1
|
Quagliata M, Papini AM, Rovero P. Chemically modified antiviral peptides against SARS-CoV-2. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3541. [PMID: 37699615 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
To date, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a potentially lethal disease. Although both vaccines and specific antiviral drugs have been approved, the search for more specific therapeutic approaches is still ongoing. The infection mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 consists of several stages, and each one can be selectively blocked to disrupt viral infection. Peptides are a promising class of antiviral compounds, which may be suitably modified to be more stable, more effective, and more selective towards a specific viral replication step. The latter two goals might be obtained by increasing the specificity and/or the affinity of the interaction with a specific target and often imply the stabilization of the secondary structure of the active peptide. This review is focused on modified antiviral peptides against SARS-CoV-2 acting at different stages of virus replication, including ACE2-RBD interaction, membrane fusion mechanism, and the proteolytic cleavage by different viral proteases. Therefore, the landscape presented herein provides a useful springboard for the design of new and powerful antiviral therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Quagliata
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Paolo Rovero
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of NeuroFarBa, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Myšková A, Sýkora D, Kuneš J, Maletínská L. Lipidization as a tool toward peptide therapeutics. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2284685. [PMID: 38010881 PMCID: PMC10987053 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2284685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides, as potential therapeutics continue to gain importance in the search for active substances for the treatment of numerous human diseases, some of which are, to this day, incurable. As potential therapeutic drugs, peptides have many favorable chemical and pharmacological properties, starting with their great diversity, through their high affinity for binding to all sort of natural receptors, and ending with the various pathways of their breakdown, which produces nothing but amino acids that are nontoxic to the body. Despite these and other advantages, however, they also have their pitfalls. One of these disadvantages is the very low stability of natural peptides. They have a short half-life and tend to be cleared from the organism very quickly. Their instability in the gastrointestinal tract, makes it impossible to administer peptidic drugs orally. To achieve the best pharmacologic effect, it is desirable to look for ways of modifying peptides that enable the use of these substances as pharmaceuticals. There are many ways to modify peptides. Herein we summarize the approaches that are currently in use, including lipidization, PEGylation, glycosylation and others, focusing on lipidization. We describe how individual types of lipidization are achieved and describe their advantages and drawbacks. Peptide modifications are performed with the goal of reaching a longer half-life, reducing immunogenicity and improving bioavailability. In the case of neuropeptides, lipidization aids their activity in the central nervous system after the peripheral administration. At the end of our review, we summarize all lipidized peptide-based drugs that are currently on the market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Myšková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kuneš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fu C, Yu L, Miao Y, Liu X, Yu Z, Wei M. Peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs): a novel trend of research and development on targeted therapy, hype or hope? Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:498-516. [PMID: 36873165 PMCID: PMC9978859 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) are the next generation of targeted therapeutics drug after antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), with the core benefits of enhanced cellular permeability and improved drug selectivity. Two drugs are now approved for market by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and in the last two years, the pharmaceutical companies have been developing PDCs as targeted therapeutic candidates for cancer, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), metabolic diseases, and so on. The therapeutic benefits of PDCs are significant, but poor stability, low bioactivity, long research and development time, and slow clinical development process as therapeutic agents of PDC, how can we design PDCs more effectively and what is the future direction of PDCs? This review summarises the components and functions of PDCs for therapeutic, from drug target screening and PDC design improvement strategies to clinical applications to improve the permeability, targeting, and stability of the various components of PDCs. This holds great promise for the future of PDCs, such as bicyclic peptide‒toxin coupling or supramolecular nanostructures for peptide-conjugated drugs. The mode of drug delivery is determined according to the PDC design and current clinical trials are summarised. The way is shown for future PDC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Lifeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yuxi Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.,Liaoning Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Xinli Liu
- Department of Digestive Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Zhaojin Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.,Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China.,Liaoning Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Shenyang 110000, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kelani KM, Nassar AMW, Omran GA, Morshedy S, Talaat W. Comparative study of extension area based methods for spectrophotometric determination of desmopressin acetate in the presence of its acid-induced degradation products. BMC Chem 2022; 16:117. [PMID: 36529773 PMCID: PMC9759903 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-022-00906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Desmopressin acetate (DPA) is a synthetic analogue of vasopressin used in the treatment of diabetes insipidus, bedwetting, hemophilia A, and elevated levels of urea in the blood. Sensitive and selective stability-indicating methods are needed to be developed and validated for its assay pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms in the presence of its degradation products as no method has been reported for its determination in the presence of its degradants. This work describes a comparative study of five simple stability-indicating spectrophotometric techniques for determination of DPA in presence of its acid-degradation products (acid-degradants) without prior separation. The proposed spectrophotometric techniques (First derivative, Derivative ratio, Ratio difference, Mean centering and Dual wavelength) were developed and validated according to ICH guidelines. Acid degradation was carried out with 0.1 N HCl; the acid-degradants were separated on TLC plates and the acidic degradation pathway was established by IR, H-NMR and MS techniques. The TLC method was based on the separation of DPA and its acid-induced degradation products on silica gel plates using methanol: water (80:20, v/v) as a developing system and UV detection at 254 nm. All assay suggested methods were successfully applied for quantitation of DPA in pure and tablet forms. They are specific, sensitive, precise and accurate. They showed good linearity in the concentration range of 1-14 µg/mL with good correlation coefficients, and limit of detection (LOD) of 0.304, 0.274, 0.167, 0.248 and 0.199 and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.920, 0.829, 0.506, 0.751 and 0.604) for each method, respectively. These methods were successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of DPA in its pure and tablet dosage form in the presence of its acid-degradants. The results obtained were statistically comparable with those of reported HPLC assay method; no significant differences were observed with relevance to accuracy and precision. All the methods are sensitive, selective and can be used for the routine analysis of DPA in its pure and dosage forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khadiga M. Kelani
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo, P.O. Box 11562 Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Wafaa Nassar
- grid.440876.90000 0004 0377 3957Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Modern University for Technology and Information (MTI), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gamal A. Omran
- grid.449014.c0000 0004 0583 5330Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Samir Morshedy
- grid.449014.c0000 0004 0583 5330Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Wael Talaat
- grid.449014.c0000 0004 0583 5330Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rawas-Qalaji M, Thu HE, Hussain Z. Oromucosal delivery of macromolecules: Challenges and recent developments to improve bioavailability. J Control Release 2022; 352:726-746. [PMID: 36334858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Owing to their biological diversity, high potency, good tolerability, low immunogenicity, site-specific activity, and great efficacy, macromolecular drugs (i.e., proteins and peptides, antibodies, hormones, nucleic acids, vaccines, etc.) are extensively used as diagnostics, prophylactics, and therapeutics in various diseases. To overcome drawbacks associated with parenteral (invasive) delivery of macromolecules as well as to preserve their therapeutic integrity, oromucosal route (sublingual and buccal) has been proven efficient alternate port of delivery. This review aims to summarize challenges associated with oromucosal route and overtime developments in conventional delivery systems with special emphasis on most recent delivery strategies. Over the past few decades, significant efforts have been made for improving the oromucosal absorption of macromolecules by employing chemical penetration enhancers (CPE), enzyme inhibitors, chemical modification of drug structure (i.e., lipidation, PEGylation, etc.), and mucoadhesive materials in the form of buccal tablets, films (or patches), sprays, fast disintegrating tablets, and microneedles. Adaptation of adjunct strategies (e.g., iontophoresis in conjunction with CPE) has shown significant improvement in oromucosal absorption of macromolecules; however, these approaches were also associated with many drawbacks. To overcome these shortcomings and to further improve therapeutic outcomes, specialized delivery devices called "hybrid nanosystems" have been designed in recent times. This newer intervention showed promising potential for promoting oromucosal absorption and absolute bioavailability of macromolecules along with improved thermostability (cold chain free storage), enabling self-administration, site-specific activity, improving therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. We anticipate that tailoring of hybrid nanosystems to clinical trials as well as establishing their short- and long-term safety profile would substantiate their therapeutic value as pharmaceutical devices for oromucosal delivery of macromolecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mutasem Rawas-Qalaji
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33326, USA.
| | - Hnin Ei Thu
- Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zahid Hussain
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Klepach A, Tran H, Ahmad Mohammed F, ElSayed ME. Characterization and impact of peptide physicochemical properties on oral and subcutaneous delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114322. [PMID: 35526665 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Peptides, an emerging modality within the biopharmaceutical industry, are often delivered subcutaneously with evolving prospects on oral delivery. Barrier biology within the subcutis or gastrointestinal tract is a significant challenge in limiting absorption or otherwise disrupting peptide disposition. Aspects of peptide pharmacokinetic performance and ADME can be mitigated with careful molecular design that tailors for properties such as effective size, hydrophobicity, net charge, proteolytic stability, and albumin binding. In this review, we endeavor to highlight effective techniques in qualifying physicochemical properties of peptides and discuss advancements of in vitro models of subcutaneous and oral delivery. Additionally, we will delineate empirical findings around the relationship of these physicochemical properties and in vivo (animal or human) impact. We conclude that robust peptide characterization methods and in vitro techniques with demonstrated correlations to in vivo data are key routines to incorporate in the drug discovery and development to improve the probability of technical and commercial success of peptide therapeutics.
Collapse
|
7
|
Noh G, Keum T, Bashyal S, Seo JE, Shrawani L, Kim JH, Lee S. Recent progress in hydrophobic ion-pairing and lipid-based drug delivery systems for enhanced oral delivery of biopharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-021-00549-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
8
|
Opportunities and challenges of fatty acid conjugated therapeutics. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 236:105053. [PMID: 33484709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Instability, poor cellular uptake and unfavorable pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of many therapeutic molecules require modification in their physicochemical properties. The conjugation of these APIs with fatty acids has demonstrated an enhancement in their lipophilicity and stability. The improvement in the formulations that resulted from the conjugation of a drug with a fatty acid includes increased half-life, enhanced cellular uptake and retention, targeted tumor delivery, reduced chemoresistance in cancer, and improved blood-brain-barrier (BBB) penetration. In this review, various therapeutic molecules, including small molecules, peptides and oligonucleotides, that have been conjugated with fatty acid have been thoroughly discussed along with various conjugation strategies. The application of nano-system based delivery is gaining a lot of attention due to its ability to provide controlled drug release, targeting and reducing the extent of side effects. This review also covers various nano-carriers that have been utilized for the delivery of fatty acid drug conjugates. The enhanced lipophilicity of the drug-fatty acid conjugate has shown to enhance the affinity of the drug towards these carriers, thereby increasing the entrapment efficiency and formulation performance.
Collapse
|
9
|
Self-Nano-Emulsifying Drug-Delivery Systems: From the Development to the Current Applications and Challenges in Oral Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121194. [PMID: 33317067 PMCID: PMC7764143 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one third of newly discovered drug molecules show insufficient water solubility and therefore low oral bio-availability. Self-nano-emulsifying drug-delivery systems (SNEDDSs) are one of the emerging strategies developed to tackle the issues associated with their oral delivery. SNEDDSs are composed of an oil phase, surfactant, and cosurfactant or cosolvent. SNEDDSs characteristics, their ability to dissolve a drug, and in vivo considerations are determinant factors in the choice of SNEDDSs excipients. A SNEDDS formulation can be optimized through phase diagram approach or statistical design of experiments. The characterization of SNEDDSs includes multiple orthogonal methods required to fully control SNEDDS manufacture, stability, and biological fate. Encapsulating a drug in SNEDDSs can lead to increased solubilization, stability in the gastro-intestinal tract, and absorption, resulting in enhanced bio-availability. The transformation of liquid SNEDDSs into solid dosage forms has been shown to increase the stability and patient compliance. Supersaturated, mucus-permeating, and targeted SNEDDSs can be developed to increase efficacy and patient compliance. Self-emulsification approach has been successful in oral drug delivery. The present review gives an insight of SNEDDSs for the oral administration of both lipophilic and hydrophilic compounds from the experimental bench to marketed products.
Collapse
|
10
|
Asfour MH. Advanced trends in protein and peptide drug delivery: a special emphasis on aquasomes and microneedles techniques. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:1-23. [PMID: 32337668 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteins and peptides have a great potential as therapeutic agents; they have higher efficiency and lower toxicity, compared to chemical drugs. However, their oral bioavailability is very low; also, the transdermal peptide delivery faces absorption limitations. Accordingly, most of proteins and peptides are administered by parenteral route, but there are many problems associated with this route such as patient discomfort, especially for pediatric use. Thus, it is a great challenge to develop drug delivery systems for administration of proteins and peptides by routes other than parenteral one. This review provides an overview on recent advances adopted for protein and peptide drug delivery, focusing on oral and transdermal routes. This is followed by an emphasis on two recent approaches adopted as delivery systems for protein and peptide drugs, namely aquasomes and microneedles. Aquasomes are nanoparticles fabricated from ceramics developed to enhance proteins and peptides stability, providing an adequate residence time in circulation. It consists of ceramic core coated with poly hydroxyl oligomer, on which protein and peptide drug can be adsorbed. Aquasomes preparation, characterization, and application in protein and peptide drug delivery are discussed. Microneedles are promising transdermal approach; it involves creation of micron-sized pores in the skin for enhancing the drug delivery across the skin, as their length ranged between 150 and 1500 μm. Types of microneedles with different drug delivery mechanisms, characterization, and application in protein and peptide drug delivery are discussed. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Hasanein Asfour
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thotakura N, Kaushik L, Kumar V, Preet S, Babu PV. Advanced Approaches of Bioactive Peptide Molecules and Protein Drug Delivery Systems. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:5147-5163. [PMID: 30727874 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190206211458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that protein and peptide therapeutics are widely employed in the treatment of various diseases, their delivery is posing an unembellished challenge to the scientists. It was discovered that delivery of these therapeutic systems through oral route is easy with high patient compliance. However, proteolytic degradation and absorption through the mucosal epithelium are the barriers in this route. These issues can be minimized by the use of enzyme inhibitors, absorption enhancers, different carrier systems or either by direct modification. In the process of investigation, it was found that transdermal route is not posing any challenges of enzymatic degradation, but, still absorption is the limitation as the outer layer of skin acts as a barrier. To suppress the effect of the barrier and increase the rate of the absorption, various advanced technologies were developed, namely, microneedle technology, iontophoresis, electroporation, sonophoresis and biochemical enhancement. Indeed, even these molecules are targeted to the cells with the use of cell-penetrating peptides. In this review, delivery of the peptide and protein therapeutics using oral, transdermal and other routes is discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagarani Thotakura
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lokesh Kaushik
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Simran Preet
- Department of Biophysics, Basic Medical Sciences Block-2, Panjab University, Sector-25, Chandigarh, India
| | - Penke Vijaya Babu
- Department of chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Saxena M, Faridi U, Srivastava S, Darokar MP, Mishra R, Pal A, Shisodia B, Khanuja SPS. A Cytotoxic and Hepatoprotective Agent from Withania somnifera and Biological evaluation of its Ester Derivatives. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0700200714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed chemical investigation of Withania somnifera roots resulted in the isolation and identification of a cytotoxic and hepatoprotective agent, palmitic acid (1), which was converted to eight semi-synthetic ester derivatives 2–9. t-Butyl palmitate (8) and amyl palmitate (9) were 4–6 times more active than 1 against adherent and suspension colon cancer cell lines. Interestingly, palmitic acid (1) and its ester derivatives 2–9 also showed hepatoprotective activity which is being reported for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Saxena
- Phytochemistry Div., Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow –226015, India
| | - Uzma Faridi
- Genetic Resource and Biotechnology Div. Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow –226015, India
| | - S.K. Srivastava
- Phytochemistry Div., Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow –226015, India
| | - M. P. Darokar
- Genetic Resource and Biotechnology Div. Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow –226015, India
| | - Rupal Mishra
- Phytochemistry Div., Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow –226015, India
| | - Anirban Pal
- Genetic Resource and Biotechnology Div. Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow –226015, India
| | - Brijesh Shisodia
- Genetic Resource and Biotechnology Div. Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow –226015, India
| | - S. P. S. Khanuja
- Genetic Resource and Biotechnology Div. Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow –226015, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Peptide release from SEDDS containing hydrophobic ion pair therapeutic peptides measured by Taylor dispersion analysis. Int J Pharm 2019; 559:228-234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
14
|
Menacho-Melgar R, Decker JS, Hennigan JN, Lynch MD. A review of lipidation in the development of advanced protein and peptide therapeutics. J Control Release 2018; 295:1-12. [PMID: 30579981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of biologics (peptide and protein based drugs) has increased significantly over the past few decades. However, their development has been limited by their short half-life, immunogenicity and low membrane permeability, restricting most therapies to extracellular targets and administration by injection. Lipidation is a clinically-proven post-translational modification that has shown great promise to address these issues: improving half-life, reducing immunogenicity and enabling intracellular uptake and delivery across epithelia. Despite its great potential, lipidation remains an underutilized strategy in the clinical translation of lead biologics. We review how lipidation can overcome common challenges in biologics development as well as highlight gaps in our understanding of the effect of lipidation on therapeutic efficacy, where increased research and development efforts may lead to next-generation drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John S Decker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Michael D Lynch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Slominsky PA, Shadrina MI. Peptide Pharmaceuticals: Opportunities, Prospects, and Limitations. MOLECULAR GENETICS MICROBIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3103/s0891416818010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
Structural modification of the tripeptide KPV by reductive "glycoalkylation" of the lysine residue. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199686. [PMID: 29953505 PMCID: PMC6023233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides that exhibit enzymatic or hormonal activities are regulatory factors and desirable therapeutic drugs because of their high target specificity and minimal side effects. Unfortunately, these drugs are susceptible to enzymatic degradation, leading to their rapid elimination and thereby demanding frequent dosage. Structurally modified forms of some peptide drugs have shown enhanced pharmacokinetics, improving their oral bioavailability. Here, we discuss a novel glycomimetic approach to modify lysine residues in peptides. In a model system, the ε-amine of Ts-Lys-OMe was reductively alkylated with a glucose derivative to afford a dihydroxylated piperidine in place of the amine. A similar modification was applied to H-KPV-NH2, a tripeptide derived from the α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) reported to have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Antimicrobial assays, under a variety of conditions, showed no activity for Ac-KPV-NH2 or the α- or ε-glycoalkylated analogs. Glycoalkylated peptides did, however, show stability toward proteolytic enzymes.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kowalczyk R, Harris PWR, Williams GM, Yang SH, Brimble MA. Peptide Lipidation - A Synthetic Strategy to Afford Peptide Based Therapeutics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1030:185-227. [PMID: 29081055 PMCID: PMC7121180 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66095-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptide and protein aberrant lipidation patterns are often involved in many diseases including cancer and neurological disorders. Peptide lipidation is also a promising strategy to improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of peptide-based drugs. Self-adjuvanting peptide-based vaccines commonly utilise the powerful TLR2 agonist PamnCys lipid to stimulate adjuvant activity. The chemical synthesis of lipidated peptides can be challenging hence efficient, flexible and straightforward synthetic routes to access homogeneous lipid-tagged peptides are in high demand. A new technique coined Cysteine Lipidation on a Peptide or Amino acid (CLipPA) uses a 'thiol-ene' reaction between a cysteine and a vinyl ester and offers great promise due to its simplicity, functional group compatibility and selectivity. Herein a brief review of various synthetic strategies to access lipidated peptides, focusing on synthetic methods to incorporate a PamnCys motif into peptides, is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kowalczyk
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey M Williams
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand
| | - Sung-Hyun Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand. .,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, 3A Symonds St, Auckland, New Zealand. .,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dumont C, Bourgeois S, Fessi H, Jannin V. Lipid-based nanosuspensions for oral delivery of peptides, a critical review. Int J Pharm 2018; 541:117-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
19
|
Han J, Zhou F, Fei Y, Chen X, Fu J, Qian H. Preparation and Pharmaceutical Characterizations of Lipidated Dimeric Xenopus Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:390-402. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Han
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Feng Zhou
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Yingying Fei
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- School
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China
| | - Junjie Fu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, PR China
- Center
of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Hai Qian
- Center
of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zupančič O, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Lipophilic peptide character – What oral barriers fear the most. J Control Release 2017; 255:242-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
21
|
Bi QR, Hou JJ, Yang M, Shen Y, Qi P, Feng RH, Dai Z, Yan BP, Wang JW, Shi XJ, Wu WY, Guo DA. A Strategy Combining Higher Energy C-Trap Dissociation with Neutral Loss- and Product Ion-Based MS n Acquisition for Global Profiling and Structure Annotation of Fatty Acids Conjugates. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:443-451. [PMID: 27924497 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids conjugates (FACs) are ubiquitous but found in trace amounts in the natural world. They are composed of multiple unknown substructures and side chains. Thus, FACs are difficult to be analyzed by traditional mass spectrometric methods. In this study, an integrated strategy was developed to global profiling and targeted structure annotation of FACs in complex matrix by LTQ Orbitrap. Dicarboxylic acid conjugated bufotoxins (DACBs) in Venenum bufonis (VB) were used as model compounds. The new strategy (abbreviated as HPNA) combined higher-energy C-trap dissociation (HCD) with product ion- (PI), neutral loss- (NL) based MSn (n ≥ 3) acquisition in both positive-ion mode and negative-ion mode. Several advantages are presented. First, various side chains were found under HCD in negative-ion mode, which included both known and unknown side chains. Second, DACBs with multiple side chains were simultaneously detected in one run. Compared with traditional quadrupole-based mass method, it greatly increased analysis throughput. Third, the fragment ions of side chain and steroids substructure could be obtained by PI- and NL-based MSn acquisition, respectively, which greatly increased the accuracy of the structure annotation of DACBs. In all, 78 DACBs have been discovered, of which 68 were new compounds; 25 types of substructure formulas and seven dicarboxylic acid side chains were found, especially five new side chains, including two saturated dicarboxylic acids [(azelaic acid (C9) and sebacic acid (C10)] and three unsaturated dicarboxylic acids (u-C8, u-C9, and u-C10). All these results greatly enriched the structures of DACBs in VB. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Rui Bi
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, China
- The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jin-Jun Hou
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Min Yang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yao Shen
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Peng Qi
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Rui-Hong Feng
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhuo Dai
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Bing-Peng Yan
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, China
- The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jian-Wei Wang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, China
- The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Shi
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, China
- The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wan-Ying Wu
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - De-An Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Haike Road 501, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- The College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Corbi-Verge C, Garton M, Nim S, Kim PM. Strategies to Develop Inhibitors of Motif-Mediated Protein-Protein Interactions as Drug Leads. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 57:39-60. [PMID: 27618737 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for virtually all functions of the cell. A large fraction of these interactions involve short peptide motifs, and there has been increased interest in targeting them using peptide-based therapeutics. Peptides benefit from being specific, relatively safe, and easy to produce. They are also easy to modify using chemical synthesis and molecular biology techniques. However, significant challenges remain regarding the use of peptides as therapeutic agents. Identification of peptide motifs is difficult, and peptides typically display low cell permeability and sensitivity to enzymatic degradation. In this review, we outline the principal high-throughput methodologies for motif discovery and describe current methods for overcoming pharmacokinetic and bioavailability limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carles Corbi-Verge
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; , , ,
| | - Michael Garton
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; , , ,
| | - Satra Nim
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; , , ,
| | - Philip M Kim
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada; , , , .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Buckley ST, Hubálek F, Rahbek UL. Chemically modified peptides and proteins - critical considerations for oral delivery. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1156805. [PMID: 27358754 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1156805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous approaches have been explored to date in the pursuit of delivering peptides or proteins via the oral route. One such example is chemical modification, whereby the native structure of a peptide or protein is tailored to provide a more efficient uptake across the epithelial barrier of the gastrointestinal tract via incorporation of a chemical motif or moiety. In this regard, a diverse array of concepts have been reported, ranging from the exploitation of endogenous transport mechanisms to incorporation of physicochemical modifications in the molecule, which promote more favorable interactions with the absorptive membrane at the cell surface. This review provides an overview of the modification technologies described in the literature and offers insights into some pragmatic considerations pertaining to their translation into clinically viable concepts.
Collapse
|
24
|
Zupančič O, Leonaviciute G, Lam HT, Partenhauser A, Podričnik S, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Development andin vitroevaluation of an oral SEDDS for desmopressin. Drug Deliv 2016; 23:2074-83. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2016.1143056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
25
|
Mäde V, Bellmann-Sickert K, Kaiser A, Meiler J, Beck-Sickinger AG. Position and length of fatty acids strongly affect receptor selectivity pattern of human pancreatic polypeptide analogues. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2463-74. [PMID: 25156249 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a satiety-inducing gut hormone targeting predominantly the Y4 receptor within the neuropeptide Y multiligand/multireceptor family. Palmitoylated PP-based ligands have already been reported to exert prolonged satiety-inducing effects in animal models. Here, we suggest that other lipidation sites and different fatty acid chain lengths may affect receptor selectivity and metabolic stability. Activity tests revealed significantly enhanced potency of long fatty acid conjugates on all four Y receptors with a preference of position 22 over 30 at Y1 , Y2 and Y5 receptors. Improved Y receptor selectivity was observed for two short fatty acid analogues. Moreover, [K(30)(E-Prop)]hPP2-36 (15) displayed enhanced stability in blood plasma and liver homogenates. Thus, short chain lipidation of hPP at key residue 30 is a promising approach for anti-obesity therapy because of maintained selectivity and a sixfold increased plasma half-life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Mäde
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig (Germany), Fax: (+49) 341-97-36909
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bruno BJ, Miller GD, Lim CS. Basics and recent advances in peptide and protein drug delivery. Ther Deliv 2013; 4:1443-67. [PMID: 24228993 PMCID: PMC3956587 DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While the peptide and protein therapeutic market has developed significantly in the past decades, delivery has limited their use. Although oral delivery is preferred, most are currently delivered intravenously or subcutaneously due to degradation and limited absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, absorption enhancers, enzyme inhibitors, carrier systems and stability enhancers are being studied to facilitate oral peptide delivery. Additionally, transdermal peptide delivery avoids the issues of the gastrointestinal tract, but also faces absorption limitations. Due to proteases, opsonization and agglutination, free peptides are not systemically stable without modifications. This review discusses oral and transdermal peptide drug delivery, focusing on barriers and solutions to absorption and stability issues. Methods to increase systemic stability and site-specific delivery are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Bruno
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah. 30 South 2000 East, Room 301, Salt Lake City, UT
84112, USA
| | - Geoffrey D Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah. 30 South 2000 East, Room 301, Salt Lake City, UT
84112, USA
| | - Carol S Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah. 30 South 2000 East, Room 301, Salt Lake City, UT
84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hackett MJ, Zaro JL, Shen WC, Guley PC, Cho MJ. Fatty acids as therapeutic auxiliaries for oral and parenteral formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1331-9. [PMID: 22921839 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many drugs have decreased therapeutic activity due to issues with absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. The co-formulation or covalent attachment of drugs with fatty acids has demonstrated some capacity to overcome these issues by improving intestinal permeability, slowing clearance and binding serum proteins for selective tissue uptake and metabolism. For orally administered drugs, albeit at low level of availability, the presence of fatty acids and triglycerides in the intestinal lumen may promote intestinal uptake of small hydrophilic molecules. Small lipophilic drugs or acylated hydrophilic drugs also show increased lymphatic uptake and enhanced passive diffusional uptake. Fatty acid conjugation of small and large proteins or peptides has exhibited protracted plasma half-lives, site-specific delivery and sustained release upon parenteral administration. These improvements are most likely due to associations with lipid-binding serum proteins, namely albumin, LDL and HDL. These molecular interactions, although not fully characterized, could provide the ability of using the endogenous carrier systems for improving therapeutic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hackett
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, School of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hsu SP, Chu IM. Design of polyanionic nanocarriers based on modified poly (aspartic acid)s for oral administration: synthesis and characterization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-012-9913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
29
|
Pinholt C, Kapp SJ, Bukrinsky JT, Hostrup S, Frokjaer S, Norde W, Jorgensen L. Influence of acylation on the adsorption of GLP-2 to hydrophobic surfaces. Int J Pharm 2012; 440:63-71. [PMID: 22310460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acylation of proteins with a fatty acid chain has proven useful for prolonging the plasma half-lives of proteins. In formulation of acylated protein drugs, knowledge about the effect of acylation with fatty acids on the adsorption behaviour of proteins at interfaces will be valuable. The aim of this work was to study the effect of acylation on the adsorption of GLP-2 from aqueous solution to a hydrophobic surface by comparing the adsorption of the 3766 Da GLP-2 with that of a GLP-2 variant acylated with a 16-carbon fatty acid chain through a β-alanine linker. Adsorption of GLP-2 and acylated GLP-2 were studied with isothermal titration calorimetry, fixed-angle optical reflectometry and total internal reflection fluorescence. Furthermore, the effect of acylation of GLP-2 on the secondary structure was studied with Far-UV CD. Acylation was observed to have several effects on the adsorption of GLP-2. Acylation increased the amount of GLP-2 adsorbing per unit surface area and decreased the initial adsorption rate of GLP-2. Finally, acylation increased the strength of the adsorption, as judged by the lower fraction desorbing upon rinsing with buffer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Pinholt
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Skanji R, Andrieux K, Lalanne M, Caron J, Bourgaux C, Degrouard J, Brisset F, Gueutin C, Chacun H, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Paci A, Vassal G, Bauduin L, Garcia-Argote S, Rousseau B, Clayette P, Desmaële D, Couvreur P. A new nanomedicine based on didanosine glycerolipidic prodrug enhances the long term accumulation of drug in a HIV sanctuary. Int J Pharm 2011; 414:285-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
31
|
Pinholt C, Hostrup S, Bukrinsky JT, Frokjaer S, Jorgensen L. Influence of Acylation on the Adsorption of Insulin to Hydrophobic Surfaces. Pharm Res 2010; 28:1031-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
32
|
Green BR, White KL, McDougle DR, Zhang L, Klein B, Scholl EA, Pruess TH, White HS, Bulaj G. Introduction of lipidization-cationization motifs affords systemically bioavailable neuropeptide Y and neurotensin analogs with anticonvulsant activities. J Pept Sci 2010; 16:486-95. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
33
|
Cheng W, Lim LY. Lipeo-sCT: A novel reversible lipidized salmon calcitonin derivative, its biophysical properties and hypocalcemic activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 37:151-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
34
|
Bulaj G, Green BR, Lee HK, Robertson CR, White K, Zhang L, Sochanska M, Flynn SP, Scholl EA, Pruess TH, Smith MD, White HS. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of High-Affinity, Systemically-Active Galanin Analogues with Potent Anticonvulsant Activities. J Med Chem 2008; 51:8038-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jm801088x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Bulaj
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
| | - Brad R. Green
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
| | - Hee-Kyoung Lee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
| | - Charles R. Robertson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
| | - Karen White
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
| | - Liuyin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
| | - Marianna Sochanska
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
| | - Sean P. Flynn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
| | - Erika Adkins Scholl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
| | - Timothy H. Pruess
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
| | - Misty D. Smith
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
| | - H. Steve White
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang J, Hogenkamp DJ, Tran M, Li WY, Yoshimura RF, Johnstone TBC, Shen WC, Gee KW. Reversible lipidization for the oral delivery of leu-enkephalin. J Drug Target 2008; 14:127-36. [PMID: 16753826 DOI: 10.1080/10611860600648221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous opioid peptide leu-enkephalin (ENK) was chemically modified by a method known as reversible aqueous lipidization (REAL) with a novel amine-reacting lipophilic dimethylmaleic anhydride analog, 3,4-bis(decylthiomethyl)-2,5-furandione. The binding affinity of the product, REAL-ENK, to opioid receptors was greatly reduced. This prodrug was stable in neutral and basic phosphate buffers but underwent rapid hydrolysis under acidic conditions in the presence of 50% acetonitrile. It also showed increased stability toward enzymatic degradations in various tissue preparations. The half-lives of REAL-ENK in mouse small intestinal mucosal homogenate and liver homogenate were 12 and 80 min, representing a 12- and 32-fold increase over those of ENK itself. In contrast to ENK (t(1/2) 6.7 min), REAL-ENK was stable in mouse plasma. More importantly, REAL-ENK produced significant and sustained antinociception mediated by peripheral opioid receptors in a rodent inflammatory pain model. Pharmacokinetic studies employing a radioimmunoassay (RIA) demonstrated that significantly higher and sustained plasma peptide levels were detected up to 24 h following the oral administration of REAL-ENK in normal mice. The peak concentration and area under the curve of oral REAL-ENK were 4.4 and 21 times higher than that of oral ENK. Our results indicate that like its disulfide-based counterpart, amine-based REAL may be an enabling technology which can be applied to enhance metabolic stability, increase oral absorption, and preserve and possibly prolong the pharmacological activity of peptide drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA. jwangwesternu.edu
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Yuan L, Wang J, Shen WC. Lipidization of human interferon-alpha: A new approach toward improving the delivery of protein drugs. J Control Release 2008; 129:11-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
37
|
Yuan L, Wang J, Shen WC. Reversible lipidization of somatostatin analogues for the liver targeting. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70:615-20. [PMID: 18614343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tyr(3)-octreotide (TOC), a somatostatin analogue, is reversibly lipidized for passive delivery to the liver with the aim of increasing its association with hepatocytes. The reversibly lipidized TOC (REAL-TOC) was formed by the conjugation of the N-palmitoyl cysteinyl moiety to the cysteinyl residues of reduced TOC through disulfide linkages and characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-time of flight (TOF) analysis. The measured mass of REAL-TOC (M+H)(+) is 1752.31 Da (calculated mass: 1752.78), confirming that two molecules of N-palmitoyl cysteines are linked to TOC via disulfide bonds. TOC and REAL-TOC were radioiodinated and administered to mice. Their biodistribution and intrahepatic distribution were subsequently investigated. The area under the curve (AUC) of (125)I-REAL-TOC in the liver was 3.8-fold greater than that of (125)I-TOC, with 20.5% and 5.8% of the injected dose (ID)/g of (125)I-REAL-TOC remaining in the liver at 2 and 24h post injection, respectively. Within the liver, TOC was primarily distributed to parenchymal cells (PC). Nevertheless, TOC was quickly excreted out and only 2.4% ID per 100mg protein remained in the PC at 2h post injection. (125)I-REAL-TOC was retained in PC for up to 2h with a constant concentration of around 6% ID/100mg protein. (125)I-REAL-TOC was also highly associated with nonparenchymal cells (NPC) at significantly higher levels than (125)I-TOC at 10min, 1h and 2h post injection. Since somatostatin analogues have been evaluated for treating late-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the reversibly lipidized conjugates may possess enhanced therapeutic efficacy due to the liver-targeting effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cheng W, Lim LY. Comparison of Reversible and Nonreversible Aqueous-Soluble Lipidized Conjugates of Salmon Calcitonin. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:610-21. [DOI: 10.1021/mp8000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, and Pharmacy, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lee-Yong Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, and Pharmacy, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang H, Schneider SE, Bray BL, Friedrich PE, Tvermoes NA, Mader CJ, Whight SR, Niemi TE, Silinski P, Picking T, Warren M, Wring SA. Process Development of TRI-999, a Fatty-Acid-Modified HIV Fusion Inhibitory Peptide. Org Process Res Dev 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/op7002198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huyi Zhang
- Process Research and Development, Analytical Chemistry, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Trimeris, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, U.S.A
| | - Stephen E. Schneider
- Process Research and Development, Analytical Chemistry, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Trimeris, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, U.S.A
| | - Brian L. Bray
- Process Research and Development, Analytical Chemistry, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Trimeris, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, U.S.A
| | - Paul E. Friedrich
- Process Research and Development, Analytical Chemistry, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Trimeris, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, U.S.A
| | - Nicolai A. Tvermoes
- Process Research and Development, Analytical Chemistry, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Trimeris, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, U.S.A
| | - Catherine J. Mader
- Process Research and Development, Analytical Chemistry, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Trimeris, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, U.S.A
| | - Sheila R. Whight
- Process Research and Development, Analytical Chemistry, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Trimeris, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, U.S.A
| | - Toivo E. Niemi
- Process Research and Development, Analytical Chemistry, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Trimeris, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, U.S.A
| | - Peter Silinski
- Process Research and Development, Analytical Chemistry, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Trimeris, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, U.S.A
| | - Tony Picking
- Process Research and Development, Analytical Chemistry, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Trimeris, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, U.S.A
| | - Marquitta Warren
- Process Research and Development, Analytical Chemistry, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Trimeris, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, U.S.A
| | - Stephen A. Wring
- Process Research and Development, Analytical Chemistry, and Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Trimeris, Inc., Morrisville, North Carolina 27560, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cheng W, Satyanarayanajois S, Lim LY. Aqueous-Soluble, Non-Reversible Lipid Conjugate of Salmon Calcitonin: Synthesis, Characterization and In Vivo Activity. Pharm Res 2006; 24:99-110. [PMID: 17109213 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A novel, non-reversible, aqueous-based lipidization strategy with palmitic acid as a model lipid was evaluated for conjugation with salmon calcitonin (sCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS A water-soluble epsilon-maleimido lysine derivative of palmitic acid was synthesized from reaction of palmitic acid N-succinimidyl ester and epsilon-maleimido lysine. The latter was generated from reaction of alpha-Boc-lysine and methylpyrrolecarboxylate, with subsequent deprotection of the Boc group. The palmitic derivative was further conjugated with sCT via a thio-ether bond to produce Mal-sCT in aqueous solution. The identity and purity of Mal-sCT was confirmed by Electrospray Ionisation Mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and HPLC. RESULTS Yield of Mal-sCT was 83%. Dynamic light scattering and circular dichroism data suggested that Mal-sCT presented as a stable helical structure in aqueous solutions of varying polarity, with a propensity to aggregate at concentrations above 11 microM. Cellular uptake of Mal-sCT was twice that of sCT in the Caco-2 cell model, and the conjugate was more resistant to liver enzyme degradation. Mal-sCT exhibited comparable hypocalcemic activity to sCT when administered subcutaneously in the rat model at sCT equivalent dose of 0.114 mg/kg. Peroral Mal-sCT, however, produced variability in therapeutic outcome. While four out of six rats did not respond following intragastric gavage with Mal-sCT, two rats showed significantly suppressed plasma calcium levels (approximately 60% of baseline) for up to 10 h. CONCLUSION A novel non-reversible, water-soluble lipid conjugate of sCT was successfully synthesized that showed (1) different aggregation behavior and secondary structure, (2) improved enzymatic stability and cellular uptake, and (3) comparable hypocalcemic activity in vivo compared to sCT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Plotkin B, Kaidanovich O, Talior I, Eldar-Finkelman H. Insulin mimetic action of synthetic phosphorylated peptide inhibitors of glycogen synthase kinase-3. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305:974-80. [PMID: 12626660 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.047381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) was shown to be a key factor in attenuation of the cellular action of insulin. We speculated that inhibition of GSK-3 might have a potential therapeutic value in treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Here, we present a novel class of specific phosphorylated peptides inhibitors of GSK-3, which in sharp contrast to other protein kinase inhibitors that are ATP analogs, are substrate-competitive. We show that the GSK-3 peptide inhibitor activated glycogen synthase activity 2.5-fold in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, and increased glucose uptake in primary mouse adipocytes in the absence or presence of insulin compared with cells treated with two respective peptide controls. In addition, an i.p. administration of GSK-3 peptide inhibitor to normal or insulin-resistant obese C57BL/6J mice, improved their performance on glucose tolerance tests compared with control-treated animals. We present here a novel rational strategy for developing specific GSK-3 inhibitors and point toward GSK-3 as a promising therapeutic target in insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Batya Plotkin
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang J, Chow D, Heiati H, Shen WC. Reversible lipidization for the oral delivery of salmon calcitonin. J Control Release 2003; 88:369-80. [PMID: 12644363 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(03)00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Salmon calcitonin (sCT), a 32-amino-acid polypeptide, was lipidized by using a reversible aqueous lipidization (REAL) technology. When injected subcutaneously into mice, the AUC of REAL-sCT was four times greater than that of sCT and a similar pattern of reduction in plasma calcium level was observed. The therapeutic effect of REAL-sCT was evaluated in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The development of osteoporosis in OVX rats was determined by measuring the urinary level of deoxypyridinoline (DPD), a biochemical marker of bone resorption. It was found that the DPD levels were significantly reduced in rats that were orally administered a dose of 50 microg/kg/day of REAL-sCT. No reduction in urinary DPD levels could be detected in OVX rats treated similarly with unmodified sCT. In addition, significant levels of sCT were detected in rat plasma up to 12 h after oral administration of REAL-sCT at 500 microg/kg, while the plasma concentration of sCT was undetectable at 1 h after oral administration with the same dose of sCT. The AUC of oral REAL-sCT was at least 19 times higher than that of sCT. Our results indicate that reversibly lipidized polypeptides exhibit not only improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviors, but also an enhanced oral bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Room 404B, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|