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Laganà AS, Etrusco A, Haydamous J, Semaan S, Agrifoglio V, Chiantera V, Vitagliano A, Riemma G, D'Amato A, Montagna E. Efficacy of letrozole for the treatment of tubal ectopic pregnancy: A meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2024; 299:322-328. [PMID: 38968783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tubal ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a life-threatening condition, especially if undiagnosed or misdiagnosed, tipically in low income countries and/or where women have limited access to health care. The current management protocol of tubal EP consists of either surgical management, or medical management with methotrexate. Recent studies, while few, have suggested that letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, may play a role in the medical treatment of tubal EP. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of letrozole alone in the medical treatment of tubal EP. SEARCH STRATEGY Electronic databases were searched until 31 December 2023. SELECTION CRITERIA Retrospective or prospective studies reporting the treatment of tubal EP with letrozole alone were considered eligible for inclusion. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Pooled results were expressed as OR with 95 %CI. Heterogeneity was assessed using Higgins I2. Subgroup analysis was performed to compare outcomes according to time after intervention. Subgroup differences were checked through χ2 test. RESULTS A total of 152 patients were included. Seventy-nine patients (51.97 %) were treated with letrozole, 39 patients (16.54 %) with methotrexate, and 34 patients (31.49 %) underwent surgical treatment. Pooled data analysis supports the consistency of the effect of letrozole in reducing β-hCG over time at a comparable rate among studies, and that treatment with letrozole is superior to surgery and has the same efficacy as methotrexate. However, all the included studies were judged at high risk of bias in terms of study design, sample representativeness, and sampling technique. Furthermore, short and long term side effects were not reported in any of the included studies. CONCLUSIONS Letrozole is a promising alternative to methotrexate and surgical therapy in the treatment of tubal EP. Although this meta-analysis suggests efficacy and low hazard of the drug and encourages its application, the data available today remain extremely sparse, which weakens any claims that can be made, and is not sufficient to assert that letrozole is safe and effective in the treatment of EPs. There is an absolute need for randomized studies with accurate patient selection, fixed doses, large sample sizes, and reporting of short- and long-term side effects to refute or confirm this assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Simone Laganà
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Paolo Giaccone" Hospital, 90127 Palermo, Italy; Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Etrusco
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Paolo Giaccone" Hospital, 90127 Palermo, Italy; Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Joe Haydamous
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UT Health), 77030 Houston, United States
| | - Samar Semaan
- Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UT Health), 77030 Houston, United States
| | - Vittorio Agrifoglio
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Paolo Giaccone" Hospital, 90127 Palermo, Italy; Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vito Chiantera
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy; Unit of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Institute - IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Amerigo Vitagliano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gaetano Riemma
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Van-vitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Amato
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Policlinico of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Erik Montagna
- Postgraduation Program in Health Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC/Centro Universitário FMABC, 09060-870 Santo André, Brazil
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Seraj H, Nazari MA, Atai AA, Amanpour S, Azadi M. A Review: Biomechanical Aspects of the Fallopian Tube Relevant to its Function in Fertility. Reprod Sci 2024; 31:1456-1485. [PMID: 38472710 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The fallopian tube (FT) plays a crucial role in the reproductive process by providing an ideal biomechanical and biochemical environment for fertilization and early embryo development. Despite its importance, the biomechanical functions of the FT that originate from its morphological aspects, and ultrastructural aspects, as well as the mechanical properties of FT, have not been studied nor used sufficiently, which limits the understanding of fertilization, mechanotrasduction, and mechanobiology during embryo development, as well as the replication of the FT in laboratory settings for infertility treatments. This paper reviews and revives valuable information on human FT reported in medical literature in the past five decades relevant to the biomechanical aspects of FT. In this review, we summarized the current state of knowledge concerning the morphological, ultrastructural aspects, and mechanical properties of the human FT. We also investigate the potential arising from a thorough consideration of the biomechanical functions and exploring often neglected mechanical aspects. Our investigation encompasses both macroscopic measurements (such as length, diameter, and thickness) and microscopic measurements (including the height of epithelial cells, the percentage of ciliated cells, cilia structure, and ciliary beat frequency). Our primary focus has been on healthy women of reproductive age. We have examined various measurement techniques, encompassing conventional metrology, 2D histological data as well as new spatial measurement techniques such as micro-CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Seraj
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Nazari
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Speech and Cognition, CNRS UMR 5216, Grenoble Institute of Technology, Grenoble, France.
| | - Ali Asghar Atai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Amanpour
- Vali-E-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Azadi
- School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Alabiad MA, Elhasadi I, Alnasser SM, Alorini M, Alshaikh ABA, Jaber FA, Shalaby AM, Samy W, Heraiz AI, Mohammed Albakoush KM, Khairy DA. Effect of Aromatase Inhibitor Letrozole on the Placenta of Adult Albino Rats: A Histopathological, Immunohistochemical, and Biochemical Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 49:46-56. [PMID: 38322160 PMCID: PMC10839141 DOI: 10.30476/ijms.2023.96905.2853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Background Letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, has recently been introduced as the preferred treatment option for ectopic pregnancy. To date, no study has investigated the effect of letrozole alone on placental tissue. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of letrozole on the placenta of rats and to clarify the underlying mechanism. Methods Sixty pregnant female rats were equally divided into three groups, namely the control group (GI), low-dose (0.5 mg/Kg/day) letrozole group (GII), which is equivalent to the human daily dose (HED) of 5 mg, and high-dose (1 mg/Kg/day) letrozole group (GIII), equivalent to the HED of 10 mg. Letrozole was administered by oral gavage daily from day 6 to 16 of gestation. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc test and Chi square test. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Compared to the GI and GII groups, high-dose letrozole significantly increased embryonic mortality with a high post-implantation loss rate (P<0.001) and significantly reduced the number of viable fetuses (P<0.001) and placental weight (P<0.001) of pregnant rats. Moreover, it significantly reduced placental estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) (P<0.001) and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (P<0.001), while increasing the apoptotic index of cleaved caspase-3 (P<0.001). Conclusion Letrozole inhibited the expression of ER and PR in rat placenta. It interrupted stimulatory vascular signals causing significant apoptosis and placental vascular dysfunction. Letrozole in an equivalent human daily dose of 10 mg caused a high post-implantation loss rate without imposing severe side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Alabiad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ibtesam Elhasadi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Sulaiman Mohammed Alnasser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim, University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alorini
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Baker A Alshaikh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima A Jaber
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amany Mohamed Shalaby
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Walaa Samy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ismail Heraiz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Dina Ahmed Khairy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Chen X, Chen F, Zhu W, Mao L, Lv P, Zhu Y. Treatment effects of laparoscopy versus laparotomy on heterotopic pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2023; 163:689-696. [PMID: 37318117 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the treatment effects of laparoscopy versus laparotomy on heterotopic pregnancy (HP) after in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). METHODS The retrospective case-control study enrolled 109 patients diagnosed with HP after IVF-ET treatment in our hospital from January 2009 to March 2020. All patients received surgical treatment by either laparoscopy or laparotomy. Data for general characteristics, diagnostic features, surgical parameters, as well as perinatal and neonatal outcomes were collected. RESULTS Sixty-two patients received laparoscopy and 47 received laparotomy. Significantly lower percentage of large hemoperitoneum (P = 0.001), shorter surgery duration (P < 0.001), less intraoperative blood loss (P = 0.001), higher rates of general anesthesia (P < 0.001), and lower cesarean section rates for singletons (P = 0.003) were found in the laparoscopy group. The perinatal and neonatal outcomes were comparable between the two groups. When interstitial pregnancy was considered alone, the surgical blood loss was significantly reduced in the laparoscopy group (P = 0.021), but there was no significant difference in hemoperitoneum, surgery duration, or perinatal and neonatal outcomes in singletons. CONCLUSION Both laparoscopy and laparotomy are effective surgical treatments for HP after IVF-ET. Laparoscopy is minimally invasive but laparotomy can be an alternative in emergency situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xijing Chen
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenting Zhu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Luna Mao
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pingping Lv
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Noghrehalipour N, Aflatoonian R, Rahimipour A, Aghajanpour S, Najafian A, Chekini Z, Ghaffari F, Kazerouni F. The Effect of Altered Mucin1, FGF2, and HBEGF Gene Expression at The Ectopic Implantation Site and Endometrial Tissues in The Tubal Pregnancy Pathogenesis: A Case-Control Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2023; 17:242-247. [PMID: 37577906 PMCID: PMC10439997 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2023.1972252.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is defined as implantation and development of an embryo outside of the uterine tissue. Women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ART), particularly frozen embryo transfer (FET), are in high-risk populations for EP. Mucin1 (MUC1), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2), and Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HBEGF) genes are involved in the endometrial receptivity pathway, leading to normal eutopic implantation; Although, their relevance in the tubal pregnancy after FET is unknown. We aimed evaluation of Mucin1, FGF2, and HBEGF expression fold as endometrial receptive markers in the EP patients following the FET cycle. MATERIALS AND METHODS A case-control study was conducted on ten patients (five EP patients and five women in the pseudo-pregnancy group, as the control samples). Pseudo-pregnancy group was established in women who were candidates for hysterectomy for benign diseases. Fallopian tube biopsies and corresponding endometrial tissues from these patients were taken during the hysterectomy. However, the fallopian tube and endometrial tissues of EP patients were obtained during salpingectomy. The mRNA expressions of Mucin1, FGF2, and HBEGF genes in the fallopian tube and endometrial tissues were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. RESULTS MUC1 mRNA expression level in the endometrium of the case group was higher than in the control group (P=0.04); however, its mRNA expression in the fallopian samples of the case group in comparison with the control group was significantly decreased (P=0.001). The HBEGF mRNA expression level was not significantly different between the case and control endometrium, whereas its expression was significantly increased in the case fallopian samples compared with the control ones (P=0.001). The same pattern was observed for FGF2 mRNA expression level in the fallopian samples of the case group but was significantly reduced in the endometrial samples in comparison with the control samples (P=0.03). CONCLUSION Mucin1, FGF2, and HBEGF gene mRNA expression changes may explain the embryo rejection from the uterus and the establishment of a receptive phenotype in fallopian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Noghrehalipour
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Aflatoonian
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rahimipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Aghajanpour
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Najafian
- Department of Endocrinology and Infertility, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Chekini
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Firouzeh Ghaffari
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Faranak Kazerouni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Cirillo F, Paladino I, Ronchetti C, Busnelli A, Morenghi E, Grilli L, Patrizio P, Zannoni E, Levi-Setti PE. Ectopic pregnancy risk factors in infertile patients: a 10-year single center experience. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20473. [PMID: 36443354 PMCID: PMC9705323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24649-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present retrospective study included both intrauterine insemination and in vitro assisted reproductive technologies (ART) procedures performed from January 2009 to December 2018 at a tertiary-care Fertility Centre. The purpose was to assess the incidence of ectopic pregnancy (EP) in infertile population who undergoes ART and to identify any risk factor impacting the occurrence of EP after ART. Among 27,376 cycles, 7352 pregnancies were achieved, of which 132 were EPs, the 1.80% (95% CI 1.5-2.1) of all pregnancies. In fresh embryo transfer cycles, a history of prior pelvic adhesions showed the greatest impact on the incidence of EP (aOR 2.49 95% CI 1.53-4.07 p < 0.001). Other factors associated with EP incidence were also identified, such as female age, basal FSH, the transfer of blastocyst embryos and difficulties during the embryo transfer procedure. In frozen embryo transfer cycles, the only factor influencing the incidence of EP was anti Müllerian hormone (AMH) serum concentration (aOR 0.81 95% CI 0.65-1.00, p = 0.048). To conclude, the incidence of EP observed was comparable to that reported after natural conception. On the other hand, pre-existing risk factors, traditionally more common in infertile population, appeared to influence the incidence of EP and should thus be modified if possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cirillo
- grid.417728.f0000 0004 1756 8807Department of Gynecology, Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Fertility Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy ,grid.452490.eDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Paladino
- grid.452490.eDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Ronchetti
- grid.417728.f0000 0004 1756 8807Department of Gynecology, Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Fertility Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy ,grid.452490.eDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Busnelli
- grid.417728.f0000 0004 1756 8807Department of Gynecology, Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Fertility Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy ,grid.452490.eDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Morenghi
- grid.417728.f0000 0004 1756 8807Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonora Grilli
- grid.452490.eDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Patrizio
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Division Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Elena Zannoni
- grid.417728.f0000 0004 1756 8807Department of Gynecology, Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Fertility Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Emanuele Levi-Setti
- grid.417728.f0000 0004 1756 8807Department of Gynecology, Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Fertility Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy ,grid.452490.eDepartment of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
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Ren F, Liu G, Wang T, Li M, Guo Z. Unruptured ovarian ectopic pregnancy: Two case reports and literature review. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1036365. [PMID: 36388130 PMCID: PMC9641050 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1036365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical practice, ovarian pregnancy is extremely rare and is always found to be ruptured. A definitive diagnosis for ruptured ovarian pregnancy is difficult to obtain. We present two cases of unruptured ovarian pregnancies detected during laparoscopy and review existing literature to better understand the clinical characteristics of ectopic pregnancies in this rare site. Intrauterine devices, assisted reproductive technology, and intrauterine operations are all high-risk factors in ovarian pregnancy. Moreover, menopause, abdominal pain, and vaginal bleeding are clinical manifestations. Ovarian pregnancy can be diagnosed using serum hCG, transvaginal ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. Laparoscopy is the treatment of choice for ovarian pregnancy. It is recommended that the intact gestational sac be excised and the ovarian function be protected to the greatest extent possible during the operation. More definitive diagnosis of ovarian pregnancy must be reported in order to gain a better understanding of ovarian pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tifang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meijun Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiqiang Guo,
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Alabiad MA, Said WMM, Gad AH, Sharaf ElDin MTA, Khairy DA, Gobran MA, Shalaby AM, Samy W, Abdelsameea AA, Heraiz AI. Evaluation of Different Doses of the Aromatase Inhibitor Letrozole for the Treatment of Ectopic Pregnancy and Its Effect on Villous Trophoblastic Tissue. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:2983-2994. [PMID: 35701686 PMCID: PMC9537218 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-00993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Letrozole, an aromatase inhibitor, has recently been introduced as a favorable medical treatment for ectopic pregnancy. We aimed at evaluating the effects of different doses of letrozole for termination of ectopic pregnancy and study their effects on villous trophoblastic tissue. Sixty patients with undisturbed ectopic pregnancy were classified into three equal groups. Group I: the control group that contained women who underwent laparoscopic salpingectomy, Group II: patients who received letrozole (5 mg day-1) for 10 days, and Group III: patients who received letrozole (10 mg day-1) for 10 days. Subsequently, the β-hCG levels were determined on the first day and after 11 days of treatment. Group IV consisted of patients of GII and GIII; their β-hCG did not drop below 100 mIU/ml within 11 days, and underwent salpingectomy. Placental tissues from patients undergoing salpingectomy either from the control group or GIV were processed for the evaluation of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cleaved caspase 3 (CC-3) expression. Cases exposed to high dose letrozole 10 mg day-1 resulted in a higher ectopic pregnancy resolution rate of 85% (17/20), while the resolution rate of the low dose letrozole-treated group (5 mg day-1) was 65% (13/20), and also showed a significant reduction in β-hCG levels on the 11th day, 25.63 ± 4.29 compared to the low dose letrozole group 37.91 ± 7.18 (P < 0.001), Meanwhile, the letrozole-treated group GIV showed markedly reduced expression of ER, PR, and VEGF and a significant increase in the apoptotic index cleaved caspase-3 compared to the control group (P < 0.001). The utilization of letrozole at a dose of 10 mg day-1 for medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy results in a high-successful rate without any severe side effects. Letrozole depriving the placenta of estrogen that had vascular supporting signals resulted in destroying the vascular network with marked apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Alabiad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Warda M. M. Said
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Abdalla Hassan Gad
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Dina Ahmed Khairy
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai Ahmed Gobran
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519 Egypt
| | - Amany Mohamed Shalaby
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Walaa Samy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Ismail Heraiz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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9
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Zhang M, Zhao C, Zheng J, Li Z, Yin M, Li H, Wang Y, Huang X. Ovarian pregnancy after bilateral salpingectomy in a patient with in vitro fertilization: a case report. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221123683. [PMID: 36124921 PMCID: PMC9500280 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221123683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian pregnancy is rare but may occur with in vitro
fertilization-embryo transfer in women who have undergone bilateral
salpingectomy. We report a case of an approximately 30-year-old woman who had
in vitro fertilization and a history of bilateral
salpingectomy, and was diagnosed with an ovarian pregnancy. Laparoscopic
enucleation of the gestational product in the ovary and ovarian remnant
reconstruction were performed. The patient recovered well after surgery and was
discharged home 5 days postoperatively. ß-human chorionic gonadotropin was
undetectable 3 weeks after the surgery. Awareness of the possibility of ovarian
pregnancy after in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer is the
most important step in an early diagnosis and treatment. Salpingectomy should be
carefully performed to eliminate the risk of heterotopic pregnancy, especially
in cases where a subsequent gestation is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingle Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Caijun Zhao
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jiahua Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhongkang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Meiyun Yin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xianghua Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
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Anzhel S, Mäkinen S, Tinkanen H, Mikkilä T, Haltia A, Perheentupa A, Tomás C, Martikainen H, Tiitinen A, Tapanainen JS, Veleva Z. Top-quality embryo transfer is associated with lower odds of ectopic pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2022; 101:779-786. [PMID: 35546786 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.14375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is up to four times higher after in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) than in spontaneous pregnancies, and the risk of ectopic pregnancy is increased by tubal factor infertility and the transfer of multiple embryos. However, the effect of embryo quality on the probability of ectopic pregnancy has not been investigated until now and it is not clear whether ovarian stimulation parameters affect the incidence of ectopic pregnancy. MATERIAL AND METHODS An historical cohort study of 15 006 clinical pregnancies (diagnosed by ultrasound at 6-8 gestational weeks) after non-donor IVF/ICSI with fresh embryo transfer (n = 8952) or frozen-thawed embryo transfer (n = 6054). Treatments were performed during 2000-2017 in Finland. A total of 9207 (61.4%) single and 5799 (38.6%) double embryo transfers of no more than one top-quality embryo were evaluated. We analyzed the effects of multiple factors on ectopic pregnancy by logistic regression, including type of cycle (fresh vs frozen embryo transfer), female age, number and quality of embryos transferred, tubal factor infertility and factors of ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation. RESULTS Ectopic pregnancy was observed in 2.3% of cycles. There was no significant difference in ectopic pregnancy rate after fresh embryo transfer and frozen embryo transfer (2.2% vs 2.4%, p = 0.3). The ectopic pregnancy rate was lower in cycles with top-quality embryo transfer (1.9%) than of those where only non-top quality embryos were transferred (2.7%, p < 0.0001). Tubal factor infertility was diagnosed more often in ectopic pregnancy than in intrauterine pregnancies (21.2% vs 11.0%, p < 0.0001). Logistic regression revealed lower odds for ectopic pregnancy after a top-quality embryo transfer than after transfer of a non-top quality embryo (odds ratio [OR] 0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.56-0.92, p = 0.007). Transfer of two vs one embryo (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.05-1.70, p = 0.02) and tubal factor infertility (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.68-2.91, p < 0.0001) significantly increased the risk of ectopic pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Transfer of non-top quality embryos is associated with a higher rate of ectopic pregnancy. This is particularly important to keep in mind in treatments with only non-top embryos available even in the absence of tubal factor infertility. To minimize the risk of ectopic pregnancy, the number of embryos transferred should be as low as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Anzhel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Sirpa Mäkinen
- Ovumia Fertinova Infertility Clinics Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Tinkanen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Antti Perheentupa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Candido Tomás
- Ovumia Fertinova Infertility Clinics Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hannu Martikainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aila Tiitinen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha S Tapanainen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Medical Research Center, PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
| | - Zdravka Veleva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Hu Z, Li D, Chen Q, Chai W, Lyu Q, Cai R, Kuang Y, Lu X. Differences in Ectopic Pregnancy Rates between Fresh and Frozen Embryo Transfer after In Vitro Fertilization: A Large Retrospective Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11123386. [PMID: 35743455 PMCID: PMC9225258 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11123386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is increasingly found in women treated with in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF−ET). With the development of the freeze-all policy in reproductive medicine, it is controversial whether frozen embryo transfer (FET) could reduce the rate of EP. In this single-center, large-sample retrospective study, we analyzed 16,048 human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)-positive patients who underwent fresh embryo transfer (ET) or FET cycles between January 2013 and March 2022. Throughout the study, the total EP rate was 2.09% (336/16,048), 2.16% (82/3803) in the ET group, and 2.07% (254/12,245) in the FET group. After adjustment for age, infertility causes, and other confounding factors, logistic regression results showed no statistical difference in EP rates between FET and ET groups (odds ratio (OR) 0.93 (0.71−1.22), p > 0.05). However, among the 3808 patients who underwent fresh ET cycles, the OR for EP was significantly lower in the long agonist protocol group than in the gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH-ant) protocol group (OR 0.45 (0.22−0.93), p < 0.05). Through a large retrospective study, we demonstrated a slightly lower EP rate in FET cycles than in fresh ET cycles, but there was no significant difference. The long agonist protocol in ET cycles had a significantly lower risk of EP than the GnRH-ant protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yanping Kuang
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-21-23271699 (ext. 5539) (Y.K.); Fax: +86-21-53078108 (Y.K.)
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (X.L.); Tel.: +86-21-23271699 (ext. 5539) (Y.K.); Fax: +86-21-53078108 (Y.K.)
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12
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Telbiyska K, Angelova M. Ectopic Pregnancy Following Levonorgestrel Emergency Contraception: Report of Two Cases. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is likely to occur as an unwanted complication after unprotected intercourse in spite of levonorgestrel emergency contraception (LNG-EC). Its incidence has been increasing recently.
We present 2 cases of tubal EP after the oral use of levonorgestrel, treated by laparoscopy.The first unruptured EP with unclear ultrasound findings, because of uterine ventrofixation after the caesarean section (CS) . The second case is a ruptured EP after LNG –EC on day 24 of the period with mild haemoperitoneum with severe peritoneal irritation.
The fundamental question is whether levonorgestrel participates in the etiology of EP.
The etiology of EP involves many factors. Levonorgestrel mechanisms of action give us grounds to believe theoretically that it increases the risk of EP and participates as an etiological factor.
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13
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Ayenew A. Prevalence and determinants of ectopic pregnancy in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ENDOMETRIOSIS AND PELVIC PAIN DISORDERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/22840265211062010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Ectopic pregnancy is a life-threatening obstetric emergency, and is a major health problem for women of fertile age. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the prevalence, determinant factors, and outcomes of ectopic pregnancy among fertile age women in Ethiopia. Method: International databases (MEDLINE/Pub Med, Hinari, Scopus, Google scholar, African journals, and literatures were searched and nine eligible cross sectional and two case control studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Eggers test and funnel plot were computed to check publication bias across the studies. Publication bias was computed using a funnel plot and eggers test. Heterogeneity of the studies was checked using Cochrane Q-test and I2 statistic. Results: The pooled prevalence of ectopic pregnancy in Ethiopia was 3.61% (95%CI: 2.24–4.98, I2 = 89.2.0%, p < 0.001). Having cesarean section scar (AOR = 7.44, 95%CI: 5.48–10.09), single marital status (AOR = 5.71, 95%CI: 4.76–6.85), history of sexually transmitted infection (AOR = 4.68, 95%CI: 3.04–7.19), history of abortion (AOR = 3.89, 95%CI: 3.35–4.52), history of ectopic pregnancy (AOR = 5.74, 95%CI: 3.81–8.65), and emergency contraceptive use (AOR = 8.72, 95%CI: 2.90–26.20) were the determinant factors for the occurrence of ectopic pregnancy. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of ectopic pregnancy was high in Ethiopia. Thus, educating women to limit the number of sexual partners, smoking cessation, using a condom during sex helps prevent sexually transmitted infections and the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asteray Ayenew
- Midwifery Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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14
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Brooke-Hollidge A, Conway J, Lewis A. Gender differences in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis severity and bacterial load: the potential role of hormones. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2021; 15:17534666211035311. [PMID: 34520299 PMCID: PMC8445533 DOI: 10.1177/17534666211035311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Non cystic-fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFB) is a complex chronic respiratory disease, characterised by excessive sputum production and abnormal permanent dilation of bronchi. Mucus accumulation leads to recurrent bacterial infections and increased bacterial load, causing vicious cycles of structural damage and decreased lung function. Respiratory physiotherapy management of NCFB includes airway clearance techniques and use of nebulised, hypertonic saline. Despite advances in treatment, a consistent relationship has been observed between gender and disease occurrence, with a higher prevalence amongst females. Furthermore, NCFB presents most aggressively amongst post-menopausal females, a group likely exposed to higher levels of progesterone (P4) over a longer period of time. The effects of gender-specific hormones on bacterial load and physiotherapy management of people living with NCFB remain unknown. The aim of this narrative review was to discuss the potential influence of gender specific hormones on NCFB disease progression and influence on physiotherapy, medical management and future research. SCOPUS and PUBMED electronic databases were used to conduct searches for relevant studies using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Secondary inclusion of relevant literature was obtained from primary paper references. Previous literature suggests that P4 may impair Cilia Beat Frequency (CBF) in airway epithelium. Reduction in CBF may further reduce ability to expectorate amongst individuals with NCFB, increasing bacterial load and likelihood of exacerbations, negatively impacting on disease progression. Furthermore, coadministration of Estrogen has been suggested to offer opposing effects to that of P4 only. These findings question whether hormonal levels may be monitored, controlled and optimised within management and treatment of females with NCFB to improve airway clearance, reduce exacerbations and improve quality of life. Larger scale, long-term trials are required to further explore the effects of gender specific hormones on NCFB and the viability of treatment with hormone replacement therapy. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam Lewis
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Mary Seacole Building, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
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15
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Monterrosa-Castro A, Redondo-Mendoza V, Monterrosa-Blanco A. Current Knowledge of Progestin-Only Pills. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/11217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Naredi N, Singh S, Gurmeet P, Kumar P, Sharma R. Fresh versus frozen embryo transfer after an in vitro fertilization cycle: Is there a difference in the ectopic pregnancy rate? Med J Armed Forces India 2021; 77:175-180. [PMID: 33867634 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ectopic pregnancy (EP) occurring because of an abnormal site of embryo implantation is a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality if not timely diagnosed and intervened. To avert the increase in the rates of EP through in vitro fertilization cycles as compared to spontaneous conception, fertility experts have resorted to multiple measures, of which the most studied is shifting to frozen embryo transfer (ET) in place of fresh transfer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference in the risk of ectopic implantation in women undergoing fresh versus frozen-thawed ETs. Methods It was a retrospective single-center cohort study wherein 802 of the 853 patients who underwent ET during the study period were analyzed. These patients were further subdivided into fresh transfer group (n = 339) and frozen transfer group (n = 443). The primary outcome measure was to study the difference in EP rates in the two groups and the secondary outcome measure was to analyze the clinico-therapeutic profile of the two subgroups of EPs. Results Of the 802 women who underwent ETs, 19 women had an ectopic implantation with an overall incidence of 2.3%. Among the 19 EPs, there were eight EPs (2.23%) in the fresh transfer group and 11 EPs (2.48%) in the frozen transfer group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The clinico-therapeutic profile of the patients was comparable in both the groups. Conclusion Frozen ET cycle does not mandatorily reduce the incidence of EP in spite of the maintenance of the intrauterine milieu compared to a stimulated cycle. Larger and more robust studies are needed for recommending frozen ET cycle as a preventive modality for EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Naredi
- Senior Advisor (Obs & Gynae) & IVF Specialist, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Pune 411040, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Senior Advisor (Obs & Gynae), Base Hospital, Delhi Cantt 110010, India
| | - Pranay Gurmeet
- Classified Specialist (Obst & Gynae) & IVF Specialist, Military Hospital Jalandhar, Jalandhar Cantt 144005, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Classified Specialist (Obst & Gynae) & IVF Specialist, Command Hospital (Southern Command), Pune 411040, India
| | - Rajesh Sharma
- Classified Specialist (Obst & Gynae) & IVF Specialist, Army Hospital (R&R), New Delhi 110010, India
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17
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Makena D, Gichere I, Warfa K. Levonorgestrel intrauterine system embedded within tubal ectopic pregnancy: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2021; 15:107. [PMID: 33685513 PMCID: PMC7941916 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-021-02723-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system embedded within an ectopic pregnancy is a rare occurrence. Tubal migration of an intrauterine device is not well understood and has not been extensively studied in literature. Case presentation A 34-year-old African woman, para 1, gravida 2, presented with symptoms of ruptured ectopic pregnancy. She underwent a laparoscopy where a ruptured left ectopic pregnancy was found with a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system inserted 2 years prior embedded within the tube. A left salpingectomy was performed with removal of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system. The patient recovered well and proceeded to have an intrauterine pregnancy 3 months later. Conclusion Migration of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system into the fallopian tube is a rare occurrence that is not well understood. In the case presented, levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system was found embedded within the fimbrial end of the left fallopian tube, which had a ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Surgical treatment with laparoscopy is recommended for intraabdominal intrauterine device to prevent complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Makena
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi, P.O. Box 30270-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Ingrid Gichere
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi, P.O. Box 30270-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Khadija Warfa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi, P.O. Box 30270-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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18
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Jwa SC, Seto S, Takamura M, Kuwahara A, Kajihara T, Ishihara O. Ovarian stimulation increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy for fresh embryo transfers: an analysis of 68,851 clinical pregnancies from the Japanese Assisted Reproductive Technology registry. Fertil Steril 2020; 114:1198-1206. [PMID: 33081977 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the risk of ectopic pregnancies (EPs) for fresh cycles according to different ovarian stimulation protocols. DESIGN Registry-based retrospective cohort study. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) A total of 68,851 clinical pregnancies after fresh single embryo transfer between 2007 and 2015. INTERVENTION (S) None MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Ectopic pregnancies. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for EPs were calculated by using generalized estimating equations adjusted for potential maternal and treatment characteristics. RESULT(S) Among 68,851 clinical pregnancies, 1,049 (1.46%) cases of EP were reported. Compared with natural cycles, all ovarian stimulation protocols were associated with a significantly increased risk of EP. Ovarian stimulation with clomiphene (CC) demonstrated the highest odds ratios for EPs. Significant associations between ovarian stimulation protocols and EP compared with natural cycles were prominent when the number of retrieved oocytes was low (1-3) to moderate (4-7), but there were no significant associations when the number of retrieved oocytes was high (≥8). CONCLUSION(S) Ovarian stimulation protocols were significantly associated with an increased risk of EP. In particular, ovarian stimulation with CC had the highest risk of EP compared with other stimulation protocols. Further studies are essential to investigate possible confounding factors for different ovarian stimulation protocols, especially CC, and the risk of EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Chik Jwa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Sachie Seto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masashi Takamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akira Kuwahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kajihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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Antonouli S, Palmerini MG, Bianchi S, Rossi G, Cecconi S, Belli M, Bernardi S, Khalili MA, Familiari G, Nottola SA, Macchiarelli G. Repeated hyperstimulation affects the ultrastructure of mouse fallopian tube epithelium. J Reprod Dev 2020; 66:387-397. [PMID: 32350229 PMCID: PMC7470905 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2019-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) is routinary used in assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) to increase the yields of mature oocytes. The possibility that patients
with a history of failures or poor-responders may develop side-effects following these treatments is still debated. Epidemiological studies reported controversial results about
pregnancy outcome and the risk of developing gynecological cancers. By using a mouse model, here we compared the ultrastructural features of fallopian tubes (FTs) obtained from
mice undergoing or not (control, CTR) four (4R) and eight (8R) rounds of gonadotropin stimulation. Although the morphological characteristics of oviductal layers seemed unaffected
by repeated treatments, dose-response ultrastructural alterations in the ampulla appeared in the 4R group and even more in the 8R group. The targets were oviductal ciliated (CCs)
and non-ciliated (NCCs) cells, which showed damaged mitochondria and glycogen accumulations in the cytoplasm. The drastic reduction of CCs, evident after 4R, was supported by the
absence of cilia. After 8R, glycogen granules were significantly reduced and massive degeneration of mitochondria, which appeared swollen and/or vacuolated, occurred in NCCs.
Moreover, disintegrated mitochondria were found at the periphery of mitophagic vacuoles with evident signs of cristolysis. The morphometric analysis evidenced a significant
increase in the density and frequency of damaged mitochondria after 4R and 8R. The absence of cilia, necessary to sustain oviductal transport of oocytes, spermatozoa and embryos,
may originate from either mitochondrial dysfunction or glycogen consumption. These results suggest that repeated COH treatments could induce alterations impairing fertilization and
embryo transport toward the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevastiani Antonouli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Palmerini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Serena Bianchi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Gianna Rossi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sandra Cecconi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Manuel Belli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Sara Bernardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mohammad Ali Khalili
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Yazd Institute for Reproductive Sciences, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Giuseppe Familiari
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Annarita Nottola
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Macchiarelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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20
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The association between mitochondrial DNA copy number, telomere length, and tubal pregnancy. Placenta 2020; 97:108-114. [PMID: 32792056 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence has demonstrated association between the occurrence of tubal ectopic pregnancy (TP) and oxidative stress (OS) status, in which mitochondria and telomeres play important roles. However, little is known about the underlying correlation between TP and the mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) or telomere length (TL) abnormalities. In this study, we found OS level was elevated in TP patients. We hierarchically detected the relative mtDNAcn and TL of villi from normal pregnancy (NP) and TP samples according to different gestational age, fetal sex, maternal age, and BMI. The results revealed that the relative mtDNAcn was significantly lower in the villi in the TP group compared with the NP cohort, which was negatively correlated with OS status. In the NP group, the mtDNAcn in the female subgroup was apparently lower than that in the male subgroup, while no statistical difference was found in the mtDNAcn in the TP group between the female and male subgroups. Moreover, the relative TL in the TP group was at a similar level to the NP group, and no statistical correlation was observed between relative TL and OS level. In summary, our findings indicate that the abnormal level of mtDNAcn rather than TL is correlated with TP, which provides new insights into the mechanism of TP.
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21
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Zheng JH, Liu MD, Zhou XJ, Zhang ML, Ma YM, Wang W, Huang XH. An investigation of the time trends, risk factors, role of ultrasonic preoperative diagnosis of 79 ovarian pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2020; 302:899-904. [PMID: 32556530 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-020-05648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian pregnancy (OP) is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy and is still a medical challenge. Therefore, more studies about the time trends, risk factors and diagnostic measurements are needed for the efficient treatment of OP. METHODS The datum of OP patients who were treated at the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University from 2003 to 2018 was collected and a retrospective cohort study was preformed between OP and tubal pregnancy. RESULTS 79 of all 6943 ectopic pregnancy (1.14%) were OP. The prevalence of OP following assisted reproductive technology showed an increasing trend over time, from 8.33% to 15.22%. Previous abdominal surgery was one of the risk factors of OP (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.18-0.95, p = 0.04). Merely 2 (2.53%) patients were sonographically diagnosed as OP accorded with their discharge diagnosis. However, 56 (80.0%) accumulation of blood in the pelvis formed echo free areas could be clearly found by ultrasonography. A significant difference was found in serum β-hCG level among OP patients and tubal pregnancy patients (2762.73 ± 1915.24 mmol/L vs 1034.20 ± 915.32 mmol/L, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of OP following assisted reproductive technology is on the rise. History of abdominal surgery may be a high risk factor for OP patients who have the tendency of high β-hCG levels. The ultrasonic preoperative diagnosis is conductive to the early diagnosis of OP though the diagnosis accuracy is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hua Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215, He Ping Road (West), Xin Hua District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Meng-Di Liu
- Department of Reproduction, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215, He Ping Road (West), Xin Hua District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ming-le Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215, He Ping Road (West), Xin Hua District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yu-Mei Ma
- Department of Pathology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Reproduction, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215, He Ping Road (West), Xin Hua District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
| | - Xiang-Hua Huang
- Department of Gynecology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 215, He Ping Road (West), Xin Hua District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
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Kerr B, Ríos M, Droguett K, Villalón M. Nitric oxide activation by progesterone suppresses ATP-induced ciliary activity in oviductal ciliated cells. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 30:1666-1674. [PMID: 29936934 DOI: 10.1071/rd17450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) regulates the oviductal transport of oocytes and embryos, which are important components of the reproductive process. Local release of ATP transiently increases CBF by increasing [Ca2+]i. Ovarian hormones also regulate ciliary activity and oviductal transport. Progesterone (P4) induces nitric oxide (NO) production and high P4 concentrations induce ciliary dysfunction. However, the mechanism by which P4 affects CBF has not been elucidated. To evaluate the role of P4 in NO production and its effect on ATP-induced increases in CBF, we measured CBF, NO concentrations and [Ca2+]i in cultures of oviductal ciliated cells treated with P4 or NO signalling-related molecules. ATP induced a [Ca2+]i peak, followed by an increase in NO concentrations that were temporally correlated with the decreased phase of the transiently increased CBF. Furthermore, P4 increased the expression of nitric oxide synthases (iNOS and nNOS) and reduced the ATP-induced increase in CBF via a mechanism that involves the NO signalling pathway. These results have improved our knowledge about intracellular messengers controlling CBF and showed that NO attenuates oviduct cell functions. Furthermore, we showed that P4 regulates neurotransmitter (ATP) actions on CBF via the NO pathway, which could explain pathologies where oviductal transport is altered and fertility decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bredford Kerr
- Centro de Estudios Científicos, Av. Arturo Prat 514, 5110466, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Mariana Ríos
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Karla Droguett
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Villalón
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
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Myosalpinx Contractions Are Essential for Egg Transport Along the Oviduct and Are Disrupted in Reproductive Tract Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1124:265-294. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-5895-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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24
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Li C, Wu YT, Zhu Q, Zhang HY, Huang Z, Zhang D, Qi H, Liang GL, He XQ, Wang XF, Tang X, Huang HF, Zhang J. TRPV4 is involved in levonorgestrel-induced reduction in oviduct ciliary beating. J Pathol 2019; 248:77-87. [PMID: 30632164 PMCID: PMC6593834 DOI: 10.1002/path.5233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies revealed the increasing risk of tubal pregnancy following failure of levonorgestrel (LNG)‐induced emergency contraception, which was attributed to the reduced ciliary motility in response to LNG. However, understanding of the mechanism of LNG‐induced reduction in the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) is limited. The transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) 4 channel is located widely in the female reproductive tract and generates an influx of Ca2+ following its activation under normal physiological conditions, which regulates the CBF. The present study aimed to explore whether LNG reduced the CBF in the Fallopian tubes by modulating TRPV4 channels, leading to embryo retention in the Fallopian tubes and subsequent tubal pregnancy. The study provided evidence that the expression of TRPV4 was downregulated in the Fallopian tubes among patients with tubal pregnancy and negatively correlated with the serum level of progesterone. LNG downregulated the expression of TRPV4, limiting the calcium influx to reduce the CBF in mouse oviducts. Furthermore, the distribution of ciliated cells and the morphology of cilia did not change following the administration of LNG. LNG‐induced reduction in the CBF and embryo retention in the Fallopian tubes and in mouse oviducts were partially reversed by the progesterone receptor antagonist RU486 or the TRPV4 agonist 4α‐phorbol 12,13‐didecanoate (4α‐PDD). The results indicated that LNG could downregulate the expression of TRPV4 to reduce the CBF in both humans and mice, suggesting the possible mechanism of tubal pregnancy. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, PR China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yan-Ting Wu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, PR China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qian Zhu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hui-Yu Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhen Huang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, PR China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Duo Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hang Qi
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Gui-Ling Liang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qing He
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xue Tang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - He-Feng Huang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, PR China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jian Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, PR China.,Institute of Embryo-Fetal Original Adult Disease Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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25
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Wang X, Lee CL, Li RHW, Vijayan M, Duan YG, Yeung WSB, Zhang Y, Chiu PCN. Alteration of the immune cell profiles in the pathophysiology of tubal ectopic pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13093. [PMID: 30672642 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubal ectopic pregnancy (TEP) refers to implantation of conceptus in the fallopian tube. It makes up over 98% of ectopic pregnancy (EP), which is the leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in the first trimester of pregnancy. Immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface play important roles in the process of embryo implantation, stroma decidualization, and early placental development. Alterations in the composition, phenotype, and activity of the immune cells in the fallopian tubes contribute toward the onset of TEP. In this review, we compare the leukocytic proportions in decidua of normal pregnancy, and in decidua and fallopian tubes of TEP. The possible functions of these immune cells in the pathophysiology of TEP are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Cheuk-Lun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Raymond H W Li
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Madhavi Vijayan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yong-Gang Duan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - William S B Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanzhen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Philip C N Chiu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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26
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Hirshberg B, Rheinboldt M. Multimodality imaging of acute locoregional and systemic complications in the setting of assisted reproduction. Emerg Radiol 2019; 26:205-219. [PMID: 30631995 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-018-01665-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 40 years since the first in vitro fertilization was performed, both the role of assisted reproductive technology (ART) in establishing viable pregnancy as well as the available treatment options have expanded enormously. Annually in the USA, nearly 2% of pregnancies now employ some form of ART assistance, with in vitro fertilization (IVF) being the most commonly utilized methodology. Both maternal and fetal risks are elevated in ART pregnancies, the latter including adverse outcome due to both increased gestational number as well as advanced maternal age. Maternal risks may be divided into locoregional and systemic complications. Adverse pelvic complications include those relating to gamete harvesting and transfer, ovarian hyperstimulation, the sequela of ectopic and heterotopic pregnancies, as well as ovarian torsion, all of which are elevated in the ART cohort. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is the most commonly encountered complication, with both systemic and pelvic features relating to increased vascular permeability, hemoconcentration, and ascites. While life-threatening cases are relatively rare, moderate and severe manifestations may occur in up to 10% of ART cycles and, as such, are a not infrequent cause for ER visitation. Familiarity with the clinical and imaging manifestations of ART complications as well as their prognostic implications will facilitate a timely diagnosis and assist the interpreting radiologist in best expediting appropriate clinical care. In this article, we will briefly discuss the current methodology of ART then present an imaging-based multimodality review of the potentially encountered adverse maternal sequela, highlighting key diagnostic features and differential considerations as well as potential prognostic implications.
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Assouni Mindjah YA, Essiben F, Foumane P, Dohbit JS, Mboudou ET. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy in a population of Cameroonian women: A case-control study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207699. [PMID: 30540783 PMCID: PMC6291129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy (EP) in a population of Cameroonian women. SAMPLE AND METHODS We performed a matched case-control study; 88 women with diagnosed EP (cases), and 176 women with first trimester intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) (controls), who underwent questionnaires. Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and adjusted for potential confounding factors via multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of the fifteen identified risk factors, 4 were independently associated with increased odds of EP: prior pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 13.18; 95% CI 6.19-27.42), followed by current use of levonorgestrel-only pills for emergency contraception (LNG-EC) (AOR 10.15; 95% CI 2.21-46.56), previous use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) (AOR 3.01; 95% CI 1.04-8.69) and smoking at the time of conception (AOR 2.68; 95% CI 1.12-6.40). CONCLUSION The present study confirms the wide variety of EP's risk factors. Moreover, some new findings including current use of LNG-EC, previous use of DMPA, smoking at the time of conception are noteworthy. Thus, in our limited resources country where prevention remains the cornerstone for reducing EP chances of occurrence, clinicians should do enough counselling, especially to women with known risk factors. The necessity to facilitate access to more equipment to enable early diagnosis of EP is very crucial and should be seriously considered, in order to reduce the burden of EP in Cameroonian women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Félix Essiben
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Pascal Foumane
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Julius Sama Dohbit
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Emile Telesphore Mboudou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Nishimura TK, Martins T, da Silva MI, Lafuente BS, de Garla Maio JR, Binelli M, Pugliesi G, Saran Netto A. Importance of body condition score and ovarian activity on determining the fertility in beef cows supplemented with long-acting progesterone after timed-AI. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 198:27-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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29
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Jung C, Fernández-Dueñas V, Plata C, Garcia-Elias A, Ciruela F, Fernández-Fernández JM, Valverde MA. Functional coupling of GABA A/B receptors and the channel TRPV4 mediates rapid progesterone signaling in the oviduct. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/543/eaam6558. [PMID: 30108184 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aam6558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism by which progesterone (P4) modulates the transport of ova and embryos along the oviduct is not fully resolved. We report a rapid response to P4 and agonists of γ-aminobutyric acid receptors A and B (GABAA/B) in the mouse oviduct that was characterized by oscillatory Ca2+ signals and increased ciliary beat frequency (CBF). Pharmacological manipulation, genetic ablation, and siRNA-mediated knockdown in oviductal cells, as well as overexpression experiments in HEK 293T cells, confirmed the participation of the cationic channel TRPV4, different subunits of GABAA (α1 to α3, β2, and β3), and GABAB1 in P4-induced responses. TRPV4-mediated Ca2+ entry in close proximity to the inositol trisphosphate receptor was required to initiate and maintain Ca2+ oscillations after P4 binding to GABAA and transactivation of Gi/o protein-coupled GABAB receptors. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments and imaging of native tissue and HEK 293T cells demonstrated the close association of GABAA and GABAB1 receptors and the activation of Gi/o proteins in response to P4 and GABA receptor agonists, confirming a molecular mechanism in which P4 and GABAergic agonists cooperatively stimulate cilial beating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Jung
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Victor Fernández-Dueñas
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08907, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Cristina Plata
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Anna Garcia-Elias
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Departament Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08907, Spain.,Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - José M Fernández-Fernández
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Miguel A Valverde
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain.
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30
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Black A, Guilbert E, Costescu D, Dunn S, Fisher W, Kives S, Mirosh M, Norman W, Pymar H, Reid R, Roy G, Varto H, Waddington A, Wagner MS, Whelan AM. Canadian Contraception Consensus (Part 3 of 4): Chapter 8 - Progestin-Only Contraception. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2016; 38:279-300. [PMID: 27106200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide guidelines for health care providers on the use of contraceptive methods to prevent pregnancy and on the promotion of healthy sexuality. OUTCOMES Overall efficacy of cited contraceptive methods, assessing reduction in pregnancy rate, safety, ease of use, and side effects; the effect of cited contraceptive methods on sexual health and general well-being; and the relative cost and availability of cited contraceptive methods in Canada. EVIDENCE Published literature was retrieved through searches of Medline and The Cochrane Database from January 1994 to January 2015 using appropriate controlled vocabulary (e.g., contraception, sexuality, sexual health) and key words (e.g., contraception, family planning, hormonal contraception, emergency contraception). Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies published in English from January 1994 to January 2015. Searches were updated on a regular basis in incorporated in the guideline to June 2015. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology-related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies. VALUES The quality of the evidence in this document was rated using the criteria described in the Report of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Table 1). CHAPTER 8: PROGESTIN-ONLY CONTRACEPTION: Summary Statements Recommendations.
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Weiss A, Beck-Fruchter R, Golan J, Lavee M, Geslevich Y, Shalev E. Ectopic pregnancy risk factors for ART patients undergoing the GnRH antagonist protocol: a retrospective study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016; 14:12. [PMID: 27005813 PMCID: PMC4804527 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-016-0146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In-vitro fertilization is a known risk factor for ectopic pregnancies. We sought to establish the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy in GnRH antagonist cycles examining patient and stimulation parameters with an emphasis on ovulation trigger. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, cohort study of 343 patients undergoing 380 assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles with the GnRH antagonist protocol and achieving a clinical pregnancy from November 2010 through December 2015. RESULTS Significant risk factors for ectopic pregnancy in the univariate analysis included prior Cesarean section (CS), endometriosis, mechanical factor infertility, longer stimulation, elevated estradiol and progesterone levels, GnRH agonist trigger, higher number of oocytes aspirated, and insemination technique. Independent risk factors for ectopic pregnancy in the multivariate analysis included GnRH agonist trigger, higher number of oocytes aspirated, insemination technique, and prior Cesarean section. CONCLUSION Excessive ovarian response, IVF (as opposed to ICSI), prior Cesarean section and GnRH agonist trigger were found to be independent risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. Caution should be exercised before incorporating the GnRH agonist trigger for indications other than preventing OHSS. When excessive ovarian response leads to utilization of GnRH agonist trigger, strategies for preventing ectopic pregnancy, such as a freeze all policy or blastocyst transfer, should be considered. Further studies should elucidate whether adjusting the luteal support can reduce the ectopic pregnancy risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Weiss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - R. Beck-Fruchter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - J. Golan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - M. Lavee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Y. Geslevich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - E. Shalev
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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32
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Black A, Guilbert E, Costescu D, Dunn S, Fisher W, Kives S, Mirosh M, Norman WV, Pymar H, Reid R, Roy G, Varto H, Waddington A, Wagner MS, Whelan AM. Consensus canadien sur la contraception (3e partie de 4) : chapitre 8 – contraception à progestatif seul. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2016; 38:301-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Santos-Ribeiro S, Tournaye H, Polyzos NP. Trends in ectopic pregnancy rates following assisted reproductive technologies in the UK: a 12-year nationwide analysis including 160 000 pregnancies. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:393-402. [PMID: 26724796 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Have the advancement of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and changes in the incidence of specific causes of infertility-altered ectopic pregnancy (EP) rates following ART over time in the UK? SUMMARY ANSWER EP rates in the UK following IVF/ICSI have progressively decreased, and this appears to be associated with a reduction in the incidence of tubal factor infertility and the increased use of both a lower number of embryos transferred and extended embryo culture. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Historically, EP rates following ART are known to have increased over time. However, the impact of progress in ART procedures and changes in both policy and the incidence of specific causes of infertility on the overall EP rate in the UK has yet to be studied. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A population-based retrospective analysis was carried out on all pregnancies following ART cycles carried out in the UK between 2000 and 2012 included in the anonymized database of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Overall, 161 967 treatment cycles resulting in a pregnancy were included in the analysis. Among them, 8852 pregnancies occurred after intrauterine insemination (IUI) and 153 115 following IVF/ICSI. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE During this period of 12 years, ∼1.4% (n = 2244) of all pregnancies following ART were an EP. Crude EP rates were significantly higher after IVF/ICSI when compared with following IUI (1.4 versus 1.1%, P = 0.043). The incidence of EP decreased significantly over time for IVF/ICSI cycles [incidence rate ratios (IRR) 0.96 per year, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94-0.97], but not after IUI (IRR 0.96 per year, 95% CI 0.91-1.03).Among pregnancies resulting from IVF/ICSI, multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the major risk factor for EP was the presence of tubal infertility [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.23, 95% CI 1.93-2.58), followed by the increased number of embryos transferred (aOR 1.29 for 2 versus 1 embryo transferred, 95% CI 1.11-1.49; aOR 1.69 for 3 or more versus 1 embryo transferred, 95% CI 1.35-2.11). The use of extended embryo culture to Days 3-4 or 5-7 significantly reduced the risk of EP, when compared with the transfer of early cleavage (Days 1-2) embryos (respectively, aOR 0.85, 95% CI 0.76-0.94; and aOR 0.73, 95% CI 0.63-0.84). Finally, frozen embryo transfer (ET) had no effect on the risk of EP following IVF/ICSI (aOR 0.92, 95% CI 0.76-1.11). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Owing to the use of this particular registry data, well-established risk factors of EP, such as smoking habits or uterine surgery, could not be assessed. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results provide the first evidence of a potential benefit-in terms of the reduction in EP rates-of the implementation of national programmes aiming to reduce the incidence of tubal infertility, such as the National Chlamydia Screening Programme. In addition, campaigns for the widespread introduction of single ET may not only reduce the incidence of multiple pregnancies but also the incidence of EP following IVF/ICSI. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS No funding was obtained for this study, and there are no conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Santos-Ribeiro
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, Brussels 1090, Belgium Department of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine, Santa Maria University Hospital, Avenida Professor Egas Moniz, Lisbon 1649-035, Portugal
| | - Herman Tournaye
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, Brussels 1090, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos P Polyzos
- Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 101, Brussels 1090, Belgium Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Aarhus, Incuba/Skejby, bld.2, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Ectopic pregnancy with use of progestin-only injectables and contraceptive implants: a systematic review. Contraception 2015; 92:514-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Panelli DM, Phillips CH, Brady PC. Incidence, diagnosis and management of tubal and nontubal ectopic pregnancies: a review. FERTILITY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2015; 1:15. [PMID: 28620520 PMCID: PMC5424401 DOI: 10.1186/s40738-015-0008-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectopic pregnancy is a potentially life-threatening condition occurring in 1-2 % of all pregnancies. The most common ectopic implantation site is the fallopian tube, though 10 % of ectopic pregnancies implant in the cervix, ovary, myometrium, interstitial portion of the fallopian tube, abdominal cavity or within a cesarean section scar. FINDINGS Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical symptoms, serology, and ultrasound. Medical management is a safe and effective option in most clinically stable patients. Patients who have failed medical management, are ineligible, or present with ruptured ectopic pregnancy or heterotopic pregnancy are most often managed with excision by laparoscopy or, less commonly, laparotomy. Management of nontubal ectopic pregnancies may involve medical or surgical treatment, or a combination, as dictated by ectopic pregnancy location and the patient's clinical stability. Following tubal ectopic pregnancy, the rate of subsequent intrauterine pregnancy is high and independent of treatment modality. CONCLUSION This review describes the incidence, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of tubal and non-tubal ectopic and heterotopic pregnancies, and reviews the existing data regarding recurrence and future fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Panelli
- Department of Obstcpetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Catherine H. Phillips
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Paula C. Brady
- Department of Obstcpetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115 USA
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Zhao W, Zhu Q, Yan M, Li C, Yuan J, Qin G, Zhang J. Levonorgestrel decreases cilia beat frequency of human fallopian tubes and rat oviducts without changing morphological structure. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:171-8. [PMID: 25399777 PMCID: PMC6680194 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Levonorgestrel, a derivative of progesterone, effectively protects women against unwanted pregnancy as an emergency contraceptive. Previous studies have not been successful in determining the mechanism by which levonorgestrel acts. In the present study we analysed cilia beat action and cilia morphology following levonorgestrel exposure in vitro and in vivo using both light and electron microscopy. There was a significant decrease in the ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of human fallopian tubes between mucosal explants bathed in 5 μmol/L levonorgestrel and those bathed in medium alone (P < 0.05). There was a tendency for CBF to decrease more in the ampulla than in isthmus, but there were no differences between the proliferative and secretory phases. In rat oviducts, levonorgestrel produced a similar reduction in CBF (~ 10%) compared with the saline control group (P < 0.05). Histological and ultrastructural analysis demonstrated no changes in the percentage of ciliated cells or in the classic '9 + 2' structure of cilia following levonorgestrel treatment in either system. Thus, levonorgestrel reduces CBF without damaging cilia morphology. Decreases in CBF may indicate a pathological role for levonorgestrel in the transportation of the ovum and zygote in the fallopian tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital/School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Yuan J, Zhao W, Yan M, Zhu Q, Qin G, Qiu J, Zhang J. Ulipristal Acetate Antagonizes the Inhibitory Effect of Progesterone on Ciliary Beat Frequency and Upregulates Steroid Receptor Expression Levels in Human Fallopian Tubes. Reprod Sci 2015; 22:1516-23. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719115589409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangjing Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital/School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital/School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingxing Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital/School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital/School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guojuan Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Minhang Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital/School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital/School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify risk factors for ovarian pregnancy (OP) and compare clinical features between OP and tubal pregnancy (TP) patients. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING University hospital. PARTICIPANTS A case-control study was conducted from January 2005 to May 2014. Women diagnosed with OP were recruited as the case group (n=71), 145 women with TP and 146 with intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) were matched as controls at a ratio of 1:2:2. Women who refused interviews or provided incomplete information were excluded. RESULTS OP risk was lower than TP risk in women with serological evidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection (adjusted OR1 0.17, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.52), previous adnexal surgery (adjusted OR1 0.25, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.95), and current levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive use (adjusted OR1 0.24, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.78). In vitro fertilisation-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) carried a higher risk of OP (adjusted OR1 12.18, 95% CI 2.23 to 66.58) than natural conception. When Controlled by IUP women, current users of intrauterine devices (IUDs) carried a higher risk of OP than non-users of any contraceptives (adjusted OR2 9.60, 95% CI 1.76 to 42.20). β-Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels on the day of surgery were higher in OP patients than in TP patients (p<0.01). Women with OP were less likely to initially present with vaginal bleeding than those with TP (p=0.02). Moreover, shock (p=0.02), rupture (p<0.01), haemoperitoneum (p<0.01) and emergency laparotomy (p<0.01) were more common in the OP group than in the TP group. CONCLUSIONS IVF-ET and IUD use may be risk factors for OP, and OP patients tend to have high β-hCG levels and a poor clinical outcome (shock, rupture, haemoperitoneum and need for emergency laparotomy). Our findings may contribute to the prevention and early diagnosis of OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang-Jing Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Xing Yan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Juan Qin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Minhang Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Acharya KS, Provost MP, Yeh JS, Acharya CR, Muasher SJ. Ectopic pregnancy rates in frozen versus fresh embryo transfer in in vitro fertilization: A systematic review and meta-analysis. MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mefs.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Carvajal A, Sáinz M, Velasco V, García Ortega P, Treceño C, Martín Arias LH, Pellón M, García Sevillano L. Emergency contraceptive pill safety profile. Comparison of the results of a follow-up study to those coming from spontaneous reporting. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2014; 24:93-7. [PMID: 25408302 DOI: 10.1002/pds.3725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) containing levonorgestrel is dispensed without a prescription in Spain since 2009. An easy access could diminish unwanted pregnancies; however, there is a risk of misuse and, in any case, of developing some adverse events. The aim of the present study is to further learn the adverse effects of this ECP. METHODS An ad hoc follow-up study was carried out in three community pharmacies in a city of Central Spain; the sample was composed of those women asking for the ECP; they were interviewed by telephone after at least a month since the last menses. We completed the safety profile obtained with that coming from spontaneous reporting in Spain. RESULTS Out of 139 women surveyed, 113 developed any adverse event--two considered as severe; the most frequently reported events were menstrual disturbances, which accounted for 21% of all events. Through spontaneous reporting, 36 cases of whatever adverse events related to levonorgestrel as ECP were identified. Twenty-five cases were considered as severe. Both types of reaction and severity were significantly different in the follow-up study and in the spontaneous reporting. Some of the reactions identified, such as miscarriage, febrile neutropenia, and porphyria, are not included in the Summary of Product Characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Levonorgestrel as an ECP is mostly safe. Attention should be paid to some severe events and particularly to those risk factors for them to appear. Combining spontaneous reporting with an ad hoc follow-up study, the whole safety profile of a given medication can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Carvajal
- Centro de Estudios sobre la Seguridad de los Medicamentos (CESME), Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Huang B, Hu D, Qian K, Ai J, Li Y, Jin L, Zhu G, Zhang H. Is frozen embryo transfer cycle associated with a significantly lower incidence of ectopic pregnancy? An analysis of more than 30,000 cycles. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:1345-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.07.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ezzati M, Djahanbakhch O, Arian S, Carr BR. Tubal transport of gametes and embryos: a review of physiology and pathophysiology. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014; 31:1337-47. [PMID: 25117646 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-014-0309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of assisted reproductive technology in the past three decades, the clinical importance of fallopian tubes has been relatively overlooked. However, successful spontaneous conception requires normal function of the tube to provide not only a conduit for the gametes to convene and embryo to reach the uterine cavity, but also a physiologically optimized environment for fertilization and early embryonic development. In this review, after a brief description of normal human tubal anatomy and histology, we will discuss tubal transport and its principal effectors, including ciliary motion, muscular contractility and tubal fluid. Furthermore, we will discuss the ciliary ultrastructure and regulation of ciliary beat frequency by ovarian steroids, follicular fluid, angiotensin system, autonomic nervous system and other factors such as adrenomedullin and prostaglandins. In the last section, we describe the adverse impact of various pathological conditions, such as endometriosis, infection and smoking on tubal function and ciliary motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ezzati
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9032, USA,
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Abstract
We provide a review of microRNA (miRNA) related to human implantation which shows the potential diagnostic role of miRNAs in impaired endometrial receptivity, altered embryo development, implantation failure after assisted reproduction technology, and in ectopic pregnancy and pregnancies of unknown location. MicroRNAs may be emerging diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic tools for understanding implantation disorders. However, further research is needed before miRNAs can be used in clinical practice for identifying and treating implantation failure.
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Shapiro BS, Daneshmand ST, Garner FC, Aguirre M, Hudson C. Clinical rationale for cryopreservation of entire embryo cohorts in lieu of fresh transfer. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:3-9. [PMID: 24842675 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent dramatic increases in success rates with frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) are encouraging, as are numerous findings of several reduced risks with FET when compared with fresh transfer. These reduced risks include low birth weight and prematurity, among others. However, FET is also associated with increased risks of macrosomia and large for gestational age. There have been reports of greater implantation and pregnancy rates with FET than with fresh autologous embryo transfer, suggesting superior endometrial receptivity in the absence of ovarian stimulation. As cryo-technology evolves, there is potential for further increase in FET success rates, but for now it may be best to follow an individualized approach, balancing fresh transfer and embryo cohort cryopreservation options while considering patient characteristics, cycle parameters, and clinic success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S Shapiro
- Fertility Center of Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, Nevada.
| | - Said T Daneshmand
- Fertility Center of Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Forest C Garner
- Fertility Center of Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, Nevada
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Decleer W, Osmanagaoglu K, Meganck G, Devroey P. Slightly lower incidence of ectopic pregnancies in frozen embryo transfer cycles versus fresh in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer cycles: a retrospective cohort study. Fertil Steril 2014; 101:162-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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46
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Nomogram to predict ongoing pregnancy using age of women and serum biomarkers after in vitro fertilization cycles. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2014; 172:65-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Association between increased expression of endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase in the human fallopian tube and tubal ectopic pregnancy. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE 2014; 12:19-28. [PMID: 24799858 PMCID: PMC4009582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tubal ectopic pregnancy (tEP) is the most common type of extra-uterine pregnancy and the most common cause of maternal mortality. Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule that incorporates in many physiological processes of female reproductive system. Recent studies have demonstrated the possible role of endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) enzyme in the regulation of many reproductive events that occur in the fallopian tube (FT). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of eNOS in the FTs of women with tEP. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this case-control study, a total number of 30FTs samples were obtained from three groups including: 10 FTs of women that bearing an EP, 10 FTs from the non-pregnant women at luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, and 10 FTs of healthy pregnant women (n=10). Samples were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and then were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Localization of eNOS was seen in secretory and ciliated luminal epithelium and vascular endothelium of all groups. However, we did not observed the expression of eNOS in smooth muscle cells of all groups. Expression of eNOS in luminal epithelium of women with EP compared to non-pregnant women at luteal phase of menstrual cycle and healthy pregnant group showed statistically significant increase (p=0.00). Significant difference in expression of eNOS was not observed in luminal epithelium of FTs of women at luteal phase compared to healthy pregnant groups (p=0.78). CONCLUSION This study indicates that changes in expression of eNOS in luminal epithelium of FT may lead to development of EP. This article extracted from M.Sc. thesis. (Leyla Fath Bayati).
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Wang J, Wei Y, Diao F, Cui Y, Mao Y, Wang W, Liu J. The association between polycystic ovary syndrome and ectopic pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209:139.e1-9. [PMID: 23659986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to assess the association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and ectopic pregnancy after in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (ET). STUDY DESIGN In this retrospective cohort study, we included 5339 women who had clinical pregnancies after in vitro fertilization treatment (PCOS, 205 women; non-PCOS, 5134 women) at Nanjing Medical University (China) between 2007 and 2011. Fresh and cryo-thawed ET cycles were analyzed respectively. The primary outcome measure was the occurrence of ectopic pregnancy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for important confounders. RESULTS In fresh ET cycles of women who were undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH; n = 3303), women with PCOS had 3.06 times higher risk of ectopic pregnancy compared with those without PCOS (7.0% vs 2.4%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34-6.96). In the stratified analysis, for women without PCOS, the high estradiol group (>4085 pg/mL) had higher ectopic pregnancy rates compared with the low estradiol group (≤4085 pg/mL; 3.4% vs 2.0%; aOR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.19-3.35); however, for women with PCOS, both high and low estradiol groups had high ectopic pregnancy rates (5.6% vs 7.7%; aOR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.15-5.67). In cryo-thawed ET cycles without COH (n = 2036), the ectopic rates between women with and without PCOS were similar (2.2% vs 2.0%; aOR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.22-4.07). CONCLUSION PCOS was associated with an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy after COH in fresh ET cycles, but not in cryo-thawed ET cycles. A possible explanation is that, compared with women without PCOS, women with PCOS appear to hold a lower threshold of hyperphysiologic estradiol level that triggers the occurrence of ectopic pregnancy after COH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P R China
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Smith LP, Oskowitz SP, Dodge LE, Hacker MR. Risk of ectopic pregnancy following day-5 embryo transfer compared with day-3 transfer. Reprod Biomed Online 2013; 27:407-13. [PMID: 23953586 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of ectopic pregnancy after IVF is increased approximately 2.5-5-fold compared with natural conceptions; however, the aetiology for this increased risk remains unclear. One proposed practice change to decrease the incidence of ectopic pregnancy is blastocyst embryo transfer on day 5 rather than cleavage-stage embryo transfer on day 3. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to compare the risk of ectopic pregnancy following fresh day-5 embryo transfer with day-3 embryo transfer among women who underwent IVF and achieved pregnancy from 1998 to 2011. There were 13,654 eligible pregnancies; 277 were ectopic. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy was 2.1% among day-3 pregnancies and 1.6% among day-5 pregnancies. The adjusted risk ratio for ectopic pregnancy from day-5 compared with day-3 transfer was 0.71 (95% confidence interval 0.46-1.10). Although this analysis included 13,654 cycles, with a two-sided significance level of 0.05, it had only 21.9% power to detect a difference between the low incidence of ectopic pregnancy among both day-3 and day-5 transfers. In conclusion, this study was not able to demonstrate a difference in the risk of ectopic pregnancy among day-3 compared with day-5 transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Smith
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Kirstein 3, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Boston IVF, 130 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451, USA; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Reproductive Medicine and Surgery Center of Virginia, 595 Martha Jefferson Drive, Suite 390, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
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Li RR, Dong YZ, Guo YH, Sun YP, Su YC, Chen F. Comparative study of pregnancy outcomes between day 3 embryo transfer and day 5 blastocyst transfer in patients with progesterone elevation. J Int Med Res 2013; 41:1318-25. [PMID: 23812114 DOI: 10.1177/0300060513489480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the effects of progesterone (P) elevation on pregnancy outcomes of day 3 embryo and day 5 blastocyst transfer. Methods Clinical outcomes (pregnancy and ectopic pregnancy rates) following day 3 embryo and day 5 blastocyst transfer cycles were retrospectively analysed. Day 3 embryo and day 5 blastocyst transfer cycles were divided into normal P level (P ≤ 1.5 ng/ml) and P elevation group (P > 1.5 ng/ml), based on the serum P level on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration. Results A total of 2868 cycles were analysed. In day 3 embryo transfer cycles ( n = 2345), the clinical pregnancy rate was significantly higher in the normal P level group compared with the P elevation group (55.4% versus 46.7%, respectively) and the ectopic pregnancy rate was significantly lower in the normal P level group compared with the P elevation group (2.8% versus 7.9%, respectively). In day 5 blastocyst transfer cycles ( n = 523), there were no significant differences in the clinical pregnancy and ectopic pregnancy rates between the two groups, based on the P level. Conclusion These preliminary findings suggest that day 5 blastocyst transfer should be adopted for patients with P elevation on the day of hCG administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Rui Li
- Reproductive Medical Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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