDSM obtained out of CSC. Finally, engineering aspects related to the bioreactor configuration for CSC stating the effect of the operating conditions on kinetics and transport phenomena and, hence, on the cell viability and production of PDSM are presented accordingly. The engineering analysis of the reviewed bioreactor configurations for CSC will pave the way for future research focused on their scaling up, to produce high value-added PDSM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Omar Castillo-Araiza
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos e Hidráulica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril de San Rafael Atlixco 186, Ciudad de México 09310, Mexico;
| | - Mario Rodríguez-Monroy
- Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos (CEPROBI), Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Yautepec 62731, Mexico;
| | - Angélica Román-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril de San Rafael Atlixco 186, Ciudad de México 09310, Mexico;
| | - Francisco Cruz-Sosa
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. Ferrocarril de San Rafael Atlixco 186, Ciudad de México 09310, Mexico;
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13
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Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of Podophyllotoxin Derivatives. Chem Nat Compd 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-021-03539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Luo J, Li X, Jin Y, Traore I, Dong L, Yang G, Wang Y. Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Glomus mosseae on the Growth and Medicinal Components of Dysosma versipellis Under Copper Stress. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:924-930. [PMID: 31894371 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus mosseae) inoculations and additions of copper (Cu) ion at gradual concentrations (0, 200, and 400 mg kg-1) on different parameters of Dysosma versipellis such as growth, lipid peroxidation (MDA and MRP), antioxidation enzymatic (SOD, POD and CAT) activities, and active medicinal components. Pot experiments have been conducted. The results showed that additions of Cu could inhibit growth and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, increase the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation, and decrease the podophyllotoxin content of D. versipellis compared with the control. Meanwhile, inoculations with AMF enhanced its antioxidant capacity and reduced the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation in leaves of D. versipellis under Cu stress. Besides, AMF inoculations significantly increased the biomass and content of podophyllotoxin in roots of D. versipellis, while it decreased Cu absorption content in roots. Thus, inoculations with AMF could effectively alleviate the Cu stress and improve the active components content of D. versipellis, which might be important for Cu stress adaptation and the improved productivity and quality of D. versipellis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Academy of Yuanpei, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Li
- Academy of Yuanpei, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yefei Jin
- Academy of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ibrahim Traore
- Academy of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijia Dong
- Academy of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guo Yang
- Academy of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Youbao Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Lab of the Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China.
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15
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Sun D, Gao X, Wang Q, Krausz KW, Fang Z, Zhang Y, Xie C, Gonzalez FJ. Metabolic map of the antiviral drug podophyllotoxin provides insights into hepatotoxicity. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1047-1059. [PMID: 34319859 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1961920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin (POD) is a natural compound with antiviral and anticancer activities. The purpose of the present study was to determine the metabolic map of POD in vitro and in vivo.Mouse and human liver microsomes were employed to identify POD metabolites in vitro and recombinant drug-metabolizing enzymes were used to identify the mono-oxygenase enzymes involved in POD metabolism. All in vitro incubation mixtures and bile samples from mice treated with POD were analysed with ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.A total of 38metabolites, including six phase-I metabolites and 32 phase-II metabolites, of POD were identified from bile and faeces samples after oral administration, and their structures were elucidated through interpreting MS/MS fragmentation patterns.Nine metabolites, including two phase-I metabolites, five glucuronide conjugates, and two GSH conjugates were detected in both human and mouse liver microsome incubation systems and the generation of all metabolites were NADPH-dependent. The main phase-I enzymes involved in metabolism of POD in vitro include CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5.POD administration to mice caused hepatic and intestinal toxicity, and the cellular damage was exacerbated when 1-aminobenzotriazole, a broad-spectrum inhibitor of CYPs, was administered with POD, indicating that POD, but not its metabolites, induced hepatic and intestinal toxicities.This study elucidated the metabolic map and provides important reference basis for the safety evaluation and rational for the clinical application of POD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Gao
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhongze Fang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Youbo Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Cen Xie
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Fatima M, Iqubal MK, Iqubal A, Kaur H, Gilani SJ, Rahman MH, Ahmadi A, Rizwanullah M. Current Insight into the Therapeutic Potential of Phytocompounds and their Nanoparticle-based Systems for Effective Management of Lung Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:668-686. [PMID: 34238197 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210708123750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer and the primary cause of cancer-related death in both men and women worldwide. Due to diagnosis at an advanced stage, it is associated with high mortality in the majority of patients. At present, various treatment approaches are available such as chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy. However, all these approaches usually cause serious side effects like degeneration of normal cells, bone marrow depression, alopecia, extensive vomiting, etc. To overcome the aforementioned problems, researchers have focused on the alternative therapeutic approach in which various natural compounds are reported, which possessed anti-lung cancer activity. Phytocompounds exhibit their anti-lung cancer activity via targeting various cell-signaling pathways, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and regulating antioxidant status and detoxification. Apart from the excellent anti-cancer activity, clinical administration of phytocompounds is confined because of their high lipophilicity and low bioavailability. Therefore, researchers show their concern in the development of a stable, safe, and effective approach of treatment with minimal side effects by the development of nanoparticle-based delivery of these phytocompounds to the target site. Targeted delivery of phytocompound through nanoparticles overcomes the aforementioned problems. In this article, the molecular mechanism of phytocompounds, their emerging combination therapy, and their nanoparticles-based delivery systems in the treatment of lung cancer have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahak Fatima
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi -110062, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi -110062, India
| | - Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi -110062, India
| | - Harsimran Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University, New Delhi-110017, India
| | - Sadaf Jamal Gilani
- Department of Basic Health Science, Preparatory Year, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka-1213. Bangladesh
| | - Amirhossein Ahmadi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Md Rizwanullah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi -110062, India
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai (Cultivar Okhwang 1) Callus through Inhibition of PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Macrophages. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9061071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the Korean endemic plants, Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai (Oleaceae), contains acteoside, which is a glycoside exhibiting neuroprotective, anti-inflammation effects and antibacterial capacities. We conducted an investigation on the effects of the callus of A. distichum (cultivar Okhwang 1, CAO) on pro-inflammatory mediators released following nuclear factor-кB (NF-кB), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K-Akt) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Immunoblotting was employed to find out the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), and activation of MAPK molecules, NF-κB and Akt. Cytokines, COX-2, and iNOS gene expression were assessed using polymerase chain reaction techniques. Cytokines, COX-2, and iNOS gene expression were assessed using polymerase chain reaction techniques. High-performance liquid chromatography revealed that CAO was rich in acteoside and isoacteoside. As a result, CAO inhibited the generation of NO, cytokines, COX-2, and iNOS expression. Further, translocation to the nuclear of NF-κB p65 and degradation of the inhibitor of NF-кB (IкB) were alleviated by suppressing phosphorylation. Additionally, CAO significantly impacted MAPK pathway activation by potentially reducing phosphorylation of MAPKs. These results indicate that the anti-inflammatory effect of CAO is mediated via the inhibition of MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB signaling pathways, probably via glycosides, phenolics, and flavonoids bioactivity derived from plants. CAO can serve as a potential anti-inflammatory agent, which alleviates inflammation factors and act through specific cell signaling pathways.
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18
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Lu PS, Xie LP, Kong XH, Xu Y, Sun SC. Podophyllotoxin Exposure Affects Organelle Distribution and Functions in Mouse Oocyte Meiosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:672590. [PMID: 34095142 PMCID: PMC8170041 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin (POD) is one of the most characterized lignans that is commonly found in podophyllum, and its preparations and derivatives are widely used in clinical treatment due to strong antitumor and antivirus activities. POD has been reported for its neurotoxicity, liver toxicity, and potential reproductive toxicity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of POD on the organelles of mouse oocytes during meiosis. Our results showed that exposure to POD significantly reduced the developmental competence of mouse oocytes. Further analysis revealed that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) failed to accumulate to the spindle periphery, suggesting that POD exposure might affect protein synthesis during oocyte meiotic maturation. Similarly, abnormal Golgi apparatus distribution was found after POD exposure, which could be confirmed by the aberrant localization of Rab11a-related vesicles, indicating that POD induced vesicle-based protein transport disorder. We also found the aberrant accumulation of lysosomes in the cytoplasm of POD-exposed oocytes, which implied that POD might lead to aberrant protein degradation. Moreover, the perinuclear distribution of mitochondria was also significantly disturbed, indicating the mitochondrial dysfunction after POD exposure. In all, our study illustrated that exposure to POD might disrupt protein synthesis, transport, degradation, and ATP production by its effects on the distribution and functions of organelles during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Shuang Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan-Ping Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Han Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Zhao X, Qiu N, Ma Y, Liu J, An L, Zhang T, Li Z, Han X, Chen L. Preparation, characterization and biological evaluation of β-cyclodextrin-biotin conjugate based podophyllotoxin complex. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 160:105745. [PMID: 33549707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin is a natural occurring aryltetralin lignin with pronounced cytotoxic activity. However, its clinical application for cancer treatment has been blocked due to its poor water solubility and selectivity. In this work, biotin as a tumor specific ligand was coupled with β-cyclodextrin and the resulting biotin modified β-cyclodextrin was used to complex with podophyllotoxin to improve its aqueous solubility and tumor selectivity. The solubility of β-cyclodextrin was greatly enhanced(>16 times) by conjugating with biotin. podophyllotoxin/ mono-6-biotin-amino-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex was prepared by freeze-drying method and the complex behavior between mono-6-biotin-amino-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin and podophyllotoxin was studied by water solubility, phase solubility, Job's plot, UV spectroscopy, Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Rotating-frame Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy, Powder X-ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscopy. The solubility of podophyllotoxin/ mono-6-biotin-amino-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin complex was greatly improved(9 times) compared with Podophyllotoxin. The stability constant of podophyllotoxin/ mono-6-biotin-amino-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin complex (Ks= 415.29 M-1) was 3.2 times that of podophyllotoxin/β-cyclodextrin complex. The possible inclusion mode of podophyllotoxin/mono-6-biotin-amino-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin complex was inferred from the Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Rotating-frame Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy. The cellular uptake study showed that the introduction of biotin increased the cellular uptake of rhodamine-B/mono-6-biotin-amino-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin complex. Moreover, cell cytotoxicity study showed that the antitumor activity of podophyllotoxin/ mono-6-biotin-amino-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin complex was more potent than podophyllotoxin/β-cyclodextrin complex and free podophyllotoxin. The superior water solubility and enhanced cytotoxicity suggested that the mono-6-biotin-amino-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin associated inclusion complex might be a potential and promising delivery system for hydrophobic chemotherapeutics such as podophyllotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Zhao
- Department of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Materials and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Neng Qiu
- Department of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Materials and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China.
| | - Yingyu Ma
- Department of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Materials and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Junda Liu
- Department of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Materials and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Lianying An
- Department of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Materials and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Materials and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Ziqin Li
- Department of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Materials and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Materials and Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Akbari F, Azadbakht M, Megha K, Dashti A, Vahedi L, Barzegar Nejad A, Mahdizadeh Z, Abdi Sarkami S, Sadati M. Evaluation of Juniperus communis L. seed extract on benign prostatic hyperplasia induced in male Wistar rats. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s12301-021-00137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease which causes various health problems for elderly men such as urinary retention, recurring urinary tract infection and bladder stones. The aim of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic effects of Juniperus communis L. seed extract (JCS) on BPH in male Wistar rats.
Methods
To this end, 30 rats were divided into 5 groups (N = 6): group 1 (vehicle), group 2 (disease control), group 3 (standard medicine; 10 mg/kg finasteride), and groups 4 and 5 were treated with 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg of the hydroalcoholic JCS seed extract, respectively. Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 received testosterone enanthate to induce prostatic hyperplasia. At the end of experimental period (28 days), prostate glands were cut off under anesthesia. Histopathological examination was done and biochemical parameters such as Malondialdehyde, Glutathione and protein carbonyl were also measured. Their body weights were also observed during the study. At the end of the experiment, prostate weights and prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels were measured. Prostate index, inhibition prostate weight and inhibition prostate index were also calculated.
Results
Both histopathological examination and biochemical parameter results showed significant improvements in rats treated with finasteride and 600 mg/kg JCS extract (p < 0.01). In addition, PSA levels showed significant decrease in comparison with the disease group. But acute toxicity test indicated that using JCS extract resulted in an increase in liver enzymes (ALP, LDH, SGOT, SGPT). As a result, the extract should be used with caution.
Conclusions
Oral administration of JCS extract is effective on preventing testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia.
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Kalam MA, Malik AH, Ganie AH, Butt TA. Medicinal importance of Papra ( Podophyllum hexandrum Royle) in Unani System of Medicine. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 18:485-490. [PMID: 33544520 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle [=Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S. Ying] is an important, endemic medicinal plant species of Himalaya. It is used in Unani System of Medicine under the name of 'Papra'. The drug was not mentioned in previous literatures, but the first time it introduced in Unani Medicine by a great scholar Hakim Najmul Ghani. He has mentioned its uses and benefits in his classical book Khazainul Advia. In Unani Medicine the plant species has been used to treat various ailments like constipation, fever, jaundice, liver disorders, syphilis, diseases of lymph glands etc. In Kashmir Himalaya it is used to treat various diseases by local medicinemen, but now it is listed in rare drugs. Various pharmacological studies have been done such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, radio-protective etc., recently it has also been reported that podophyllotoxin or podophyllin can be used to treat some forms of cancers also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Afsahul Kalam
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Naseembagh Campus, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Akhtar H Malik
- Centre for Biodiversity and Taxonomy, Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Aijaz Hassan Ganie
- Department of Botany, Kargil Campus, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Tariq Ahmad Butt
- Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Govt. of India, Naseembagh Campus, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Kumbhar PS, Sakate AM, Patil OB, Manjappa AS, Disouza JI. Podophyllotoxin-polyacrylic acid conjugate micelles: improved anticancer efficacy against multidrug-resistant breast cancer. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2020; 32:42. [PMID: 33191444 DOI: 10.1186/s43046-020-00053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Podophyllotoxin (PPT) is a naturally occurring compound obtained from the roots of Podophyllum species, indicated for a variety of malignant tumors such as breast, lung, and liver tumors. This toxic polyphenol (PPT) exhibited significant activity against P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated multidrug-resistant (MDR) cancer cells. However, extremely poor water solubility, a narrow therapeutic window, and high toxicity have greatly restricted the clinical uses of PPT. Therefore, the present research was aimed to synthesize the water-soluble ester prodrug of PPT with polyacrylic acid (PAA), a water-soluble polymer by Steglich esterification reaction, and to screen it for assay, solubility, in vitro hemolysis, in vitro release, and in vitro anticancer activity. RESULTS The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy results revealed the successful synthesis of podophyllotoxin-polyacrylic acid conjugate (PPC). The assay and saturation solubility of the prodrug is found to be 64.01 ± 4.5% and 1.39 ± 0.05 mg/mL (PPT equivalent) respectively. The PPC showed CMC (critical micelle concentration) of 0.430 mg/mL in distilled water at room temperature. The PPC micelles showed a mean particle size of 215 ± 11 nm with polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.193 ± 0.006. Further, the transmission electron microscope (TEM) results confirmed the self-assembling character of PPC into micelles. The PPC caused significantly less hemolysis (18.6 ± 2.9%) than plain PPT solution. Also, it demonstrated significantly (p < 0.01) higher in vitro cytotoxicity against both sensitive as well as resistance human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA MB-231) after 48 h of treatment. CONCLUSION The obtained study results clearly revealed the notable in vitro anticancer activity of PPT following its esterification with PAA. However, further in vivo studies are needed to ascertain its efficacy against a variety of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Popat S Kumbhar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Panhala, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416113, India
| | - Asmita M Sakate
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Panhala, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416113, India
| | - Onkar B Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Panhala, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416113, India
| | - Arehalli S Manjappa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Panhala, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416113, India
| | - John I Disouza
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Panhala, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416113, India.
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Cytisine-flavonoid conjugates: Synthesis and antitumor structure-activity relationship research. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Ou K, Kang Y, Chen L, Zhang X, Chen X, Zheng Y, Wu J, Guan S. H 2O 2-responsive nano-prodrug for podophyllotoxin delivery. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:2491-2498. [PMID: 30957821 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00344d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is different from that of normal tissue; therefore, the development of a prodrug that retains its efficacy in the tumor microenvironment can be useful in enhancing the anticancer properties of podophyllotoxin. An innovative podophyllotoxin prodrug (POD-PEG) was designed by linking podophyllotoxin to poly(ethylene glycol)(n) monomethacrylate with a H2O2-responsive oxalate ester bond. POD-PEG can self-assemble into stable nanoparticles (POD-PEG NPs). In vitro experiments demonstrated that the POD-PEG NPs can be activated by hydrogen peroxide resulting in podophyllotoxin release and are highly toxic against colon carcinoma CT26 cells. In vivo biodistribution studies demonstrate that PEGylated POD-PEG NPs are capable of prolonging blood circulation. Intravenous injection of POD-PEG NPs into CT26 tumor-bearing Balb/c mice resulted in a significantly enhanced therapeutic efficacy against tumors, with no significant systemic toxicity. Therefore, this H2O2-responsive prodrug delivery system exhibits good biosafety and provides a novel strategy for the development of drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyong Ou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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25
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Fakhri S, Abbaszadeh F, Jorjani M, Pourgholami MH. The effects of anticancer medicinal herbs on vascular endothelial growth factor based on pharmacological aspects: a review study. Nutr Cancer 2019; 73:1-15. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1673451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Jorjani
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Bazaldúa C, Cardoso-Taketa A, Trejo-Tapia G, Camacho-Diaz B, Arellano J, Ventura-Zapata E, Villarreal ML. Improving the production of podophyllotoxin in hairy roots of Hyptis suaveolens induced from regenerated plantlets. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222464. [PMID: 31513694 PMCID: PMC6874312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten Hyptis suaveolens hairy root lines were established by
infecting nodal explants with K599+pGus-GFP+ and ATCC15834+pTDT strains from
Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Genetic transformation was
confirmed by epifluorescence and plagiotropic hairy root growth in absence of
growth regulators. Cytotoxicity was determined using the sulforhodamine B
method, and the production of podophyllotoxin (PTOX) was measured by high
performance thin layer chromatography scanning. Through these methodologies,
HsTD10 was identified as the hairy root line with the highest cytotoxicity and
PTOX production, which was corroborated by liquid chromatography-mass
spectrometry and micrOTOF-Q II. A suspension culture of HsTD10 was established
in which PTOX and carbohydrate consumption during growth kinetics were
quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Procedures to increase the
production and retrieval of PTOX in the HsTD10 line included selection of
culture medium, addition of thiamine, and modification of the PTOX extraction
method. The best combination of these variables was MS medium at 75% of its
components with the addition of 2 mg L-1 of thiamine, extraction with
methanol-dichloromethane, and sonication at 40 ± 5°C. During kinetics,
growth-associated PTOX accumulation was observed. The specific growth rate (μ)
was 0.11 d-1. The highest concentration of PTOX obtained with HsTD10
(5.6 mg g-1 DW) was 100 times higher than that reported for roots of
wild plants and 56 times higher than that for in vitro
nontransformed roots of H. suaveolens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crescencio Bazaldúa
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos
Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Yautepec, Morelos,
México
- Laboratorio de Plantas Medicinales, Centro de Investigación en
Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca,
México
- * E-mail:
(MLV); (CB)
| | - Alexandre Cardoso-Taketa
- Laboratorio de Plantas Medicinales, Centro de Investigación en
Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca,
México
| | - Gabriela Trejo-Tapia
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos
Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Yautepec, Morelos,
México
| | - Brenda Camacho-Diaz
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos
Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Yautepec, Morelos,
México
| | - Jesús Arellano
- Laboratorio de Botánica Estructural, Centro de Investigación en
Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca,
México
| | - Elsa Ventura-Zapata
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos
Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Yautepec, Morelos,
México
| | - María Luisa Villarreal
- Laboratorio de Plantas Medicinales, Centro de Investigación en
Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca,
México
- * E-mail:
(MLV); (CB)
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Li Y, Chen M, Yao B, Lu X, Zhang X, He P, Vasilatos SN, Ren X, Bian W, Yao C. Transferrin receptor-targeted redox/pH-sensitive podophyllotoxin prodrug micelles for multidrug-resistant breast cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:5814-5824. [PMID: 31495855 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00651f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin (PPT), a toxic polyphenol extracted from the roots of Podophyllum species, showed remarkable activity against P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated multidrug resistant (MDR) cancer cells. Many PPT-prodrugs based on nano-technology have been developed for increasing aqueous solubility and reducing the side effects of PPT; however, the sensitive linkers in almost all PPT-prodrugs were ester bonds, resulting in slow and incomplete drug release. We developed a redox/pH double-sensitive and tumor active targeted drug delivery system for PPT delivery, in which PPT was covalently coupled to T7-peptide (Pep) modified polyethylene glycol (PEG) or methoxy-polyethylene glycol (mPEG) through a disulfide bond to obtain the final polymer (Pep-PEG-SS-PPT or PEG-SS-PPT). The mixed micelles (Pep-SS-NPs) were made by mixing Pep-PEG-SS-PPT with PEG-SS-PPT, and the mixed micelles showed good size uniformity and high stability in serum solution. The in vitro release experiment showed that about (81.7 ± 2.8)% PPT was released from Pep-SS-NPs in 10 mM glutathione (GSH) at pH 7.4, and also about (64.6 ± 1.7)% PPT was released from Pep-SS-NPs at pH 5.0. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis suggested that Pep-SS-NPs exhibited 57- to 270-fold lower resistance index (RI) values for different drug-resistant cancer cell lines than paclitaxel (PTX) or docetaxel (DTX). The cell uptake assay indicated that the Pep-SS-NPs could significantly enhance the intracellular level of coumarin-6 compared to that of the control group. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of Pep-SS-NPs was increased greatly compared to that of free PPT (5.3-fold). In vivo research showed that Pep-SS-NPs significantly enhanced antitumor efficacy against MCF-7/ADR xenograft tumors compared to the control groups. These findings suggest that mixed micelles could be a potentially successful nanomedicine for MDR breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfei Li
- Department of Mastopathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM), No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Mie Chen
- Department of general surgery, Pukou district central hospital, Pukou branch of jiangsu province hospital, China
| | - Bowen Yao
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Xun Lu
- Milken School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Department of Mastopathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM), No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Peng He
- Department of Mastopathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM), No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Shauna N Vasilatos
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiaomei Ren
- Department of Mastopathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM), No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Weihe Bian
- Department of Mastopathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM), No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Chang Yao
- Department of Mastopathy, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM), No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Dutta S, Mahalanobish S, Saha S, Ghosh S, Sil PC. Natural products: An upcoming therapeutic approach to cancer. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 128:240-255. [PMID: 30991130 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death across the world. Different environmental and anthropogenic factors initiate mutations in different functional genes of growth factors and their receptors, anti-apoptotic proteins, self-renewal developmental proteins, tumor suppressors, transcription factors, etc. This phenomenon leads to altered protein homeostasis of the cell which in turn induces cancer initiation, development, progression and survival. From ancient times various natural products have been used as traditional medicine against different diseases. Natural products are readily applicable, inexpensive, accessible and acceptable therapeutic approach with minimum cytotoxicity. As most of the target-specific anticancer drugs failed to achieve the expected result so far, new multi-targeted therapies using natural products have become significant. In this review, we have summarized the efficacy of different natural compounds against cancer. They are capable of modulating cancer microenvironment and diverse cell signaling cascades; thus playing a major role in combating cancer. These compounds are found to be effective against several signaling pathways, mainly cell death pathways (apoptosis and autophagy) and embryonic developmental pathways (Notch pathway, Wnt pathway and Hedgehog pathway). This review article is expected to be helpful in understanding the recent progress of natural product research for the development of anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayanta Dutta
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Sushweta Mahalanobish
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Sukanya Saha
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Shatadal Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Parames C Sil
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata 700054, India.
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Abstract
Natural products (NPs) are important sources of clinical drugs due to their structural diversity and biological prevalidation. However, the structural complexity of NPs leads to synthetic difficulties, unfavorable pharmacokinetic profiles, and poor drug-likeness. Structural simplification by truncating unnecessary substructures is a powerful strategy for overcoming these limitations and improving the efficiency and success rate of NP-based drug development. Herein, we will provide a comprehensive review of the structural simplification of NPs with a focus on design strategies, case studies, and new technologies. In particular, a number of successful examples leading to marketed drugs or drug candidates will be discussed in detail to illustrate how structural simplification is applied in lead optimization of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzheng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai , 200433 , P.R. China.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Fourth Military Medical University , 169 Changle West Road , Xi'an , 710032 , P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai , 200433 , P.R. China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road , Shanghai , 200433 , P.R. China
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30
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Lalaleo L, Testillano P, Risueño MC, Cusidó RM, Palazon J, Alcazar R, Bonfill M. Effect of in vitro morphogenesis on the production of podophyllotoxin derivatives in callus cultures of Linum album. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 228:47-58. [PMID: 29852334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer compound podophyllotoxin and other related lignans can be produced in Linum album in vitro cultures, although their biosynthesis varies according to the degree of differentiation of the plant material. In general, L. album cell cultures do not form the same lignans as roots or other culture systems. Our aim was to explore how the lignan-producing capacity of organogenic cell masses is affected by the conditions that promote their formation and growth. Thus, L. album biomass obtained from plantlets was cultured in darkness or light, with or without the addition of plant growth regulators, and the levels of podophyllotoxin, methoxypodophyllotoxin and other related lignans were determined in each of these conditions. The organogenic capacity of the cell biomass grown in the different conditions was studied directly and also with light and scanning electronic microscopy, leading to the observation of.several somatic embryos and well-formed shoots. The main lignan produced was methoxypodophyllotoxin, whose production was clearly linked to the organogenic capacity of the cell biomass, which to a lesser extent was also the case for podophyllotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Lalaleo
- Sección de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Testillano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria-Carmen Risueño
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa M Cusidó
- Sección de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Palazon
- Sección de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruben Alcazar
- Sección de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Bonfill
- Sección de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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31
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Espinosa-Leal CA, Puente-Garza CA, García-Lara S. In vitro plant tissue culture: means for production of biological active compounds. PLANTA 2018; 248:1-18. [PMID: 29736623 PMCID: PMC7088179 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Plant tissue culture as an important tool for the continuous production of active compounds including secondary metabolites and engineered molecules. Novel methods (gene editing, abiotic stress) can improve the technique. Humans have a long history of reliance on plants for a supply of food, shelter and, most importantly, medicine. Current-day pharmaceuticals are typically based on plant-derived metabolites, with new products being discovered constantly. Nevertheless, the consistent and uniform supply of plant pharmaceuticals has often been compromised. One alternative for the production of important plant active compounds is in vitro plant tissue culture, as it assures independence from geographical conditions by eliminating the need to rely on wild plants. Plant transformation also allows the further use of plants for the production of engineered compounds, such as vaccines and multiple pharmaceuticals. This review summarizes the important bioactive compounds currently produced by plant tissue culture and the fundamental methods and plants employed for their production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Espinosa-Leal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - César A Puente-Garza
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Silverio García-Lara
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849, Monterrey, NL, México.
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Zhou H, Lv S, Zhang D, Deng M, Zhang X, Tang Z, Chen X. A polypeptide based podophyllotoxin conjugate for the treatment of multi drug resistant breast cancer with enhanced efficiency and minimal toxicity. Acta Biomater 2018; 73:388-399. [PMID: 29694920 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin (PPT) is a chemotherapeutic agent which has shown significant activity against P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated multi drug resistant cancer cells. However, because of the poor aqueous solubility and high toxicity, PPT cannot be used in clinical cancer therapy. In order to enhance the efficiency and reduce side effect of PPT, a polypeptide based PPT conjugate PLG-g-mPEG-PPT was developed and used for the treatment of multi drug resistant breast cancer. The PLG-g-mPEG-PPT was prepared by conjugating PPT to poly(l-glutamic acid)-g-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (PLG-g-mPEG) via ester bonds. The PPT conjugates self-assembled into nanoparticles with average sizes about 100 nm in aqueous solution. Western blotting assay showed that the PLG-g-mPEG-PPT could effectively inhibit the expression of P-gp in the multiple drug resistant MCF-7/ADR cells. In vitro cytotoxicity assay indicated that the resistance index (RI) values of PLG-g-mPEG-PPT on different drug-resistant cancer cell lines exhibited 57-270 folds reduction than of traditional microtubule inhibitor chemotherapeutic drug PTX or DTX. Hemolysis assay demonstrated that the conjugation greatly decreased the hemolytic activity of free PPT. Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of PLG-g-mPEG-PPT increased greatly (13.3 folds) as compared to that of free PPT. In vivo study showed that the PLG-g-mPEG-PPT conjugate remarkably enhanced the antitumor efficacy against MCF-7/ADR xenograft tumors with a tumor suppression rate (TSR) of 82.5%, displayed significantly improved anticancer efficacy as compared to free PPT (TSR = 37.1%) with minimal toxicity when both of the two formulations were used in MTD. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The development of multiple drug resistance (MDR) of cancer cells is the main cause of chemotherapy failure. The over-expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) has been recognized to be the most important cause of MDR in cancer. Podophyllotoxin (PPT) is a chemotherapeutic agent which has shown strong activity against P-gp mediated multidrug resistant cancer cells by simultaneously inhibiting the over-expression of P-gp and the growth of cancer cells. However, PPT can not be used in clinical cancer treatment due to its poor aqueous solubility and high toxicity. Herein, we developed a polypeptide based PPT conjugate PLG-g-mPEG-PPT by conjugating PPT to poly(l-glutamic acid)-g-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol). The PLG-g-mPEG-PPT shows significantly decreased hemolytic activity, greatly improved maximum tolerated dose and remarkably enhanced antitumor efficacy against MCF-7/ADR xenograft tumors as compared to free PPT.
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Chen X, Zhang J, Yuan L, Lay Y, Wong YK, Lim TK, Ong CS, Lin Q, Wang J, Hua Z. Andrographolide Suppresses MV4-11 Cell Proliferation through the Inhibition of FLT3 Signaling, Fatty Acid Synthesis and Cellular Iron Uptake. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22091444. [PMID: 28858244 PMCID: PMC6151431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22091444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Andrographolide (ADR), the main active component of Andrographis paniculata, displays anticancer activity in various cancer cell lines, among which leukemia cell lines exhibit the highest sensitivity to ADR. In particular, ADR was also reported to have reduced drug resistance in multidrug resistant cell lines. However, the mechanism of action (MOA) of ADR’s anticancer and anti-drug-resistance activities remain elusive. Methods: In this study, we used the MV4-11 cell line, a FLT3 positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line that displays multidrug resistance, as our experimental system. We first evaluated the effect of ADR on MV4-11 cell proliferation. Then, a quantitative proteomics approach was applied to identify differentially expressed proteins in ADR-treated MV4-11 cells. Finally, cellular processes and signal pathways affected by ADR in MV4-11 cell were predicted with proteomic analysis and validated with in vitro assays. Results: ADR inhibits MV4-11 cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. With a proteomic approach, we discovered that ADR inhibited fatty acid synthesis, cellular iron uptake and FLT3 signaling pathway in MV4-11 cells. Conclusions: ADR inhibits MV4-11 cell proliferation through inhibition of fatty acid synthesis, iron uptake and protein synthesis. Furthermore, ADR reduces drug resistance by blocking FLT3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Lixia Yuan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yifei Lay
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Yin Kwan Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Teck Kwang Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Chye Sun Ong
- Institute of Mental Health, Education Office, Singapore 539747, Singapore.
| | - Qingsong Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
| | - Jigang Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
- Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute and Jiangsu Target Pharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou 213164, China.
| | - Zichun Hua
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangsu Industrial Technology Research Institute and Jiangsu Target Pharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou 213164, China.
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Ardalani H, Avan A, Ghayour-Mobarhan M. Podophyllotoxin: a novel potential natural anticancer agent. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF PHYTOMEDICINE 2017; 7:285-294. [PMID: 28884079 PMCID: PMC5580867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present review is to give an overview about the role, biosynthesis, and characteristics of Podophyllotoxin (PTOX) as a potential antitumor agent with particular emphasis on key biosynthesis processes, function of related enzymes and characterization of genes encoding the enzymes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Google scholar, PubMed and Scopus were searched for literatures which have studied identification, characterization, fermentation and therapeutic effects of PTOX and published in English language until end of 2016. RESULTS PTOX is an important plant-derived natural product, has derivatives such as etoposide and teniposide, which have been used as therapies for cancers and venereal wart. PTOX structure is closely related to the aryltetralin lactone lignans that have antineoplastic and antiviral activities. Podophyllum emodi Wall. (syn. P. hexandrum) and Podophyllum peltatum L. (Berberidaceae) are the major sources of PTOX. It has been shown that ferulic acid and methylenedioxy substituted cinnamic acid are the enzymes involved in PTOX synthesis. PTOX prevents cell growth via polymerization of tubulin, leading to cell cycle arrest and suppression of the formation of the mitotic-spindles microtubules. CONCLUSION Several investigations have been performed in biosynthesis of PTOX such as cultivation of these plants, though they were unsuccessful. Thus, it is important to find alternative sources to satisfy the pharmaceutical demand for PTOX. Moreover, further preclinical studies are warranted to explore the molecular mechanisms of these agents in treatment of cancer and their possible potential to overcome chemoresistance of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Ardalani
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Kumar P, Jaiswal V, Pal T, Singh J, Chauhan RS. Comparative whole-transcriptome analysis in Podophyllum species identifies key transcription factors contributing to biosynthesis of podophyllotoxin in P. hexandrum. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:217-228. [PMID: 26733390 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Podophyllum species (Podophyllum hexandrum Royle and Podophyllum peltatum) are a major source of deriving anticancer drugs from their major chemical constituent, podophyllotoxin. However, information lacks on regulatory components of podophyllotoxin biosynthesis; therefore, different classes of transcription factors were identified through mining transcriptomes of Podophyllum species and validated through qRT-PCR analysis vis-à-vis podophyllotoxin contents in different tissues/organs of Podophyllum hexandrum. A total of 82, 278, 70, and 90 transcripts were identified in shoots and 89, 273, 72, and 91 transcripts in rhizomes of P. hexandrum transcriptome; 70, 268, 48, and 92 transcripts were in shoots and 58, 245, 41, and 85 transcripts in rhizomes of P. peltatum transcriptome corresponding to bZIP, MYB, WRKY, and bHLH families of transcription factors, which have been shown in regulating biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Two unique transcripts encoding bHLH and MYB/SANT TFs in shoots of P. peltatum (medp_podpe_41091 and medp_podpe_2547) and bZIP and MYB TFs in rhizomes of P. hexandrum (medp_podhe_163581 and medp_podhe_147614) correlated with podophyllotoxin content. Quantification of podophyllotoxin and comparative expression analysis between high (2.51 %) versus low (0.59) podophyllotoxin content accessions revealed 0.04 to ~16-folds increase in transcripts of transcription factors, thereby further supporting the association of identified transcription factors with podophyllotoxin content. bZIP TF showed the highest transcript abundance (19.60-folds) in P. hexandrum rhizomes (2.51 % podophyllotoxin) compared to shoots (0.01 %). In silico analysis of putative promoter regions of pathway genes in other plant species revealed the presence of sequence elements for MYB and WRKY transcription factors, thereby suggesting their role in controlling the production of podophyllotoxin. A repertoire of additional transcription factors has been provided, which can be functionally validated and used in designing a suitable genetic intervention strategy towards enhanced production of podophyllotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Varun Jaiswal
- Department of Computer Science and Bioinformatics, Shoolini University, Solan, 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tarun Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Jagdish Singh
- Agroforestry and Extension Division, Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Panthaghati, 171009, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajinder S Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Yang DL, Sun P, Li MF. Chilling temperature stimulates growth, gene over-expression and podophyllotoxin biosynthesis in Podophyllum hexandrum Royle. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 107:197-203. [PMID: 27314513 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin (PPT) and its derivatives, isolated from the rhizome of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle (P. hexandrum), are typically used in clinical settings for anti-cancer and anti-virus treatments. Empirical studies have verified that P. hexandrum had stronger tolerance to chilling, due to involving PPT accumulation in rhizome induced by cold stress. However, the cold-adaptive mechanism and its association with PPT accumulation at a molecular level in P. hexandrum are still limited. In this study, the morpho-physiological traits related to plant growth, PPT accumulation and key gene expressions controlling PPT biosynthesis were assessed by exposing P. hexandrum seedlings to different temperatures (4 °C and 10 °C as chilling stress and 22 °C as the control). The results showed that chilling significantly increased chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and plant biomass, whereas it greatly decreased transpiration rates and intercellular CO2 concentration. Compared to the control, the chilling treatments under 4 °C and 10 °C conditions induced a 5.00- and 3.33-fold increase in PPT contents, respectively. The mRNA expressions of six key genes were also up-regulated by chilling stresses. The findings are useful in understanding the molecular basis of P. hexandrum response to chilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Long Yang
- Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Ping Sun
- Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Meng Fei Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science/College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China.
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Painuli S, Kumar N. Prospects in the development of natural radioprotective therapeutics with anti-cancer properties from the plants of Uttarakhand region of India. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2016; 7:62-8. [PMID: 27240731 PMCID: PMC4910298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioprotective agents are substances those reduce the effects of radiation in healthy tissues while maintaining the sensitivity to radiation damage in tumor cells. Due to increased awareness about radioactive substances and their fatal effects on human health, radioprotective agents are now the topic of vivid research. Scavenging of free radicals is the most common mechanism in oncogenesis that plays an important role in protecting tissues from lethal effect of radiation exposure therefore radioprotectors are also good anti-cancer agents. There are numerous studies indicating plant-based therapeutics against cancer and radioprotection. Such plants could be further explored for developing them as promising natural radioprotectors with anti-cancer properties. This review systematically presents information on plants having radioprotective and anti-cancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Painuli
- Departments of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Navin Kumar
- Departments of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
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Li H, Guo Q. The complete chloroplast genome of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Berberidaceae). Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 27:2955-6. [PMID: 26704891 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1060458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The complete chloroplast (cp) genome of the Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Berberidaceae) was determined in this study. The circular genome is 157,940 bp in size, and comprises a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 26,077 bp each, a large single-copy (LSC) region of 86,460 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 19,326 bp. The GC content of the whole cp genome was 38.5%. A total of 133 genes were identified, including 88 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and eight rRNA genes. The whole cp genome consists of 114 unique genes, and 19 genes are duplicated in the IR regions. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that S. hexandrum is closely related to Nandina domestica within the family Berberidaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huie Li
- a Research Institute of Tibet Plateau Ecology, Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Tibet University , Nyingchi , PR China
| | - Qiqiang Guo
- a Research Institute of Tibet Plateau Ecology, Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Tibet University , Nyingchi , PR China
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Flavonol dimers from callus cultures of Dysosma versipellis and their in vitro neuraminidase inhibitory activities. Fitoterapia 2015; 107:77-84. [PMID: 26481138 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A chemical investigation of callus cultures of Dysosma versipellis led to the isolation of five new flavonol dimers, dysoverines A-E (1-5), together with 12 known compounds (6-17). The structures of new compounds were determined by the extensive spectroscopic data analyses. The biosynthetic pathway of the new compounds was proposed to involve O-methylation, prenylation, and Diels-Alder cycloaddition, which successively occurred in cultured plant cells. Compounds 1-17 exhibited in vitro neuraminidase inhibitory activities with the IC50 values of 31.0-93.9μM.
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Kumar P, Pal T, Sharma N, Kumar V, Sood H, Chauhan RS. Expression analysis of biosynthetic pathway genes vis-à-vis podophyllotoxin content in Podophyllum hexandrum Royle. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:1253-1262. [PMID: 25586110 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle is known for its vast medicinal properties, particularly anticancer. It contains higher amount of podophyllotoxin (4.3 %), compared to Podophyllum peltatum (0.025 %) and other plant species; as a result, it has been used worldwide in the preparation of various drugs including anticancer, antimalarial, antiviral, antioxidant, antifungal, and so on. Currently, Etoposide (VP-16-213), Vumon® (Teniposide; VM-26), Etopophos®, Pod-Ben- 25, Condofil, Verrusol, and Warticon are available in the market. Due to highly complex synthesis and low cell culture yields of podophyllotoxin (0.3 %), the supply of raw material cannot be met due to increasing industrial demands. The knowledge on podophyllotoxin biosynthetic pathway vis-à-vis expression status of genes is fragmentary. Quantitative expression analysis of 21 pathway genes has revealed 9 genes, namely SD, PD, PCH, CM, CMT, CAD, CCR, C4H, and ADH, that showed increase in transcript abundance up to 1.4 to 23.05 folds, respectively, vis-à-vis podophyllotoxin content in roots (1.37 %) and rhizomes (3.05 %) of P. hexandrum. In silico analysis of putative cis-regulatory elements in promoter regions of overexpressed genes showed the presence of common Skn-1 motif and MBS elements in CMT, CAD, CCR, C4H, and ADH genes, thereby, suggesting their common regulation. The outcome of the study has resulted in the identification of suitable candidate genes which might be contributing to podophyllotoxin biosynthesis that can act as potential targets for any genetic intervention strategies aimed at its enhanced production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, 173234, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India
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Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Anthriscus sylvestris as an Alternative Source for Anticancer Lignans. Molecules 2015; 20:15003-22. [PMID: 26287153 PMCID: PMC6331990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200815003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. is a wild herbaceous plant common in most temperate regions. It has been used traditionally to treat headaches, as a tonic, as antitussive, antipyretic, analgesic and diuretic. The plant contains deoxypodophyllotoxin, which is proven to have antitumor and anti-proliferative effects, anti-platelet aggregation, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and insecticidal activity. Deoxypodophyllotoxin is considered to be the plant’s most important constituent, because of its pharmacological properties and because it can be converted into epipodophyllotoxin, the main raw material for the semisynthesis of the cytostatic agents etoposide and teniposide. This work summarizes for the first time the results related to the botanical description, distribution and habitat, phytochemical and pharmacological properties and emphasizes the aspects for future biotechnological research to establish its utility in the therapeutic arsenal.
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Pathania S, Ramakrishnan SM, Bagler G. Phytochemica: a platform to explore phytochemicals of medicinal plants. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2015; 2015:bav075. [PMID: 26255307 PMCID: PMC4529746 DOI: 10.1093/database/bav075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived molecules (PDMs) are known to be a rich source of diverse scaffolds that could serve as the basis for rational drug design. Structured compilation of phytochemicals from traditional medicinal plants can facilitate prospection for novel PDMs and their analogs as therapeutic agents. Atropa belladonna, Catharanthus roseus, Heliotropium indicum, Picrorhiza kurroa and Podophyllum hexandrum are important Himalayan medicinal plants, reported to have immense therapeutic properties against various diseases. We present Phytochemica, a structured compilation of 963 PDMs from these plants, inclusive of their plant part source, chemical classification, IUPAC names, SMILES notations, physicochemical properties and 3-dimensional structures with associated references. Phytochemica is an exhaustive resource of natural molecules facilitating prospection for therapeutic molecules from medicinally important plants. It also offers refined search option to explore the neighbourhood of chemical space against ZINC database to identify analogs of natural molecules at user-defined cut-off. Availability of phytochemical structured dataset may enable their direct use in in silico drug discovery which will hasten the process of lead identification from natural products under proposed hypothesis, and may overcome urgent need for phytomedicines. Compilation and accessibility of indigenous phytochemicals and their derivatives can be a source of considerable advantage to research institutes as well as industries. Database URL: home.iitj.ac.in/∼bagler/webservers/Phytochemica
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivalika Pathania
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sai Mukund Ramakrishnan
- Centre for Biologically Inspired Systems Science, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, India and
| | - Ganesh Bagler
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India, Centre for Biologically Inspired Systems Science, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, India and Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
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Sasheva P, Ionkova I, Stoilova N. Methyl Jasmonate Induces Enhanced Podophyllotoxin Production in Cell Cultures of Thracian Flax (Linum thracicum ssp. thracicum). Nat Prod Commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Linum thracicum ssp. thracicum cell lines developed in this study are a feasible source for the sustainable production of podophyllotoxin, a lignan with an aryltetralin skeleton that is used for the manufacture of the chemotherapeutic drugs etopophos and teniposide. We used mass spectrometry to confirm the presence of the aryltetralin lignan in the thracian flax cell cultures. Next, we explored how changes in the culture medium influenced the podophyllotoxin content. Out of six developed cell lines, four were selected for further experiments and challenged with elicitors. The selected cell lines clustered into two groups: developed in full strength medium (Li) vs developed in half strength medium (HS). While podophyllotoxin production in the Li cell lines was boosted by 80% upon administration of the elicitor methyl jasmonate, the HS lines produced high amounts of the target metabolite triggered by reduced concentration of nutrients and were only slightly influenced by the elicitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Sasheva
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iliana Ionkova
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nadezhda Stoilova
- Central Laboratory of Veterinary Control and Ecology, Bulgarian Food Safety Agency, 1528 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Liu W, Liu J, Yin D, Zhao X. Influence of ecological factors on the production of active substances in the anti-cancer plant Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S. Ying. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122981. [PMID: 25874701 PMCID: PMC4398539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which plays a very important role in the health system of China, is determined by the active substances produced by the plants. The type, content, and proportion of these substances may vary depending on ecological factors in areas where the plants are grown. Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S. Ying, an endangered plant species with great medical value, was investigated in eight production locations representative of its natural geographical distribution range in China. The correlation between the contents of the active ingredients extracted from the roots and rhizomes of S. hexandrum and the ecological factors were evaluated step-by-step using a series of computational biology methodologies. The results showed that ecological factors had significant effects on the contents but not on the types of the active ingredients in eight production locations. The primary ecological factors influencing the active substances included the annual average precipitation, July mean temperature, frost-free period, sunshine duration, soil pH, soil organic matter, and rapidly available potassium in the soil. The annual average precipitation was the most important determinant factor and was significantly and negatively correlated with the active ingredient contents (P < 0.001). In contrast, organic matter was the most important limiting factor and was significantly and positively correlated with the active substances. These ecological factors caused 98.13% of the total geographical variation of the active ingredient contents. The climate factors contributed more to the active ingredient contents than did the soil factors. It was concluded that from the view of the contents of the secondary metabolites and ecological factors of each growing location, in Jingyuan, Ningxia Province, and Yongdeng, Gansu Province, conditions were favorable to the production of podophyllotoxin and lignans, whereas in Shangri-La, Yunnan Province, and Nyingchi, Tibet, conditions were favorable to the production of quercetin and kaempferol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Dongxue Yin
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
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Nag A, Ahuja PS, Sharma RK. Genetic diversity of high-elevation populations of an endangered medicinal plant. AOB PLANTS 2014; 7:plu076. [PMID: 25416728 PMCID: PMC4287688 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific genetic variation in natural populations governs their potential to overcome challenging ecological and environmental conditions. In addition, knowledge of this variation is critical for the conservation and management of endangered plant taxa. Found in the Himalayas, Podophyllum hexandrum is an endangered high-elevation plant species that has great medicinal importance. Here we report on the genetic diversity analysis of 24 P. hexandrum populations (209 individuals), representing the whole of the Indian Himalayas. In the present study, seven amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer pairs generated 1677 fragments, of which 866 were found to be polymorphic. Neighbour joining clustering, principal coordinate analysis and STRUCTURE analysis clustered 209 individuals from 24 populations of the Indian Himalayan mountains into two major groups with a significant amount of gene flow (Nm = 2.13) and moderate genetic differentiation Fst(0.196), G'st(0.20). This suggests that, regardless of geographical location, all of the populations from the Indian Himalayas are intermixed and are composed broadly of two types of genetic populations. High variance partitioned within populations (80 %) suggests that most of the diversity is restricted to the within-population level. These results suggest two possibilities about the ancient population structure of P. hexandrum: either all of the populations in the geographical region of the Indian Himalayas are remnants of a once-widespread ancient population, or they originated from two types of genetic populations, which coexisted a long time ago, but subsequently separated as a result of long-distance dispersal and natural selection. High variance partitioned within the populations indicates that these populations have evolved in response to their respective environments over time, but low levels of heterozygosity suggest the presence of historical population bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Nag
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box 6, Palampur, 176061 Himachal Pradesh, India Academy for Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box 6, Palampur, 176061 Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Paramvir Singh Ahuja
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box 6, Palampur, 176061 Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Kumar Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box 6, Palampur, 176061 Himachal Pradesh, India
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Establishment of callus and cell suspension culture of Scrophularia striata Boiss.: an in vitro approach for acteoside production. Cytotechnology 2014; 67:475-85. [PMID: 25344876 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a protocol was optimized for establishment of callus and cell suspension culture of Scrophularia striata Boiss. as a strategy to obtain an in vitro acteoside producing cell line for the first time. The effects of growth regulators were analyzed to optimize the biomass growth and acteoside production. The stem explant of S. striata was optimum for callus induction. Modified Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l naphthalene acetic acid + 2.0 mg/l benzyl adenine was the most favorable medium for callus formation with the highest induction rate (100 %), the best callus growth and the highest acteoside content (1.6 μg/g fresh weight). Incompact and rapid growing suspension cells were established in the liquid medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l naphthalene acetic acid + 2.0 mg/l benzyl adenine. The optimum time of subculture was found to 17-20 days. Acteoside content in the cell suspension was high during exponential growth phase and decreased subsequently at the stationary phase. The maximum content of acteoside (about 14.25 μg/g cell fresh weight) was observed on the 17th day of the cultivation cycle. This study provided an efficient way to further regulation of phenylethanoid glycoside biosynthesis and production of valuable acteoside, a phenylethanoid glycoside, on scale-up in S. striata cell suspension culture.
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Zhao S, Baik OD, Choi YJ, Kim SM. Pretreatments for the efficient extraction of bioactive compounds from plant-based biomaterials. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:1283-97. [PMID: 24564586 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.632698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The extraction of medicinal or functional compounds from herbal plants is an important unit operation in food and bio-industries. The target compounds are generally present inter- or intra-cellularly in an intricate microstructure formed by cells, intercellular spaces, capillaries, and pores. The major resistance of molecular diffusion in materials of plant origin always comes from the intact cell walls and adhering membranes. Therefore, increasing the permeability of cell walls and membranes plays a very important role to increase extraction yield and/or extraction rate. Important pretreatment methods to modify the cellular structures and increase the permeability of cell walls or membranes are discussed in this paper. They include physical, biologic, and chemical treatments. In physical methods, mechanical disruption, high-pressure (HP) process, pulsed electric field (PEF) application, ultrasonic treatment, and freeze-thaw, and so on were applied. In biologic methods, different cell wall-degrading enzymes were applied to break-down cell walls or membranes and to diminish the overall internal resistance for transporting bioactive compounds from internal matrix to the external solution. In chemical methods, various chemicals for increasing the inner- or outer-membrane permeabilization were introduced. The principles of the technologies, examples of improvements, and advantages and disadvantages of the pretreatment methods are critically reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Zhao
- a Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , SK , Canada
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Liu W, Yin D, Liu J, Li N. Genetic diversity and structure of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) Ying in the Qinling Mountains, China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110500. [PMID: 25333788 PMCID: PMC4198291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinopodophyllum hexandrum is an important medicinal plant whose genetic diversity must be conserved because it is endangered. The Qinling Mts. are a S. hexandrum distribution area that has unique environmental features that highly affect the evolution of the species. To provide the reference data for evolutionary and conservation studies, the genetic diversity and population structure of S. hexandrum in its overall natural distribution areas in the Qinling Mts. were investigated through inter-simple sequence repeats analysis of 32 natural populations. The 11 selected primers generated a total of 135 polymorphic bands. S. hexandrum genetic diversity was low within populations (average He = 0.0621), but higher at the species level (He = 0.1434). Clear structure and high genetic differentiation among populations were detected by using the unweighted pair group method for arithmetic averages, principle coordinate analysis and Bayesian clustering. The clustering approaches supported a division of the 32 populations into three major groups, for which analysis of molecular variance confirmed significant variation (63.27%) among populations. The genetic differentiation may have been attributed to the limited gene flow (Nm = 0.3587) in the species. Isolation by distance among populations was determined by comparing genetic distance versus geographic distance by using the Mantel test. Result was insignificant (r = 0.212, P = 0.287) at 0.05, showing that their spatial pattern and geographic locations are not correlated. Given the low within-population genetic diversity, high differentiation among populations and the increasing anthropogenic pressure on the species, in situ conservation measures were recommended to preserve S. hexandrum in Qinling Mts., and other populations must be sampled to retain as much genetic diversity of the species to achieve ex situ preservation as a supplement to in situ conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dongxue Yin
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
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Kumari A, Singh HR, Jha A, Swarnkar MK, Shankar R, Kumar S. Transcriptome sequencing of rhizome tissue of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum at two temperatures. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:871. [PMID: 25287271 PMCID: PMC4200142 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sinopodophyllum hexandrum is an endangered medicinal herb, which is commonly present in elevations ranging between 2,400–4,500 m and is sensitive to temperature. Medicinal property of the species is attributed to the presence of podophyllotoxin in the rhizome tissue. The present work analyzed transcriptome of rhizome tissue of S. hexandrum exposed to 15°C and 25°C to understand the temperature mediated molecular responses including those associated with podophyllotoxin biosynthesis. Results Deep sequencing of transcriptome with an average coverage of 88.34X yielded 60,089 assembled transcript sequences representing 20,387 unique genes having homology to known genes. Fragments per kilobase of exon per million fragments mapped (FPKM) based expression analysis revealed genes related to growth and development were over-expressed at 15°C, whereas genes involved in stress response were over-expressed at 25°C. There was a decreasing trend of podophyllotoxin accumulation at 25°C; data was well supported by the expression of corresponding genes of the pathway. FPKM data was validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction data using a total of thirty four genes and a positive correlation between the two platforms of gene expression was obtained. Also, detailed analyses yielded cytochrome P450s, methyltransferases and glycosyltransferases which could be the potential candidate hitherto unidentified genes of podophyllotoxin biosynthesis pathway. Conclusions The present work revealed temperature responsive transcriptome of S. hexandrum on Illumina platform. Data suggested expression of genes for growth and development and podophyllotoxin biosynthesis at 15°C, and prevalence of those associated with stress response at 25°C. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-871) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ravi Shankar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, PO Box No, 6, Palampur 176 061, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Huang JX, Zhang J, Zhang XR, Zhang K, Zhang X, He XR. Mucor fragilis as a novel source of the key pharmaceutical agents podophyllotoxin and kaempferol. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:1237-1243. [PMID: 24863281 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.885061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Podophyllotoxin, a pharmaceutically important bioactive compound of Podophyllum sps. (Berberidaceae), is in great demand worldwide as an anticancer and antivirus drug precursor. However, the source of podophyllotoxin is very limited due to the endangered status of the Podophyllum plant. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to isolate podophyllotoxin-producing endophytic fungi from Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) Ying (1979) (Berberidaceae) plants of the Taibai Mountains of China in order to obtain bioactive compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS The strains producing kaempferol and podophyllotoxin were screened by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. The presence of kaempferol and podophyllotoxin in extracts of these strains was further confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. RESULTS Among six endophytic fungi isolated from the rhizomes of S. hexandrum, one strain was able to produce kaempferol. Another strain, named TW5, was able to produce both kaempferol and podophyllotoxin simultaneously according to the TLC, HPLC, and NMR results. The podophyllotoxin yield of TW5 was calculated to be 49.3 μg/g of mycelial dry weight after 7-d fermentation. Strain TW5 was identified morphologically and phylogenetically to be Mucor fragilis Fresen. (Mucoraceae). These results suggest that the podophyllotoxin-synthesizing ability is obtained by uptaking genes involved in the podophyllotoxin synthesis from the host plant into endophytic fungal genomes. CONCLUSION Our results showed, for the first time, that the endophytic fungus M. fragilis is able to produce simultaneously the same two bioactive metabolites, podophyllotoxin and kaempferol, as its host plant. Furthermore, the relatively high podophyllotoxin yield obtained may improve the industrial production of podophyllotoxin, which may help protect this endangered plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Huang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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