1
|
Ashkar A, Sosnik A, Davidovich-Pinhas M. Structured edible lipid-based particle systems for oral drug-delivery. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107789. [PMID: 34186162 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oral administration is the most popular and patient-compliant route for drug delivery, though it raises great challenges due to the involvement of the gastro-intestine (GI) system and the drug bioavailability. Drug bioavailability is directly related to its ability to dissolve, transport and/or absorb through the physiological environment. A great number of drugs are characterized with low water solubility due to their hydrophobic nature, thus limiting their oral bioavailability and clinical use. Therefore, new strategies aiming to provide a protective shell through the GI system and improve drug solubility and permeability in the intestine were developed to overcome this limitation. Lipid-based systems have been proposed as good candidates for such a task owing to their hydrophobic nature which allows high drug loading, drug micellization ability during intestinal digestion due to the lipid content, and the vehicle physical protective environment. The use of edible lipids with high biocompatibility paves the bench-to-bedside translation. Four main types of structured lipid-based drug delivery systems differing in the physical state of the lipid phase have been described in the literature, namely emulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and oleogel-based particles. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of the different structured edible lipid-based oral delivery systems investigated up to date and emphasizes the contribution of each system component to the delivery performance, and the oral delivery path of lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Areen Ashkar
- Laboratory of Lipids and Soft Matter, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Maya Davidovich-Pinhas
- Laboratory of Lipids and Soft Matter, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; Russell-Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel..
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bunchongprasert K, Chen J, Shao J. Effect of double bond in unsaturated long-chain monoglyceride in self-emulsified nanoemulsion on tight junction opening. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
3
|
The mechanisms of pharmacokinetic food-drug interactions - A perspective from the UNGAP group. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 134:31-59. [PMID: 30974173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous intake of food and drugs can have a strong impact on drug release, absorption, distribution, metabolism and/or elimination and consequently, on the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy. As such, food-drug interactions are one of the main challenges in oral drug administration. Whereas pharmacokinetic (PK) food-drug interactions can have a variety of causes, pharmacodynamic (PD) food-drug interactions occur due to specific pharmacological interactions between a drug and particular drinks or food. In recent years, extensive efforts were made to elucidate the mechanisms that drive pharmacokinetic food-drug interactions. Their occurrence depends mainly on the properties of the drug substance, the formulation and a multitude of physiological factors. Every intake of food or drink changes the physiological conditions in the human gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, a precise understanding of how different foods and drinks affect the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and/or elimination as well as formulation performance is important in order to be able to predict and avoid such interactions. Furthermore, it must be considered that beverages such as milk, grapefruit juice and alcohol can also lead to specific food-drug interactions. In this regard, the growing use of food supplements and functional food requires urgent attention in oral pharmacotherapy. Recently, a new consortium in Understanding Gastrointestinal Absorption-related Processes (UNGAP) was established through COST, a funding organisation of the European Union supporting translational research across Europe. In this review of the UNGAP Working group "Food-Drug Interface", the different mechanisms that can lead to pharmacokinetic food-drug interactions are discussed and summarised from different expert perspectives.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bergström CA, Holm R, Jørgensen SA, Andersson SB, Artursson P, Beato S, Borde A, Box K, Brewster M, Dressman J, Feng KI, Halbert G, Kostewicz E, McAllister M, Muenster U, Thinnes J, Taylor R, Mullertz A. Early pharmaceutical profiling to predict oral drug absorption: Current status and unmet needs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:173-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
5
|
Caliph SM, Faassen FW, Porter CJH. The influence of intestinal lymphatic transport on the systemic exposure and brain deposition of a novel highly lipophilic compound with structural similarity to cholesterol. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:1377-87. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To assess the role of intestinal lymphatic transport in the oral bioavailability and brain deposition of a highly lipophilic, centrally acting drug candidate (Org 49209) in comparison to cholesterol, a close structural analogue.
Methods
The intestinal lymphatic transport of Org 49209 and cholesterol was assessed in lymph-cannulated anaesthetised rats and total bioavailability evaluated in non-lymph-cannulated animals. Parallel groups were employed to examine the brain deposition of Org 49209 after intraduodenal and intraperitoneal administrations.
Key findings
The contribution of intestinal lymphatic transport to total bioavailability was similar for Org 49209 and cholesterol (approximately 40% of the absorbed dose). However, the oral bioavailability of Org 49209 was significantly (fourfold) lower than cholesterol. Brain deposition of Org 49209 was similar after intraduodenal and intraperitoneal administration. Systemic exposure, however, was higher after intraduodenal administration and brain-to-plasma ratios were therefore reduced.
Conclusion
The oral bioavailability of Org 49209 was significantly lower than that of its structural analogue cholesterol; however, intestinal lymphatic transport played a similar role in oral bioavailability for both compounds. Brain to plasma ratios were lower after intraduodenal versus intraperitoneal administration, suggesting that drug association with intestinal lymph lipoproteins may limit central nervous system access for highly lipophilic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Caliph
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville campus), Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Fried W Faassen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Supply, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Oss, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville campus), Parkville, Vic, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cai Q, Deng X, Li Z, An D, Shen T, Zhong M. Effects of lipid vehicle and P-glycoprotein inhibition on the mesenteric lymphatic transport of paclitaxel in unconscious, lymph duct-cannulated rats. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:147-53. [PMID: 24786483 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.907841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China and
| | - Xinxian Deng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhongdong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China and
| | - Dianyun An
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Teng Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Mingkang Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China and
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Singh I, Swami R, Khan W, Sistla R. Lymphatic system: a prospective area for advanced targeting of particulate drug carriers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 11:211-29. [PMID: 24350774 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.866088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The lymphatic system has a critical role in the immune system's recognition and response to disease and it is an additional circulatory system throughout the entire body. Extensive multidisciplinary investigations have been carried out in the area of lymphatic delivery, and lymphatic targeting has attracted a lot of attention for providing preferential chemotherapy and improving bioavailability of drugs that undergo hepatic first-pass metabolism. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on progress in the field of lymphatic therapeutics and diagnosis. Moreover, the anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic system, particulate drug carriers and different physicochemical parameters of both modified and unmodified particulate drug carriers and their effect on lymphatic targeting are addressed. EXPERT OPINION Particulate drug carriers have encouraged lymphatic targeting, but there are still challenges in targeting drugs and bioactives to specific sites, maintaining desired action and crossing all the physiological barriers. Lymphatic therapy using drug-encapsulated lipid carriers, especially liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles, emerges as a new technology to provide better penetration into the lymphatics where residual disease exists. Size is the most important criteria when designing nanocarriers for targeting lymphatic vessels as the transportation of these particles into lymphatic vessels is size dependent. By increasing our understanding of lymphatic transport and uptake, and the role of lymphatics in various diseases, we can design new therapeutics for effective disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indu Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Department of Pharmaceutics , Hyderabad 500037 , India +91 40 27193004, +91 40 23073741 ; +91 40 27193753, +91 40 23073751 ; ;
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Thomas N, Rades T, Müllertz A. Recent developments in oral lipid-based drug delivery. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(13)50054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
9
|
Yao M, Chen J, Zheng J, Song M, McClements DJ, Xiao H. Enhanced lymphatic transport of bioactive lipids: cell culture study of polymethoxyflavone incorporation into chylomicrons. Food Funct 2013; 4:1662-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60335k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
Thomas N, Holm R, Rades T, Müllertz A. Characterising lipid lipolysis and its implication in lipid-based formulation development. AAPS JOURNAL 2012; 14:860-71. [PMID: 22956477 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Facing the increasing number of poorly water-soluble drugs, pharmaceutical scientists are required to break new grounds for the delivery of these pharmaceutically problematic drugs. Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDS) have received increased interest as a novel drug delivery platform during the last decades and several successfully marketed products have shown the potential for LBDDS. However, there exists a discrepancy between the clear need for innovative delivery forms and their rational design. In the case of LBDDS, this can be attributed to the complexity of LBDDS after administration. Unlike conventional formulations, LBDDS are susceptible to digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, the interplay of delivery system, drug and physiology ultimately effecting drug disposition. In vitro lipolysis has become an important technique to mimic the enzymatic degradation. For the better understanding of how LBDDS promote drug delivery, in vitro lipolysis requires advanced characterisation methods. In this review, the physiological background of lipid digestion is followed by a thorough summary of the techniques that are currently used to characterise in vitro lipolysis. It would be desirable that the increasing knowledge about LBDDS will foster their rationale development thereby increasing their broader application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Thomas
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, 9054, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bei YY, Chen XY, Liu Y, Xu JY, Wang WJ, Gu ZL, Xing KL, Zhu AJ, Chen WL, Shi LS, Wang Q, Zhang XN, Zhang Q. Novel norcantharidin-loaded liver targeting chitosan nanoparticles to enhance intestinal absorption. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1819-27. [PMID: 22619530 PMCID: PMC3356165 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s29958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, two novel liver-targeting nanoparticles, norcantharidin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (NCTD-CS-NPs) and norcantharidin-associated galactosylated chitosan nanoparticles (NCTD-GC-NPs), were prepared using ionic cross-linkage. The physical properties, particle size, encapsulation efficiency, and drug release characteristics of the nanoparticles were investigated in vitro. To investigate the intestinal absorption mechanisms of the two preparations, a series of experiments was carried out, including in situ circulation method, in vitro everted gut sacs, and Ussing chamber perfusion technique. The absorption rate constants (Ka) of NCTD at different segments were found to be duodenum > jejunum > ileum > colon. The concentration had no distinctive effect on absorption kinetics, suggesting that drug absorption is not dose-dependent. The transport of NCTD was found to be inhibited by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, indicating that NCTD might be the substrate of P-gp. The order of the absorption enhancer effects were as follows: low molecular weight chitosan (CS-8kDa) > high molecular weight chitosan (CS-30kDa) > Poloxamer > sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) > sodium deoxycholate (SDCh). The results indicate that the chitosan nanoparticles can improve intestinal absorption of NCTD.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacokinetics
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/administration & dosage
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/adverse effects
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacokinetics
- Chitosan/chemistry
- Drug Carriers/chemistry
- Drug Delivery Systems
- In Vitro Techniques
- Intestinal Absorption
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Nanomedicine
- Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Nanoparticles/ultrastructure
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-yan Bei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Xiao-yan Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Jing-yu Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Wen-juan Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Zong-lin Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Kong-lang Xing
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Ai-jun Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Wei-liang Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Lin-seng Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Qin Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Xue-nong Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Thomas N, Holm R, Müllertz A, Rades T. In vitro and in vivo performance of novel supersaturated self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (super-SNEDDS). J Control Release 2012; 160:25-32. [PMID: 22405903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel supersaturated self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (super-SNEDDS) containing the poorly water-soluble drug halofantrine above equilibrium solubility (150% S(eq)) were compared in vitro and in vivo with conventional SNEDDS containing the drug below equilibrium solubility (75% S(eq)). Pre-concentrates comprising of either medium chain lipids (Captex 300/Capmul MCM) or long chain lipids (soybean oil/Maisine), Cremophor RH40 and ethanol were formulated maintaining the lipid-to-surfactant-to-cosolvent ratio constant (55:35:10, w/w %). The ability of super-SNEDDS to increase the absorption of halofantrine in dogs, as well as the predictivity of the dynamic in vitro lipolysis model was studied. In vitro lipolysis of SNEDDS and super-SNEDDS showed rapid drug precipitation from all formulations while the same drug concentrations in the digestion medium were found during digestion of equal amounts of SNEDDS and super-SNEDDS. Elevated halofantrine solubilisation during in vitro lipolysis was observed only when multiple capsules of conventional SNEDDS were subjected to in vitro digestion. After lipolysis the isolated super-SNEDDS pellets were characterised by XRPD revealing no crystalline halofantrine from any of the investigated formulations. Subsequent dissolution studies of the super-SNEDDS pellet in the lipolysis medium demonstrated enhanced dissolution of halofantrine suggesting that halofantrine in the pellet was amorphous. The enhanced dissolution of the amorphous halofantrine was also reflected in vivo since two capsules of conventional SNEDDS were needed to achieve similar AUC and C(max) as obtained after dosing of a single capsule of super-SNEDDS. The study demonstrated that the absorption of halofantrine was not hampered by drug precipitation. Super-SNEDDS lead to precipitation of halofantrine in an amorphous form, which can be the driving force for enhanced absorption. Since super-SNEDDS were also physically stable for at least 6 months they represent a potential novel oral lipid-based drug delivery system for low aqueous soluble compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Thomas
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rawat MK, Jain A, Singh S. In Vivo and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Repaglinide-Loaded Binary Solid Lipid Nanoparticles After Oral Administration to Rats. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:2406-17. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
14
|
Attama AA, Igbonekwu CN. In vitro properties of surface-modified solid lipid microspheres containing an antimalarial drug: halofantrine. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2011; 4:253-8. [PMID: 21771465 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To formulate and evaluate in vitro, surface-modified solid lipid microspheres containing halofantrine using lipid matrix formed from goat fat and a phospholipid (P90H). METHODS The model drug, halofantrine in an increasing concentration of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% w/w was incorporated into surface-modified solid lipid microspheres formulated by hot homogenization. Effect of drug concentration on the encapsulation efficiency was studied. The dispersion was evaluated using particle size, particle morphology, pH and encapsulation efficiency. The drug formulation with highest encapsulation efficiency was selected and used for the release studies and compared with the release from a commercial dosage form (Halfan® 250 mg tablet, Glaxo-Smithkline, Mayenne France) using simulated gastric fluid (SGF pH 1.2), simulated intestinal fluid (SIF pH 7.2) and phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) as biorelevant media. Results were analyzed statistically and the level of significance was taken to be P < 0.05). RESULTS Discrete and spherical solid lipid microspheres were produced. The particle size of the dispersion was low (32.48-33.87 μm) with minimal particle growth and high encapsulation efficiencies (86.8%-91.0%) after 3 months. The pH of the microspheres dispersion changed appreciably after 3 months. In vitro release result obtained revealed sustained and controlled drug release from the lipid microspheres compared with the tablet dosage form. CONCLUSIONS Formulation of halofantrine as solid lipid microspheres presents a better alternative to the conventional tablet formulation as the in vitro dissolution of the highly lipophilic halofantrine was highly improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Attama
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Varshosaz J, Minayian M, Moazen E. Enhancement of oral bioavailability of pentoxifylline by solid lipid nanoparticles. J Liposome Res 2010; 20:115-23. [DOI: 10.3109/08982100903161456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
16
|
Phospholipids and lipid-based formulations in oral drug delivery. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1469-86. [PMID: 20411409 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipids become increasingly important as formulation excipients and as active ingredients per se. The present article summarizes particular features of commonly used phospholipids and their application spectrum within oral drug formulation and elucidates current strategies to improve bioavailability and disposition of orally administered drugs. Advantages of phospholipids formulations not only comprise enhanced bioavailability of drugs with low aqueous solubility or low membrane penetration potential, but also improvement or alteration of uptake and release of drugs, protection of sensitive active agents from degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, reduction of gastrointestinal side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and even masking of bitter taste of orally applied drugs. Technological strategies to achieve these effects are highly diverse and offer various possibilities of liquid, semi-liquid and solid lipid-based formulations for drug delivery optimization.
Collapse
|
17
|
Griffin BT, O'Driscoll CM. A comparison of intestinal lymphatic transport and systemic bioavailability of saquinavir from three lipid-based formulations in the anaesthetised rat model. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:917-25. [PMID: 16805951 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.7.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Saquinavir is a lipophilic, poorly water-soluble HIV protease inhibitor that undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism and exhibits poor oral bioavailability. Redirection of the absorption pathway of anti-HIV compounds from the portal blood to the HIV-rich intestinal lymphatics may enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce the extent of the first-pass effect. This study investigates the potential of targeted intestinal lymphatic transport of saquinavir via a lipid formulation approach. Three formulations containing oleic acid were examined: cremophor-oleic acid mixed micelles, d-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS)-oleic acid mixed micelles and an oleic acid microemulsion. The mesenteric lymph duct cannulated anaesthetised rat model was employed. Plasma and lymph samples were analysed by HPLC. Lymph triglyceride was measured using an enzymatic colorimetric technique. The extent of lymphatic transport from the lipid vehicles was 0.025-0.05% of the dose administered. The microemulsion produced higher and more prolonged mesenteric lymph concentrations than the micellar formulations. A strong correlation existed between the concentration of saquinavir in intestinal lymph and lymph triglyceride levels. The systemic bioavailability was estimated to be 8.5% and 4.8% for the cremophor mixed micelle and the microemulsion, respectively. The cremophor mixed micelles produced higher bioavailability than TPGS mixed micelles, implying that the nature of the surfactant can influence the distribution of drug between lymph and plasma.
Collapse
|
18
|
Miller AC, Bershteyn A, Tan W, Hammond PT, Cohen RE, Irvine DJ. Block copolymer micelles as nanocontainers for controlled release of proteins from biocompatible oil phases. Biomacromolecules 2009; 10:732-41. [PMID: 19235932 PMCID: PMC3748506 DOI: 10.1021/bm800913r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Biocompatible oils are used in a variety of medical applications ranging from vaccine adjuvants to vehicles for oral drug delivery. To enable such nonpolar organic phases to serve as reservoirs for delivery of hydrophilic compounds, we explored the ability of block copolymer micelles in organic solvents to sequester proteins for sustained release across an oil-water interface. Self-assembly of the block copolymer, poly(-caprolactone)-block-poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (PCL-b-P2VP), was investigated in toluene and oleic acid, a biocompatible naturally occurring fatty acid. Micelle formation in toluene was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging of micelles cast onto silicon substrates. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy confirmed a spherical morphology in oleic acid. Studies of homopolymer solubility implied that micelles in oleic acid consist of a P2VP corona and a PCL core, while P2VP formed the core of micelles assembled in toluene. The loading of two model proteins (ovalbumin (ova) and bovine serum albumin (BSA)) into micelles was demonstrated with loadings as high as 7.8% wt of protein per wt of P2VP in oleic acid. Characterization of block copolymer morphology in the two solvents after protein loading revealed spherical particles with similar size distributions to the as-assembled micelles. Release of ova from micelles in oleic acid was sustained for 12-30 h upon placing the oil phase in contact with an aqueous bath. Unique to the situation of micelle assembly in an oily phase, the data suggest protein is sequestered in the P2VP corona block of PCL-b-P2VP micelles in oleic acid. More conventionally, protein loading occurs in the P2VP core of micelles assembled in toluene.
Collapse
|
19
|
Gao Y, Wang Y, Ma Y, Yu A, Cai F, Shao W, Zhai G. Formulation optimization and in situ absorption in rat intestinal tract of quercetin-loaded microemulsion. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 71:306-14. [PMID: 19375897 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A new microemulsion system has been developed to increase the solubility and oral absorption of quercetin, a poorly water-soluble drug. The formulation of quercetin-loaded microemulsion was optimized by a simplex lattice experiment design. The optimized microemulsion formulation consisted of oil (7%, w/w), surfactant (48%, w/w), and cosurfactant (45%, w/w). Under this condition, the mean droplet diameter of microemulsion was 38.9 nm and solubility of quercetin in the microemulsion was 4.138 mg/ml. The in situ absorption property of quercetin-loaded microemulsion in rat intestine was studied and the results showed there was significant difference in absorption parameters such as K(a), t(1/2) and uptake percentages between microemulsion and micelle solution containing quercetin. The study on absorption percentage in different regions of rat intestine attested that the colon had the best permeability, followed by ileum, duodenum in order. It can be concluded that microemulsion can improve the solubility and oral absorption of quercetin, a poorly water-soluble drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Xilu, Jinan 250012, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Amponsaa-Karikari A, Kishikawa N, Ohyama K, Nakashima K, Kuroda N. Determination of halofantrine and its main metabolite desbutylhalofantrine in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with on-line UV irradiation and peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:101-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
21
|
Porter CJ, Pouton CW, Cuine JF, Charman WN. Enhancing intestinal drug solubilisation using lipid-based delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:673-91. [PMID: 18155801 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based delivery systems are finding increasing application in the oral delivery of poorly water-soluble, lipophilic drugs. Whilst lipidic dose forms may improve oral bioavailability via several mechanisms, enhancement of gastrointestinal solubilisation remains argueably the most important method of absorption enhancement. This review firstly describes the mechanistic rationale which underpins the use of lipid-based delivery systems to enhance drug solubilisation and briefly reviews the available literature describing increases in oral bioavailability after the administration of lipid solution, suspension and self-emulsifying formulations. The use of in vitro methods including dispersion tests and more complex models of in vitro lipolysis as indicators of potential in vivo performance are subsequently described, with particular focus on recent data which suggests that the digestion of surfactants present in lipid-based formulations may impact on formulation performance. Finally, a series of seven guiding principles for formulation design of lipid-based delivery systems are suggested based on an analysis of recent data generated in our laboratories and elsewhere.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kumar VV, Chandrasekar D, Ramakrishna S, Kishan V, Rao YM, Diwan PV. Development and evaluation of nitrendipine loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: influence of wax and glyceride lipids on plasma pharmacokinetics. Int J Pharm 2006; 335:167-175. [PMID: 17161566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nitrendipine is an antihypertensive drug with poor oral bioavailability ranging from 10 to 20% due to the first pass metabolism. For improving the oral bioavailability of nitrendipine, nitrendipine loaded solid lipid nanoparticles have been developed using triglyceride (tripalmitin), monoglyceride (glyceryl monostearate) and wax (cetyl palmitate). Poloxamer 188 was used as surfactant. Hot homogenization of melted lipids and aqueous phase followed by ultrasonication at temperature above the melting point of lipid was used to prepare SLN dispersions. SLN were characterized for particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and crystallinity of lipid and drug. In vitro release studies were performed in phosphate buffer of pH 6.8 using Franz diffusion cell. Pharmacokinetics of nitrendipine loaded solid lipid nanoparticles after intraduodenal administration to conscious male Wistar rats was studied. Bioavailability of nitrendipine was increased three- to four-fold after intraduodenal administration compared to that of nitrendipine suspension. The obtained results are indicative of solid lipid nanoparticles as carriers for improving the bioavailability of lipophilic drugs such as nitrendipine by minimizing first pass metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venishetty Vinay Kumar
- University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh 506009, India; Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500007, India
| | - Durairaj Chandrasekar
- Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500007, India
| | - Sistla Ramakrishna
- Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500007, India
| | - Veerabrahma Kishan
- University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh 506009, India
| | - Yamsani Madhusudan Rao
- University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh 506009, India
| | - Prakash Vamanrao Diwan
- Pharmacology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Grove M, Nielsen JL, Pedersen GP, Müllertz A. Bioavailability of Seocalcitol IV: Evaluation of Lymphatic Transport in Conscious Rats. Pharm Res 2006; 23:2681-8. [PMID: 17048118 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the use of long chain triglycerides (LCT) as a lymphotropic carrier of (3)H-seocalcitol by comparing the lymphatic transport and the portal absorption of (3)H-seocalcitol when dissolved in a (1) LCT solution or a (2) reference solution without lipid containing propylene glycol (PG). MATERIALS AND METHODS A lymph cannulated conscious rat model was dosed orally with (3)H-seocalcitol dissolved in either LCT or PG. Lymph was collected continuously, and blood was sampled over 9 h. (3)H-seocalcitol in blood and lymph and triglycerides in lymph were analysed. RESULTS A statistically significantly (p < 0.05) higher recovery of the dosed (3)H-seocalcitol was found in the intestinal lymph upon administration of the LCT solution (1.3 +/- 0.6%) compared to the PG solution (0.5 +/- 0.4%). The portal absorption of (3)H-seocalcitol was significantly (p < 0.05) higher from the LCT solution (16.2 +/- 2.2%) than from the PG solution (10.8 +/- 0.8%). CONCLUSIONS The LCT solution resulted in a statistical significantly higher level of lymphatic and portal transport of (3)H-seocalcitol compared with the PG solution. However, even though LCT facilitates the formation of chylomicrons, (3)H-seocalcitol favours absorption directly to the portal blood probably due to the moderate lipophilicity of the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mette Grove
- Pharmaceutical Formulation, LEO Pharma A/S, Industriparken 55, 2750, Ballerup, Denmark
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Holm R, Porter CJH, Müllertz A, Kristensen HG, Charman WN. Structured triglyceride vehicles for oral delivery of halofantrine: examination of intestinal lymphatic transport and bioavailability in conscious rats. Pharm Res 2002; 19:1354-61. [PMID: 12403073 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020311127328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the influence of triglyceride vehicle intramolecular structure on the intestinal lymphatic transport and systemic absorption of halofantrine in conscious rats. METHODS Conscious, lymph cannulated and nonlymph cannulated rats were dosed orally with three structurally different triglycerides; sunflower oil, and two structured triglycerides containing different proportion and position of medium-(M) and long-chain (L) fatty acids on the glycerol backbone. The two structured triglycerides were abbreviated MLM and LML to reflect the structural position on the glycerol. The concentration of halofantrine in blood and lymph samples was analyzed by HPLC. RESULTS Both the lymphatic transport and the total absorption of halofantrine were enhanced by the use the MLM triglyceride. The estimated total absorption of halofantrine in the lymph cannulated animals was higher than in the nonlymph cannulated animals, and this was most pronounced for the animals dosed with the structured triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS Using MLM as vehicle increases the portal absorption of halofantrine and results in similar lymphatic transport levels when compared to sunflower oil. Total absorption when assessed as absorption in the blood plus lymphatic transport for halofantrine after administration in the MLM triglyceride was higher than after administration in sunflower oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Holm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The current state of the art of intestinal lymphatic transport is given by reviewing the more recent publications, which have utilized lipid-based vehicles. The results published often show variable trends depending on, the design of the vehicle, the components used, the physicochemical properties of the drug, the animal model and experimental techniques, these variables often make direct comparisons difficult. Traditionally intestinal lymphatic delivery has been expressed as a percentage of the dose transported in the lymph. Using this parameter results obtained to date, with lipid-based vehicles, are somewhat disappointing maximising at approximately 20-30%, for highly lipophilic compounds including DDT and halofantrine (Hf). Recent data, monitoring Hf, in a fed versus fasted dog study, have shown that a higher degree of lymphatic transport is possible (>50% dose) in the postprandial state, this study should result in stimulating renewed interest in the potential of achieving significant levels of lymphatic targeting. Although some relevant features controlling lymphatic transport have been identified over the years a deeper appreciation of all the mechanisms, which is vital for therapeutic exploitation of lymphatic transport, is still unrealized. This review analyses the success and limitations of a formulation approach using lipid-based vehicles and highlights potential areas for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitriona M O'Driscoll
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Holm R, Müllertz A, Christensen E, Høy CE, Kristensen HG. Comparison of total oral bioavailability and the lymphatic transport of halofantrine from three different unsaturated triglycerides in lymph-cannulated conscious rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2001; 14:331-7. [PMID: 11684408 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(01)00186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic transport and the portal absorption of the lipophilic drug halofantrine were investigated in a conscious rat model. The rats were dosed with 0.1 g with triolein, trilinolein or trilinolenin containing 2 mg halofantrine. Following oral administration of the triglycerides, the mesenteric lymph and plasma samples were collected. The lymphatic transport for halofantrine was 11.1+/-1.2 after administration of trilinolein, 9.0+/-3.5 for trilinolenin and 8.6+/-2.2 for triolein and the total amount of halofantrine transported in the lymph was linear proportional with the amount of triglyceride in the lymph. The absorption of halofantrine directly into the blood showed a trend towards a higher AUC for trilinolien and trilinolenin compared to triolein, but no statistical difference could be found. The statistically analysis of the mean total bioavailability therefore shows that the absorption of halofantrine was largely independent on triglyceride unsaturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Holm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, The Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|