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Chen M, Du R, Zhang T, Li C, Bao W, Xin F, Hou S, Yang Q, Chen L, Wang Q, Zhu A. The Application of a Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic Model in Health Risk Assessment. TOXICS 2023; 11:874. [PMID: 37888724 PMCID: PMC10611306 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Toxicokinetics plays a crucial role in the health risk assessments of xenobiotics. Classical compartmental models are limited in their ability to determine chemical concentrations in specific organs or tissues, particularly target organs or tissues, and their limited interspecific and exposure route extrapolation hinders satisfactory health risk assessment. In contrast, physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models quantitatively describe the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of chemicals across various exposure routes and doses in organisms, establishing correlations with toxic effects. Consequently, PBTK models serve as potent tools for extrapolation and provide a theoretical foundation for health risk assessment and management. This review outlines the construction and application of PBTK models in health risk assessment while analyzing their limitations and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Ruihu Du
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chutao Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenqiang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Fan Xin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Shaozhang Hou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Qiaomei Yang
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital), Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital), Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Compatibility Toxicology, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing 100191, China
| | - An Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Li X, Jusko WJ. Utility of Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models for Assessing Fractional Distribution, Oral Absorption, and Series-Compartment Models of Hepatic Clearance. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1403-1418. [PMID: 37460222 PMCID: PMC10506700 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) models are physiologically relevant, require less information than full PBPK models, and offer flexibility in pharmacokinetics (PK). The well-stirred hepatic model (WSM) is commonly used in PBPK, whereas the more plausible dispersion model (DM) poses computational complexities. The series-compartment model (SCM) mimics the DM but is easier to operate. This work implements the SCM and mPBPK models for assessing fractional tissue distribution, oral absorption, and hepatic clearance using literature-reported blood and liver concentration-time data in rats for compounds mainly cleared by the liver. Further handled were various complexities, including nonlinear hepatic binding and metabolism, differing absorption kinetics, and sites of administration. The SCM containing one to five (n) liver subcompartments yields similar fittings and provides comparable estimates for hepatic extraction ratio (ER), prehepatic availability (Fg ), and first-order absorption rate constants (ka ). However, they produce decreased intrinsic clearances (CLint ) and liver-to-plasma partition coefficients (Kph ) with increasing n as expected. Model simulations demonstrated changes in intravenous and oral PK profiles with alterations in Kph and ka and with hepatic metabolic zonation. The permeability (PAMPA P) of the various compounds well explained the fitted fractional distribution (fd ) parameters. The SCM and mPBPK models offer advantages in distinguishing systemic, extrahepatic, and hepatic clearances. The SCM allows for incorporation of liver zonation and is useful in assessing changes in internal concentration gradients potentially masked by similar blood PK profiles. Improved assessment of intraorgan drug concentrations may offer insights into active moieties driving metabolism, biliary excretion, pharmacodynamics, and hepatic toxicity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and the series-compartment model are useful in assessing oral absorption and hepatic clearance. They add flexibility in accounting for various drug- or system-specific complexities, including fractional distribution, nonlinear binding and saturable hepatic metabolism, and hepatic zonation. These models can offer improved insights into the intraorgan concentrations that reflect physiologically active moieties often driving disposition, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Li X, Jusko WJ. Exploring the Pharmacokinetic Mysteries of the Liver: Application of Series Compartment Models of Hepatic Elimination. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:618-628. [PMID: 36732075 PMCID: PMC10158499 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the basic hepatic clearance models, the dispersion model (DM) is the most physiologically sound compared with the well-stirred model and the parallel tube model. However, its application in physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has been limited due to computational complexities. The series compartment models (SCM) of hepatic elimination that treats the liver as a cascade of well-stirred compartments connected by hepatic blood flow exhibits some mathematical similarities to the DM but is easier to operate. This work assesses the quantitative correlation between the SCM and DM and demonstrates the operation of the SCM in PBPK with the published single-dose blood and liver concentration-time data of six flow-limited compounds. The predicted liver concentrations and the estimated intrinsic clearance (CLint ) and PBPK-operative tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp ) values were shown to depend on the number of liver sub-compartments (n) and hepatic enzyme zonation in the SCM. The CLint and Kp decreased with increasing n, with more remarkable differences for drugs with higher hepatic extraction ratios. Given the same total CLint , the SCM yields a higher Kp when the liver perivenous region exhibits a lower CLint as compared with a high CLint at this region. Overall, the SCM nicely approximates the DM in characterizing hepatic elimination and offers an alternative flexible approach as well as providing some insights regarding sequential drug concentrations in the liver. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The SCM nicely approximates the DM when applied in PBPK for characterizing hepatic elimination. The number of liver sub-compartments and hepatic enzyme zonation are influencing factors for the SCM resulting in model-dependent predictions of total/internal liver concentrations and estimates of CLint and the PBPK-operative Kp . Such model-dependency may have an impact when the SCM is used for in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) and may also be relevant for PK/PD/toxicological effects when it is the driving force for such responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Li X, Jusko WJ. Assessing Liver-to-Plasma Partition Coefficients and In Silico Calculation Methods: When Does the Hepatic Model Matter in PBPK?. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:DMD-AR-2022-000994. [PMID: 36195337 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary models used in pharmacokinetics (PK) to assess hepatic clearance (CLh ) are the well-stirred (WSM), parallel tube (PTM), and dispersion model (DM) that differ in their internal flow patterns and assumed unbound liver concentrations. Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models require a hepatic intrinsic clearance (CLint ) and tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp ). Given measured systemic and liver concentration-time profiles, these hepatic models perform similarly but yield model-specific CLint and Kp estimates. This work provides mathematical relationships for the three basic hepatic models and assesses their corresponding PBPK-relevant Kp values with literature-reported single-dose blood and liver concentration-time data of 14 compounds. Model fittings were performed with an open-loop approach where the CLh and extraction ratio (ER) were first estimated from fitting the blood data yielding CLint values for the three hepatic models. The pre-fitted blood data served as forcing input functions to obtain PBPK-operative Kp estimates that were compared with those obtained by the tissue/plasma area ratio (AR), Chen & Gross (C&G) and published in silico methods. The CLint and Kp values for the hepatic models increased with the ER and both showed a rank order being WSM > DM > PTM. Drugs with low ER showed no differences as expected. With model-specific CLint and Kp values, all hepatic models predict the same steady-state Kp (Kp ss ) that is comparable to those from the AR and C&G methods and reported by direct measurement. All in silico methods performed poorly for most compounds. Hepatic model selection requires cautious application and interpretation in PBPK modeling. Significance Statement The three hepatic models generate different single-dose (non-steady-state) values of CLint and Kp in PBPK models especially for drugs with high ER; however, all Kp ss values expected from constant rate infusion studies were the same. These findings are relevant when using these models for IVIVE where a model-dependent CLint is used to correct measured tissue concentrations for depletion by metabolism. This model-dependency may also have an impact when assessing the PK/pharmacodynamic relationships when effects relate to assumed hepatic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, United States
| | - William J Jusko
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, United States
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Evaluation of the whole body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (WB-PBPK) modeling of drugs. J Theor Biol 2018; 451:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Williamson B, Riley RJ. Hepatic transporter drug-drug interactions: an evaluation of approaches and methodologies. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:1237-1250. [PMID: 29121476 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1404028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) continue to account for 5% of hospital admissions and therefore remain a major regulatory concern. Effective, quantitative prediction of DDIs will reduce unexpected clinical findings and encourage projects to frontload DDI investigations rather than concentrating on risk management ('manage the baggage') later in drug development. A key challenge in DDI prediction is the discrepancies between reported models. Areas covered: The current synopsis focuses on four recent influential publications on hepatic drug transporter DDIs using static models that tackle interactions with individual transporters and in combination with other drug transporters and metabolising enzymes. These models vary in their assumptions (including input parameters), transparency, reproducibility and complexity. In this review, these facets are compared and contrasted with recommendations made as to their application. Expert opinion: Over the past decade, static models have evolved from simple [I]/ki models to incorporate victim and perpetrator disposition mechanisms including the absorption rate constant, the fraction of the drug metabolised/eliminated and/or clearance concepts. Nonetheless, models that comprise additional parameters and complexity do not necessarily out-perform simpler models with fewer inputs. Further, consideration of the property space to exploit some drug target classes has also highlighted the fine balance required between frontloading and back-loading studies to design out or 'manage the baggage'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Williamson
- a Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Evotec , Abingdon , UK
| | - Robert J Riley
- a Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Evotec , Abingdon , UK
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Burt T, Noveck RJ, MacLeod DB, Layton AT, Rowland M, Lappin G. Intra-Target Microdosing (ITM): A Novel Drug Development Approach Aimed at Enabling Safer and Earlier Translation of Biological Insights Into Human Testing. Clin Transl Sci 2017; 10:337-350. [PMID: 28419765 PMCID: PMC5593170 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Burt
- Burt Consultancy, LLC, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - R J Noveck
- Medical Director, Duke Clinical Research Unit, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - D B MacLeod
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - A T Layton
- Robert R. and Katherine B. Penn Professor of Mathematics Arts and Sciences Council Chair Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - M Rowland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - G Lappin
- Reader in Pharmaceutical Science, Lincoln School of Pharmacy, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, UK
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Berezhkovskiy LM. Exploration of PBPK Model-Calculation of Drug Time Course in Tissue Using IV Bolus Drug Plasma Concentration-Time Profile and the Physiological Parameters of the Organ. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2453-8. [PMID: 27290628 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An uncommon innovative consideration of the well-stirred linear physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and the drug plasma concentration-time profile, which is measured in routine intravenous bolus pharmacokinetic study, was applied for the calculation of the drug time course in human tissues. This cannot be obtained in the in vivo pharmacokinetic study. The physiological parameters of the organ such as organ tissue volume, organ blood flow rate, and its vascular volume were used in the calculation. The considered method was applied to calculate the time course of midazolam, alprazolam, quinidine, and diclofenac in human organs or tissues. The suggested method might be applied for the prediction of drug concentration-time profile in tissues and consequently the drug concentration level in the targeted tissue, as well as the possible undesirable toxic levels in other tissues.
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Wang X, Davies BE. A PBPK model describing a xenobiotic with a short PK event scale. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2015; 42:409-16. [PMID: 26156591 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-015-9425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling has been widely used in human risk assessment and in early drug development to predict human PK from in vitro and/or in vivo animal data. Recently, the application of PBPK modeling has been extended to the evaluation of drug-drug interactions. For most xenobiotic agents, the PK event scale such as elimination is in hours or days. This is much longer than the transit time of the agent in the body, and a PBPK model can be significantly simplified through lumping based on the physiochemical properties, mass transfer, and biotransformation. However, for a xenobiotic agent with a short PK event scale, e.g. in minutes, such an approach is not applicable. In this manuscript, the authors used the observed PK data from an ultrasound contrast agent to illustrate the role of a short PK event scale in the development of a suitable PBPK model. The model development process showed that a PBPK model assuming uniform venous and arterial blood pools, with a static lung model including alveolar and tissue regions, was unable to adequately capture the characteristics of the PK of the agent. Detailed information describing the pulmonary and cardiovascular circulation, and a heterogeneous dynamic lung model became necessary for the model. This exercise once again demonstrates the importance of the principles and methodologies that have been established since the 1960s that need to be followed during PBPK model development.
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Sy SKB, Wang X, Derendorf H. Introduction to Pharmacometrics and Quantitative Pharmacology with an Emphasis on Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1304-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Rakesh V, Stallings JD, Helwig BG, Leon LR, Jackson DA, Reifman J. A 3-D mathematical model to identify organ-specific risks in rats during thermal stress. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:1822-37. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00589.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early prediction of the adverse outcomes associated with heat stress is critical for effective management and mitigation of injury, which may sometimes lead to extreme undesirable clinical conditions, such as multiorgan dysfunction syndrome and death. Here, we developed a computational model to predict the spatiotemporal temperature distribution in a rat exposed to heat stress in an attempt to understand the correlation between heat load and differential organ dysfunction. The model includes a three-dimensional representation of the rat anatomy obtained from medical imaging and incorporates the key mechanisms of heat transfer during thermoregulation. We formulated a novel approach to estimate blood temperature by accounting for blood mixing from the different organs and to estimate the effects of the circadian rhythm in body temperature by considering day-night variations in metabolic heat generation and blood perfusion. We validated the model using in vivo core temperature measurements in control and heat-stressed rats and other published experimental data. The model predictions were within 1 SD of the measured data. The liver demonstrated the greatest susceptibility to heat stress, with the maximum temperature reaching 2°C higher than the measured core temperature and 95% of its volume exceeding the targeted experimental core temperature. Other organs also attained temperatures greater than the core temperature, illustrating the need to monitor multiple organs during heat stress. The model facilitates the identification of organ-specific risks during heat stress and has the potential to aid in the development of improved clinical strategies for thermal-injury prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Rakesh
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Jonathan D. Stallings
- Biomarkers Program, United States Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, Maryland; and
| | - Bryan G. Helwig
- Thermal Mountain Medicine Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa R. Leon
- Thermal Mountain Medicine Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - David A. Jackson
- Biomarkers Program, United States Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, Maryland; and
| | - Jaques Reifman
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland
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JOSHI RAJANIR, RAGHUVANSHI MEENAKSHI, PANDYA PRANAV. YAGYOPATHY VERSUS ORAL AND IV DRUG ADMINISTRATION: EVALUATION FOR PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS USING COMPARTMENT MODELING. J BIOL SYST 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339006001891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
With pulmonary drug administration gaining more and more importance, there is an obvious need for improvement in the existing methods and search for the newer ones. We have carried out the first ever study on the potentials of yagyopathy in this regard. While introducing this new mode of pulmonary drug administration, we also highlight some preliminary clinical and empirical results on drug inhalation characterization of yagyopathy that indicate its effectiveness in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis and thus motivate the present study. We construct mathematical models to evaluate the efficacy of this method of herbal cure vis-à-vis the common modes of oral and intravenous medication. The models are analyzed mathematically for the availability of the drug and other important pharmacokinetic features for the case when the site of infection and hence of desired activation is located in the lungs. Computer simulation experiments and validation are also carried out using available data from relevant empirical studies. The results further support significant potential of yagyopathy especially in terms of higher lung deposits, (bio)availability and residence time. The scope of yagyopathy and related research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- RAJANI R. JOSHI
- Department of Mathematics, Associated Faculty, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai, 400 076, India
| | - MEENAKSHI RAGHUVANSHI
- Vedic Science Research Department, Dev Sanskriti University, Shantikunj, Hardwar, 249 411, India
| | - PRANAV PANDYA
- Vedic Science Research Department, Dev Sanskriti University, Shantikunj, Hardwar, 249 411, India
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Weiss M, Krejcie TC, Avram MJ. A physiologically based model of hepatic ICG clearance: interplay between sinusoidal uptake and biliary excretion. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 44:359-65. [PMID: 21893195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although indocyanine green (ICG) has long been used for the assessment of liver function, the respective roles of sinusoidal uptake and canalicular excretion in determining hepatic ICG clearance remain unclear. Here this issue was addressed by incorporating a liver model into a minimal physiological model of ICG disposition that accounts of the early distribution phase after bolus injection. Arterial ICG concentration-time data from awake dogs under control conditions and from the same dogs while anesthetized with 3.5% isoflurane were subjected to population analysis. The results suggest that ICG elimination in dogs is uptake limited since it depends on hepatocellular uptake capacity and on biliary excretion but not on hepatic blood flow. Isoflurane caused a 63% reduction in cardiac output and a 33% decrease in the ICG biliary excretion rate constant (resulting in a 26% reduction in elimination clearance) while leaving unchanged the sinusoidal uptake rate. The terminal slope of the concentration-time curve, K, correlated significantly with elimination clearance. The model could be useful for assessing the functions of sinusoidal and canalicular ICG transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weiss
- Section of Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
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Rowland M, Peck C, Tucker G. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetics in drug development and regulatory science. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 51:45-73. [PMID: 20854171 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The application of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is coming of age in drug development and regulation, reflecting significant advances over the past 10 years in the predictability of key pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters from human in vitro data and in the availability of dedicated software platforms and associated databases. Specific advances and contemporary challenges with respect to predicting the processes of drug clearance, distribution, and absorption are reviewed, together with the ability to anticipate the quantitative extent of PK-based drug-drug interactions and the impact of age, genetics, disease, and formulation. The value of this capability in selecting and designing appropriate clinical studies, its implications for resource-sparing techniques, and a more holistic view of the application of PK across the preclinical/clinical divide are considered. Finally, some attention is given to the positioning of PBPK within the drug development and approval paradigm and its future application in truly personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Rowland
- Centre for Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
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15
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Roberts MS. Drug structure-transport relationships. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2010; 37:541-73. [PMID: 21107662 PMCID: PMC3005109 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-010-9174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malcolm Rowland has greatly facilitated an understanding of drug structure–pharmacokinetic relationships using a physiological perspective. His view points, covering a wide range of activities, have impacted on my own work and on my appreciation and understanding of our science. This overview summarises some of our parallel activities, beginning with Malcolm’s work on the pH control of amphetamine excretion, his work on the disposition of aspirin and on the application of clearance concepts in describing the disposition of lidocaine. Malcolm also spent a considerable amount of time developing principles that define solute structure and transport/pharmacokinetic relationships using in situ organ studies, which he then extended to involve the whole body. Together, we developed a physiological approach to studying hepatic clearance, introducing the convection–dispersion model in which there was a spread in blood transit times through the liver accompanied by permeation into hepatocytes and removal by metabolism or excretion into the bile. With a range of colleagues, we then further developed the model and applied it to various organs in the body. One of Malcolm’s special interests was in being able to apply this knowledge, together with an understanding of physiological differences in scaling up pharmacokinetics from animals to man. The description of his many other activities, such as the development of clearance concepts, application of pharmacokinetics to the clinical situation and using pharmacokinetics to develop new compounds and delivery systems, has been left to others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Roberts
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science and Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
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Barboriak DP, MacFall JR, Viglianti BL, Dewhirst Dvm MW. Comparison of three physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models for the prediction of contrast agent distribution measured by dynamic MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008; 27:1388-98. [PMID: 18504759 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.21344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the performance of three physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for predicting gadolinium contrast agent concentration-time curves (Gd-CTCs) obtained in superior sagittal sinus (SSS), cerebral cortex, and psoas muscle. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three published whole-body PBPK models were modified to predict Gd-CTCs in normal-appearing tissue. The models differed in the number of organs modeled and total number of compartments, and were designated as the "well-mixed," "delay," and "dispersion" models. The suitability of the three models to predict Gd-CTC was studied using data from dynamic contrast-enhanced MR perfusion imaging obtained at 1.5T from 10 patients with glioblastoma multiforme and at 3.0T from five patients with liver metastases. RESULTS The dispersion model produced better fits than the delay model in the SSS (P < 0.0001) and cerebral cortex (P < 0.0001), and better fits than the well-mixed model in psoas muscle (P < 0.005). No model produced better fits than the dispersion model at any of the three locations. CONCLUSION In this evaluation, the dispersion model was most robust for prediction of Gd-CTCs derived from dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI. This represents a preliminary step in the development of a PBPK model useful for predicting Gd-CTCs at a time resolution appropriate for dynamic MRI applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Barboriak
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Abstract
This review summarizes the most recent developments in and applications of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling methodology originating from both the pharmaceutical and environmental toxicology areas. It focuses on works published in the last 5 years, although older seminal papers have also been referenced. After a brief introduction to the field and several essential definitions, the main body of the text is structured to follow the major steps of a typical PBPK modeling exercise. Various applications of the methodology are briefly described. The major future trends and perspectives are outlined. The main conclusion from the review of the available literature is that PBPK modeling, despite its obvious potential and recent incremental developments, has not taken the place it deserves, especially in pharmaceutical and drug development sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Nestorov
- Zymogenetics Inc., 1201 Eastlake Avenue East, Seattle, Washington 98102, USA.
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Pang KS, Weiss M, Macheras P. Advanced pharmacokinetic models based on organ clearance, circulatory, and fractal concepts. AAPS J 2007; 9:E268-83. [PMID: 17907768 PMCID: PMC2751417 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj0902030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Three advanced models of pharmacokinetics are described. In the first class are physiologically based pharmacokinetic models based on in vitro data on transport and metabolism. The information is translated as transporter and enzyme activities and their attendant heterogeneities into liver and intestine models. Second are circulatory models based on transit time distribution and plasma concentration time curves. The third are fractal models for nonhomogeneous systems and non-Fickian processes are presented. The usefulness of these pharmacokinetic models, with examples, is compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sandy Pang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2.
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Brochot C, Bessoud B, Balvay D, Cuénod CA, Siauve N, Bois FY. Evaluation of antiangiogenic treatment effects on tumors' microcirculation by Bayesian physiological pharmacokinetic modeling and magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Imaging 2006; 24:1059-67. [PMID: 16997076 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A physiological pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was used to estimate tumor microcirculation in nude mice with a grafted tumor. The kinetics of a rapid clearance blood pool agent, Vistarem, were investigated by dynamic MRI after bolus administration. Signal enhancements were recorded in arterial blood and in tumor tissue. To analyze these data, we developed a whole-body mathematical model of the agent's biodistribution using physiological parameters. The model included six compartments: arterial and venous plasma, tumor (split into capillaries and interstitium), and the rest of the body (also split into capillaries and interstitium). As an application, changes in tumor microcirculation parameters were evaluated in mice receiving either an antiangiogenic treatment (ZD4190) or a placebo. The analysis was performed in a Bayesian framework, and the model was fitted to experimental data using Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques. Results showed a significant difference in tumor microcirculation between the two groups of mice when the microcirculation parameters are considered together. This whole-body physiological model enables to analyze jointly data in tumor tissue and in arterial blood. This leads to accurate estimates of microcirculation parameters and the evaluation of their uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Brochot
- INERIS, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Unité de Toxicologie Expérimentale, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France.
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Levitt DG, Schnider TW. Human physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for propofol. BMC Anesthesiol 2005; 5:4. [PMID: 15847680 PMCID: PMC1090550 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2253-5-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2004] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Propofol is widely used for both short-term anesthesia and long-term sedation. It has unusual pharmacokinetics because of its high lipid solubility. The standard approach to describing the pharmacokinetics is by a multi-compartmental model. This paper presents the first detailed human physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for propofol. Methods PKQuest, a freely distributed software routine , was used for all the calculations. The "standard human" PBPK parameters developed in previous applications is used. It is assumed that the blood and tissue binding is determined by simple partition into the tissue lipid, which is characterized by two previously determined set of parameters: 1) the value of the propofol oil/water partition coefficient; 2) the lipid fraction in the blood and tissues. The model was fit to the individual experimental data of Schnider et. al., Anesthesiology, 1998; 88:1170 in which an initial bolus dose was followed 60 minutes later by a one hour constant infusion. Results The PBPK model provides a good description of the experimental data over a large range of input dosage, subject age and fat fraction. Only one adjustable parameter (the liver clearance) is required to describe the constant infusion phase for each individual subject. In order to fit the bolus injection phase, for 10 or the 24 subjects it was necessary to assume that a fraction of the bolus dose was sequestered and then slowly released from the lungs (characterized by two additional parameters). The average weighted residual error (WRE) of the PBPK model fit to the both the bolus and infusion phases was 15%; similar to the WRE for just the constant infusion phase obtained by Schnider et. al. using a 6-parameter NONMEM compartmental model. Conclusion A PBPK model using standard human parameters and a simple description of tissue binding provides a good description of human propofol kinetics. The major advantage of a PBPK model is that it can be used to predict the changes in kinetics produced by variations in physiological parameters. As one example, the model simulation of the changes in pharmacokinetics for morbidly obese subjects is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Levitt
- Department of Physiology, University of Minnesota, 6–125 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. S. E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Thomas W Schnider
- Institut für Anästhesiologie, Kantonspital, CH-9007 Saint Gallen, Switzerland
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Fields-Gardner C, Fergusson P. Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: nutrition intervention in the care of persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 104:1425-41. [PMID: 15354161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2004.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have had a significant impact on domestic and global health, social, political, and economic outcomes. Prevention and treatment efforts to control HIV infection are more demanding than in previous decades. Achieving food and nutrition security, and managing nutrition-related complications of HIV infection and the multiple aspects of disease initiated by or surrounding HIV infection, referred to as HIV disease, remain challenges for patients and for those involved with HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and treatment efforts. Confounding clinical issues include medication interactions, coinfection with other infections and diseases, wasting, lipodystrophy, and others. Dietetics professionals, other health care professionals, and people infected with HIV will need to understand and address multiple complex aspects of HIV infection and treatment to improve survival, body functions, and overall quality of life. Individualized nutrition care plans will be an essential feature of the medical management of persons with HIV infection and AIDS.
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Abstract
The aim of the current review is to summarise the present status of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling and its applications in drug research, and thus serve as a reference point to people interested in the methodology. The review is structured into three major sections. The first discusses the existing methodologies and techniques of PBPK model development. The second describes some of the most interesting PBPK model implementations published. The final section is devoted to a discussion of the current limitations and the possible future developments of the PBPK modelling approach. The current review is focused on papers dealing with the pharmacokinetics and/or toxicokinetics of medicinal compounds; references discussing PBPK models of environmental compounds are mentioned only if they represent considerable methodological developments or reveal interesting interpretations and/or applications.The major conclusion of the review is that, despite its significant potential, PBPK modelling has not seen the development and implementation it deserves, especially in the drug discovery, research and development processes. The main reason for this is that the successful development and implementation of a PBPK model is seen to require the investment of significant experience, effort, time and resources. Yet, a substantial body of PBPK-related research has been accumulated that can facilitate the PBPK modelling and implementation process. What is probably lagging behind is the expertise component, where the demand for appropriately qualified staff far outreaches availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Nestorov
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 30-O-B, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1789, USA.
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Boobis A, Gundert-Remy U, Kremers P, Macheras P, Pelkonen O. In silico prediction of ADME and pharmacokinetics. Report of an expert meeting organised by COST B15. Eur J Pharm Sci 2002; 17:183-93. [PMID: 12453607 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(02)00185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The computational approach is one of the newest and fastest developing techniques in pharmacokinetics, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) evaluation, drug discovery and toxicity. However, to date, the software packages devoted to ADME prediction, especially of metabolism, have not yet been adequately validated and still require improvements to be effective. Most are 'open' systems, under constant evolution and able to incorporate rapidly, and often easily, new information from user or developer databases. Quantitative in silico predictions are now possible for several pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, particularly absorption and distribution. The emerging consensus is that the predictions are no worse than those made using in vitro tests, with the decisive advantage that much less investment in technology, resources and time is needed. In addition, and of critical importance, it is possible to screen virtual compounds. Some packages are able to handle thousands of molecules in a few hours. However, common experience shows that, in part at least for essentially irrational reasons, there is currently a lack of confidence in these approaches. An effort should be made by the software producers towards more transparency, in order to improve the confidence of their consumers. It seems highly probable that in silico approaches will evolve rapidly, as did in vitro methods during the last decade. Past experience with the latter should be helpful in avoiding repetition of similar errors and in taking the necessary steps to ensure effective implementation. A general concern is the lack of access to the large amounts of data on compounds no longer in development, but still kept secret by the pharmaceutical industry. Controlled access to these data could be particularly helpful in validating new in silico approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Boobis
- Section on Clinical Pharmacology, Imperial College, London, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of the dispersion model to describe pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic data containing contributions from signal transduction cascades. METHODS The partial differential equations and appropriate boundary conditions describing the dispersion model for signal transduction were obtained. Explicit analytical solutions to the dispersion equation were not available, and a numerical approach was necessary. Solutions were obtained by numerical inversion of the output Laplace transform. Generalized least square fitting was used to obtain parameter estimates for a variety of experimental data sets. RESULTS The parameters of the dispersion model estimate the relative roles of diffusion, convection, and chemical reaction in signal transduction. The model is capable of describing messenger RNA and protein expression kinetics induced by drug action. CONCLUSIONS The dispersion model may find potential applications in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models involving delayed drug effects mediated by transcriptional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Ramanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14260-1200, USA.
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Abstract
Unfavourable absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) properties have been identified as a major cause of failure for candidate molecules in drug development. Consequently, there is increasing interest in the early prediction of ADME properties, with the objective of increasing the success rate of compounds reaching development. This review explores in silico approaches and selected published models for predicting ADME properties from chemical structure alone. In particular, we provide a comparison of methods based on pattern recognition to identify correlations between molecular descriptors and ADME properties, structural models based on classical molecular mechanics and quantum mechanical techniques for modelling chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Butina
- ArQule (UK), 127 Science Park, Milton Road, CB46DG Cambridge, UK
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Anissimov YG, Roberts MS. A compartmental model of hepatic disposition kinetics: 1. Model development and application to linear kinetics. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2002; 29:131-56. [PMID: 12361240 DOI: 10.1023/a:1019703607647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The conventional convection-dispersion model is widely used to interrelate hepatic availability (F) and clearance (Cl) with the morphology and physiology of the liver and to predict effects such as changes in liver bloodflow on F and Cl. The extension of this model to include nonlinear kinetics and zonal heterogeneity of the liver is not straightforward and requires numerical solution of partial differential equation, which is not available in standard nonlinear regression analysis software. In this paper, we describe an alternative compartmental model representation of hepatic disposition (including elimination). The model allows the use of standard software for data analysis and accurately describes the outflow concentration-time profile for a vascular marker after bolus injection into the liver. In an evaluation of a number of different compartmental models, the most accurate model required eight vascular compartments, two of them with back mixing. In addition, the model includes two adjacent secondary vascular compartments to describe the tail section of the concentration-time profile for a reference marker. The model has the added flexibility of being easy to modify to model various enzyme distributions and nonlinear elimination. Model predictions of F, MTT, CV2, and concentration-time profile as well as parameter estimates for experimental data of an eliminated solute (palmitate) are comparable to those for the extended convection-dispersion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri G Anissimov
- Department of Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Australia
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