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Davodabadi F, Sajjadi SF, Sarhadi M, Mirghasemi S, Nadali Hezaveh M, Khosravi S, Kamali Andani M, Cordani M, Basiri M, Ghavami S. Cancer chemotherapy resistance: Mechanisms and recent breakthrough in targeted drug delivery. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 958:176013. [PMID: 37633322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapy, one of the most widely used cancer treatment methods, has serious side effects, and usually results in cancer treatment failure. Drug resistance is one of the primary reasons for this failure. The most significant drawbacks of systemic chemotherapy are rapid clearance from the circulation, the drug's low concentration in the tumor site, and considerable adverse effects outside the tumor. Several ways have been developed to boost neoplasm treatment efficacy and overcome medication resistance. In recent years, targeted drug delivery has become an essential therapeutic application. As more mechanisms of tumor treatment resistance are discovered, nanoparticles (NPs) are designed to target these pathways. Therefore, understanding the limitations and challenges of this technology is critical for nanocarrier evaluation. Nano-drugs have been increasingly employed in medicine, incorporating therapeutic applications for more precise and effective tumor diagnosis, therapy, and targeting. Many benefits of NP-based drug delivery systems in cancer treatment have been proven, including good pharmacokinetics, tumor cell-specific targeting, decreased side effects, and lessened drug resistance. As more mechanisms of tumor treatment resistance are discovered, NPs are designed to target these pathways. At the moment, this innovative technology has the potential to bring fresh insights into cancer therapy. Therefore, understanding the limitations and challenges of this technology is critical for nanocarrier evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Davodabadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyedeh Fatemeh Sajjadi
- School of Biological Science, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Sarhadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Shaghayegh Mirghasemi
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahdieh Nadali Hezaveh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Samin Khosravi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahdieh Kamali Andani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Marco Cordani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mohsen Basiri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Academy of Silesia, Faculty of Medicine, Rolna 43, 40-555. Katowice, Poland; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada; Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada.
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Shafi S, Khan S, Hoda F, Fayaz F, Singh A, Khan MA, Ali R, Pottoo FH, Tariq S, Najmi AK. Decoding Novel Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies in Breast Cancer Resistance. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:199-210. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200303124946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC), an intricate and highly heterogeneous disorder, has presently afflicted 2.09 million females globally. Chemoresistance remains a paramount challenge in the treatment of BC. Owing to its assorted nature, the chemoresistant mechanisms of BC still need intensive research. Accumulating evidence suggests that abnormalities related to the biogenesis of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with BC progression and chemoresistance. The presently available interventions are inadequate to target chemoresistance, therefore more efficient alternatives are urgently needed to improvise existing therapeutic regimens. A myriad of strategies is being explored, such as immunotherapy, gene therapy, and combination treatment to surmount chemoresistance. Additionally, nanoparticles as chemotherapeutic carriers put forward the options to encapsulate numerous drugs, alone as well as in combination for cancer theranostics. This review summarizes the chemoresistance mechanisms of miRNAs and CSCs as well as the most recently documented therapeutic approaches for the treatment of chemoresistance in BC. By unraveling the underpinning mechanism of BC chemoresistance, researchers could possibly develop more efficient treatment strategies towards BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadat Shafi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Sana Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Farazul Hoda
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Faizana Fayaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Sector-3, MB Road, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Archu Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Ahmed Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ruhi Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Sector-3, MB Road, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana Tariq
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Sector-3, MB Road, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
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Wang L, Liu L, Chen Y, Du Y, Wang J, Liu J. Correlation between adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2) and drug resistance of esophageal cancer and reversal of drug resistance by artesunate. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1467-1473. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Nikolaou M, Pavlopoulou A, Georgakilas AG, Kyrodimos E. The challenge of drug resistance in cancer treatment: a current overview. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:309-318. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Beretta GL, Cassinelli G, Pennati M, Zuco V, Gatti L. Overcoming ABC transporter-mediated multidrug resistance: The dual role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors as multitargeting agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 142:271-289. [PMID: 28851502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to conventional and target specific antitumor drugs still remains one of the major cause of treatment failure and patience death. This condition often involves ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that, by pumping the drugs outside from cancer cells, attenuate the potency of chemotherapeutics and negatively impact on the fate of anticancer therapy. In recent years, several tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (e.g., imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, ponatinib, gefitinib, erlotinib, lapatinib, vandetanib, sunitinib, sorafenib) have been reported to interact with ABC transporters (e.g., ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCG2, ABCC10). This finding disclosed a very complex scenario in which TKIs may behave as substrates or inhibitors depending on the expression of specific pumps, drug concentration, affinity for transporters and types of co-administered agents. In this context, in-depth investigation on TKI chemosensitizing functions might provide a strong rationale for combining TKIs and conventional therapeutics in specific malignancies. The reposition of TKIs as antagonists of ABC transporters opens a new way towards anticancer therapy and clinical strategies aimed at counteracting drug resistance. This review will focus on some paradigmatic examples of the complex and not yet fully elucidated interaction between clinical available TKIs (e.g. BCR-ABL, EGFR, VEGFR inhibitors) with the main ABC transporters implicated in multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Beretta
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milano, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Cassinelli
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milano, Italy.
| | - Marzia Pennati
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milano, Italy.
| | - Valentina Zuco
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milano, Italy.
| | - Laura Gatti
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, Milano, Italy.
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Manzano JI, Perea A, León-Guerrero D, Campos-Salinas J, Piacenza L, Castanys S, Gamarro F. Leishmania LABCG1 and LABCG2 transporters are involved in virulence and oxidative stress: functional linkage with autophagy. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:267. [PMID: 28558770 PMCID: PMC5450059 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The G subfamily of ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters of Leishmania include 6 genes (ABCG1-G6), some with relevant biological functions associated with drug resistance and phospholipid transport. Several studies have shown that Leishmania LABCG2 transporter plays a role in the exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS), in virulence and in resistance to antimonials. However, the involvement of this transporter in other key biological processes has not been studied. Methods To better understand the biological function of LABCG2 and its nearly identical tandem-repeated transporter LABCG1, we have generated Leishmania major null mutant parasites for both genes (ΔLABCG1-2). NBD-PS uptake, infectivity, metacyclogenesis, autophagy and thiols were measured. Results Leishmania major ΔLABCG1-2 parasites present a reduction in NBD-PS uptake, infectivity and virulence. In addition, we have shown that ΔLABCG1-2 parasites in stationary phase growth underwent less metacyclogenesis and presented differences in the plasma membrane’s lipophosphoglycan composition. Considering that autophagy is an important process in terms of parasite virulence and cell differentiation, we have shown an autophagy defect in ΔLABCG1-2 parasites, detected by monitoring expression of the autophagosome marker RFP-ATG8. This defect correlates with increased levels of reactive oxygen species and higher non-protein thiol content in ΔLABCG1-2 parasites. HPLC analysis revealed that trypanothione and glutathione were the main molecules accumulated in these ΔLABCG1-2 parasites. The decrease in non-protein thiol levels due to preincubation with buthionine sulphoximide (a γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase inhibitor) restored the autophagy process in ΔLABCG1-2 parasites, indicating a relationship between autophagy and thiol content. Conclusions LABCG1-2 transporters from Leishmania could be considered as phosphatidylserine and non-protein thiol transporters. They probably accomplish transportation in conjunction with other molecules that are involved in oxidative stress, autophagy, metacyclogenesis and infectivity processes. The overall conclusion is that LABCG1-2 transporters could play a key role in Leishmania cell survival and infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Manzano
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Perea
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - David León-Guerrero
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Jenny Campos-Salinas
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucia Piacenza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Santiago Castanys
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain.
| | - Francisco Gamarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", IPBLN-CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain.
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Bai M, Shen M, Teng Y, Sun Y, Li F, Zhang X, Xu Y, Duan Y, Du L. Enhanced therapeutic effect of Adriamycin on multidrug resistant breast cancer by the ABCG2-siRNA loaded polymeric nanoparticles assisted with ultrasound. Oncotarget 2016; 6:43779-90. [PMID: 26575421 PMCID: PMC4791266 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of the breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) confers resistance to Adriamycin (ADR) in breast cancer. The silencing of ABCG2 using small interfering RNA (siRNA) could be a promising approach to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells. To deliver ABCG2-siRNA effectively into breast cancer cells, we used mPEG-PLGA-PLL (PEAL) nanoparticles (NPs) with ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD). PEAL NPs were prepared with an emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The NPs size was about 131.5 ± 6.5 nm. The siRNA stability in serum was enhanced. The intracellular ADR concentration increased after the introduction of siRNA-loaded NPs. After intravenous injection of PEAL NPs in tumor-bearing mice, the ABCG2-siRNA-loaded NPs with UTMD efficiently silenced the ABCG2 gene and enhanced the ADR susceptibility of MCF-7/ADR (ADR resistant human breast cancer cells). The siRNA-loaded NPs with UTMD + ADR showed better tumor inhibition effect and good safety in vivo. These results indicate that ADR-chemotherapy in combination with ABCG2-siRNA is an attractive strategy to treat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Bai
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yourong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianfang Du
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
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Pyrimido[1″,2″:1,5]pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinolines: Novel compounds that reverse ABCG2-mediated resistance in cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2016; 376:118-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gatouillat G, Magid AA, Bertin E, El btaouri H, Morjani H, Lavaud C, Madoulet C. Medicarpin and millepurpan, two flavonoids isolated from Medicago sativa, induce apoptosis and overcome multidrug resistance in leukemia P388 cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:1186-1194. [PMID: 26598918 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High consumption of flavonoids has been associated with a decrease risk of cancer. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) leaves have been widely used in traditional medicine and is currently used as a dietary supplement because of their high nutrient content. We previously reported the cytotoxic activity of alfalfa leaf extracts against several sensitive and multidrug resistant tumor cell lines. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE We aimed to determine whether medicarpin and millepurpan, two isoflavonoids isolated from alfalfa leaves, may have pro-apoptotic effects against drug-sensitive (P388) and multidrug resistant P388 leukemia cells (P388/DOX). STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Cells were incubated with medicarpin or millepurpan for the appropriate time. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay. DNA fragmentation was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Cell cycle analysis was realized by flow cytometry technics. Caspases 3 and 9 activities were measured using Promega caspACE assay kits. Proteins and genes expression were visualized respectively by western-blot using specific antibodies and RT-PCR assay. RESULTS P-glycoprotein-expressing P388/DOX cells did not show resistance to medicarpin (IC50 ≈ 90 µM for P388 and P388/DOX cells) and millepurpan (IC50 = 54 µM and 69 µM for P388 and P388/DOX cells, respectively). Treatment with medicarpin or millepurpan triggered apoptosis in sensitive as well as multidrug resistant P388 cells. These effects were mediated through the mitochondrial pathway by modifying the balance pro/anti-apoptotic proteins. While 3 µM doxorubicin alone could not induce cell death in P388/DOX cells, concomitant treatment with doxorubicin and subtoxic concentration of medicarpin or millepurpan restored the pro-apoptotic cascade. Each compound increased sensitivity of P388/DOX cells to doxorubicin whereas they had no effect in sensitive P388 cells. Vinblastine cytotoxicity was also enhanced in P388/DOX cells (IC50 = 210 nM to 23 and 25 nM with medicarpin and millepurpan, respectively). This improved sensitivity was mediated by an increased uptake of doxorubicin in P388/DOX cells expressing P-gp. P-gp expression was not altered by exposure to medicarpin and millepurpan. CONCLUSION These data indicate that medicarpin and millepurpan possess pro-apoptotic properties and potentiate the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy drugs in multidrug resistant P388 leukemia cells by modulating P-gp-mediated efflux of drugs. These flavonoids may be used as chemopreventive agents or as sensitizer to enhance cytotoxicity of chemotherapy drugs in multidrug resistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Gatouillat
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, URCA, Reims, France
| | - Abdulmagid Alabdul Magid
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Faculté de Pharmacie, SFR Cap Santé, ICMR-CNRS UMR 7312, Reims, France
| | - Eric Bertin
- Service d'endocrinologie, de diabétologie et de nutrition, CHU Robert-Debré, Reims, France
| | - Hassan El btaouri
- MEDyC UMR CNRS/URCA no. 7369, Faculté des Sciences, SFR Cap Santé, URCA, Reims, France
| | - Hamid Morjani
- MEDyC UMR CNRS/URCA no. 7369, Faculté de Pharmacie, SFR Cap Santé, URCA, Reims, France
| | - Catherine Lavaud
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Faculté de Pharmacie, SFR Cap Santé, ICMR-CNRS UMR 7312, Reims, France
| | - Claudie Madoulet
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Pharmacie, URCA, Reims, France.
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Damiani D, Tiribelli M, Geromin A, Michelutti A, Cavallin M, Sperotto A, Fanin R. ABCG2 overexpression in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: Impact on stem cell transplantation outcome. Am J Hematol 2015; 90:784-9. [PMID: 26059733 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
ABGG2 protein overexpression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been associated with poor response to conventional chemotherapy and increased relapse risk. No data are available on the role of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) in reversing its negative prognostic role. We have reviewed the outcome of 142 patients with high risk AML who underwent allogeneic SCT in complete remission (n = 94) or with active disease (n = 48). Patients with ABCG2 overexpression at AML diagnosis have lower leukemia free survival (LFS) and increased cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) compared with ABCG2- patients (5-year LFS 50% vs. 65%, P = 0.01; 5-year CIR 46% vs. 27%, P = 0.003). Five-year overall survival was not significantly different between ABCG2+ and ABCG2- patients (39% vs. 51%, P = 0.1). However, if we consider only disease-related deaths, ABCG2 maintains its negative role (64% vs. 78%, P = 0.018). The negative impact of ABCG2 overexpression was higher in patients undergoing SCT in CR compared with patients receiving transplant with active disease. Conditioning regimen did not abrogate the effect of ABCG2 overexpression, as CIR was higher in ABCG2+ patients receiving both myeloablative (44% vs. 22%, P = 0.018) or reduced intensity conditioning (50% vs. 32%, P = 0.03). In conclusion, ABCG2 overexpression at AML diagnosis identifies a subset of patients with poor outcome also after allogeneic SCT, mainly in terms of higher relapse rates. Prospective studies employing conditioning drugs or post-transplant strategies able to target ABCG2 are needed to maximize the curative potential of stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Damiani
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Udine; Udine Italy
| | - Mario Tiribelli
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Udine; Udine Italy
| | - Antonella Geromin
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Udine; Udine Italy
| | - Angela Michelutti
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Udine; Udine Italy
| | - Margherita Cavallin
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Udine; Udine Italy
| | - Alessandra Sperotto
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Udine; Udine Italy
| | - Renato Fanin
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation; Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Udine; Udine Italy
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A model of secreting murine mammary epithelial HC11 cells comprising endogenous Bcrp/Abcg2 expression and function. Cell Biol Toxicol 2015; 31:111-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-015-9298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Groh KJ, Carvalho RN, Chipman JK, Denslow ND, Halder M, Murphy CA, Roelofs D, Rolaki A, Schirmer K, Watanabe KH. Development and application of the adverse outcome pathway framework for understanding and predicting chronic toxicity: I. Challenges and research needs in ecotoxicology. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 120:764-77. [PMID: 25439131 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the effects of chemicals on populations of different species in the environment, efficient testing and modeling approaches are needed that consider multiple stressors and allow reliable extrapolation of responses across species. An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) is a concept that provides a framework for organizing knowledge about the progression of toxicity events across scales of biological organization that lead to adverse outcomes relevant for risk assessment. In this paper, we focus on exploring how the AOP concept can be used to guide research aimed at improving both our understanding of chronic toxicity, including delayed toxicity as well as epigenetic and transgenerational effects of chemicals, and our ability to predict adverse outcomes. A better understanding of the influence of subtle toxicity on individual and population fitness would support a broader integration of sublethal endpoints into risk assessment frameworks. Detailed mechanistic knowledge would facilitate the development of alternative testing methods as well as help prioritize higher tier toxicity testing. We argue that targeted development of AOPs supports both of these aspects by promoting the elucidation of molecular mechanisms and their contribution to relevant toxicity outcomes across biological scales. We further discuss information requirements and challenges in application of AOPs for chemical- and site-specific risk assessment and for extrapolation across species. We provide recommendations for potential extension of the AOP framework to incorporate information on exposure, toxicokinetics and situation-specific ecological contexts, and discuss common interfaces that can be employed to couple AOPs with computational modeling approaches and with evolutionary life history theory. The extended AOP framework can serve as a venue for integration of knowledge derived from various sources, including empirical data as well as molecular, quantitative and evolutionary-based models describing species responses to toxicants. This will allow a more efficient application of AOP knowledge for quantitative chemical- and site-specific risk assessment as well as for extrapolation across species in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia J Groh
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Raquel N Carvalho
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Water Resources Unit, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Nancy D Denslow
- University of Florida, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Genetics Institute, 32611 Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marlies Halder
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Systems Toxicology Unit, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Cheryl A Murphy
- Michigan State University, Fisheries and Wildlife, Lyman Briggs College, 48824 East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Dick Roelofs
- VU University, Institute of Ecological Science, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Rolaki
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Systems Toxicology Unit, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karen H Watanabe
- Oregon Health & Science University, Institute of Environmental Health, Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, 97239-3098 Portland, OR, USA
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13
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Tang J, Fu Q, Wang Y, Racette K, Wang D, Liu F. Vitamin E reverses multidrug resistance in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2013; 336:149-57. [PMID: 23624302 PMCID: PMC3685196 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle to successful and effective chemotherapeutic treatments of cancers. This study explored the reversal effects of vitamin E on MDR tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, elucidating the potential mechanism of this reversal. VE at a concentration of 50 μM exhibited a significant reversal of the MDR effect (compared to only PTX in DMSO, p<0.05) in two human MDR cell lines (H460/taxR and KB-8-5). The MDR cell xenograft model was established to investigate the effect of VE on reversing MDR in vivo. Mice intravenously injected with Taxol (10 mg/kg) with VE (500 mg/kg, IP) showed an ability to overcome the MDR. VE and its derivatives can significantly increase intracellular accumulation of rhodamine 123 and doxorubicin (P-gp substrate), but not alter the levels of P-gp expression. These treatments also did not decrease the levels of intracellular ATP, but were still able to inhibit the verapamil-induced ATPase activity of P-gp. The new application of VE as an MDR sensitizer will be attractive due to the safety of this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kelly Racette
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA
| | - Dun Wang
- Corresponding author: 1. Prof. Feng Liu Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7360, USA. Tel: (919)843-2277. Fax: (919)966-0197. . 2. Associated Prof. Dun Wang Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, P.R. China.
| | - Feng Liu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA
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14
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Wang M, Wang X, Yuan J, Guo L. Expression of the breast cancer resistance protein and 5 -fluorouracil resistance in clinical breast cancer tissue specimens. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 1:853-857. [PMID: 24649260 PMCID: PMC3915690 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2013.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is a recently characterized xenobiotic half-transporter protein that acts as an energy-dependent efflux pump and may be associated with the multidrug-resistant phenotype. The aim of this study was to determine the association between BCRP expression and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance in clinical breast cancer tissue specimens. The BCRP expression was investigated using quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) by use of the Master SYBR-Green I reagent and immunohistochemistry (IHC) by use of the BXP-21 anti-BCRP monoclonal antibody in clinical breast cancer tissue specimens. Chemosensitivity to 5-FU for BCRP-positive clinical breast cancer tissue specimens was colorimetrically assessed with the cytotoxicity assay through methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) reduction. A total of 37 BCRP-positive clinical breast cancer tissue specimens were identified with quantitative RT-PCR and IHC. There was a significant correlation in BCRP expression between the results of quantitative RT-PCR and IHC in the specimens. The fold resistance to 5-FU was 7–12 compared to sensitivity to paclitaxel as determined by the colorimetric assay through MTT reduction in the 37 specimens. Our study results indicated that 5-FU resistance may be mediated by BCRP expression in clinical breast cancer tissue specimens, which may help optimize the design of breast cancer clinical chemotherapy schemes in BCRP-positive specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Xianming Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Jianhui Yuan
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518035, P.R. China
| | - Liangfeng Guo
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, P.R. China
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15
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A new ABC half-transporter in Leishmania major is involved in resistance to antimony. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:3719-30. [PMID: 23716044 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00211-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of ABCI4, a new intracellular ATP-binding cassette (ABC) half-transporter in Leishmania major, is described. We show that ABCI4 is involved in heavy metal export, thereby conferring resistance to Pentostam, to Sb(III), and to As(III) and Cd(II). Parasites overexpressing ABCI4 showed a lower mitochondrial toxic effect of antimony by decreasing reactive oxygen species production and maintained higher values of both the mitochondrial electrochemical potential and total ATP levels with respect to controls. The ABCI4 half-transporter forms homodimers as determined by a coimmunoprecipitation assay. A combination of subcellular localization studies under a confocal microscope and a surface biotinylation assay using parasites expressing green fluorescent protein- and FLAG-tagged ABCI4 suggests that the transporter presents a dual localization in both mitochondria and the plasma membrane. Parasites overexpressing ABCI4 present an increased replication in mouse peritoneal macrophages. We have determined that porphyrins are substrates for ABCI4. Consequently, the overexpression of ABCI4 confers resistance to some toxic porphyrins, such as zinc-protoporphyrin, due to the lower accumulation resulting from a significant efflux, as determined using the fluorescent zinc-mesoporphyrin, a validated heme analog. In addition, ABCI4 has a significant ability to efflux thiol after Sb(III) incubation, thus meaning that ABCI4 could be considered to be a potential thiol-X-pump that is able to recognize metal-conjugated thiols. In summary, we have shown that this new ABC transporter is involved in drug sensitivity to antimony and other compounds by efflux as conjugated thiol complexes.
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16
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Lee Y, Jana S, Acharya G, Lee CH. Computational analysis and predictive modeling of polymorph descriptors. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:23. [PMID: 23379683 PMCID: PMC3598673 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A computation approach based on integrating high throughput binding affinity comparison and binding descriptor classifications was utilized to establish the correlation among substrate properties and their affinity to Breast Cancer Resistant Protein (BCRP). The uptake rates of Mitoxantrone in the presence of various substrates were evaluated as an in vitro screening index for comparison of their binding affinity to BCRP. The effects of chemical properties of various chemotherapeutics, such as antiviral, antibiotic, calcium channel blockers, anticancer and antifungal agents, on their affinity to BCRP, were evaluated using HEK (human embryonic kidney) cells in which 3 polymorphs, namely 482R (wild type) and two mutants (482G and 482T) of BCRP, have been identified. The quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) model was developed using the sequential approaches of Austin Model 1 (AM1), CODESSA program, heuristic method (HM) and multiple linear regression (MLR) to establish the relationship between structural specificity of BCRP substrates and their uptake rates by BCRP polymorphs. Results The BCRP mutations may induce conformational changes as manifested by the altered uptake rates of Mitoxantrone by BCRP in the presence of other competitive binding substrates that have a varying degree of affinities toward BCRP efflux. This study also revealed that the binding affinity of test substrates to each polymorph was affected by varying descriptors, such as constitutional, topological, geometrical, electrostatic, thermodynamic, and quantum chemical descriptors. Conclusion Descriptors involved with the net surface charge and energy level of substrates seem to be the common integral factors for defining binding specificity of selected substrates to BCRP polymorph. The reproducible outcomes and validation process further supported the accuracy of the computational model in assessing the correlation among descriptors involved with substrate affinity to BCRP polymorph. A quantitative computation approach will provide important structural insight into optimal designing of new chemotherapeutic agents with improved pharmacological efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugyung Lee
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Missouri, MO 64108, USA.
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17
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Demeler J, Krücken J, AlGusbi S, Ramünke S, De Graef J, Kerboeuf D, Geldhof P, Pomroy WE, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G. Potential contribution of P-glycoproteins to macrocyclic lactone resistance in the cattle parasitic nematode Cooperia oncophora. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2013; 188:10-9. [PMID: 23384738 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Resistance against macrocyclic lactones such as ivermectin is widespread among parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants and is rapidly increasing in cattle parasites. ABC transporters of the subfamily B, the so-called P-glycoproteins (Pgps) have been frequently implicated in ivermectin resistance and are a major cause of multi-drug resistance in protozoa and helminths. The Pgp inhibitor verapamil (VPL) dramatically enhanced susceptibility of the cattle parasitic nematode Cooperia oncophora to ivermectin in vitro as measured in a larval developmental assay and a larval migration inhibition assay using third stage larvae. Moreover, VPL completely restored susceptibility to ivermectin in a resistant isolate resulting in virtually identical dose-response curves of susceptible and resistant isolates in the presence of VPL. Further characterisation of the molecular mechanisms resulting in Pgp-mediated ivermectin resistance is still hampered by the lack of molecular and biochemical information for Pgps of parasitic nematodes. Using PCR with degenerate primers, fragments of four different C. oncophora Pgps could be amplified and the Conpgp-2, previously implicated in macrocyclic lactone resistance in Haemonchus contortus, and Conpgp-3 full-length cDNAs were obtained by RACE PCR. The pgp sequences presented here contribute important data required to systematically screen resistant C. oncophora isolates for up- or down-regulation of Pgps and for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms in Pgps to detect selection of specific Pgp alleles by anthelmintics as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Demeler
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie University Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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18
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Aronica E, Sisodiya SM, Gorter JA. Cerebral expression of drug transporters in epilepsy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:919-29. [PMID: 22138133 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Over-expression of drug efflux transporters at the level of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been proposed as a mechanism responsible for multidrug resistance. Drug transporters in epileptogenic tissue are not only expressed in endothelial cells at the BBB, but also in other brain parenchymal cells, such as astrocytes, microglia and neurons, suggesting a complex cell type-specific regulation under pathological conditions associated with epilepsy. This review focuses on the cerebral expression patterns of several classes of well-known membrane drug transporters such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp), and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) in the epileptogenic brain. Both experimental and clinical evidence of epilepsy-associated cerebral drug transporter regulation and the possible mechanisms underlying drug transporter regulation are discussed. Knowledge of the cerebral expression patterns of drug transporters in normal and epileptogenic brain will provide relevant information to guide strategies attempting to overcome drug resistance by targeting specific transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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19
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Schumacher T, Krohn M, Hofrichter J, Lange C, Stenzel J, Steffen J, Dunkelmann T, Paarmann K, Fröhlich C, Uecker A, Plath AS, Sommer A, Brüning T, Heinze HJ, Pahnke J. ABC transporters B1, C1 and G2 differentially regulate neuroregeneration in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35613. [PMID: 22545122 PMCID: PMC3335815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are essential regulators of organismic homeostasis, and are particularly important in protecting the body from potentially harmful exogenous substances. Recently, an increasing number of in vitro observations have indicated a functional role of ABC transporters in the differentiation and maintenance of stem cells. Therefore, we sought to determine brain-related phenotypic changes in animals lacking the expression of distinct ABC transporters (ABCB1, ABCG2 or ABCC1). METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Analyzing adult neurogenesis in ABC transporter-deficient animals in vivo and neuronal stem/progenitor cells in vitro resulted in complex findings. In vivo, the differentiation of neuronal progenitors was hindered in ABC transporter-deficient mice (ABCB1(0/0)) as evidenced by lowered numbers of doublecortin(+) (-36%) and calretinin(+) (-37%) cells. In vitro, we confirmed that this finding is not connected to the functional loss of single neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). Furthermore, assessment of activity, exploratory behavior, and anxiety levels revealed behavioral alterations in ABCB1(0/0) and ABCC1(0/0) mice, whereas ABCG2(0/0) mice were mostly unaffected. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE Our data show that single ABC transporter-deficiency does not necessarily impair neuronal progenitor homeostasis on the single NSPC level, as suggested by previous studies. However, loss of distinct ABC transporters impacts global brain homeostasis with far ranging consequences, leading to impaired neurogenic functions in vivo and even to distinct behavioral phenotypes. In addition to the known role of ABC transporters in proteopathies such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, our data highlight the importance of understanding the general function of ABC transporters for the brain's homeostasis and the regeneration potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Schumacher
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NRL), Department of Neurology, Universities of Rostock and Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Krohn
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NRL), Department of Neurology, Universities of Rostock and Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Hofrichter
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NRL), Department of Neurology, Universities of Rostock and Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Cathleen Lange
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NRL), Department of Neurology, Universities of Rostock and Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jan Stenzel
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NRL), Department of Neurology, Universities of Rostock and Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Steffen
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NRL), Department of Neurology, Universities of Rostock and Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tina Dunkelmann
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NRL), Department of Neurology, Universities of Rostock and Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Paarmann
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NRL), Department of Neurology, Universities of Rostock and Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christina Fröhlich
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NRL), Department of Neurology, Universities of Rostock and Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Annekathrin Uecker
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NRL), Department of Neurology, Universities of Rostock and Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Plath
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NRL), Department of Neurology, Universities of Rostock and Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Sommer
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NRL), Department of Neurology, Universities of Rostock and Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NRL), Department of Neurology, Universities of Rostock and Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jochen Heinze
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NRL), Department of Neurology, Universities of Rostock and Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory (NRL), Department of Neurology, Universities of Rostock and Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology (LIN), Magdeburg, Germany
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20
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Atari MI, Chappell MJ, Errington RJ, Smith PJ, Evans ND. Kinetic modelling of the role of the aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme and the breast cancer resistance protein in drug resistance and transport. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 104:93-103. [PMID: 20621382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A compartmental model for the in vitro uptake kinetics of the anti-cancer agent topotecan (TPT) has been extended from a previously published model. The extended model describes the drug activity and delivery of the pharmacologically active form to the DNA target as well as the catalysis of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) enzyme and the elimination of drug from the cytoplasm via the efflux pump. Verification of the proposed model is achieved using scanning-laser microscopy data from live human breast cancer cells. Before estimating the unknown model parameters from the experimental in vitro data it is essential to determine parameter uniqueness (or otherwise) from this imposed output structure. This is formally performed as a structural identifiability analysis, which demonstrates that all of the unknown model parameters are uniquely determined by the output structure corresponding to the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Atari
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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21
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Campos-Salinas J, Cabello-Donayre M, García-Hernández R, Pérez-Victoria I, Castanys S, Gamarro F, Pérez-Victoria JM. A new ATP-binding cassette protein is involved in intracellular haem trafficking in Leishmania. Mol Microbiol 2011; 79:1430-44. [PMID: 21255121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of LABCG5, a new intracellular ATP-binding cassette protein in Leishmania donovani, is described. Unlike other ABCG half-transporters, LABCG5 is not involved in either drug resistance or phospholipid efflux. However, we provide evidence suggesting that this protein is involved in intracellular haem trafficking. Thus, downregulation of LABCG5 function produced upon overexpression of an inactive version of the protein caused a dramatic growth arrest unless a haemin supplement was added or the mutated gene was eliminated. Supplementation with haemoglobin, an upstream metabolite normally sufficient to meet parasite haem requirements, was unable to rescue the growth defect phenotype. Haemoglobin endocytosis was not hampered in dominant-negative parasites and neither was haem uptake, a process that we show here to be dependent on a specific transporter. In contrast, LABCG5 function was required for the correct intracellular trafficking of haemoglobin-bound porphyrins to the mitochondria, not affecting the routing of free haem. Finally, LABCG5 binds haem through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Altogether, these data suggest that LABCG5 is involved in the salvage of the haem released after the breakdown of internalized haemoglobin. As Leishmania is auxotrophic for haem, the pharmacological targeting of this route could represent a novel approach to control fatal visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Campos-Salinas
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina 'López-Neyra', CSIC, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
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22
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Pal D, Kwatra D, Minocha M, Paturi DK, Budda B, Mitra AK. Efflux transporters- and cytochrome P-450-mediated interactions between drugs of abuse and antiretrovirals. Life Sci 2010; 88:959-71. [PMID: 20932495 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug regimens and corresponding drug interactions cause many adverse reactions and treatment failures. Drug efflux transporters: P-gp, MRP, BCRP in conjunction with metabolizing enzymes (CYPs) are major factors in such interactions. Most effective combination antiretrovirals (ARV) therapy includes a PI or a NNRTI or two NRTI. Coadministration of such ARV may induce efflux transporters and/or CYP3A4 resulting in sub-therapeutic blood levels and therapeutic failure due to reduced absorption and/or increased metabolism. A similar prognosis is true for ARV-compounds and drugs of abuse combinations. Morphine and nicotine enhance CYP3A4 and MDR1 expression in vitro. A 2.5 fold rise of cortisol metabolite was evident in smokers relative to nonsmokers. Altered functions of efflux transporters and CYPs in response to ARV and drugs of abuse may result in altered drug absorption and metabolism. Appropriate in vitro models can be employed to predict such interactions. Influence of genetic polymorphism, SNP and inter-individual variation in drug response has been discussed. Complexity underlying the relationship between efflux transporters and CYP makes it difficult to predict the outcome of HAART as such, particularly when HIV patients taking drugs of abuse do not adhere to HAART regimens. HIV(+) pregnant women on HAART medications, indulging in drugs of abuse, may develop higher viral load due to such interactions and lead to increase in mother to child transmission of HIV. A multidisciplinary approach with clear understanding of mechanism of interactions may allow proper selection of regimens so that desired therapeutic outcome of HAART can be reached without any side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Pal
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108-2718, United States
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23
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Liu Y, Huang L, Liu F. Paclitaxel nanocrystals for overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:863-9. [PMID: 20420443 DOI: 10.1021/mp100012s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here we described a paclitaxel (PTX) nanocrystal formulation using d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) as the sole excipient for overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR), a key challenge in current cancer therapy. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report on PTX nanocrystals which can reverse MDR. TPGS serves as a surfactant to stabilize the nanocrystals and a P-gp inhibitor to reverse MDR. The size and morphology of the nanocrystals were studied by transmission electron microscopy, and the crystalline structure was determined by powder X-ray diffraction. An in vitro drug release profile showed that the nanocrystals exhibited sustained release kinetics compared to Taxol, which is the clinical paclitaxel formulation. The cytotoxicity and antitumor efficacy in xenograft models were also investigated. It is demonstrated that PTX/TPGS nanocrystals have significant advantages over Taxol in achieving better therapeutic effect in Taxol-resistant cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, which was also confirmed by apoptosis assays. We envision that further development of this type of nanocrystal will provide a novel strategy for drug delivery and multidrug resistance treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7360, USA
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24
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Biological profile of erucin: a new promising anticancer agent from cruciferous vegetables. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:593-612. [PMID: 22069601 PMCID: PMC3153205 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of cruciferous vegetables has been associated with a reduced risk in the development of various types of cancer. This has been attributed to the bioactive hydrolysis products that are derived from these vegetables, namely isothiocyanates. Erucin is one such product derived from rocket salads, which is structurally related to sulforaphane, a well-studied broccoli-derived isothiocyanate. In this review, we present current knowledge on mechanisms of action of erucin in chemoprevention obtained from cell and animal models and relate it to other isothiocyanates. These mechanisms include modulation of phase I, II and III detoxification, regulation of cell growth by induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, induction of ROS-mechanisms and regulation androgen receptor pathways.
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25
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Jose M, Thomas SV. Role of multidrug transporters in neurotherapeutics. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2010; 12:89-98. [PMID: 20142853 PMCID: PMC2812747 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.53076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2009] [Revised: 05/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired resistance to antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic agents is a major problem in the practice of neurology and other branches of medicine. There are several mechanisms by which drug resistance is acquired. Multidrug transporters are important glycoproteins located in the cell membrane that actively transport small lipophilic molecules from one side of the cell membrane to the other, most often from the inside to the outside of a cell. They have important protective role yet may prove inconvenient in chemotherapy. In epilepsy and other disorders this mechanism augments the elimination of drugs from their target cells and leads to drug resistance. In this review, we have discussed the biochemical characteristics of multidrug transporters and the mechanisms by which these membrane bound proteins transport their target molecules from one side to the other side of the cell membrane. We have also briefly discussed the application of this knowledge in the understanding of drug resistance in various clinical situations with particular reference to neurological disorders. These proteins located in the placenta have important role in preventing the transplacental movement of drugs in to the fetus which may result in congenital malformations or other defects. The molecular genetic mechanisms that govern the expression of these important proteins are discussed briefly. The potential scope to develop targeted chemotherapeutic agents is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manna Jose
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
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Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) was discovered in multidrug resistant breast cancer cells having an ATP-dependent transport-based resistance phenotype. This ABC transporter functions (at least in part) as a xenobiotic protective mechanism for the organism: in the gut and biliary tract, it prevents absorption and enhances elimination of potentially toxic substances. As a placental barrier, it protects the fetus; similarly, it serves as a component of blood-brain and blood-testis barrier; BCRP is expressed in stem cells and may protect them from potentially harmful agents. Therefore, BCRP could influence cancer outcomes by (a) endogenous BCRP affecting the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of anticancer drugs; (b) BCRP expression in cancer cells may directly cause resistance by active efflux of anticancer drugs; (c) BCRP expression in cancer cells could be a manifestation of the activity of metabolic and signaling pathways that impart multiple mechanisms of drug resistance, self-renewal (stemness), and invasiveness (aggressiveness)--i.e. impart a poor prognosis--to cancers. This chapter presents a synopsis of translational clinical studies relating BCRP expression in leukemias, lymphomas, and a variety of solid tumors with clinical outcome. Data are emerging that expression of BCRP, like P-glycoprotein/ABCB1, is associated with adverse outcomes in a variety of human cancers. Whether this adverse prognostic effect results from resistance imparted to the cancer cells as the direct result of BCRP efflux of anticancer drugs, or whether BCRP expression (and also Pgp expression - coexpression of these transporters is common among poor risk cancers) serves as indicators of the activity of signaling pathways that enhance cancer cellular proliferation, metastases, genomic instability, enhance drug resistance, and oppose programmed cell death mechanisms is yet unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D Ross
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Mahringer A, Delzer J, Fricker G. A fluorescence-based in vitro assay for drug interactions with breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2). Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 72:605-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Multidrug resistance proteins in rheumatoid arthritis, role in disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug efficacy and inflammatory processes: an overview. Scand J Rheumatol 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/03009740310004342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zhang Y, Byun Y, Ren YR, Liu JO, Laterra J, Pomper MG. Identification of inhibitors of ABCG2 by a bioluminescence imaging-based high-throughput assay. Cancer Res 2009; 69:5867-75. [PMID: 19567678 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
ABCG2 is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of transporters, the overexpression of which is associated with tumor resistance to a variety of chemotherapeutic agents. Accordingly, combining ABCG2 inhibitor(s) with chemotherapy has the potential to improve treatment outcome. To search for clinically useful ABCG2 inhibitors, a bioluminescence imaging (BLI)-based assay was developed to allow high-throughput compound screening. This assay exploits our finding that d-luciferin, the substrate of firefly luciferase (fLuc), is a specific substrate of ABCG2, and ABCG2 inhibitors block the export of d-luciferin and enhance bioluminescence signal by increasing intracellular d-luciferin concentrations. HEK293 cells, engineered to express ABCG2 and fLuc, were used to screen the Hopkins Drug Library that includes drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as well as drug candidates that have entered phase II clinical trials. Forty-seven compounds showed BLI enhancement, a measure of anti-ABCG2 activity, of > or =5-fold, the majority of which were not previously known as ABCG2 inhibitors. The assay was validated by its identification of known ABCG2 inhibitors and by confirming previously unknown ABCG2 inhibitors using established in vitro assays (e.g., mitoxantrone resensitization and BODIPY-prazosin assays). Glafenine, a potent new inhibitor, also inhibited ABCG2 activity in vivo. The BLI-based assay is an efficient method to identify new inhibitors of ABCG2. As they were derived from a FDA-approved compound library, many of the inhibitors uncovered in this study are ready for clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimao Zhang
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Identification of novel specific and general inhibitors of the three major human ATP-binding cassette transporters P-gp, BCRP and MRP2 among registered drugs. Pharm Res 2009; 26:1816-31. [PMID: 19421845 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the inhibition patterns of the three major human ABC transporters P-gp (ABCB1), BCRP (ABCG2) and MRP2 (ABCC2), using a dataset of 122 structurally diverse drugs. METHODS Inhibition was investigated in cellular and vesicular systems over-expressing single transporters. Computational models discriminating either single or general inhibitors from non-inhibitors were developed using multivariate statistics. RESULTS Specific (n = 23) and overlapping (n = 19) inhibitors of the three ABC transporters were identified. GF120918 and Ko143 were verified to specifically inhibit P-gp/BCRP and BCRP in defined concentration intervals, whereas the MRP inhibitor MK571 was revealed to inhibit all three transporters within one log unit of concentration. Virtual docking experiments showed that MK571 binds to the ATP catalytic site, which could contribute to its multi-specific inhibition profile. A computational model predicting general ABC inhibition correctly classified 80% of both ABC transporter inhibitors and non-inhibitors in an external test set. CONCLUSIONS The inhibitor specificities of P-gp, BCRP and MRP2 were shown to be highly overlapping. General ABC inhibitors were more lipophilic and aromatic than specific inhibitors and non-inhibitors. The identified specific inhibitors can be used to delineate transport processes in complex experimental systems, whereas the multi-specific inhibitors are useful in primary ABC transporter screening in drug discovery settings.
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Kuo MT. Redox regulation of multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:99-133. [PMID: 18699730 PMCID: PMC2577715 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of multidrug resistance to cancer chemotherapy is a major obstacle to the effective treatment of human malignancies. It has been established that membrane proteins, notably multidrug resistance (MDR), multidrug resistance protein (MRP), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter family encoding efflux pumps, play important roles in the development of multidrug resistance. Overexpression of these transporters has been observed frequently in many types of human malignancies and correlated with poor responses to chemotherapeutic agents. Evidence has accumulated showing that redox signals are activated in response to drug treatments that affect the expression and activity of these transporters by multiple mechanisms, including (a) conformational changes in the transporters, (b) regulation of the biosynthesis cofactors required for the transporter's function, (c) regulation of the expression of transporters at transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and epigenetic levels, and (d) amplification of the copy number of genes encoding these transporters. This review describes various specific factors and their relevant signaling pathways that are involved in the regulation. Finally, the roles of redox signaling in the maintenance and evolution of cancer stem cells and their implications in the development of intrinsic and acquired multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macus Tien Kuo
- Department of Molecular Pathology (Unit 951), The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Pick A, Müller H, Wiese M. Structure–activity relationships of new inhibitors of breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2). Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:8224-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Huang Y, Penchala S, Pham AN, Wang J. Genetic variations and gene expression of transporters in drug disposition and response. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2008; 4:237-54. [PMID: 18363540 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.3.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of transporters in drug disposition and response has led to increasing interest in genetic variations and expression differences of their genes. OBJECTIVE This review summarizes: i) genetic variations in transporters and associated drug response; and ii) a pharmacogenomic approach to correlate transporter expression and drug response. METHODS Several transporters in ATP-binding cassette family and solute carrier family are discussed. CONCLUSION The field of transporter pharmacogenomics is in its early stage. Transporter expression at mRNA levels could be more directly related to their functions and more practical to be assayed in high throughput. Correlating microarray expression of transporters with anticancer drug activity in the NCI-60 panel has provided an approach for identifying drug-transporter relationships and predicting drug response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Western University of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
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Yuan JH, Cheng JQ, Jiang LY, Ji WD, Guo LF, Liu JJ, Xu XY, He JS, Wang XM, Zhuang ZX. Breast cancer resistance protein expression and 5-fluorouracil resistance. BIOMEDICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : BES 2008; 21:290-295. [PMID: 18837291 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-3988(08)60044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To filtrate breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)-mediated resistant agents and to investigate clinical relationship between BCRP expression and drug resistance. METHODS MTT assay was performed to filtrate BCRP-mediated resistant agents with BCRP expression cell model and to detect chemosensitivity of breast cancer tissue specimens to these agents. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was established, and was used to measure the relative dose of intracellular retention resistant agents. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were employed to investigate the BCRP expression in breast cancer tissue specimens. RESULTS MTT assay showed that the expression of BCRP increased with the increasing resistance of 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) (P<0.05, n=3) in the cell model, while HPLC assay indicated that the intracellular retention dose of 5-Fu was significantly correlated with the expression of BCRP (r=-0.897, P<0.05, n=3). A total of 140 breast cancer tissue specimens were collected. BCRP-positive expression was detected in forty-seven specimens by both RT-PCR and IHC. As shown by MTT assay subsequently, the resistance index (RI) of 47 BCRP-positive breast cancer tissue specimens to 5-Fu was 7-12 times as high as that of adjacent normal tissue samples. BCRP expression was related to 5-Fu resistance (R2=0.8124, P<0.01). CONCLUSION Resistance to 5-Fu can be mediated by BCRP. Clinical chemotherapy for breast cancer patients can be optimized based on BCRP-positive expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hui Yuan
- Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
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Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) and drug disposition: intestinal expression, polymorphisms and sulfasalazine as an in vivo probe. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2008; 18:439-48. [PMID: 18408567 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3282f974dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) is an efflux transporter expressed in tissues that act as barriers to drug entry. Given that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ABCG2 gene encoding BCRP are common, the possibility exists that these genetic variants may be a determinant of interindividual variability in drug response. The objective of this study is to confirm the human BCRP-mediated transport of sulfasalazine in vitro, evaluate interindividual variation in BCRP expression in human intestine and to determine the role of ABCG2 SNPs to drug disposition in healthy patients using sulfasalazine as a novel in vivo probe. To evaluate these objectives, pinch biopsies were obtained from 18 patients undergoing esophagogastro-duodenoscopy or colonoscopy for determination of BCRP expression in relation to genotype. Wild-type and variant BCRP were expressed in a heterologous expression system to evaluate the effect of SNPs on cell-surface trafficking. A total of 17 healthy individuals participated in a clinical investigation to determine the effect of BCRP SNPs on sulfasalazine pharmacokinetics. In vitro, the cell surface protein expression of the common BCRP 421 C>A variant was reduced in comparison with the wild-type control. Intestinal biopsy samples revealed that BCRP protein and mRNA expression did not significantly differ between patients with 34GG/421CC versus patients with 34GG/421CA genotypes. Remarkably, in subjects with 34GG/421CA genotype, sulfasalazine area under the concentration-time curve was 2.4-fold greater compared with 34GG/421CC subjects (P<0.05). This study links commonly occurring SNPs in BCRP with significantly increased oral sulfasalazine plasma exposure in humans. Accordingly, sulfasalazine may prove to have utility as in vivo probe for assessing the clinical impact of BCRP for the disposition and efficacy of drugs.
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Lu C, Shervington A. Chemoresistance in gliomas. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 312:71-80. [PMID: 18259841 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9722-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite improved knowledge and advanced treatments of gliomas, the overall survival rate for glioma patients remains low. Gliomas comprise of significant cell heterogeneity that contains a large number of multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotypes and cancer stem cells (CSCs), a combination that may contribute to the resistance to treatment. This article reviews the MDR related genes, major-vault protein (MVP), anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) and the molecular mechanisms that may contribute to chemoresistance, in addition to the upregulated MDR phenotypes present in CSCs that has recently been identified in gliomas. Moreover, future potential therapies that modulate MDR phenotypes and CSCs are also reviewed. An improved understanding of MDR may lead to a combined treatment, targeting both CSCs and their protective MDR phenotypes leading eventually to attractive strategies for the treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lu
- Brain Tumour North West, Faculty of Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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Liu XL, Tee HW, Go ML. Functionalized chalcones as selective inhibitors of P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 16:171-80. [PMID: 17964170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A library of chalcones with basic functionalities were screened for inhibition of P-glycoprotein (Pgp, ABCB1) by the calcein-AM accumulation assay on MDCKII/MDR1 cells. Three members that had ring A substituted with 5-(1-ethylpiperidin-4-yl) and 2,4-dimethoxy groups were found to increase calcein-AM accumulation to a greater extent than verapamil, a Pgp inhibitor. These compounds were subsequently shown to enhance the uptake of doxorubicin by MCF-7 cells that over-expressed Pgp. However, when tested for inhibition of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2) by the mitoxantrone uptake assay, the same compounds fared poorly. In comparison, a non-basic chalcone (5-14, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one) increased mitoxantrone uptake by BCRP over-expressing MCF-7 cells (MCF-7/MX) by more than 300% at 5 microM. Thus, introducing a basic group on the chalcone template enhanced Pgp inhibition at the expense of BCRP inhibition. The basic chalcones were also better Pgp inhibitors than their non-basic counterparts which may in turn be better BCRP inhibitors. Structure activity analysis showed that lipophilicity of the chalcones was not the overriding factor for Pgp inhibitory activity. Rather, good activity was associated with appropriately placed electron donor atoms, of which the meta-disubstituted dimethoxy motif on either ring A or B was of particular relevance. In spite of differing structural requirements for inhibition of Pgp and BCRP, chalcone 3-100 [3-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(4-(piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one] inhibited both Pgp and BCRP to a reasonable extent and may be a useful starting point for the design of dual inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) pumps multiple types of drugs out of the cell, using energy generated from ATP, and confers multidrug resistance (MDR) on cancer cells. ZD6474 is an orally active, selective inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, and rearranged during transfection tyrosine kinases. This study was designed to examine whether ZD6474 reverses P-gp-mediated MDR in cancer cells. Here, we show that clinically achievable levels of ZD6474 reverse P-gp-mediated MDR of the P-gp-overexpressing cell lines derived from breast cancer, MCF-7/adriamycin (ADR), and human oral epidermoid carcinoma, KBV200 to ADR, docetaxel, and vinorelbine. This ability to reverse the P-gp-mediated resistance is comparable to that of another frequently used reversal agent known as verapamil. ZD6474 itself moderately inhibits the proliferation of both MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells with almost equal activity, but its inhibitory effect is not altered by co-incubation with verapamil, suggesting that ZD6474 may not be a substrate of P-gp. In addition, ZD6474 increases the intracellular accumulation of the P-gp substrate, rhodamine-123, and ADR, by enhancing the uptake and/or decreasing the efflux of these compounds in resistant cells. Further studies show that ZD6474 stimulates ATPase activity in a dose-dependent manner, which is required for the proper function of P-gp. In contrast, ZD6474 does not inhibit the expression level of P-gp. Our results suggest that ZD6474 is capable of reversing MDR in cancer cells by directly inhibiting the function of P-gp, a finding that may have clinical implications for ZD6474.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mi
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - L Lou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- E-mail:
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40
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Abstract
This overview presents curcumin as a significant chemosensitizer in cancer chemotherapy. Although the review focuses on curcumin and its analogues on multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal, the relevance of curcumin as a nuclear factor (NF)-KB blocker and sensitizer of many chemoresistant cancer cell lines to chemotherapeutic agents will also be discussed. One of the major mechanisms of MDR is the enhanced ability of tumor cells to actively efflux drugs, leading to a decrease in cellular drug accumulation below toxic levels. Active drug efflux is mediated by several members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of membrane transporters, which have now been subdivided into seven families designated A through G. Among these ABC families, the classical MDR is attributed to the elevated expression of ABCB1 (Pgp), ABCC1 (MRP1), and ABCG2 (MXR). The clinical importance of Pgp, MRP1, and MXR for MDR and cancer treatment has led to the investigation of the inhibiting properties of several compounds on these transporters. At present, due in part to the disappointing results associated with the many side effects of synthetic modulators that have been used in clinical trials, current research efforts are directed toward the identification of novel compounds, with attention to dietary natural products. The advantage is that they exhibit little or virtually no side effects and do not further increase the patient's medication burden.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/metabolism
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Curcumin/analogs & derivatives
- Curcumin/chemistry
- Curcumin/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Forecasting
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Mitoxantrone/metabolism
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornngarm Limtrakul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
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Matsson P, Englund G, Ahlin G, Bergström CAS, Norinder U, Artursson P. A global drug inhibition pattern for the human ATP-binding cassette transporter breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 323:19-30. [PMID: 17616561 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.124768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, we explore the entire structural space of registered drugs to obtain a global model for the inhibition of the drug efflux transporter breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP; ABCG2). For this purpose, the inhibitory effect of 123 structurally diverse drugs and drug-like compounds on mitoxantrone efflux was studied in Saos-2 cells transfected with human wild-type (Arg482) BCRP. The search for BCRP inhibitors throughout the drug-like chemical space resulted in the identification of 29 previously unknown inhibitors. The frequency of BCRP inhibition was 3 times higher for compounds reported to interact with other ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters than for compounds without reported ABC transporter affinity. An easily interpreted computational model capable of discriminating inhibitors from noninhibitors using only two molecular descriptors, octanol-water partition coefficient at pH 7.4 and molecular polarizability, was constructed. The discriminating power of this two-descriptor model was 93% for the training set and 79% for the test set, respectively. The results were supported by a global pharmacophore model and are in agreement with a two-step mechanism for the inhibition of BCRP, where both the drug's capacity to insert into the cell membrane and to interact with the inhibitory binding site of the transporter are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pär Matsson
- Pharmaceutical Screening and Informatics, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Abstract
Multidrug resistance is a major obstacle to successful cancer treatment. One mechanism by which cells can become resistant to chemotherapy is the expression of ABC transporters that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to transport a wide variety of substrates across the cell membrane. There are three human ABC transporters primarily associated with the multidrug resistance phenomenon, namely Pgp, MRP1, and ABCG2. All three have broad and, to a certain extent, overlapping substrate specificities, transporting the major drugs currently used in cancer chemotherapy. ABCG2 is the most recently described of the three major multidrug-resistance pumps, and its substrates include mitoxantrone, topotecan, irinotecan, flavopiridol, and methotrexate. Despite several studies reporting ABCG2 expression in normal and malignant tissues, no trials have thus far addressed the role of ABCG2 in clinical drug resistance. This gives us an opportunity to critically review the disappointing results of past clinical trials targeting Pgp and to propose strategies for ABCG2. We need to know in which tumor types ABCG2 contributes to the resistance phenotype. We also need to develop standardized assays to detect ABCG2 expression in vivo and to carefully select the chemotherapeutic agents and clinical trial designs. This review focuses on our current knowledge about normal tissue distribution, tumor expression profiles, and substrates and inhibitors of ABCG2, together with lessons learned from clinical trials with Pgp inhibitors. Implications of SNPs in the ABCG2 gene affecting the pharmacokinetics of substrate drugs, including many non-chemotherapy agents and ABCG2 expression in the SP population of stem cells are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Robey
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Agarwal S, Pal D, Mitra AK. Both P-gp and MRP2 mediate transport of Lopinavir, a protease inhibitor. Int J Pharm 2007; 339:139-47. [PMID: 17451894 PMCID: PMC3166960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Revised: 02/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Polarized epithelial non-human (canine) cell lines stably transfected with human or murine complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding for various efflux transporters (P-gp/MDR1, MRP1, MRP2, and Bcrp1) were used to study transepithelial transport of Lopinavir (LVR) and compare results with the MDCKII-wild type cells. These transmembrane proteins cause multidrug resistance by decreasing the total intracellular accumulation of drugs. Lopinavir efflux was directional and was completely inhibited by MK-571, a selective MRP family inhibitor in the MDCKII-MRP2 cell line. Similarly, LVR efflux was also inhibited by P-gp inhibitors P-gp-4008 and GF120918 in the MDCKII-MDR1 cell line. The efflux ratios of LVR in the absence of any efflux inhibitors in the MDCK-wild type, MDCKII-MDR1, MDCKII-MRP1 and MDCKII-MRP2 cell monolayers were 1.32, 4.91, 1.26 and 2.89 respectively. The MDCKII-MDR1 and MDCKII-MRP2 cells have significantly increased LVR efflux ratio relative to the parental cells due to the apically directed transport by MDR1 and MRP2 respectively. The efflux ratios in MRP2 and MDR1 transfected cell lines were close to unity in the presence of MK-571 and P-gp-4008, respectively, indicating that LVR efflux by MRP2 and P-gp was completely inhibited by their selective inhibitors. MDCKII-MRP1 cells did not exhibit a significant reduction in the LVR efflux relative to the parental cells, indicating that LVR is not a good substrate for MRP1. Transport studies across MDCKII-Bcrp1 cells indicated that LVR is not transported by Bcrp1 and is not a substrate for this efflux protein. In conclusion, this study presents direct evidence that LVR is effluxed by both P-gp and MRP2 which may contribute to its poor oral bioavailability and limited penetration into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ashim K. Mitra
- Corresponding Author: Ashim K. Mitra, Ph.D., University of Missouri Curators’ Professor of Pharmacy, Chairman, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vice-Provost for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Phone: 816-235-1615, Fax: 816-235-5190,
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Roles of Multidrug Resistance Genes in Breast Cancer Chemoresistance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 608:23-30. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74039-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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45
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Garattini S. Pharmacokinetics in cancer chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer 2006; 43:271-82. [PMID: 17174548 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Garattini
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milano, Italy.
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Haubertin DY, Madaoui H, Sanson A, Guérois R, Orlowski S. Molecular dynamics simulations of E. coli MsbA transmembrane domain: formation of a semipore structure. Biophys J 2006; 91:2517-31. [PMID: 16782794 PMCID: PMC1562368 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.084020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human P-glycoprotein (MDR1/P-gp) is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter involved in cellular response to chemical stress and failures of anticancer chemotherapy. In the absence of a high-resolution structure for P-gp, we were interested in the closest P-gp homolog for which a crystal structure is available: the bacterial ABC transporter MsbA. Here we present the molecular dynamics simulations performed on the transmembrane domain of the open-state MsbA in a bilayer composed of palmitoyl oleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine lipids. The system studied contained more than 90,000 atoms and was simulated for 50 ns. This simulation shows that the open-state structure of MsbA can be stable in a membrane environment and provides invaluable insights into the structural relationships between the protein and its surrounding lipids. This study reveals the formation of a semipore-like structure stabilized by two key phospholipids which interact with the hinge region of the protein during the entire simulation. Multiple sequence alignments of ABC transporters reveal that one of the residues involved in the interaction with these two phospholipids are under a strong selection pressure specifically applied on the bacterial homologs of MsbA. Hence, comparison of molecular dynamics simulation and phylogenetic data appears as a powerful approach to investigate the functional relevance of molecular events occurring during simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Haubertin
- Service de Biophysique des Fonctions Membranaires, Département de Biologie Joliot-Curie and URA 2096 CNRS, Direction des Sciences du Vivant/Commissariat á l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Centre de Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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Xiao Y, Davidson R, Smith A, Pereira D, Zhao S, Soglia J, Gebhard D, de Morais S, Duignan DB. A 96-well efflux assay to identify ABCG2 substrates using a stably transfected MDCK II cell line. Mol Pharm 2006; 3:45-54. [PMID: 16686368 DOI: 10.1021/mp050088t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human ABCG2 (breast cancer resistance protein, BCRP) is an important efflux transporter which exhibits broad substrate specificity and which is found in many tissues. The purpose of the present study was to develop a 96-Transwell assay using an MDCK II cell line stably transfected with ABCG2 (MDCK II/ABCG2) to identify ABCG2 substrates. In this assay, which also incorporates a high throughput mass spectrometry method for quantification, efflux activity of the MDCK II/ABCG2 cells was evaluated by monitoring the basolateral-to-apical/ apical-to-basolateral (B to A/A to B) efflux ratio of several substrates. Mean MDCK II/ABGC2 efflux ratios for 2 microM prazosin, SN-38, and Cl 033 were 2.8, 7.6, and 2.4, respectively, and the mean efflux ratio for 10 microM mitoxantrone was 5.0. Interday variability of the assay was low (CV = 10-29% for control compounds at 2 microM). Our data indicate that a compound tested at 2 microM can be considered a substrate of ABCG2 if its ratio of ratios (MDCK II/ABCG2 efflux ratio)/ (MDCK II efflux ratio) is > 1.2. This assay provides an efficient, high throughput means to identify ABCG2 substrates in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongling Xiao
- ADME Technology Group, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
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Abdul-Ghani R, Serra V, Györffy B, Jürchott K, Solf A, Dietel M, Schäfer R. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 blocks drug export from resistant colon carcinoma cells overexpressing MRP1. Oncogene 2006; 25:1743-52. [PMID: 16288223 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance may be achieved by the activation of membrane transporters, detoxification, alterations in DNA repair or failure in apoptotic pathways. Recent data have suggested an involvement of mitogenic signalling pathways mediated by Ras and phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K/Akt) in controlling multidrug resistance. Since these pathways are important targets for therapeutic interference, we sought to investigate whether blocking effectors kinases by specific inhibitors would result in a sensitization toward cytotoxic drugs. We found that cotreatment of drug-resistant HT29RDB colon cancer cells with the topoisomerase inhibitor doxorubicin and the PI3K-inhibitor LY294002 resulted in massive apoptosis, while cotreatment with the Mek inhibitors PD98059 or U0126 had no effect. This suggested that the PI3K-pathways controls cell survival and drug resistance in these cells. Besides blocking Akt phosphorylation, the PI3K-inibitor increased the intracellular doxorubicin concentration threefold. LY294002 inhibits drug export in a competitive manner as revealed by measuring drug efflux in the presence and the absence of inhibitor. The efficacy of drug efflux inhibition by LY294002 was similar to that achieved by the MRP1 inhibitors MK571 and genistein. We conclude that the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 may have therapeutic potential when combined with doxorubicin in the treatment of MRP1-mediated drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abdul-Ghani
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Schumannstr, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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Jekerle V, Klinkhammer W, Reilly RM, Piquette-Miller M, Wiese M. Novel tetrahydroisoquinolin-ethyl-phenylamine based multidrug resistance inhibitors with broad-spectrum modulating properties. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006; 59:61-9. [PMID: 16636798 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0244-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ATP-binding cassette transporters P-glycoprotein (Pgp) and BCRP are implicated in multidrug resistance (MDR) of many tumors. Multi-targeted inhibitors such as cyclosporin A, have been shown to circumvent MDR in clinical trials. Here, we present the characterization of a novel class of effective and multi-targeted tetrahydroisoquinolin-ethyl-phenylamine based MDR inhibitors. METHODS The novel MDR inhibitors, XR9577, WK-X-34, WK-X-50 and WK-X-84 were examined for cellular toxicity in several cell lines. Chemosensitivity and inhibition of BCRP-mediated mitoxantrone efflux were analyzed in BCRP-overexpressing MCF7/mx cells. Chemosensitivity towards daunorubicin and inhibition of Pgp-mediated efflux of (99m)Tc-Sestamibi were examined in Pgp-overexpressing A2780/Adr cells. Potential MRP-interactions were evaluated with 5-CFDA efflux assays in selectively transfected MRP-1, -2 and -3 cell lines. RESULTS All WK-X-compounds showed significant BCRP inhibition in the MCF7/mx cells resulting in significant increases in mitoxantrone intracellular accumulation and 200-300 fold increases in mitroxantrone cytotoxicity. WK-X-34 and XR9577 were also potent inhibitors of Pgp, increasing (99m)Tc-Sestamibi accumulation with IC(50) values in the nM range. Daunorubicin cytotoxicity was also increased seven to eight-fold in cells co-treated with XR9577 or WK-X-34 (10 muM). These compounds did not appear to interact with the MRP transporters. As compared to cyclosporin A, these compounds showed reduced cellular toxicity and increased potency of BCRP and Pgp inhibition. CONCLUSION The novel MDR inhibitors WK-X-34 and XR9577 demonstrate superior effectiveness in Pgp and BCRP inhibition, in vitro tolerance and specificity over cyclosporin A. The novel compounds might be the promising candidates for a broad-spectrum based approach to the circumvention of MDR in resistant tumors.
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Zamek-Gliszczynski MJ, Hoffmaster KA, Nezasa KI, Tallman MN, Brouwer KLR. Integration of hepatic drug transporters and phase II metabolizing enzymes: Mechanisms of hepatic excretion of sulfate, glucuronide, and glutathione metabolites. Eur J Pharm Sci 2006; 27:447-86. [PMID: 16472997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2005.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 12/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the primary site of drug metabolism in the body. Typically, metabolic conversion of a drug results in inactivation, detoxification, and enhanced likelihood for excretion in urine or feces. Sulfation, glucuronidation, and glutathione conjugation represent the three most prevalent classes of phase II metabolism, which may occur directly on the parent compounds that contain appropriate structural motifs, or, as is usually the case, on functional groups added or exposed by phase I oxidation. These three conjugation reactions increase the molecular weight and water solubility of the compound, in addition to adding a negative charge to the molecule. As a result of these changes in the physicochemical properties, phase II conjugates tend to have very poor membrane permeability, and necessitate carrier-mediated transport for biliary or hepatic basolateral excretion into sinusoidal blood for eventual excretion into urine. This review summarizes sulfation, glucuronidation, and glutathione conjugation reactions, as well as recent progress in elucidating the hepatic transport mechanisms responsible for the excretion of these conjugates from the liver. The discussion focuses on alterations of metabolism and transport by chemical modulators, and disease states, as well as pharmacodynamic and toxicological implications of hepatic metabolism and/or transport modulation for certain active phase II conjugates. A brief discussion of issues that must be considered in the design and interpretation of phase II metabolite transport studies follows.
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