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Jiang Y, Fay JM, Poon CD, Vinod N, Zhao Y, Bullock K, Qin S, Manickam DS, Yi X, Banks WA, Kabanov AV. Nanoformulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor with Target Receptor-Triggered-Release in the Central Nervous System. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2018; 28:1703982. [PMID: 29785179 PMCID: PMC5958903 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201703982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is identified as a potent neuroprotective and neuroregenerative agent for many neurological diseases. Regrettably, its delivery to the brain is hampered by poor serum stability and rapid brain clearance. Here, a novel nanoformulation is reported composed of a bio-compatible polymer, poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-glutamic acid) (PEG-PLE), that hosts the BDNF molecule in a nanoscale complex, termed here Nano-BDNF. Upon simple mixture, Nano-BDNF spontaneously forms uniform spherical particles with a core-shell structure. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that binding between BDNF and PEG-PLE is mediated through electrostatic coupling as well as transient hydrogen bonding. The formation of Nano-BDNF complex stabilizes BDNF and protects it from nonspecific binding with common proteins in the body fluid, while allowing it to associate with its receptors. Following intranasal administration, the nanoformulation improves BDNF delivery throughout the brain and displays a more preferable regional distribution pattern than the native protein. Furthermore, intranasally delivered Nano-BDNF results in superior neuroprotective effects in the mouse brain with lipopolysaccharides-induced inflammation, indicating promise for further evaluation of this agent for the therapy of neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James M. Fay
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7260, USA
| | - Chi-Duen Poon
- Research Computer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Natasha Vinod
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
- Joint UNC/NC State Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7575, USA
| | - Yuling Zhao
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
| | - Kristin Bullock
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Si Qin
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
| | | | - Xiang Yi
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7362, USA
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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2
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Jeong JW, McCall JG, Shin G, Zhang Y, Al-Hasani R, Kim M, Li S, Sim JY, Jang KI, Shi Y, Hong DY, Liu Y, Schmitz GP, Xia L, He Z, Gamble P, Ray WZ, Huang Y, Bruchas MR, Rogers JA. Wireless Optofluidic Systems for Programmable In Vivo Pharmacology and Optogenetics. Cell 2015; 162:662-74. [PMID: 26189679 PMCID: PMC4525768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In vivo pharmacology and optogenetics hold tremendous promise for dissection of neural circuits, cellular signaling, and manipulating neurophysiological systems in awake, behaving animals. Existing neural interface technologies, such as metal cannulas connected to external drug supplies for pharmacological infusions and tethered fiber optics for optogenetics, are not ideal for minimally invasive, untethered studies on freely behaving animals. Here, we introduce wireless optofluidic neural probes that combine ultrathin, soft microfluidic drug delivery with cellular-scale inorganic light-emitting diode (μ-ILED) arrays. These probes are orders of magnitude smaller than cannulas and allow wireless, programmed spatiotemporal control of fluid delivery and photostimulation. We demonstrate these devices in freely moving animals to modify gene expression, deliver peptide ligands, and provide concurrent photostimulation with antagonist drug delivery to manipulate mesoaccumbens reward-related behavior. The minimally invasive operation of these probes forecasts utility in other organ systems and species, with potential for broad application in biomedical science, engineering, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Woong Jeong
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jordan G McCall
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gunchul Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health, Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Center for Mechanics and Materials, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ream Al-Hasani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Minku Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joo Yong Sim
- Bio-Medical IT Convergence Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon 305-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-In Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yan Shi
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health, Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Daniel Y Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Gavin P Schmitz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Li Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Zhubin He
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health, Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Paul Gamble
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wilson Z Ray
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, Center for Engineering and Health, Skin Disease Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Basic Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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Lynam DA, Shahriari D, Wolf KJ, Angart PA, Koffler J, Tuszynski MH, Chan C, Walton P, Sakamoto J. Brain derived neurotrophic factor release from layer-by-layer coated agarose nerve guidance scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2015; 18:128-31. [PMID: 25712385 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Agarose nerve guidance scaffolds (NGS) seeded with cells expressing brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have demonstrated robust nerve regeneration in the rat central nervous system. The purpose of this work was to explore whether agarose NGS coated with hydrogen-bonded layer-by-layer (HLbL) could provide an acellular method of delivering prolonged and consistent dosages of active BDNF. Our results show that HLbL-coated agarose NGS could release BDNF over 10days in consistent dosages averaging 80.5±12.5(SD)ng/mL. Moreover, the BDNF released from HLbL was confirmed active by in vitro cell proliferation assays. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that HLbL assembled onto a hydrogel can provide consistent, prolonged release of active BDNF in clinically relevant dosages.
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Lawrence PB, Gavrilov Y, Matthews SS, Langlois MI, Shental-Bechor D, Greenblatt HM, Pandey BK, Smith MS, Paxman R, Torgerson CD, Merrell JP, Ritz CC, Prigozhin MB, Levy Y, Price JL. Criteria for Selecting PEGylation Sites on Proteins for Higher Thermodynamic and Proteolytic Stability. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17547-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5095183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. Lawrence
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Yulian Gavrilov
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sam S. Matthews
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Minnie I. Langlois
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Dalit Shental-Bechor
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Harry M. Greenblatt
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Brijesh K. Pandey
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Mason S. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Ryan Paxman
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Chad D. Torgerson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jacob P. Merrell
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Cameron C. Ritz
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Maxim B. Prigozhin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yaakov Levy
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Joshua L. Price
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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Pandey BK, Smith MS, Torgerson C, Lawrence PB, Matthews SS, Watkins E, Groves ML, Prigozhin MB, Price JL. Impact of site-specific PEGylation on the conformational stability and folding rate of the Pin WW domain depends strongly on PEG oligomer length. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:796-802. [PMID: 23578107 DOI: 10.1021/bc3006122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein PEGylation is an effective method for reducing the proteolytic susceptibility, aggregation propensity, and immunogenicity of protein drugs. These pharmacokinetic challenges are fundamentally related to protein conformational stability, and become much worse for proteins that populate the unfolded state under ambient conditions. If PEGylation consistently led to increased conformational stability, its beneficial pharmacokinetic effects could be extended and enhanced. However, the impact of PEGylation on protein conformational stability is currently unpredictable. Here we show that appending a short PEG oligomer to a single Asn side chain within a reverse turn in the WW domain of the human protein Pin 1 increases WW conformational stability in a manner that depends strongly on the length of the PEG oligomer: shorter oligomers increase folding rate, whereas longer oligomers increase folding rate and reduce unfolding rate. This strong length dependence is consistent with the possibility that the PEG oligomer stabilizes the transition and folded states of WW relative to the unfolded state by interacting favorably with side-chain or backbone groups on the WW surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh K Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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6
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Labour MN, Banc A, Tourrette A, Cunin F, Verdier JM, Devoisselle JM, Marcilhac A, Belamie E. Thick collagen-based 3D matrices including growth factors to induce neurite outgrowth. Acta Biomater 2012; 8:3302-12. [PMID: 22617741 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Designing synthetic microenvironments for cellular investigations is a very active area of research at the crossroads of cell biology and materials science. The present work describes the design and functionalization of a three-dimensional (3D) culture support dedicated to the study of neurite outgrowth from neural cells. It is based on a dense self-assembled collagen matrix stabilized by 100-nm-wide interconnected native fibrils without chemical crosslinking. The matrices were made suitable for cell manipulation and direct observation in confocal microscopy by anchoring them to traditional glass supports with a calibrated thickness of ∼50μm. The matrix composition can be readily adapted to specific neural cell types, notably by incorporating appropriate neurotrophic growth factors. Both PC-12 and SH-SY5Y lines respond to growth factors (nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, respectively) impregnated and slowly released from the support. Significant neurite outgrowth is reported for a large proportion of cells, up to 66% for PC12 and 49% for SH-SY5Y. It is also shown that both growth factors can be chemically conjugated (EDC/NHS) throughout the matrix and yield similar proportions of cells with longer neurites (61% and 52%, respectively). Finally, neurite outgrowth was observed over several tens of microns within the 3D matrix, with both diffusing and immobilized growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-N Labour
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, 46 rue de Lille, 75007 Paris, France
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7
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Chou DK, Krishnamurthy R, Manning MC, Randolph TW, Carpenter JF. Physical Stability of Albinterferon-α2b in Aqueous Solution: Effects of Conformational Stability and Colloidal Stability on Aggregation. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2702-19. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Price JL, Powers ET, Kelly JW. N-PEGylation of a reverse turn is stabilizing in multiple sequence contexts, unlike N-GlcNAcylation. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:1188-92. [PMID: 21939258 DOI: 10.1021/cb200277u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic stabilization of therapeutic proteins by N-glycosylation can endow them with increased shelf and serum half-lives owing to lower populations of misfolded and unfolded states, which are susceptible to aggregation and proteolysis. Conjugation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) oligomers to nucleophilic groups on the surfaces of folded proteins (i.e., PEGylation) is a chemical alternative to N-glycosylation, in that it can also enhance the pharmacologic attributes of therapeutic proteins. However, the energetic consequences of PEGylation are currently not predictable. We find that PEGylation of an Asn residue in reverse turn 1 of the Pin WW domain is intrinsically stabilizing in several sequence contexts, unlike N-glycosylation, which is only stabilizing in a particular sequence context. Our thermodynamic data are consistent with the hypothesis that PEGylation destabilizes the protein denatured state ensemble via an excluded volume effect, whereas N-glycosylation-associated stabilization results primarily from native state interactions between the N-glycan and the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L. Price
- Department of Chemistry, ‡The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and §Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Evan T. Powers
- Department of Chemistry, ‡The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and §Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeffery W. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, ‡The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, and §Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Immunocytochemical Detection of Newly Generated Neurons in the Perilesional Area of Cortical Infarcts After Intraventricular Application of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:83-93. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31819308e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Abstract
The major challenges in formulation development for hydrophobic proteins are low solubility often combined with a strong tendency for adsorption. Human serum albumin (HSA) is frequently used as excipient to overcome these problems. Due to several drawbacks with HSA, new ways need to be found to circumvent the use of this excipient in protein formulations. One possible approach is to select an appropriate formulation pH and ionic strength in combination with excipients that provide sufficient stability and solubility for the hydrophobic protein. A reduction in adsorption can be achieved by adding surfactants or using special containers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hawe
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Naert G, Ixart G, Tapia-Arancibia L, Givalois L. Continuous i.c.v. infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor modifies hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, locomotor activity and body temperature rhythms in adult male rats. Neuroscience 2006; 139:779-89. [PMID: 16457953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a neurotrophin belonging to the nerve growth factor family, which is involved in the differentiation and survival of many types of neurons. It also participates in neuroprotection and neuronal plasticity in adult rats. Our previous studies showed that a single brain-derived neurotrophic factor injection modifies hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in adult male rats. To investigate the effect of chronic brain-derived neurotrophic factor administration on some physiological parameters, adult rats were implanted with osmotic micro-pumps to deliver brain-derived neurotrophic factor continuously for 14 days in the lateral ventricle (12 microg/day/rat). mRNA levels were evaluated by in situ hybridization analysis, peptide contents and plasma hormone concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Animals were also equipped with telemetric transmitters to study locomotor activity and temperature rhythms modifications, since hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is known to modulate these two parameters. Decreased body weight was used as a control of brain-derived neurotrophic factor access to hypothalamic areas as already documented. In the hypothalamus the continuous brain-derived neurotrophic factor treatment increases: (i) the mRNA steady state levels of corticotropin releasing hormone and arginin-vasopressin in the paraventricular nucleus, the supraoptic nucleus, and the suprachiasmatic nucleus; (ii) the surface of corticotropin releasing hormone and arginin-vasopressin mRNA signals in these nuclei as detected by in situ hybridization, and (iii) the corticotropin releasing hormone and arginin-vasopressin contents. The plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone were decreased and increased, respectively. Finally, this treatment increased daily locomotor activity and temperature, and provoked some circadian perturbations. These results obtained after chronic brain-derived neurotrophic factor administration extend data on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor involvement in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and illustrate its effects on the locomotor and temperature rhythms. They also allow demonstrating that the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by brain-derived neurotrophic factor differs according to the brain-derived neurotrophic factor administration mode, i.e. acute injection or chronic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Naert
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia Laboratory, Inserm U710, EPHE, University of Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
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