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Zhang D, Czapinska H, Bochtler M, Wlodawer A, Lubkowski J. RrA, an enzyme from Rhodospirillum rubrum, is a prototype of a new family of short-chain L-asparaginases. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4920. [PMID: 38501449 PMCID: PMC10949315 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
L-Asparaginases (ASNases) catalyze the hydrolysis of L-Asn to L-Asp and ammonia. Members of the ASNase family are used as drugs in the treatment of leukemia, as well as in the food industry. The protomers of bacterial ASNases typically contain 300-400 amino acids (typical class 1 ASNases). In contrast, the chain of ASNase from Rhodospirillum rubrum, reported here and referred to as RrA, consists of only 172 amino acid residues. RrA is homologous to the N-terminal domain of typical bacterial class 1 ASNases and exhibits millimolar affinity for L-Asn. In this study, we demonstrate that RrA belongs to a unique family of cytoplasmic, short-chain ASNases (scASNases). These proteins occupy a distinct region in the sequence space, separate from the regions typically assigned to class 1 ASNases. The scASNases are present in approximately 7% of eubacterial species, spanning diverse bacterial lineages. They seem to be significantly enriched in species that encode for more than one class 1 ASNase. Here, we report biochemical, biophysical, and structural properties of RrA, a member of scASNases family. Crystal structures of the wild-type RrA, both with and without bound L-Asp, as well as structures of several RrA mutants, reveal topologically unique tetramers. Moreover, the active site of one protomer is complemented by two residues (Tyr21 and Asn26) from another protomer. Upon closer inspection, these findings clearly outline scASNases as a stand-alone subfamily of ASNases that can catalyze the hydrolysis of L-Asn to L-Asp despite the lack of the C-terminal domain that is present in all ASNases described structurally to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- Center for Structural BiologyNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMarylandUSA
| | - Honorata Czapinska
- Laboratory of Structural BiologyInternational Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyWarsawPoland
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Matthias Bochtler
- Laboratory of Structural BiologyInternational Institute of Molecular and Cell BiologyWarsawPoland
- Institute of Biochemistry and BiophysicsPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Alexander Wlodawer
- Center for Structural BiologyNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMarylandUSA
| | - Jacek Lubkowski
- Center for Structural BiologyNational Cancer InstituteFrederickMarylandUSA
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2
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Sania A, Muhammad MA, Sajed M, Azim N, Ahmad N, Aslam M, Tang XF, Rashid N. Structural and functional analyses of an L-asparaginase from Geobacillus thermopakistaniensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130438. [PMID: 38408579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Genome sequence of Geobacillus thermopakistaniensis contains an open reading frame annotated as a type II L-asparaginase (ASNaseGt). Critical structural analysis disclosed that ASNaseGt might be a type I L-asparaginase. In order to determine whether it is a type I or type II L-asparaginase, we have performed the structural-functional characterization of the recombinant protein as well as analyzed the localization of ASNaseGt in G. thermopakistaniensis. ASNaseGt exhibited optimal activity at 52 °C and pH 9.5. There was a > 3-fold increase in activity in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol. Apparent Vmax and Km values were 2735 U/mg and 0.35 mM, respectively. ASNaseGt displayed high thermostability with >80 % residual activity even after 6 h of incubation at 55 °C. Recombinant ASNaseGt existed in oligomeric form. Addition of β-mercaptoethanol lowered the degree of oligomerization and displayed that tetrameric form was the most active, with a specific activity of 4300 U/mg. Under physiological conditions, ASNaseGt displayed >50 % of the optimal activity. Localization studies in G. thermopakistaniensis revealed that ASNaseGt is a cytosolic protein. Structural and functional characterization, and localization in G. thermopakistaniensis displayed that ASNaseGt is not a type II but a type I L-asparaginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Sania
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Majida Atta Muhammad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Naseema Azim
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Ahmad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mehwish Aslam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, China
| | - Naeem Rashid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
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3
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Mihooliya KN, Nandal J, Kalidas N, Ashish, Chand S, Verma DK, Bhattacharyya MS, Sahoo DK. Assessment of structural behaviour of a new L-asparaginase and SAXS data-based evidence for catalytic activity in its monomeric form. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126803. [PMID: 37689286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the structural and functional characterization of a new glutaminase-free recombinant L-asparaginase (PrASNase) from Pseudomonas resinovorans IGS-131. PrASNase showed substrate specificity to L-asparagine, and its kinetic parameters, Km, Vmax, and kcat were 9.49 × 10-3 M, 25.13 IUmL-1 min-1, and 3.01 × 103 s-1, respectively. The CD spectra showed that PrASNase consisted of 18.5 % helix, 21.5 % antiparallel sheets, 4.2 % parallel sheets, 14 % turns, and rest other structures. FTIR was used for the functional characterization, and molecular docking predicted that the substrate interacts with serine, alanine, and glutamine in the binding pocket of PrASNase. Differing from known asparaginases, structural characterization by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) unambiguously revealed PrASNase to exist as a monomer in solution at low temperatures and oligomerized to a higher state with temperature rise. Through SAXS studies and enzyme assay, PrASNase was found to be mostly monomer and catalytically active at 37 °C. Furthermore, this glutaminase-free PrASNase showed killing effects against WIL2-S and TF-1.28 cells with IC50 of 7.4 μg.mL-1 and 5.6 μg.mL-1, respectively. This is probably the first report with significant findings of fully active L-asparaginase in monomeric form using SAXS and AUC and demonstrated the potential of PrASNase in inhibiting cancerous cells, making it a potential therapeutic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanti N Mihooliya
- Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jitender Nandal
- Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nidhi Kalidas
- GNR Advanced Protein Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Ashish
- GNR Advanced Protein Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Subhash Chand
- National Institute of Biologicals, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipesh K Verma
- Structural Biology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Mani S Bhattacharyya
- Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Debendra K Sahoo
- Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.
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Parashiva J, Nuthan BR, Rakshith D, Santhosh CR, Narendra Kumar HK, Satish S. Insights into diversity and L-asparaginase activity of fungal endophytes associated with medicinal plant Grewia hirsuta. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:1573-1587. [PMID: 37480457 PMCID: PMC10484854 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01045-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase is used as one of the prime chemotherapeutic agents to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The present work aimed to study the endophytic fungal diversity of Grewia hirsuta and their ability to produce L-asparaginase. A total of 1575 culturable fungal endophytes belonging to four classes, Agaricomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, and Sordariomycetes, were isolated. The isolates were grouped into twenty-one morphotypes based on their morphological characteristics. Representative species from each group were identified based on their microscopic characteristics and evaluation of the ITS and LSU rDNA sequences. Most of the fungal endophytes were recovered from the leaves compared to other plant parts. Diaporthe sp. was the predominant genus with a colonization frequency of 8.62%. Shannon-Wiener index for diversity ranged from 2.74 to 2.88. All the plant parts showed similar Simpson's index values, indicating a uniform species diversity. Among the sixty-three fungal endophytes screened, thirty-two were identified as L-asparaginase-producing isolates. The enzyme activities of fungal endophytes estimated by the nesslerization method were found to be in the range of 4.65-0.27 IU/mL with Fusarium foetens showing maximum enzyme activity of 4.65 IU/mL. This study for the first time advocates the production of L-asparaginase from Fusarium foetens along with the endophytic fungal community composition of Grewia hirsuta. The results indicate that the fungal endophyte Fusarium foetens isolated in the present study could be a potent source of L-asparaginase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javaraiah Parashiva
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India
| | - Bettadapura Rameshgowda Nuthan
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India
- Department of Microbiology, Maharani's Science College for Women, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 005, India
| | - Devaraju Rakshith
- Department of Microbiology, Yuvaraja's College, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 005, India
| | - Chandagalu Ramesh Santhosh
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India
| | | | - Sreedharamurthy Satish
- Department of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 006, India.
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5
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Lefin N, Miranda J, Beltrán JF, Belén LH, Effer B, Pessoa A, Farias JG, Zamorano M. Current state of molecular and metabolic strategies for the improvement of L-asparaginase expression in heterologous systems. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1208277. [PMID: 37426818 PMCID: PMC10323146 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1208277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterologous expression of L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) has become an important area of research due to its clinical and food industry applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular and metabolic strategies that can be used to optimize the expression of L-ASNase in heterologous systems. This article describes various approaches that have been employed to increase enzyme production, including the use of molecular tools, strain engineering, and in silico optimization. The review article highlights the critical role that rational design plays in achieving successful heterologous expression and underscores the challenges of large-scale production of L-ASNase, such as inadequate protein folding and the metabolic burden on host cells. Improved gene expression is shown to be achievable through the optimization of codon usage, synthetic promoters, transcription and translation regulation, and host strain improvement, among others. Additionally, this review provides a deep understanding of the enzymatic properties of L-ASNase and how this knowledge has been employed to enhance its properties and production. Finally, future trends in L-ASNase production, including the integration of CRISPR and machine learning tools are discussed. This work serves as a valuable resource for researchers looking to design effective heterologous expression systems for L-ASNase production as well as for enzymes production in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Lefin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Javiera Miranda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jorge F. Beltrán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Lisandra Herrera Belén
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Brian Effer
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge G. Farias
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Mauricio Zamorano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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Che Hussian CHA, Leong WY. Thermostable enzyme research advances: a bibliometric analysis. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:37. [PMID: 36971917 PMCID: PMC10043094 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00494-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Thermostable enzymes are enzymes that can withstand elevated temperatures as high as 50 °C without altering their structure or distinctive features. The potential of thermostable enzymes to increase the conversion rate at high temperature has been identified as a key factor in enhancing the efficiency of industrial operations. Performing procedures at higher temperatures with thermostable enzymes minimises the risk of microbial contamination, which is one of the most significant benefits. In addition, it helps reduce substrate viscosity, improve transfer speeds, and increase solubility during reaction operations. Thermostable enzymes offer enormous industrial potential as biocatalysts, especially cellulase and xylanase, which have garnered considerable amount of interest for biodegradation and biofuel applications. As the usage of enzymes becomes more common, a range of performance-enhancing applications are being explored. This article offers a bibliometric evaluation of thermostable enzymes. Scopus databases were searched for scientific articles. The findings indicated that thermostable enzymes are widely employed in biodegradation as well as in biofuel and biomass production. Japan, the United States, China, and India, as along with the institutions affiliated with these nations, stand out as the academically most productive in the field of thermostable enzymes. This study's analysis exposed a vast number of published papers that demonstrate the industrial potential of thermostable enzymes. These results highlight the significance of thermostable enzyme research for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wai Yie Leong
- INTI International University & Colleges, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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7
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Dumina M, Zhgun A. Thermo-L-Asparaginases: From the Role in the Viability of Thermophiles and Hyperthermophiles at High Temperatures to a Molecular Understanding of Their Thermoactivity and Thermostability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032674. [PMID: 36768996 PMCID: PMC9916696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) is a vital enzyme with a broad range of applications in medicine, food industry, and diagnostics. Among various organisms expressing L-ASNases, thermophiles and hyperthermophiles produce enzymes with superior performances-stable and heat resistant thermo-ASNases. This review is an attempt to take a broader view on the thermo-ASNases. Here we discuss the position of thermo-ASNases in the large family of L-ASNases, their role in the heat-tolerance cellular system of thermophiles and hyperthermophiles, and molecular aspects of their thermoactivity and thermostability. Different types of thermo-ASNases exhibit specific L-asparaginase activity and additional secondary activities. All products of these enzymatic reactions are associated with diverse metabolic pathways and are important for mitigating heat stress. Thermo-ASNases are quite distinct from typical mesophilic L-ASNases based on structural properties, kinetic and activity profiles. Here we attempt to summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of thermo-ASNases' thermoactivity and thermostability, from amino acid composition to structural-functional relationships. Research of these enzymes has fundamental and biotechnological significance. Thermo-ASNases and their improved variants, cloned and expressed in mesophilic hosts, can form a large pool of enzymes with valuable characteristics for biotechnological application.
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8
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Zielezinski A, Loch JI, Karlowski WM, Jaskolski M. Massive annotation of bacterial L-asparaginases reveals their puzzling distribution and frequent gene transfer events. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15797. [PMID: 36138049 PMCID: PMC9500103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19689-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Asparaginases, which convert L-asparagine to L-aspartate and ammonia, come in five types, AI-AV. Some bacterial type AII enzymes are a key element in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children, but new L-asparaginases with better therapeutic properties are urgently needed. Here, we search publicly available bacterial genomes to annotate L-asparaginase proteins belonging to the five known types. We characterize taxonomic, phylogenetic, and genomic patterns of L-asparaginase occurrences pointing to frequent horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events, also occurring multiple times in the same recipient species. We show that the reference AV gene, encoding a protein originally found and structurally studied in Rhizobium etli, was acquired via HGT from Burkholderia. We also describe the sequence variability of the five L-asparaginase types and map the conservation levels on the experimental or predicted structures of the reference enzymes, finding the most conserved residues in the protein core near the active site, and the most variable ones on the protein surface. Additionally, we highlight the most common sequence features of bacterial AII proteins that may aid in selecting therapeutic L-asparaginases. Finally, we point to taxonomic units of bacteria that do not contain recognizable sequences of any of the known L-asparaginase types, implying that those microorganisms most likely contain new, as yet unknown types of L-asparaginases. Such novel enzymes, when properly identified and characterized, could hold promise as antileukemic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Zielezinski
- Department of Computational Biology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna I Loch
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech M Karlowski
- Department of Computational Biology, Faculty of Biology, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland.
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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Darwesh DB, Al-Awthan YS, Elfaki I, Habib SA, Alnour TM, Darwish AB, Youssef MM. Anticancer Activity of Extremely Effective Recombinant L-Asparaginase from Burkholderia pseudomallei. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:551-563. [PMID: 35354764 PMCID: PMC9628870 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2112.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase (E.C. 3.5.1.1) purified from bacterial cells is widely used in the food industry, as well as in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In the present study, the Burkholderia pseudomallei L-asparaginase gene was cloned into the pGEX-2T DNA plasmid, expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS, and purified to homogeneity using Glutathione Sepharose chromatography with 7.26 purification fold and 16.01% recovery. The purified enzyme exhibited a molecular weight of ~33.6 kDa with SDS-PAGE and showed maximal activity at 50°C and pH 8.0. It retained 95.1, 89.6%, and 70.2% initial activity after 60 min at 30°C, 40°C, and 50°C, respectively. The enzyme reserved its activity at 30°C and 37°C up to 24 h. The enzyme had optimum pH of 8 and reserved 50% activity up to 24 h. The recombinant enzyme showed the highest substrate specificity towards L-asparaginase substrate, while no detectable specificity was observed for L-glutamine, urea, and acrylamide at 10 mM concentration. THP-1, a human leukemia cell line, displayed significant morphological alterations after being treated with recombinant L-asparaginase and the IC50 of the purified enzyme was recorded as 0.8 IU. Furthermore, the purified recombinant L-asparaginase improved cytotoxicity in liver cancer HepG2 and breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines, with IC50 values of 1.53 and 18 IU, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa B. Darwesh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia,Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Yahya S. Al-Awthan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ibb University, 70270 Ibb, Yemen
| | - Imadeldin Elfaki
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salem A. Habib
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarig M. Alnour
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Tabuk University, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed B. Darwish
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, El Salam-1, Suez 43533, Egypt
| | - Magdy M. Youssef
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt,Corresponding author Phone: +201003429355 E-mail:
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Pokrovskaya MV, Pokrovsky VS, Aleksandrova SS, Sokolov NN, Zhdanov DD. Molecular Analysis of L-Asparaginases for Clarification of the Mechanism of Action and Optimization of Pharmacological Functions. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030599. [PMID: 35335974 PMCID: PMC8948990 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
L-asparaginases (EC 3.5.1.1) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia. These proteins with different biochemical, physicochemical and pharmacological properties are found in many organisms, including bacteria, fungi, algae, plants and mammals. To date, asparaginases from E. coli and Dickeya dadantii (formerly known as Erwinia chrysanthemi) are widely used in hematology for the treatment of lymphoblastic leukemias. However, their medical use is limited by side effects associated with the ability of these enzymes to hydrolyze L-glutamine, as well as the development of immune reactions. To solve these issues, gene-editing methods to introduce amino-acid substitutions of the enzyme are implemented. In this review, we focused on molecular analysis of the mechanism of enzyme action and to optimize the antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V. Pokrovskaya
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Vadim S. Pokrovsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
- Laboratory of Combined Treatment, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Kashirskoe Shosse 24, 115478 Moscow, Russia
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, Olimpiisky Prospect 1, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Svetlana S. Aleksandrova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Nikolay N. Sokolov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (N.N.S.)
| | - Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str. 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (M.V.P.); (S.S.A.); (N.N.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Al Yousef SA. Fusarium sp. L-asparaginases: purification, characterization, and potential assessment as an antileukemic chemotherapeutic agent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:11243-11254. [PMID: 34532809 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Asparaginases important role in the treatment of leukemia. It is part of chemotherapy in the treatment of leukemia in the last three decades. L-Asparaginase is isolated from Fusarium sp. isolated from soil and purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephadex G 100. Characterization of the crude enzyme revealed it is a metalloprotease inhibited by EDTA. Hg2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ also inhibited the enzyme. Mg2+, Zn2+, and Ca2+ activated L-asparaginase. Furthermore, kinetic studies of purified enzyme were carried out. Vmax and Km were 0.031 M and 454 U/mL, respectively. The optimum temperature was 30 °C and the optimum pH was 7. Concerning substrate specificity, gelatin and casein in addition to L-asparagine were tested. The enzyme was found to be nonspecific that could hydrolyze all tested substrates at different rates. The maximum enzyme activity was recorded in the case of L-asparagine, followed by casein and gelatin, respectively. The molecular weight of L-asparaginase was 22.5 kDa. The antileukemic cytotoxicity assay of the enzyme against RAW2674 leukemic cell lines by MTT viability test was estimated. The enzyme exhibited antileukemic activity with IC50 of 50.1 UmL-1. The current work presents additional information regarding the purification and characterization of the enzyme produced by Fusarium sp. and its evaluation as a potential antileukemic chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman A Al Yousef
- Clinical Laboratories Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Science, Hafr Al Batin University, Hafr Al Batin, 319 91, Saudi Arabia.
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Dumina MV, Zhgun AA, Pokrovskay MV, Aleksandrova SS, Zhdanov DD, Sokolov NN, El’darov MA. Comparison of Enzymatic Activity of Novel Recombinant L-asparaginases of Extremophiles. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821050057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Loch JI, Jaskolski M. Structural and biophysical aspects of l-asparaginases: a growing family with amazing diversity. IUCRJ 2021; 8:514-531. [PMID: 34258001 PMCID: PMC8256714 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252521006011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
l-Asparaginases have remained an intriguing research topic since their discovery ∼120 years ago, especially after their introduction in the 1960s as very efficient antileukemic drugs. In addition to bacterial asparaginases, which are still used to treat childhood leukemia, enzymes of plant and mammalian origin are now also known. They have all been structurally characterized by crystallography, in some cases at outstanding resolution. The structural data have also shed light on the mechanistic details of these deceptively simple enzymes. Yet, despite all this progress, no better therapeutic agents have been found to beat bacterial asparaginases. However, a new option might arise with the discovery of yet another type of asparaginase, those from symbiotic nitrogen-fixing Rhizobia, and with progress in the protein engineering of enzymes with desired properties. This review surveys the field of structural biology of l-asparaginases, focusing on the mechanistic aspects of the well established types and speculating about the potential of the new members of this amazingly diversified family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna I. Loch
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Jaskolski
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
- Center for Biocrystallographic Research, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Nadeem MS, Khan JA, Al-Ghamdi MA, Khan MI, Zeyadi MA. Studies on the recombinant production and anticancer activity of thermostable L- asparaginase I from Pyrococcus abyssi. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e244735. [PMID: 34076169 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.244735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Asparaginase catalysing the breakdown of L-Asparagine to L-Aspartate and ammonia is an enzyme of therapeutic importance in the treatment of cancer, especially the lymphomas and leukaemia. The present study describes the recombinant production, properties and anticancer potential of enzyme from a hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus abyssi. There are two genes coding for asparaginase in the genome of this organism. A 918 bp gene encoding 305 amino acids was PCR amplified and cloned in BL21 (DE3) strain of E. coli using pET28a (+) plasmid. The production of recombinant enzyme was induced under 0.5mM IPTG, purified by selective heat denaturation and ion exchange chromatography. Purified enzyme was analyzed for kinetics, in silico structure and anticancer properties. The recombinant enzyme has shown a molecular weight of 33 kDa, specific activity of 1175 U/mg, KM value 2.05mM, optimum temperature and pH 80°C and 8 respectively. No detectable enzyme activity found when L-Glutamine was used as the substrate. In silico studies have shown that the enzyme exists as a homodimer having Arg11, Ala87, Thr110, His112, Gln142, Leu172, and Lys232 being the putative active site residues. The free energy change calculated by molecular docking studies of enzyme and substrate was found as ∆G - 4.5 kJ/mole indicating the affinity of enzyme with the substrate. IC50 values of 5U/mL to 7.5U/mL were determined for FB, caco2 cells and HepG2 cells. A calculated amount of enzyme (5U/mL) exhibited 78% to 55% growth inhibition of caco2 and HepG2 cells. In conclusion, the recombinant enzyme produced and characterized in the present study offers a good candidate for the treatment of cancer. The procedures adopted in the present study can be prolonged for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Nadeem
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - J A Khan
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Al-Ghamdi
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M I Khan
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Zeyadi
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Fathizadeh H, Saffari M, Esmaeili D, Moniri R, Kafil HS. Bacteriocins: New Potential Therapeutic Candidates in Cancer Therapy. Curr Mol Med 2021; 21:211-220. [PMID: 33109060 DOI: 10.2174/1566524020999200817113730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most important disorders which is associated with high mortality and high costs of treatment for patients. Despite several efforts, finding, designing and developing, new therapeutic platforms in the treatment of cancer patients are still required. Utilization of microorganisms, particularly bacteria has emerged as new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of various cancers. Increasing data indicated that bacteria could be used in the production of a wide range of anti-cancer agents, including bacteriocins, antibiotics, peptides, enzymes, and toxins. Among these anti-cancer agents, bacteriocins have attractive properties, which make them powerful anti-cancer drugs. Multiple lines evidence indicated that several bacteriocins (i.e., colcins, nisins, pediocins, pyocins, and bovocins) via activation/inhibition different cellular and molecular signaling pathways are able to suppress tumor growth in various stages. Hence, identification and using various bacteriocins could lead to improve and introduce them to clinical practices. Here, we summarized various bacteriocins which could be employed as anti-cancer agents in the treatment of many cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Fathizadeh
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mahmood Saffari
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Davoud Esmaeili
- Department of Microbiology and Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems biology and poisonings institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvan Moniri
- Department of Microbiology and immunology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Costa-Silva T, Costa I, Biasoto H, Lima G, Silva C, Pessoa A, Monteiro G. Critical overview of the main features and techniques used for the evaluation of the clinical applicability of L-asparaginase as a biopharmaceutical to treat blood cancer. Blood Rev 2020; 43:100651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Dumina MV, Eldarov MA, Zdanov DD, Sokolov NN. [L-asparaginases of extremophilic microorganisms in biomedicine]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2020; 66:105-123. [PMID: 32420891 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20206602105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
L-asparaginase is extensively used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and several other lymphoproliferative diseases. In addition to its biomedical application, L-asparaginase is also of prospective use in food industry to reduce the formation of acrylamide, which is classified as probably neurotoxic and carcinogenic to human, and in biosensors for determination of L-asparagine level in medicine and food chemistry. The importance of L-asparaginases in different fields, disadvantages of commercial ferments, and the fact that they are widespread in nature stimuli the search for biobetter L-asparaginases from new producing microorganisms. In this regard, extremofile microorganisms exhibit unique physiological properties such as thermal stability, adaptability to extreme cold conditions, salt and pH tolerance and so provide one of the most valuable sources for novel L-asparaginases. The present review summarizes the recent results on studying the structural, functional, physicochemical and kinetic properties, stability of extremophilic L-asparaginases in comparison with their mesophilic homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Dumina
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Eldarov
- Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - D D Zdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - N N Sokolov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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Purification of Dickeya solanil-Asparaginase and Study of the Influence of TiO2 and ZnO Nanoparticles on Its Enzymatic Activity. BIONANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-019-00706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Microbial l-asparaginase: purification, characterization and applications. Arch Microbiol 2020; 202:967-981. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-01814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Chohan SM, Sajed M, Naeem SU, Rashid N. Heterologous gene expression and characterization of TK2246, a highly active and thermostable plant type l-asparaginase from Thermococcus kodakarensis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 147:131-137. [PMID: 31923515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis contains two putative genes, TK1656 and TK2246, annotated as l-asparaginases. TK1656 has been reported previously. The current report is focused on TK2246, a plant-type l-asparaginase, which consists of 918 nucleotides corresponding to a polypeptide of 306 amino acids. The gene was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified gene product was used to determine the properties of the recombinant enzyme. TK2246 was optimally active at 85 °C and pH 7.0 with a specific activity of 767 μmol min-1 mg-1 towards l-asparagine. The enzyme exhibited a 10% activity towards d-asparagine as compared to 100% against l-asparagine. No detectable activity was observed towards l- or d-glutamine. Half-life of the enzyme was nearly 18 h at 85 °C. TK2246 exhibited apparent Km and Vmax values of 3.1 mM and 833 μmol min-1 mg-1, respectively. Activation energy of the reaction, determined from the Arrhenius plot, was 28.3 kJ mol-1. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first characterization of a plant-type l-asparaginase from class Thermococci of phylum Euryarchaeota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Mahmood Chohan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajed
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sabeel Un Naeem
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Rashid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan.
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Abd El-Baky HH, El-Baroty GS. Spirulina maxima L-asparaginase: Immobilization, Antiviral and Antiproliferation Activities. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2020; 14:154-163. [PMID: 31724520 DOI: 10.2174/1872208313666191114151344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-asparaginase (L-AsnA) enzyme has gained significant attention in the food, biocatalysts and pharmaceutics industry. It (L-AsnA) has been widely used in food processing industries as a promising acrylamide mitigating agent and as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of certain human cancers. OBJECTIVE Based on US Patent (4,433,054; 1984), L-asparaginase (L-AsnA) enzyme is immobilized by admixing the active enzyme on the polysaccharide to be in a gel form. The storage stability of immobilized L-AsnA enzyme and its anti-proliferation and antiviral activity were determined. METHODS In the present study, S. maxima was cultured at large scales (300 liter) for the production of enough extracellular L-asparaginase (L-AsnA) using modified (high N concentration) Zarrouk medium as we reported in a previous study. L-AsnA was immobilized on natural polymers, as agar cake beads, agarose pieces and gelatin blocks, in order to evaluate the efficiency of physical entrapment techniques. Anti-proliferation properties of L-AsnA against lung carcinoma A549, hepatocellular carcinoma Hep-G2 and prostate carcinoma PC3 human cancer cell lines were assessed by the MTT cell viability method. In addition, the antiviral activity against Coxsackie B3 (CSB3) Virus was assessed. RESULTS The highest L-AsnA immobilized activity and immobilization yield were achieved with agar cakes bead. The purified S. maxima L-AsnA showed good antiviral activity against Coxsackie B3 (CSB3) Virus in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value 17.03 μg/ml. The antiviral mode of action is presumably due to their capability of inhibiting attachment, blocking the adsorption and penetration event of the viral replication cycle with 89.24%, 72.78% and 72.78%, respectively. Also, S. maxima L-AsnA showed anti-proliferation effect against lung carcinoma A549, hepatocellular carcinoma Hep-G2 and prostate carcinoma PC3 human cancer cell lines, with an IC50 of 22.54, 24.65 and 56.61 μg/ml, respectively. CONCLUSION It is interesting to favor L-asparaginase of S. maxima which showed antiviral activity and anti-proliferation effect against different types of human cell lines. Thus, S. maxima microalgae might be a good source for L-AsnA enzymes and can be immobilized on natural polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gamal S El-Baroty
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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22
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What makes a good new therapeutic l-asparaginase? World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:152. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Optimized chromogenic dyes-based identification and quantitative evaluation of bacterial l-asparaginase with low/no glutaminase activity bioprospected from pristine niches in Indian trans-Himalaya. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:275. [PMID: 31245239 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on the isolation of bacterial isolates from Himalayan niches, which produced extracellular l-asparaginase with low/no glutaminase activity. From the 235 isolates, 85 asparaginase positive bacterial isolates were identified by qualitative screening using optimized chromogenic dyes assay. Optimized concentration of different dyes revealed maximum color visualization in phenol red (0.003%). The diversity analysis of asparaginase positive isolates revealed that Proteobacteria (83%) are the most dominant, followed by Actinobacteria (12%), Firmicutes (3%), and Bacteriodetes (2%). Eleven isolates, which represented seven Pseudomonas species, one species each of the genus Arthrobacter, Janthinobacterium, Lelliottia, and Rahnella, were selected for further studies based on highest zone ratio and novel aspects for l-asparaginase production. Of these, five isolates, namely, Pseudomonas sp. PCH133, Pseudomonas sp. PCH146, Pseudomonas sp. PCH182, Rahnella sp. PCH162, and Arthrobacter sp. PCH138, produced l-asparaginase without glutaminase activity after 55 h of growth with the former isolate showing the highest l-asparaginase activity (1.67 U/ml). Interestingly, this is the first report of l-asparaginase production by members of the genera Janthinobacterium, Rahnella, and Lelliottia.
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Jagadeesan Y, Meenakshisundaram S, Alagar Boopathy LR, Mookandi VPS, Balaiah A. Combinatorial approach for screening and assessment of multiple therapeutic enzymes from marine isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa AR01. RSC Adv 2019; 9:16989-17001. [PMID: 35519884 PMCID: PMC9064559 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02555c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Industrialization and modernization have led to humans being more susceptible to diseases. Therapeutic enzymes from traditional earthbound bacterial origin result have less therapeutic value. Hence, the hunt for a novel source of enzymes is indispensable. Twenty different marine bacterial strains were isolated from mangrove soil around S. P. Pattinum, Tamilnadu, India. From repeated qualitative and quantitative experiments, the study results were that, out of twenty bacterial isolates, only one Gram-negative bacterium was positive for multiple therapeutic enzymes such as asparaginase, glutaminase, uricase and collagenase. Based on its 99% 16S rRNA sequence similarity with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the isolate was designated as Pseudomonas aeruginosa AR01. Modified minimal medium amended with asparagine results in a simple and cost-effective, one-pot production medium for enhanced production and easy purification of all therapeutic enzymes. The biochemical studies imply that the therapeutic enzymes from P. aeruginosa AR01 may find a significant role in medical applications. The in vitro cytotoxic study reveals that the anticancer enzyme from P. aeruginosa is considerably effective with an IC50 value of 12 μg mL-1 against K-562 cell line. Colony PCR was performed for the detection of specific therapeutic enzyme-coding genes in the genome of P. aeruginosa AR01. PCR results confirm that P. aeruginosa AR01 possesses nucleotide regions for corresponding therapeutic enzymes in its gene cluster. BLASTN and BLASTX analyses of the partial nucleotide sequences of therapeutic enzymes were deposited in GenBank. The results appear so promising that Pseudomonas aeruginosa AR01 may be a potent candidate for medical biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogeswaran Jagadeesan
- Department of Biotechnology, University College of Engineering, BIT Campus, Anna University Room no. 124, New Academic Block-B Tiruchirappalli Tamilnadu 620 024 India +91-431-2407333 +91-431-2407947 +91-9790915036 +91-9843707586 +91-9840669723
| | - Shanmugapriya Meenakshisundaram
- Department of Biotechnology, University College of Engineering, BIT Campus, Anna University Room no. 124, New Academic Block-B Tiruchirappalli Tamilnadu 620 024 India +91-431-2407333 +91-431-2407947 +91-9790915036 +91-9843707586 +91-9840669723
| | | | - Vijay Pradhap Singh Mookandi
- Department of Biotechnology, Vivekananda College of Engineering for Women Namakkal, Elaiyampalayam Tiruchengode Tamil Nadu 637 205 India +91-8668157693
| | - Anandaraj Balaiah
- Department of Biotechnology, University College of Engineering, BIT Campus, Anna University Room no. 124, New Academic Block-B Tiruchirappalli Tamilnadu 620 024 India +91-431-2407333 +91-431-2407947 +91-9790915036 +91-9843707586 +91-9840669723
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Paul T, Mondal A, Bandyopadhyay TK. Isolation, Purification, Characterisation and Application of L-ASNase: A Review. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2019; 13:33-44. [PMID: 30318009 DOI: 10.2174/1872208312666181012150407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND L-ASNase (L-asparagine aminohydrolase EC 3.5.1.1) is used for the conversion of L-asparagine to L-aspartic acid and ammonia and also it was found as an agent of chemotherapeutic property according to recent patents. It is known as an anti-cancer agent and recently it has received an immense attention. Various microorganisms have the ability to secrete the L-ASNase. It is famous world-wide as anti-tumor medicine for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphosarcoma. L-ASNase helps in deamination of Asparagine and Glutamine. SOURCE L-ASNase mainly found in two bacterial sources; Escherichia coli and Erwinia carotovora. Isolation from plants: Endophytes were also a great source of L-ASNase. It was isolated from four types of plants named as; C. citratus, O. diffusa, M. koengii, and also P. bleo. APPLICATIONS L-ASNase is used as a potential anti-tumor medicine. It plays a very much essential role for the growth of tumor cells. Tumor cells require a lot of asparagine for their growth. But ASNase converts to aspartate and ammonia from asparagine. So the tumor cell does not proliferate and fails to survive. The L-ASNase is used as the medicine for the major type of cancer like acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), brain. It also used as a medicine for central nervous system (CNS) tumors, and also for neuroblastoma. Two types of L-ASNase have been found. CONCLUSION L-ASNase becomes a powerful anti-tumor medicine and researchers should develop a potent strain of asparaginase which can produce asparaginase in the industrial level. It is also used in the pharmaceutical industry and food industry on a broader scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Paul
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Agartala, Agartala-799046, India
| | - Abhijit Mondal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Agartala, Agartala-799046, India
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Krishnamurthy A, Mundra S, Belur PD. Improving the catalytic efficiency of Fibrinolytic enzyme from Serratia marcescens subsp. sakuensis by chemical modification. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Radha R, Arumugam N, Gummadi SN. Glutaminase free l-asparaginase from Vibrio cholerae: Heterologous expression, purification and biochemical characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 111:129-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cloning and characterization of Halomonas elongata L-asparaginase, a promising chemotherapeutic agent. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:7227-7238. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8456-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kumar K, Devarabhat P. Chemical Modification of Oxalate Oxidase Produced from Ochrobactrum intermedium CL6 Gave New Insight on its Catalytic Prowess. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ajb.2017.9.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Xu F, Oruna-Concha MJ, Elmore JS. The use of asparaginase to reduce acrylamide levels in cooked food. Food Chem 2016; 210:163-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.04.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Doriya K, Jose N, Gowda M, Kumar DS. Solid-State Fermentation vs Submerged Fermentation for the Production of l-Asparaginase. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2016; 78:115-35. [PMID: 27452168 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
l-Asparaginase, an enzyme that catalyzes l-asparagine into aspartic acid and ammonia, has relevant applications in the pharmaceutical and food industry. So, this enzyme is used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, a malignant disorder in children. This enzyme is also able to reduce the amount of acrylamide found in carbohydrate-rich fried and baked foods which is carcinogenic to humans. The concentration of acrylamide in food can be reduced by deamination of asparagine using l-Asparaginase. l-Asparaginase is present in plants, animals, and microbes. Various microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, and fungi are generally used for the production of l-Asparaginase as it is difficult to obtain the same from plants and animals. l-Asparaginase from bacteria causes anaphylaxis and other abnormal sensitive reactions. To overcome this, eukaryotic organisms such as fungi can be used for the production of l-Asparaginase. l-Asparaginase can be produced either by solid-state fermentation (SSF) or by submerged fermentation (SmF). SSF is preferred over SmF as it is cost effective, eco-friendly and it delivers high yield of enzyme. SSF process utilizes agricultural and industrial wastes as solid substrate. The contamination level is substantially reduced in SSF through low moisture content. Current chapter will discuss in detail the chemistry and applications of l-Asparaginase enzyme and various methods available for the production of the enzyme, especially focusing on the advantages and limitations of SSF and SmF processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Doriya
- Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - N Jose
- Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - M Gowda
- NITK-Surathkal, Bangalore, India
| | - D S Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae asparaginase II, a potential antileukemic drug: Purification and characterization of the enzyme expressed in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 120:118-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Husain I, Sharma A, Kumar S, Malik F. Purification and Characterization of Glutaminase Free Asparaginase from Enterobacter cloacae: In-Vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxic Potential against Human Myeloid Leukemia HL-60 Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148877. [PMID: 26891220 PMCID: PMC4758734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Asparaginase is an important antileukemic agent extensively used worldwide but the intrinsic glutaminase activity of this enzymatic drug is responsible for serious life threatening side effects. Hence, glutaminase free asparaginase is much needed for upgradation of therapeutic index of asparaginase therapy. In the present study, glutaminase free asparaginase produced from Enterobacter cloacae was purified to apparent homogeneity. The purified enzyme was found to be homodimer of approximately 106 kDa with monomeric size of approximately 52 kDa and pI 4.5. Purified enzyme showed optimum activity between pH 7-8 and temperature 35-40°C, which is close to the internal environment of human body. Monovalent cations such as Na+ and K+ enhanced asparaginase activity whereas divalent and trivalent cations, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, and Fe3+ inhibited the enzyme activity. Kinetic parameters Km, Vmax and Kcat of purified enzyme were found to be 1.58×10-3 M, 2.22 IU μg-1 and 5.3 × 104 S-1, respectively. Purified enzyme showed prolonged in vitro serum (T1/2 = ~ 39 h) and trypsin (T1/2 = ~ 32 min) half life, which is therapeutically remarkable feature. The cytotoxic activity of enzyme was examined against a panel of human cancer cell lines, HL-60, MOLT-4, MDA-MB-231 and T47D, and highest cytotoxicity observed against HL-60 cells (IC50 ~ 3.1 IU ml-1), which was comparable to commercial asparaginase. Cell and nuclear morphological studies of HL-60 cells showed that on treatment with purified asparaginase symptoms of apoptosis were increased in dose dependent manner. Cell cycle progression analysis indicates that enzyme induces apoptosis by cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase. Mitochondrial membrane potential loss showed that enzyme also triggers the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Furthermore, the enzyme was found to be nontoxic for human noncancerous cells FR-2 and nonhemolytic for human erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Husain
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of P. G. Studies and Research in Biological Science, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anjana Sharma
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of P. G. Studies and Research in Biological Science, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | - Fayaz Malik
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
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Purification and characterization of glutaminase free asparaginase from Pseudomonas otitidis: Induce apoptosis in human leukemia MOLT-4 cells. Biochimie 2016; 121:38-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Partial purification and characterization of L-asparaginase from an endophytic Talaromyces pinophilus isolated from the rhizomes of Curcuma amada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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36
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Lopes AM, Oliveira-Nascimento LD, Ribeiro A, Tairum CA, Breyer CA, Oliveira MAD, Monteiro G, Souza-Motta CMD, Magalhães PDO, Avendaño JGF, Cavaco-Paulo AM, Mazzola PG, Rangel-Yagui CDO, Sette LD, Converti A, Pessoa A. Therapeuticl-asparaginase: upstream, downstream and beyond. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 37:82-99. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1120705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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37
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Batool T, Makky EA, Jalal M, Yusoff MM. A Comprehensive Review on l-Asparaginase and Its Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:900-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Zuo S, Zhang T, Jiang B, Mu W. Reduction of acrylamide level through blanching with treatment by an extremely thermostable l-asparaginase during French fries processing. Extremophiles 2015; 19:841-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-015-0763-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Krishnapura PR, Belur PD, Subramanya S. A critical review on properties and applications of microbial l-asparaginases. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:720-37. [PMID: 25865363 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2015.1022505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
l-Asparaginase is one of the main drugs used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a commonly diagnosed pediatric cancer. Although several microorganisms are found to produce l-asparaginase, only the purified enzymes from E. coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi are employed in the clinical and therapeutic applications in humans. However, their therapeutic response seldom occurs without some evidence of hypersensitivity and other toxic side effects. l-Asparaginase is also of prospective use in food industry to reduce the formation of acrylamide in fried, roasted or baked food products. This review is an attempt to compile information on the properties of l-asparaginases obtained from different microorganisms. The complications involved with the therapeutic use of the currently available l-asparaginases, and the enzyme's potential application as a food processing aid to mitigate acrylamide formation have also been reviewed. Further, avenues for searching alternate sources of l-asparaginase have been discussed, highlighting the prospects of endophytic microorganisms as a possible source of l-asparaginases with varied biochemical and pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prajna Rao Krishnapura
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , National Institute of Technology Karnataka , Surathkal, Mangalore , Karnataka , India and
| | - Prasanna D Belur
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , National Institute of Technology Karnataka , Surathkal, Mangalore , Karnataka , India and
| | - Sandeep Subramanya
- b Department of Physiology , United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
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Tomar R, Sharma P, Srivastava A, Bansal S, Ashish, Kundu B. Structural and functional insights into an archaealL-asparaginase obtained through the linker-less assembly of constituent domains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:3187-97. [DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714023414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Covalent linkers bridging the domains of multidomain proteins are considered to be crucial for assembly and function. In this report, an exception in which the linker of a two-domain dimeric L-asparaginase fromPyrococcus furiosus(PfA) was found to be dispensable is presented. Domains of this enzyme assembled without the linker into a conjoined tetrameric form that exhibited higher activity than the parent enzyme. The global shape and quaternary structure of the conjoined PfA were also similar to the wild-type PfA, as observed by their solution scattering profiles and X-ray crystallographic data. Comparison of the crystal structures of substrate-bound and unbound enzymes revealed an altogether new active-site composition and mechanism of action. Thus, conjoined PfA is presented as a unique enzyme obtained through noncovalent, linker-less assembly of constituent domains that is stable enough to function efficiently at elevated temperatures.
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41
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Zuo S, Xue D, Zhang T, Jiang B, Mu W. Biochemical characterization of an extremely thermostable l-asparaginase from Thermococcus gammatolerans EJ3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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42
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Dash C, Mohapatra SB, Maiti PK. Optimization, purification, and characterization of L-asparaginase fromActinomycetales bacteriumBkSoiiA. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 46:1-7. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2014.969437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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43
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Sudhir AP, Dave BR, Prajapati AS, Panchal K, Patel D, Subramanian RB. Characterization of a recombinant glutaminase-free L-asparaginase (ansA3) enzyme with high catalytic activity from Bacillus licheniformis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:2504-15. [PMID: 25224912 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
L-Asparaginase (3.5.1.1) is an enzyme widely used to treat the acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Two genes coding for L-asparaginase (ansA1 and ansA3) from Bacillus licheniformis MTCC 429 were cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. The recombinant proteins were purified to homogeneity by one-step purification process and further characterized for various biochemical parameters. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis showed that both the enzymes are monomers of ∼37 kDa. Recombinant ansA1 was found to be highly unstable, and recombinant ansA3 was catalytically active and stable, which showed an optimum activity of 407.65 IU/mg at 37 °C and pH 8. Recombinant ansA3 showed higher substrate specificity for L-asparagine with negligible glutaminase activity. Kinetic parameters like K m , V max, k cat, and k cat/K m were calculated for recombinant ansA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit P Sudhir
- BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel Maidan, Sardar Patel University, Vadtal Road, Satellite Campus, PO Box 39, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388 120, Gujarat, India
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44
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Hong SJ, Lee YH, Khan AR, Ullah I, Lee C, Park CK, Shin JH. Cloning, expression, and characterization of thermophilicL-asparaginase fromThermococcus kodakarensisKOD1. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54:500-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201300741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jun Hong
- School of Applied Biosciences; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ha Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Abdur Rahim Khan
- School of Applied Biosciences; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Ihsan Ullah
- School of Applied Biosciences; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; College of Natural Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Choi Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- School of Applied Biosciences; College of Agriculture and Life Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Republic of Korea
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45
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Gholamian S, Gholamian S, Nazemi A, Miri Nargesi M. Optimization of culture media for L-asparaginase production by newly isolated bacteria, Bacillus sp. GH5. Microbiology (Reading) 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261714010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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46
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Extracellular l-Asparaginase from a Protease-Deficient Bacillus aryabhattai ITBHU02: Purification, Biochemical Characterization, and Evaluation of Antineoplastic Activity In Vitro. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:1759-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0455-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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47
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Chohan SM, Rashid N. TK1656, a thermostable l-asparaginase from Thermococcus kodakaraensis, exhibiting highest ever reported enzyme activity. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 116:438-43. [PMID: 23648103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two L-asparaginase homologs, TK1656 and TK2246, have been found in the genome of Thermococcus kodakaraensis. The gene encoding TK1656 consists of 984 nucleotides corresponding to a polypeptide of 328 amino acids. To examine the properties of TK1656, the structural gene was cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified gene product was characterized. TK1656 exhibited high asparaginase activity (2350 U mg⁻¹) but no glutaminase activity. The enzyme also displayed the D-asparaginase activity but 50% to that of L-asparaginase. The highest activity was observed at 85°C and pH 9.5. TK1656 catalyzed the conversion of L-asparagine to L-aspartatic acid and ammonia following Michaelise-Menten kinetics with a K(m) and V(max) values of 5.5 mM and 3300 mmol min⁻¹ mg⁻¹, respectively. The activation energy from the linear Arrhenius plot was found to be 58 kJ mol⁻¹. Unfolding studies suggested that urea could not induce complete unfolding and inactivation of TK1656 even at a concentration 8 M; however, in the presence of 4 M guanidine hydrochloride enzyme structure was unfolded with complete loss of enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Mahmood Chohan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
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48
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Mahajan RV, Saran S, Kameswaran K, Kumar V, Saxena RK. Efficient production of L-asparaginase from Bacillus licheniformis with low-glutaminase activity: optimization, scale up and acrylamide degradation studies. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 125:11-6. [PMID: 23018158 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
L-Asparaginase has potential as an anti-cancer drug and for prevention of acrylamide formation in fried and baked foods. Production of the enzyme by Bacillus licheniformis (RAM-8) was optimized by process engineering using a statistical modeling approach and a maximum yield of 32.26 IU/ml was achieved. The L-asparaginase exhibited glutaminase activity of only 0.8 IU/ml and would therefore be less prone to cause the side effects associated with asparaginase therapy compared to enzyme preparations with higher glutaminase activities. When production was carried out in a 30-L bioreactor, enzyme production reached 29.94 IU/ml in 15 h. The enzyme inhibited poly-acrylamide formation in 10% acrylamide solution and reduced acrylamide formation in fried potatoes by 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richi V Mahajan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
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Kumar K, Kataria M, Verma N. Plant asparaginase-based asparagine biosensor for leukemia. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 41:184-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10731199.2012.716062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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50
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Kavitha A, Vijayalakshmi M. A study on L-asparaginase of Nocardia levis MK-VL_113. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:160434. [PMID: 22619604 PMCID: PMC3349320 DOI: 10.1100/2012/160434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An enzyme-based drug, L-asparaginase, was produced by Nocardia levis MK-VL_113 isolated from laterite soils of Guntur region. Cultural parameters affecting the production of L-asparaginase by the strain were optimized. Maximal yields of L-asparaginase were recorded from 3-day-old culture grown in modified asparagine-glycerol salts broth with initial pH 7.0 at temperature 30°C. Glycerol (2%) and yeast extract (1.5%) served as good carbon and nitrogen sources for L-asparaginase production, respectively. Cell-disrupting agents like EDTA slightly enhanced the productivity of L-asparaginase. Ours is the first paper on the production of L-asparaginase by N. levis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alapati Kavitha
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522 510, India
| | - Muvva Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522 510, India
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