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Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in the Elderly, the Birjand Longitudinal Aging Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:4683542. [PMID: 36865485 PMCID: PMC9974246 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4683542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a significant risk factor for chronic and atherosclerotic vascular disease that causes preventable considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study is aimed at comparing inflammation and the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in elderly subjects. The authors recruited the participants (1281 older adults) from the Birjand Longitudinal of Aging study. They measured oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers serum levels in the 101 cigarettes and 1180 nonsmokers. The mean age of smokers was 69.3 ± 7.95 years, and most were male. The most percentage of male cigarette smokers have lower body mass index (BMI) (≤19 kg/m2). Females have higher BMI categories than males (P ≤ 0.001). The percentage of diseases and defects was different between cigarette and non-cigarette smoker adults (P ≤ 0.01 to P ≤ 0.001). The total white blood cells, neutrophils, and eosinophils were significantly higher in cigarettes compared to non-cigarette smokers (P ≤ 0.001). Besides, cigarette consumers' percentage of hemoglobin and hematocrit compared to other aged people was significantly different (P ≤ 0.001). However, biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant levels were not significant differences between the two senior groups. Cigarette smoking in older adults was associated with increased inflammatory biomarkers and cells, but it did not find a significant difference in oxidative stress markers. Longitudinal prospective studies may help illuminate the mechanisms inducing oxidative stress and inflammation due to cigarette smoking in each gender.
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Wang Y, Wei D, Chen H, Chen B, Li J, László KD. Death of a Child and Mortality after Cancer: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Sweden. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 30:150-157. [PMID: 33082204 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-0842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The death of a child is a traumatic life event that may influence mortality in patients with cancer. Only a few studies investigated this association and their findings have been mixed. We analyzed whether the death of a child is associated with mortality in patients with cancer. METHODS We conducted a cohort study of 371,673 parents who were diagnosed with cancer in Sweden during 1973 to 2014 by linking several population-based registers. We analyzed the association between the death of a child after the diagnosis of cancer and mortality using Cox proportional hazards models with time-varying exposure. RESULTS The death of a child was associated with an increased risk of mortality [HR, 1.27; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.17-1.39]. The association was present not only in case of children's death due to cancer or other natural deaths, but also in case of unnatural deaths. Mortality was increased only in the long-term follow-up period (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.29-1.56), but not in the short-term (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.78-1.15). The association was most pronounced following loss of an adult child and for patients with reproductive cancers. CONCLUSIONS Death of a child is associated with increased risks of overall and long-term mortality in patients with cancer. The findings that the association was present not only in case of natural but also in case of unnatural deaths suggests that stress-related mechanisms may also operate. IMPACT Our findings highlight the importance of psychosocial support for patients with cancer experiencing severe stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nangjing, China
| | - Dang Wei
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Baoan Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nangjing, China
| | - Jiong Li
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Krisztina D László
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Food Habits, Lifestyle Factors, and Risk of Prostate Cancer in Central Argentina: A Case Control Study Involving Self-Motivated Health Behavior Modifications after Diagnosis. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070419. [PMID: 27409631 PMCID: PMC4963895 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second most important non-communicable disease worldwide and disproportionately impacts low- to middle-income countries. Diet in combination with other lifestyle habits seems to modify the risk for some cancers but little is known about South Americans. Food habits of Argentinean men pre- and post-diagnosis of prostate cancer (n = 326) were assessed along with other lifestyle factors. We studied whether any of the behaviors and risk factors for prostate cancer were found in men with other cancers (n = 394), compared with control subjects (n = 629). Before diagnosis, both cases reported a greater mean consumption of meats and fats and lower intakes of fruits, green vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains than the controls (all p < 0.001). After diagnosis, cases significantly reduced the intake of meats and fats, and reported other dietary modifications with increased consumption of fish, fruits (including red fruits in prostate cancer), cruciferous vegetables, legumes, nuts, and black tea (all p < 0.001). Additional lifestyle aspects significantly predominant in cases included a reduced quality of sleep, emotional stress, low physical activity, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, living in rural areas, and being exposed to environmental contaminants. Argentinian men were predisposed to modify their unhealthy dietary habits and other lifestyle factors after cancer diagnosis.
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Ji X, Zhang W, Gui J, Fan X, Zhang W, Li Y, An G, Zhu D, Hu Q. Role of a genetic variant on the 15q25.1 lung cancer susceptibility locus in smoking-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109036. [PMID: 25329654 PMCID: PMC4203692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 15q25.1 lung cancer susceptibility locus, containing CHRNA5, could modify lung cancer susceptibility and multiple smoking related phenotypes. However, no studies have investigated the association between CHRNA5 rs3841324, which has been proven to have the highest association with CHRNA5 mRNA expression, and the risk of other smoking-associated cancers, except lung cancer. In the current study we examined the association between rs3841324 and susceptibility to smoking-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods In this case-control study we genotyped the CHRNA5 rs3841324 polymorphism with 400 NPC cases and 491 healthy controls who were Han Chinese and frequency-matched by age (±5 years), gender, and alcohol consumption. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results We found that individuals with CHRNA5 rs3841324 combined variant genotypes (ins/del+del/del) had a >1.5-fold elevated risk for NPC than those with the ins/ins genotype (adjusted OR = 1.52; 95% CI, 1.16–2.00), especially among ever smokers (adjusted OR = 2.07; 95% CI, 1.23–3.48). The combined variant genotypes acted jointly with cigarette smoking to contribute to a 4.35-fold increased NPC risk (adjusted OR = 4.35; 95% CI, 2.57–7.38). There was a dose-response relationship between deletion alleles and NPC susceptibility (trend test, P = 0.011). Conclusions Our results suggest that genetic variants on the 15q25.1 lung cancer susceptibility locus may influence susceptibility to NPC, particularly for smoking-associated NPC. Such work may be helpful to facilitate an understanding of the etiology of smoking-associated cancers and improve prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Ji
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Gui
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Xia Fan
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Yafang Li
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Guangyu An
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dakai Zhu
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States of America
| | - Qiang Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Bae JM, Li ZM, Shin MH, Kim DH, Lee MS, Ahn YO. Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer risk: negative results of the Seoul Male Cancer Cohort Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:4667-9. [PMID: 24083722 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.8.4667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated cigarette smoking as a risk factor for prostate cancer in a prospective, population-based cohort study. The subjects were 14,450 males among the participants in the Seoul Male Cancer Cohort Study who had at least 1-year follow-up. They were followed up between 1993 and 2008. During the 16-year follow-up period, 87 cases of prostate cancer occurred over the 207,326 person-years of the study. The age-adjusted relative risks of past and current smokers at entry were 0.60 (95%CI: 0.34-1.06) and 0.70 (95%CI: 0.43-1.13), respectively, suggesting that cigarette smoking may not be a risk factor for prostate cancer. The relationship between prostate cancer and other modifiable factors, such as Westernized diet, should be studied with the goal of establishing prevention programs for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Myon Bae
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Jeju National University, School of Medicine, Jeju, China E-mail :
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Lateef A, Rehman MU, Tahir M, Khan R, Khan AQ, Qamar W, Sultana S. Farnesol protects against intratracheally instilled cigarette smoke extract-induced histological alterations and oxidative stress in prostate of wistar rats. Toxicol Int 2013; 20:35-42. [PMID: 23833436 PMCID: PMC3702125 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6580.111563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, cigarette smoke contains more than four thousand chemicals, many of which are known to be carcinogen or cancer promoter. Many epidemiological reports suggest that cigarette smokers are at a greater risk of other cancers such as oropharynx, stomach, pancreas, liver, kidney, urinary bladder, colon, and breast, however, the few epidemiological reports are available on the role of cigarette smoke in the development of prostate cancer. In this study, we investigated the effects of farnesol against cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced oxidative stress in prostate. MATERIALS AND METHODS Farnesol was administered by gavage (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg b.wt. in corn oil) one time daily for 7 days. On day 7, rats were exposed to cigarette smoke via intratracheal instillation of aqueous CSE. CSE enhanced prostatic xanthine oxidase activity and lipid peroxidation (LPO) along with decrease in prostatic glutathione content, antioxidant enzymes activities, viz., glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and catalase. RESULTS Pre-treatment of rats with farnesol (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg b.wt. orally) resulted in significant decreased in xanthine oxidase activity and LPO at both the doses. The level of reduced glutathione, the activities of glutathione dependent enzymes and antioxidant enzymes were also augmented to significant level with pre-treatment with farnesol. CONCLUSION Thus, our data suggests that farnesol is a potent defense against CSE induced prostatic oxidative damage in rodent model of experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Lateef
- Departments of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention Division, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Cholinesterase activities and biochemical determinations in patients with prostate cancer: Influence of Gleason score, treatment and bone metastasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2012; 66:249-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Zu K, Giovannucci E. Smoking and aggressive prostate cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 20:1799-810. [PMID: 19562492 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although tobacco use has been recognized as one of the leading causes of cancer morbidity and mortality, a role of smoking in the occurrence of prostate cancer has not been established. However, evidence indicates that factors that influence the incidence of prostate cancer may differ from those that influence progression and fatality from the disease. Thus, we reviewed and summarized results from prospective cohort studies that assessed the relation between smoking and fatal prostate cancer risk, as well as epidemiological and clinical studies that focused on aggressive behavior in prostate cancer, such as poorer survival, advanced stage, or poorer differentiation at diagnosis. The majority of the prospective cohort studies showed that current smoking is associated with a moderate increase of ~30% in fatal prostate cancer risk compared to never/non-smokers. This association is likely to be an underestimate of the effect of smoking because most studies had a single assessment of smoking at baseline and long follow-up times, and the association was considerably stronger in some sub-groups of heaviest smokers, or when smoking was assessed in a relatively short period (within 10 years) prior to cancer mortality. Using aggressive behavior of prostate cancer as outcome, current smoking was associated with significantly elevated risk, ranging from around twofold to threefold or higher. Although alternative explanations, such as publication bias, residual confounding, screening bias, and the influence of smoking-related comorbidities cannot be ruled out entirely, these findings suggest that smoking is associated with aggressive behavior of prostate cancers or with a sub-group of rapidly progressing prostate cancer. Based on evidence presented in this review, cigarette smoking is likely to be a risk factor for prostate cancer progression and should be considered as a relevant exposure in prostate cancer research and prevention of mortality from this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Significance of smoking status regarding outcomes after radical prostatectomy. Int Urol Nephrol 2011; 44:119-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-011-9964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sahmoun AE, Case LD, Jackson SA, Schwartz GG. Cadmium and prostate cancer: a critical epidemiologic analysis. Cancer Invest 2005; 23:256-63. [PMID: 15945511 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-200055968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory data implicate cadmium as a prostate carcinogen. However, epidemiological studies concerning the association between cadmium and prostate cancer are inconclusive. This article reviews the epidemiological literature on cadmium and prostate cancer with a special focus on highly exposed occupational cohorts. We searched the MEDLINE database from 1966 to 2002 for articles on cadmium and prostate cancer. All published analytical and descriptive studies that included relevant data were reviewed. In addition, we reviewed the experience of cohorts highly exposed to cadmium in nickel-cadmium battery plants. Of 4 descriptive studies, 3 reported a positive association between cadmium and prostate cancer. Of 10 case-control studies, 5 (50%) reported a positive association. Of 11 cohorts studies, 3 (33%) found a positive association. Finally, 4 studies on cohorts exposed in occupational nickel-cadmium batteries were identified and analyzed. The summary score of the standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) was weakly but not significantly positive 126 (95% confidence interval C.I.: 83-184). In contrast to laboratory studies, epidemiological studies do not convincingly implicate cadmium as a cause of prostate cancer. Future epidemiological studies that attempt to resolve the discrepancy between laboratory and epidemiological studies of cadmium carcinogenesis may benefit from incorporating biological measures of cadmium exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abe E Sahmoun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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Cáceres DD, Iturrieta J, Acevedo C, Huidobro C, Varela N, Quiñones L. Relationship among metabolizing genes, smoking and alcohol used as modifier factors on prostate cancer risk: exploring some gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. Eur J Epidemiol 2005; 20:79-88. [PMID: 15756908 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-004-1632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common male cancers, but the burden of this disease shows remarkable worldwide variation. The role of susceptibility low penetrance genes and environmental factors in the etiology of (PCa) is unclear, but may involve, in some cases, multiple alleles at multiple loci and environmental factors. STUDY OBJECTIVES To assess whether CYP1A1, GSTM1, GSTT1 susceptibility genotypes, smoking status and alcohol consumption factors contribute to PCa risk, gene-gene and gene-environment interactions were analyzed. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS We explored interactions on a multiplicative scale conducting a population-based case-control and a case-only study on 103 incident PCa patients and 132 unrelated controls. MAIN RESULTS The interaction odds ratios (IOR) for PCa risk were increased in men who had both susceptibility genotypes GST (M1; T1) null and CYP1A1-M1* in a case-control and case-only design (IOR(cc): 1.11; 95% CI: 0.12-10.02; IOR(cc): 6.23; 95%, CI: 0.51-75.89; IOR(co): 2.80; 95% CI: 0.44-17.45 and IORco: 2.65; 95%, CI: 0.30-25.40). No clear evidence for interaction on a multiplicative scale between smoking status, alcohol consumption and genetic polymorphisms in PCa risk was observed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the interaction between genetic polymorphisms in GST (T1; M1) and CYP1A1-M1* would play a significant role as a modifying factor on PCa risk in Chilean people. However, these preliminary exploratory results should be confirmed in a larger study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante D Cáceres
- Environmental and Occupational Health Division, School of Public Health, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Abstract
Tobacco consumption has been clearly implicated in the causation of many cancer types, with irrefutable evidence to support the association in multiple organ systems. Tobacco cessation leads to reduced cancer risk and improved survival of those under treatment for their already established cancers. As understanding of the mechanisms by which tobacco products cause cancer increases, clinicians may be able to identify those at highest risk for tobacco-related malignancies and allow for more focused interventions toward risk reduction among current tobacco users. This article reviews the carcinogens present in tobacco products, the mechanisms by which tobacco causes cancer, and the various tumor types causally related to tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Levitz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, North Shore University Hospital, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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Stotts RC. Cancers of the prostate, penis, and testicles: epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Nurs Clin North Am 2004; 39:327-40. [PMID: 15159183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnur.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a disease that most people fear. Nurses are required to provide information on how to avoid cancer, and, once the diagnosis is made, how to cope with it. Prevention and early detection of the cancers described in this article are in the very early stages of knowledge development, but general health promotion guidance can be offered on how to avoid most cancers (ie, no tobacco use, a high-fiber and low fat diet, exercise, and maintaining a normal weight). Nurses also can advise patients to be screened for colorectal cancer at the appropriate ages and time intervals and to be aware as new developments occur in the scientific base for screenings in the areas of prostate, penile, and testicular cancer. Finally, coping with these forms of cancer often requires the patient to make major lifestyle and psychological changes, especially if surgery in the genital area occurs. Decreased libido, incontinence, and impotence are major complications that can occur with these illnesses. The male cancers described vary tremendously in their prevalence, incidence, mortality, treatment, and survival rates. Within this group, there are remarkably positive outcomes and outcomes much in need of improvement. Penile and testicular cancers are the bright spots in this picture; both are uncommon, and both are eminently treatable. Prostate cancer, on the other hand, is quite common, difficult to screen, difficult to treat without major sexual problems, and yet receives relatively little funding from the NIH. Although as many men die from prostate cancer as women die from breast cancer, NIH funds breast cancer research at much higher levels than prostate cancer. According to the latest data available at the NIH Web site, during the 1990s, the amount of NIH funding varied from four times more for breast cancer (1993) to 2.9 times more in 1999. For fiscal year 2002, NIH is providing $522 million in funding for breast cancer and $278 million for prostate cancer. Private foundation funds for prostate cancer are much smaller than those available for breast cancer. Both types of cancer are extremely important to address, and both should receive adequate research attention. Nurses can advocate for more funding for prostate cancer, from basic science approaches to behavioral science strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Craig Stotts
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Nursing, 877 Madison Avenue, Room 612, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Visvanathan K, Helzlsouer KJ, Boorman DW, Strickland PT, Hoffman SC, Comstock GW, O'Brien TG, Guo Y. Association Among an Ornithine Decarboxylase Polymorphism, Androgen Receptor Gene (CAG) Repeat Length and Prostate Cancer Risk. J Urol 2004; 171:652-5. [PMID: 14713779 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000108384.74718.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A single nucleotide substitution of guanine to adenine (A) at base +316 in the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene may be associated with greater ODC expression and increased tumor growth. ODC is induced by androgens in human prostatic epithelial cells, presumably via transcriptional activation of androgen receptor (AR) and also by nicotine. A nested case-control study was done to examine the association between this ODC genotype and prostate cancer risk, and whether it varies by AR gene CAG repeat length and smoking. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 164 cases were matched to 2 controls each from a community based cohort. ODC and AR genotyping was performed using a TaqMan (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California) based assay and automated fragment analysis, respectively. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the OR and 95% CI. RESULTS The presence of the ODC A allele was not significantly associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer (OR 1.33, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.96). However, men who inherited at least 1 ODC A alleles and less than 22 AR CAG repeats were at twice the risk of prostate cancer compared with those with 2 guanine alleles and 22 or greater AR CAG repeats (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.23 to 3.57). Smoking was associated with prostate cancer only in men carrying a least 1 ODC A allele (p interaction = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS The ODC A allele was not associated with a statistically significant increased risk of prostate cancer. However, this association may vary according to the number of CAG repeats in the AR receptor and smoking status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kala Visvanathan
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Sommer F, Klotz T, Schmitz-Dräger BJ. Lifestyle issues and genitourinary tumours. World J Urol 2003; 21:402-13. [PMID: 14673616 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-003-0379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2003] [Accepted: 10/27/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of lifestyle factors, including physical activity, artificial sweeteners, alcohol consumption and smoking, have been reported to contribute to the risk of developing urological malignancies. A great number of epidemiological studies suggest that sports and physical activity may have a preventive influence on genitourinary tumours, especially on the incidence of prostate cancer. Smoking appears to be the most relevant lifestyle factor significantly increasing both incidence and mortality from bladder cancer. Furthermore, there is evidence implicating an association between tobacco use and kidney cancer. In contrast, prostate and testicular cancers are unlikely to be linked to tobacco use. As far as alcohol is concerned, most studies indicate that neither amount nor type of alcohol seems to be clearly associated with a risk of developing urological malignancies. However, some more recent cohort studies suggest a moderately increased risk for prostate and bladder cancer for specific types of alcohol. On the other hand, there is evidence that moderate alcohol consumption may even protect women from developing renal cancer. Since the introduction of artificial sweeteners, reports of potential cancer risks have circulated periodically through the mass media. The wide distribution of these agents and the fact that mostly combinations of the different compounds are added to a broad variety of food, drinks, drugs, and hygiene products complicates a systematic analysis of their potential impact on the development of urological malignancies. Nevertheless, so far not a single study has convincingly demonstrated a statistically significant risk of bladder cancer due to the consumption of artificial sweeteners. This survey demonstrates that the individual assessment of lifestyle factors not only may identify groups with an increased risk for urological malignancies but also clearly displays a potential for tumour prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Sommer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Urologie der Universität zu Köln, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9, 50931 Köln, Germany.
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Cooperberg MR, Lubeck DP, Penson DF, Mehta SS, Carroll PR, Kane CJ. Sociodemographic and clinical risk characteristics of patients with prostate cancer within the Veterans Affairs health care system: data from CaPSURE. J Urol 2003; 170:905-8. [PMID: 12913727 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000081200.63275.0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system investigators perform large clinical trials in prostate cancer treatment but potential differences between VA and other patient cohorts have not been explored systematically. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor is an ongoing observational database of men with prostate cancer, comprising 7,202 patients treated at 35 sites across the United States. Three sites that together contribute 241 patients are VA medical centers. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between all VA and nonVA patients in the database and a multivariate model was used to explore the interactions between ethnicity and VA status for predicting clinical characteristics. RESULTS VA patients were 4 times as likely as nonVA patients to be black. They had lower income, less education and more co-morbidity at presentation (all comparisons p <0.0001). VA patients had higher risk disease. Mean serum prostate specific antigen at diagnosis was 20.1 vs 15.3 ng/ml for nonVA patients (p = 0.003). Mean Gleason score was 6.4 for VA patients vs 6.0 for nonVA patients (p <0.0001). Differing ethnic distributions explained the differences in prostate specific antigen between VA and nonVA patients. However, VA status, socioeconomic level and ethnicity independently predicted Gleason score. VA patients were more likely to undergo watchful waiting or primary hormonal therapy and less likely to receive definitive local treatment (p <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Significant sociodemographic and clinical differences exist between VA and nonVA patients, which should be borne in mind when extrapolating the results of VA clinical trials to the general population. These observations require validation in larger patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Cooperberg
- Department of Urology, Program in Urologic Oncology, Urology Outcomes Research Group, University of California-San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Abstract
In the second part of our review we describe the association between tobacco use and risk of specific cancer types. There is evidence for an established association of tobacco use with cancer of the lung and larynx, head and neck, bladder, oesophagus, pancreas, stomach and kidney. In contrast, endometrial cancer is less common in women who smoke cigarettes. There are some data suggesting that tobacco use increases the risk for myeloid leukaemia, squamous cell sinonasal cancer, liver cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer after an extended latency, childhood cancers and cancer of the gall bladder, adrenal gland and small intestine. Other forms of cancer, including breast, ovarian and prostate cancer, are unlikely to be linked to tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kuper
- Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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