1
|
Gooch D, Sears C, Maydew H, Vamvakas G, Norbury CF. Does Inattention and Hyperactivity Moderate the Relation Between Speed of Processing and Language Skills? Child Dev 2019; 90:e565-e583. [PMID: 30737991 PMCID: PMC6801354 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The causal role of speed of processing (SOP) in developmental language disorder (DLD) is unclear given that SOP has been implicated in other neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This study investigated associations between SOP, language, and inattention/hyperactivity in a U.K. epidemiological cohort (N = 528). Monolingual children from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds were assessed longitudinally; at ages 5-6 (2012/2013) and 7-8 years (2014/2015). Persistent weaknesses in SOP characterized children with DLD but did not predict language longitudinally. Ratings of inattention/hyperactivity moderated the association between SOP and language, indicating that SOP deficits are particularly detrimental for language when coupled with poor attention/hyperactivity. SOP may be a shared risk factor for DLD and inattention/hyperactivity or a general marker of neurodevelopmental disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Gooch
- University of Surrey
- University College London
- Royal HollowayUniversity of London
| | - Claire Sears
- University College London
- Royal HollowayUniversity of London
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Greenop K, Kann L. Extra-Task Stimulation on Mathematics Performance in Children with and without ADHD. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/008124630703700208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The optimal stimulation theory developed by Zentall (1975) holds that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) will demonstrate high levels of activity when faced with a task or situation of low arousal or stimulation. Both Zentall's early work and more recent research have supported the theory. The present study aimed to add to this literature by comparing children with and without ADHD on an academic task under two counterbalanced stimulation conditions. The first required children to do mathematics problems in silence, and the second required doing the problems with their favourite music playing. Twenty-two children with ADHD and 20 children without ADHD, with a mean age of 9.75 years, were hypothesised to perform significantly differently under the two conditions. Mathematics performance was scored as Correct, Number attempted, and Accurate (number correct divided by number attempted). A repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated that generally no main effects for group (ADHD and non-ADHD) nor condition (music and silence) were observed. The only significant finding was that Accuracy (the complex mathematical calculation) improved for both the ADHD and non-ADHD groups, an effect not influenced by order of task presentation. This finding supports the optimal stimulation theory for all children under both order conditions, and is not specific to ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirston Greenop
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, WITS, 2050, South Africa
| | - Lisa Kann
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Human and Community Development, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Z, Chang SH, Zhang LY, Gao L, Wang J. Molecular genetic studies of ADHD and its candidate genes: a review. Psychiatry Res 2014; 219:10-24. [PMID: 24863865 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood-onset psychiatric disorder with high heritability. In recent years, numerous molecular genetic studies have been published to investigate susceptibility loci for ADHD. These results brought valuable candidates for further research, but they also presented great challenge for profound understanding of genetic data and general patterns of current molecular genetic studies of ADHD since they are scattered and heterogeneous. In this review, we presented a retrospective review of more than 300 molecular genetic studies for ADHD from two aspects: (1) the main achievements of various studies were summarized, including linkage studies, candidate-gene association studies, genome-wide association studies and genome-wide copy number variation studies, with a special focus on general patterns of study design and common sample features; (2) candidate genes for ADHD have been systematically evaluated in three ways for better utilization. The thorough summary of the achievements from various studies will provide an overview of the research status of molecular genetics studies for ADHD. Meanwhile, the analysis of general patterns and sample characteristics on the basis of these studies, as well as the integrative review of candidate ADHD genes, will propose new clues and directions for future experiment design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Su-Hua Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Liu-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
JEPSEN JENSRICHARDTMØLLECAARD, MICHEL MARIA. ADHD and the symptom dimensions inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1027/1901-2276.58.2.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
5
|
Greven CU, Rijsdijk FV, Plomin R. A twin study of ADHD symptoms in early adolescence: hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattentiveness show substantial genetic overlap but also genetic specificity. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 39:265-75. [PMID: 21336711 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-010-9451-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A previous paper in this journal revealed substantial genetic overlap between the ADHD dimensions of hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattentiveness in a sample of 8-year old twins drawn from a UK-representative population sample. Four years later, when the twins were 12 years old, more than 5,500 pairs drawn from the same sample were rated again on the DSM-IV based Revised Conners' Parent Rating Scale to assess symptoms on both ADHD dimensions. Heritabilities were high (around 70%) for both hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattentiveness and evidence for etiological sex differences was absent. The critical finding was a genetic correlation of 0.55, indicating that hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattentiveness are substantially influenced by the same genes but that the two dimensions also show large and significant unique genetic effects. These results in early adolescence confirm our findings in middle childhood, providing evidence for substantial genetic overlap as well as genetic heterogeneity of the ADHD dimensions. Future genetic studies should investigate the ADHD dimensions separately.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corina U Greven
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Self-regulation in ADHD: the role of error processing. Clin Psychol Rev 2010; 30:951-61. [PMID: 20659781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by persistent and impairing developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Such behavioral dysregulation may be a consequence of deficits in self-monitoring or adaptive control, both of which are required for adaptive behavior. Processing of contextual demands, ongoing monitoring of one's behavior to evaluate whether it is appropriate for a particular situation, and adjusting behavior when it is suboptimal are components of self-regulation. This review examines and integrates the emerging literature on error-processing and adaptive control as components of self-regulation into the prominent etiological theories of ADHD. Available data on error-processing, as reflected in event-related potentials (ERN and Pe) and behavioral performance, suggest that both early error detection and later error-evaluation may be diminished in ADHD, thereby interfering with adaptive control processes. However, variability in results limit broad conclusions, particularly for early error detection. A range of methodological issues, including ERP parameters and sample and task characteristics, likely contribute to this variability, and recommendations for future work are presented. The emerging literature on error-processing and adaptive control informs etiological theories of ADHD in general and may provide a method for testing self-regulation models in particular.
Collapse
|
7
|
Remédier aux difficultés d’apprentissage des élèves présentant un trouble déficit d’attention et hyperactivité (TDA/H) par une approche métacognitive : revue de la littérature. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2010. [DOI: 10.4074/s0003503309004060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
8
|
Abstract
It is well known that there are strong genetic influences on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with genetic association studies providing good evidence for the involvement of the dopamine neurotransmitter system in its aetiology. Developmental origins of ADHD represent an interesting area of research to understand the genetics that underlie early appearing individual differences. However, understanding the molecular basis of ADHD requires accurate, unbiased, heritable measures that can be used for molecular genetic association analyses. We take two approaches to examine the genetics of ADHD behaviours in infancy. Using quantitative genetic techniques, we explore the relationship between objective measures of activity level (AL) in both home and laboratory environments as well as with parent ratings of ADHD symptoms in a population sample of 2-year-old twins. Molecular association analyses of these measures examine candidate genes previously associated with ADHD. We find that ADHD symptoms, AL in the home and AL in the lab represent heritable phenotypes in 2-year-old infants. AL measured in the home has a strong genetic correlation with symptoms of ADHD, whereas AL in the lab correlates only modestly with the same ADHD measure. Genetic correlations suggest that AL in the home is more comparable than AL in the lab to ADHD behaviour and support the separation of all three for molecular analyses. There was modest evidence for association between DAT1, NET1 and ADHD symptom scores, as well as between DAT1 and AL in the lab.
Collapse
|
9
|
El-Sayed E, Larsson JO, Persson HE, Santosh PJ, Rydelius PA. “Maturational lag” hypothesis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an update. Acta Paediatr 2007. [PMID: 12892153 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb02531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E El-Sayed
- Department of Woman and Child Health, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Heiser P, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Frey J, Smidt J, Grabarkiewicz J, Friedel S, Kühnau W, Schmidtke J, Remschmidt H, Hebebrand J. Twin study on heritability of activity, attention, and impulsivity as assessed by objective measures. J Atten Disord 2006; 9:575-81. [PMID: 16648224 DOI: 10.1177/1087054705284298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess heritability of activity, attention, and impulsivity by comparing young monozygotic (MZ) twins with dizygotic (DZ) twins using objective measures. METHOD The OPTAx test is an infrared motion analysis to record the movement pattern during a continuous performance test. Seventeen MZ and 12 same sexed DZ twin pairs in the range of 6 to 12 years were tested. The zygosity was determined by DNA-fingerprinting. The measures under investigation were activity (microevents and spatial scaling), impulsivity (errors of commission), and attention (accuracy and variability). For statistical analyses, the classical model of Falconer and the ACE and ADE genetic model for twin data were applied in order to estimate the proportion of the variance in activity, impulsivity and attention that is due to genetic effects. RESULTS The respective coefficients of intraclass correlations in MZ twins ranged between .35 and .65 whereas for DZ twins the correlations were between .12 and .88. The heritability estimates resulting from both models were about 30% for 4 of the 5 measures, but none of these was significantly different from 0. CONCLUSION We found no significant influence of genetic factors for activity, attention, and impulsivity. The authors conclude that further investigation of heritability of ADHD is necessary using larger sample sizes and objective measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Heiser
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Philipps-University of Marburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lemelin G, Lafortune D, Fortier I. Les caractéristiques familiales des enfants présentant un trouble déficitaire de l'attention avec ou sans hyperactivité: Recension critique des écrits. CANADIAN PSYCHOLOGY-PSYCHOLOGIE CANADIENNE 2006. [DOI: 10.1037/cp2006011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
12
|
Johansen EB, Sagvolden T, Kvande G. Effects of delayed reinforcers on the behavior of an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Behav Brain Res 2005; 162:47-61. [PMID: 15922066 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2004] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), affecting 3-5% of grade-school children, is a behavioral disorder characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It has been suggested that the symptoms are caused by altered reinforcement and extinction processes, behaviorally described as an abnormally short and steep delay-of-reinforcement gradient in ADHD. The present study tested predictions from the suggested shortened and steepened delay gradient in ADHD in an animal model, the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). It was predicted that SHR responding during baseline would mainly consist of responses with short inter-response times, and that responding would be more rapidly reduced in the SHR than in the controls by the introduction of a time interval between the response and reinforcer delivery. Effects of a resetting delay of reinforcement procedure with water as the reinforcer were tested on two baseline reinforcement schedules: variable interval 30 s (VI 30 s) and conjoint variable interval 60 s differential reinforcement of high rate 1s (VI 60 s DRH 1 s). The results showed a higher rate of responses in the SHR than in the controls during baseline, mainly consisting of responses with short inter-response times. The statistical analyses showed that response rates decreased more rapidly as a function of reinforcer delay in the SHR than in the controls. The analyses of the estimates of the reinforcer decay parameter showed no strain differences during the VI 30 s schedule but showed a significant strain difference at the end, but not at the start, of the sessions during the VI 60 s DRH 1 s schedule. In general, the results support predictions from the suggested steepened delay gradient in SHR. However, the predictions were only partly confirmed by the analyses of the decay parameter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Espen Borgå Johansen
- Department of Physiology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1003, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Stevenson J, Asherson P, Hay D, Levy F, Swanson J, Thapar A, Willcutt E. Characterizing the ADHD phenotype for genetic studies. Dev Sci 2005; 8:115-21. [PMID: 15720369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00398.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The genetic study of ADHD has made considerable progress. Further developments in the field will be reliant in part on identifying the most appropriate phenotypes for genetic analysis. The use of both categorical and dimensional measures of symptoms related to ADHD has been productive. The use of multiple reporters is a valuable feature of the characterization of psychopathology in children. It is argued that the use of aggregated measures to characterize the ADHD phenotype, particularly to establish its pervasiveness, is desirable. The recognition of the multiple comorbidities of ADHD can help to isolate more specific genetic influences. In relation to both reading disability and conduct disorder there is evidence that genes may be involved in the comorbid condition that are different from pure ADHD. To date, progress with the investigation of endophenotypes for ADHD has been disappointing. It is suggested that extending such studies beyond cognitive underpinnings to include physiological and metabolic markers might facilitate progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jim Stevenson
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1 BJ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sagvolden T, Russell VA, Aase H, Johansen EB, Farshbaf M. Rodent models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57:1239-47. [PMID: 15949994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Revised: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An ideal animal model should be similar to the disorder it models in terms of etiology, biochemistry, symptomatology, and treatment. Animal models provide several advantages over clinical research: simpler nervous systems, easily interpreted behaviors, genetic homogeneity, easily controlled environment, and a greater variety of interventions. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder of childhood onset that is characterized by inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. Its diagnosis is behaviorally based; therefore, the validation of an ADHD model must be based in behavior. An ADHD model must mimic the fundamental behavioral characteristics of ADHD (face validity), conform to a theoretical rationale for ADHD (construct validity), and predict aspects of ADHD behavior, genetics, and neurobiology previously uncharted in clinical settings (predictive validity). Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) fulfill many of the validation criteria and compare well with clinical cases of ADHD. Poor performers in the five-choice serial reaction time task and Naples high-excitability rats (NHE) are useful models for attention-deficit disorder. Other animal models either focus on the less important symptom of hyperactivity and might be of limited value in ADHD research or are produced in ways that would not lead to a clinical diagnosis of ADHD in humans, even if ADHD-like behavior is displayed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terje Sagvolden
- Center for Advanced Study at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rietveld MJH, Hudziak JJ, Bartels M, van Beijsterveldt CEM, Boomsma DI. Heritability of attention problems in children: I. cross-sectional results from a study of twins, age 3-12 years. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 117B:102-13. [PMID: 12555244 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.10024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple twin studies of attention problems (AP) from the Child Behavior Checklist or ADHD from the DSM criteria have reported on the genetic and environmental influences on these behaviors. The majority of these have studied AP and ADHD symptoms in twin samples combined across wide age spans, combined rater information and both genders. Thus, it is possible that the results are complicated by developmental, informant, and gender differences. The purpose of this study was to assess for the genetic and environmental contributions to overactive behavior (a syndrome highly related to AP in 7-, 10-, and 12-years olds) in 3-years olds (3,671 twin pairs), and attention problems in 7- (3,373 twin pairs), 10- (2,485 twin pairs), and 12-years olds (1,305 twin pairs) while controlling for developmental, gender and rater contrast contributions. Using a cross-sectional twin design, contributions from genetic additive, genetic dominance, unique environmental and rater contrast effects were estimated for CBCL maternal reports. We found that genetic influences on overactive behavior and attention problems are high across an age span that covers pre-school and elementary school age. Although girls display less problem behavior compared to boys, heritability estimates were found equal for both genders at each age. Environmental experiences that are unique to the individual accounted for the remaining influence. At the age of 3 years, a rater contrast effect was detected. We hypothesize that the contrast effect represents a maternal rater bias effect that is dependent on the age of the twins. The implications of these findings are discussed with reference to the clinical setting and in the context of future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J H Rietveld
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sonuga-Barke EJS. Psychological heterogeneity in AD/HD--a dual pathway model of behaviour and cognition. Behav Brain Res 2002; 130:29-36. [PMID: 11864715 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00432-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Psychological accounts have characterised attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) as either a neuro-cognitive disorder of regulation or a motivational style. Poor inhibitory control is thought to underpin AD/HD children's dysregulation while delay aversion is a dominant characteristic of their motivational style. A recent 'head to head' study of these two accounts suggest that delay aversion and poor inhibitory control are independent co-existing characteristics of AD/HD (combined type). In the present paper we build on these findings to propose a dual pathway model of AD/HD that recognises two quite distinct sub-types of the disorder. In one AD/HD is the result of the dysregulation of action and thought resulting from poor inhibitory control associated with the meso-cortical branch of the dopamine system projecting in the cortical control centres (e.g. pre-frontal cortex). In the other AD/HD is a motivational style characterised by an altered delay of reward gradient linked to the meso-limbic dopamine branch associated with the reward circuits (e.g. nucleus accumbens). The two pathways are further distinguished at the levels of symptoms, cognitive and motivation profiles and genetic and non-genetic origins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- Centre for Research into Psychological Development, Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Johnston C, Mash EJ. Families of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: review and recommendations for future research. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2001; 4:183-207. [PMID: 11783738 DOI: 10.1023/a:1017592030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 616] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This review integrates and critically evaluates what is known about family characteristics associated with childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Evidence suggests that the presence of ADHD in children is associated to varying degrees with disturbances in family and marital functioning, disrupted parent-child relationships, specific patterns of parental cognitions about child behavior and reduced parenting self-efficacy, and increased levels of parenting stress and parental psychopathology, particularly when ADHD is comorbid with conduct problems. However, the review reveals that little is known about the developmental mechanisms that underlie these associations, or the pathways through which child and family characteristics transact to exert their influences over time. In addition, the influence of factors such as gender, culture, and ADHD subtype on the association between ADHD and family factors remains largely unknown. We conclude with recommendations regarding the necessity for research that will inform a developmental psychopathology perspective of ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Johnston
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|