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Liu X, Li X, Wei H, Liu Y, Li N. Mast cells in colorectal cancer tumour progression, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1209056. [PMID: 37497234 PMCID: PMC10366593 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1209056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The characteristics of the tumour cells, as well as how tumour cells interact with their surroundings, affect the prognosis of cancer patients. The resident cells in the tumour microenvironment are mast cells (MCs), which are known for their functions in allergic responses, but their functions in the cancer milieu have been hotly contested. Several studies have revealed a link between MCs and the development of tumours. Mast cell proliferation in colorectal cancer (CRC) is correlated with angiogenesis, the number of lymph nodes to which the malignancy has spread, and patient prognosis. By releasing angiogenic factors (VEGF-A, CXCL 8, MMP-9, etc.) and lymphangiogenic factors (VEGF-C, VEGF-D, etc.) stored in granules, mast cells play a significant role in the development of CRC. On the other hand, MCs can actively encourage tumour development via pathways including the c-kit/SCF-dependent signaling cascade and histamine production. The impact of MC-derived mediators on tumour growth, the prognostic importance of MCs in patients with various stages of colorectal cancer, and crosstalk between MCs and CRC cells in the tumour microenvironment are discussed in this article. We acknowledge the need for a deeper comprehension of the function of MCs in CRC and the possibility that targeting MCs might be a useful therapeutic approach in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haotian Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ningxu Li
- Department of Nephrology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Emerging Therapeutic Agents for Colorectal Cancer. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247463. [PMID: 34946546 PMCID: PMC8707340 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are promising new therapeutic agents for CRC patients, including novel small-molecule inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockers. We focused on emerging CRC’s therapeutic agents that have shown the potential for progress in clinical practice. This review provides an overview of tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting VEGF and KIT, BRAF and MEK inhibitors, TLR9 agonist, STAT3 inhibitors, and immune checkpoint blockers (PD1/PDL-1 inhibitors), for which recent advances have been reported. These new agents have the potential to provide benefits to CRC patients with unmet medical needs.
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3
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Lin JX, Weng XF, Xie XS, Lian NZ, Qiu SL, Wang JB, Lu J, Chen QY, Cao LL, Lin M, Tu RH, Yang YH, Liu SJ, Hu M, Lin YK, Huang CM, Zheng CH, Li P, Xie JW. CDK5RAP3 inhibits angiogenesis in gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma by modulating AKT/HIF-1α/VEGFA signaling. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:282. [PMID: 31728130 PMCID: PMC6839262 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0997-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiogenesis plays critical roles in the progression and metastasis of malignant tumors. Gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma is an uncommon stomach cancer that is rich in blood vessels and exhibits highly malignant biological behavior with a poor prognosis. The role of CDK5RAP3 in GNEC has not been reported to date. Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the expression of CDK5RAP3 in GNEC tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues. Cell lines with stable overexpression or knockdown of CDK5RAP3 were constructed using lentiviral transfection. Wound-healing assays, invasion and metastasis assays, tube formation assays, and tumor xenograft transplantation assays were performed to evaluate the effect of CDK5RAP3 on GNEC angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Real-time PCR, ELISA, western blot analysis, and confocal-immunofluorescence staining were used to explore the molecular mechanism of CDK5RAP3′s effect on angiogenesis. Results Compared with their respective adjacent non-tumor tissues, protein levels of CDK5RAP3 were significantly decreased in GNEC tissues. Furthermore, low expression of CDK5RAP3 was correlated with more advanced TNM stage, increased tumor microvessel density, and poor prognosis. Functionally, we found that GNEC cells with CDK5RAP3 knockdown promoted human umbilical vein endothelial cells migration and tube formation via activation of AKT/HIF-1α/VEGFA signaling, resulting in increased levels of VEGFA in GNEC cell supernatant. In addition, CDK5RAP3 overexpression in GNEC cells caused the opposing effect. Consistent with these results, nude mouse tumorigenicity assays showed that CDK5RAP3 expression downregulated angiogenesis in vivo. Lastly, patients with low CDK5RAP3 expression and high VEGFA expression exhibited the worst prognosis. Conclusions This study demonstrated that CDK5RAP3 inhibits angiogenesis by downregulating AKT/HIF-1α/VEGFA signaling in GNEC and improves patient prognosis, suggesting that CDK5RAP3 could be a potential therapeutic target for GNEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xian Lin
- 1Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 Fujian China.,2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China.,3Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Xiong-Feng Weng
- 1Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 Fujian China.,2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China.,3Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Xin-Sheng Xie
- 1Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 Fujian China.,2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China.,3Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Ning-Zi Lian
- 1Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 Fujian China.,2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China.,3Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Sheng-Liang Qiu
- 4Department of Pathology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001 Fujian China
| | - Jia-Bin Wang
- 1Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 Fujian China.,2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China.,3Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Jun Lu
- 1Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 Fujian China.,2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China.,3Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Qi-Yue Chen
- 1Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 Fujian China.,2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China.,3Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Long-Long Cao
- 1Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 Fujian China.,2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China.,3Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Mi Lin
- 1Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 Fujian China.,2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Ru-Hong Tu
- 1Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 Fujian China.,2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Ying-Hong Yang
- 4Department of Pathology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001 Fujian China
| | - Si-Jia Liu
- 2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Min Hu
- 2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Yi-Ke Lin
- 2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Chang-Ming Huang
- 1Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 Fujian China.,2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China.,3Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Chao-Hui Zheng
- 1Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 Fujian China.,2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China.,3Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Ping Li
- 1Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 Fujian China.,2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China.,3Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
| | - Jian-Wei Xie
- 1Department of Gastric Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, No. 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou, 350001 Fujian China.,2Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China.,3Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108 Fujian China
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4
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Allergies: diseases closely related to cancer. BOLETIN MEDICO DEL HOSPITAL INFANTIL DE MEXICO 2016; 73:432-445. [PMID: 29421288 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmhimx.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergies are hypersensitivity reactions that occur through specific type Th2 immunological mechanisms characterized by different soluble mediators, as well as specific cells of the immune system. In recent decades, evidence has emerged relating this disease with cancer development. However, most of the results of epidemiology studies have been controversial and contradictory. There are mainly two trends. While the first indicates that allergies can reduce the risk of cancer, the other indicates that they may increase this risk. The first trend can be explained by the immunosurveillance hypothesis, which states that the increased immune surveillance after the immune hyper-responsiveness can inhibit or exert a protective effect against the development of cancer. Similarly, the prophylaxis hypothesis suggests that the physical effects of allergy symptoms can prevent cancer by removing potential carcinogens. In contrast, the opposing hypothesis propose that there is a deviation of the immune response toward Th2, which favors the development of cancer, or that the process of chronic inflammation favors the generation of mutations, and therefore the development of cancer. With the purpose of understanding more about these two hypotheses, the main soluble and cellular factors of allergic diseases that could be playing a key role in the development or inhibition of cancer were considered in this review.
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Jiang Z, Zhang J, Li Z, Liu Y, Wang D, Han G. A meta-analysis of prognostic value of KIT mutation status in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:3387-98. [PMID: 27350754 PMCID: PMC4902249 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s101858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous types of KIT mutations have been reported in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs); however, controversy still exists regarding their clinicopathological significance. In this study, we reviewed the publicly available literature to assess the data by a meta-analysis to characterize KIT mutations and different types of KIT mutations in prognostic prediction in patients with GISTs. Twenty-eight studies that included 4,449 patients were identified and analyzed. We found that KIT mutation status was closely correlated with size of tumors and different mitosis indexes, but not with tumor location. KIT mutation was also observed to be significantly correlated with tumor recurrence, metastasis, as well as the overall survival of patients. Interestingly, there was higher risk of progression in KIT exon 9-mutated patients than in exon 11-mutated patients. Five-year relapse-free survival (RFS) rate was significantly higher in KIT exon 11-deleted patients than in those with other types of KIT exon 11 mutations. In addition, RFS for 5 years was significantly worse in patients bearing KIT codon 557–558 deletions than in those bearing other KIT exon 11 deletions. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that KIT mutation status is another evaluable factor for prognosis prediction in GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Daohai Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangsen Han
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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Ammendola M, Patruno R, Sacco R, Marech I, Sammarco G, Zuccalà V, Luposella M, Zizzo N, Gadaleta C, Porcelli M, Gadaleta CD, Ribatti D, Ranieri G. Mast cells positive to tryptase and tumour-associated macrophages correlate with angiogenesis in locally advanced colorectal cancer patients undergone to surgery. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:533-40. [PMID: 26914851 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1158811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The density of mast cells positive to tryptase (MCDPT) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) were evaluated in a series of 87 patients with stage B and C colorectal cancer who had undergone radical surgery. METHODS MCDPT, TAMs, microvascular density (MVD), endothelial area (EA) and CD8(+) tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (CD8(+) TILs) were evaluated in tumor tissue samples by immunohistochemistry and image analysis. Each of the above parameters was correlated with the others and with the main clinico-pathological features. RESULTS A significant correlation between MCDPT, TAMs, MVD and EA was found by Pearson t-test analysis. With special references to the clinico-pathological features a minimal correlation using univariate analysis was found but it was not retained at multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that MCDPT and TAMs are linked in the tumor microenvironment and play a role in CRC angiogenesis in a synergistic manner. The assessment of the combination MCDPT and TAMs could be evaluated as a target of novel anti-angiogenic therapies in colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ammendola
- a Department of Medical and Surgery Science, Clinical Surgery Unit , University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School , Catanzaro , Italy.,b Surgery Unit , National Cancer Research Centre, Giovanni Paolo II , Bari , Italy
| | - Rosa Patruno
- c Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology , National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| | - Rosario Sacco
- a Department of Medical and Surgery Science, Clinical Surgery Unit , University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Ilaria Marech
- c Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology , National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sammarco
- a Department of Medical and Surgery Science, Clinical Surgery Unit , University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Valeria Zuccalà
- d Health Science Department, Pathology Unit , University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Maria Luposella
- e Department of Medical and Surgery Science, Cardiovascular Disease Unit , University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School , Catanzaro , Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- f Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School , University of Bari , Bari , Italy
| | - Claudia Gadaleta
- c Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology , National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| | - Mariangela Porcelli
- c Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology , National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- c Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology , National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- g Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs , University of Bari Medical School , Bari , Italy.,h National Cancer Institute 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- c Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology , National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II' , Bari , Italy
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Ammendola M, Sacco R, Sammarco G, Luposella M, Patruno R, Gadaleta CD, Sarro GD, Ranieri G. Mast Cell-Targeted Strategies in Cancer Therapy. Transfus Med Hemother 2016; 43:109-13. [PMID: 27330532 DOI: 10.1159/000444942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are cells that originate in the bone marrow from pluripotent CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Precursors of MCs migrate through the circulation to their target tissues, completing their maturation process into granulated cells under the influence of several microenvironment growth factors. The most important of these factors is the ligand for the c-Kit receptor (c-Kit-R) namely stem cell factor (SCF), secreted mainly by fibroblasts and endothelial cells (ECs). SCF also regulates development, survival and de novo proliferation of MCs. It has already been demonstrated that gain-of-function mutations of gene c-Kit encoding c-Kit-R result in the development of some tumors. Furthermore, MCs are able also to modulate both innate and adaptive immune response and to express the high-affinity IgE receptor following IgE activation. Among the other IgE-independent MC activation mechanisms, a wide variety of other surface receptors for cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulins, and complement are also described. Interestingly, MCs can stimulate angiogenesis by releasing of several pro-angiogenic cytokines stored in their cytoplasm. Studies published in the last year suggest that angiogenesis stimulated by MCs may play an important role in tumor growth and progression. Here, we aim to focus several biological features of MCs and to summarize new anti-cancer MC-targeted strategies with potential translation in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ammendola
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, General Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosario Sacco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, General Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sammarco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, General Surgery Unit, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Luposella
- Cardiovascular Disease Unit, 'San Giovanni di Dio' Hospital, Crotone, Italy
| | - Rosa Patruno
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia' Medical School, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, 'Giovanni Paolo II', Bari, Italy
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Suzuki S, Ichikawa Y, Nakagawa K, Kumamoto T, Mori R, Matsuyama R, Takeda K, Ota M, Tanaka K, Tamura T, Endo I. High infiltration of mast cells positive to tryptase predicts worse outcome following resection of colorectal liver metastases. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:840. [PMID: 26530140 PMCID: PMC4632336 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of tumor-infiltrating mast cells (MCs) predicts poor survival in several cancers after resection. However, its effect on the prognosis of patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) is not known. METHODS Our retrospective study included 135 patients who underwent potentially curative resection for CRLM between 2001 and 2010. Expression of tryptase, MAC387, CD83, and CD31, which are markers for MCs, macrophages, mature dendritic cells, and vascular endothelial cells, respectively, was determined via immunohistochemistry of resected tumor specimens. The relationship between immune cell infiltration and long-term outcome was investigated. RESULTS The median follow-up time was 48.4 months for all patients and 57.5 months for survivors. Overall survival (OS) rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 91.0, 62.4, and 37.4 %, respectively. Five-year disease-free survival (DFS) and OS rates were 21.6 and 38.1 %, respectively, in patients with high MC infiltration, and 42.6 and 55.6 %, respectively, in patients with low MC infiltration (p < 0.01 for both DFS and OS). Infiltration of other types of immune cells did not correlate with survival. Multivariate analyses indicated that hypoalbuminemia and high peritumoral MC infiltration were significant predictors of unfavorable OS. CONCLUSION High peritumoral MC infiltration predicts poor prognosis in patients who underwent hepatectomy for CRLM. The number of MCs in metastatic lesions is important for predicting the prognosis of CRLM patients and as an indication of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan. .,Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Ichikawa
- Department of Oncology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Kazuya Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Kumamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Ryutaro Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Ryusei Matsuyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Kazuhisa Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Mitsuyoshi Ota
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Medical Center, 4-57 Urafunecho, Minami-ku, Yokohama, 232-0024, Japan.
| | - Kuniya Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3 Anesaki, Ichihara, 299-0111, Japan.
| | - Tomohiko Tamura
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
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9
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Marech I, Leporini C, Ammendola M, Porcelli M, Gadaleta CD, Russo E, De Sarro G, Ranieri G. Classical and non-classical proangiogenic factors as a target of antiangiogenic therapy in tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2015; 380:216-26. [PMID: 26238184 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is sustained by classical and non-classical proangiogenic factors (PFs) acting in tumor microenvironment and these factors are also potential targets of antiangiogenic therapies. All PFs induce the overexpression of several signaling pathways that lead to migration and proliferation of endothelial cells contributing to tumor angiogenesis and survival of cancer cells. In this review, we have analyzed each PF with its specific receptor/s and we have summarized the available antiangiogenic drugs (e.g. monoclonal antibodies) targeting these PFs, some of these agents have already been approved, others are currently in development for the treatment of several human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marech
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Christian Leporini
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michele Ammendola
- Department of Medical and Surgery Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mariangela Porcelli
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Science, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance Unit and Pharmacovigilance's Centre Calabria Region, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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10
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Ammendola M, Marech I, Sammarco G, Zuccalà V, Luposella M, Zizzo N, Patruno R, Crovace A, Ruggieri E, Zito AF, Gadaleta CD, Sacco R, Ranieri G. Infiltrating mast cells correlate with angiogenesis in bone metastases from gastric cancer patients. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3237-50. [PMID: 25648323 PMCID: PMC4346892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While gastric cancer is a well established angiogenesis driven tumor, no data has been published regarding angiogenesis stimulated by mast cells (MCs) positive for tryptase in bone metastases from gastric cancer patients (BMGCP). It is well established that MCs play a role in immune responses and more recently it was demonstrated that MCs have been involved in tumor angiogenesis. We analyzed infiltrating MCs and neovascularization in BMGCP diagnosed by histology. A series of 15 stage T3-4N2-3M1 (by AJCC for Gastric Cancer Staging 7th Edition) BMGCP from bone biopsies were selected. Tumour tissue samples were evaluated by mean of immunohistochemistry and image analysis methods in terms of MCs density positive to tryptase (MCDPT), MCs area positive to tryptase (MCAPT), microvascular density (MVD) and endothelial area (EA). A significant correlation between MCDPT, MCAPT, MVD and EA groups to each other was found by Pearson and t-test analysis (r ranged from 0.68 to 0.82; p-value ranged from 0.00 to 0.02). Our very preliminary data suggest that infiltrating MCs positive for tryptase may play a role in BMGCP angiogenesis, and could be further evaluated as a novel target of anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ammendola
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, Catanzaro 88100, Italy.
- Surgery Unit, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", viale Orazio Flacco 65, Bari 70124, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Marech
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", viale Orazio Flacco 65, Bari 70124, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Sammarco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, Catanzaro 88100, Italy.
| | - Valeria Zuccalà
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, Catanzaro 88100, Italy.
| | - Maria Luposella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, Catanzaro 88100, Italy.
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Via Casamassima, Bari 70010, Italy.
| | - Rosa Patruno
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Via Casamassima, Bari 70010, Italy.
| | - Alberto Crovace
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Via Casamassima, Bari 70010, Italy.
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), Veterinary Medical School, Università "Aldo Moro", Via Casamassima, Bari 70010, Italy.
| | - Eustachio Ruggieri
- Surgery Unit, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", viale Orazio Flacco 65, Bari 70124, Italy.
| | | | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", viale Orazio Flacco 65, Bari 70124, Italy.
| | - Rosario Sacco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Clinical Surgery Unit, University "Magna Graecia" Medical School, Viale Europa, Germaneto, Catanzaro 88100, Italy.
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", viale Orazio Flacco 65, Bari 70124, Italy.
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11
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Marech I, Gadaleta CD, Ranieri G. Possible prognostic and therapeutic significance of c-Kit expression, mast cell count and microvessel density in renal cell carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:13060-76. [PMID: 25056544 PMCID: PMC4139891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150713060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most frequent renal tumor and its incidence is increasing worldwide. Tumor angiogenesis is known to play a crucial role in the etiopathogenesis of RCC and over the last few years an even deeper knowledge of its contribution in metastatic RCC development has led to the development of numerous molecular targeting agents (such as sunitinib, sorafenib, pazopanib, axitinib, tivozanib, and dovitinib). The above agents are principally directed against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) members and also against c-Kit receptor (c-KitR). The role of c-kitR inhibition on clear cell RCC (ccRCC), the main RCC subtype, is less well established. Whether c-kitR activation through its ligand, stem cell factor (SCF) contributes significantly to the effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) treatment remains to be established. It is important to underscore that the c-KitR is expressed on mast cells (MCs) and cancer cells. After an examination of the c-KitR/SCF pathway, we review here the principal studies that have evaluated c-Kit expression in RCC. Moreover, we summarize some investigations that have observed the distribution of MCs in primary renal cancer and in adjacent normal tissue with appropriate histological immunohistochemical techniques. We also focus on few studies that have evaluated the correlation between RCC proliferation, MC count and microvessel density (MVD), as hallmarks of tumor angiogenesis. Thus, the aim of this review of the literature is to clarify if c-KitR expression, MC count and MVD could have prognostic significance and the possible predictive therapeutic implications in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marech
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Via Orazio Flacco n° 65, 70100 Bari, Italy.
| | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Via Orazio Flacco n° 65, 70100 Bari, Italy.
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Via Orazio Flacco n° 65, 70100 Bari, Italy.
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12
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Marech I, Ammendola M, Gadaleta C, Zizzo N, Oakley C, Gadaleta CD, Ranieri G. Possible biological and translational significance of mast cells density in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:8910-8920. [PMID: 25083063 PMCID: PMC4112891 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i27.8910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), located ubiquitously near blood vessels, are descended from CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Initially, although their role has been well defined in hypersensitivity reactions, the discovery of their sharing in both innate and adaptive immunity has allowed to redefine their crucial interplay on the regulatory function between inflammatory and tumor cells through the release of mediators granule-associated (mainly tryptase and vascular endothelial growth factor). In particular, in several animal and human malignancies it has been well demonstrated that activated c-Kit receptor (c-KitR) and tryptase (an agonist of the proteinase-activated receptor-2) take pivotal part in tumor angiogenesis after the MCs activation, contributing to tumor cells invasion and metastasis. In this review, we focused on crucial MCs density (MCD) role in colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression angiogenesis-mediated; then, we will analyze the principal studies that have focused on MCD as possible prognostic factor. Finally, we will consider a possible role of MCD as novel therapeutic target mainly by c-KitR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (imatinib, masitinib) and tryptase inhibitors (gabexate and nafamostat mesylate) with the aim to prevent CRC progression.
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13
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Boku N, Muro K, Machida N, Hashigaki S, Kimura N, Suzuki M, Lechuga M, Miyata Y. Phase I study of sunitinib plus S-1 and cisplatin in Japanese patients with advanced or metastatic gastric cancer. Invest New Drugs 2014; 32:261-70. [PMID: 23665950 PMCID: PMC3945293 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-9948-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This phase I, dose-finding study evaluated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), safety, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity of sunitinib plus S-1/cisplatin in Japanese patients with advanced/metastatic gastric cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients received oral sunitinib on a continuous daily dosing (CDD) or 2-weeks-on/2-weeks-off schedule (Schedule 2/2; 25 mg/day or 37.5 mg/day), plus S-1 (80-120 mg/day)/cisplatin 60 mg/m(2). RESULTS Twenty-seven patients received treatment, including 26 patients treated per protocol (sunitinib 25 mg/day CDD schedule, n = 4; sunitinib 25 mg/day Schedule 2/2, n = 16 [dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) cohort, n = 6 plus expansion cohort, n = 10]; sunitinib 37.5 mg/day Schedule 2/2, n = 6). One patient erroneously self-administered sunitinib 12.5 mg/day and was excluded from the analyses. The MTD was sunitinib 25 mg/day on Schedule 2/2. DLTs were reported for: 2/4 patients given sunitinib 25 mg/day on the CDD schedule; 1/6 patients administered sunitinib 25 mg/day on Schedule 2/2 (grade [G] 3 neutropenic infection, G4 thrombocytopenia, and S-1 dose interruption ≥5 days), and 3/6 patients given sunitinib 37.5 mg/day on Schedule 2/2. Results below are for the overall MTD cohort (n = 16). The most frequently reported G3/4 adverse events were neutropenia (93.8 %) and leukopenia (75.0 %). The objective response rate was 37.5 %; six additional patients experienced no disease progression for ≥24 weeks. Median progression-free survival was 12.5 months. No pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions were observed between sunitinib/S-1/cisplatin and S-1/cisplatin. CONCLUSIONS The MTD of sunitinib was 25 mg/day on Schedule 2/2 combined with cisplatin/S-1 in patients with advanced/metastatic gastric cancer. This regimen had a manageable safety profile and preliminary antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narikazu Boku
- Department of Clinical Oncology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1, Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan,
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14
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Marech I, Patruno R, Zizzo N, Gadaleta C, Introna M, Zito AF, Gadaleta CD, Ranieri G. Masitinib (AB1010), from canine tumor model to human clinical development: where we are? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 91:98-111. [PMID: 24405856 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Masitinib mesylate (AB1010) is a novel potent and selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, targeting mainly wild-type and mutated c-Kit receptor (c-KitR), Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor-alfa/beta (PDGFRa/ß), Lymphocyte-specific kinase (Lck), Lck/Yes-related protein (LYn), Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3) and Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK). It is the first anticancer therapy approved in veterinary medicine for the treatment of unresectable canine mast cell tumors (CMCTs), harboring activating c-KitR mutations, at dose of 12.5mg/kg once daily. Considering its anti-proliferative action, principally given by inhibiting the MCs c-KitR anti-angiogenic pathway that leads cancer progression, and its role as chemosensitizer, masitinib is under clinical investigation in several human malignancies (Gastro-Intestinal Stromal Tumors, acute myeloid leukemia, systemic mastocytosis, pancreatic cancer, multiple myeloma, non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, ovarian and prostate cancer), which are characterized by similar canine c-KIT proto-oncogene mutations. Here, we analyze masitinib structure activity, its pharmacokinetics compared to imatinib, the c-KitR pathway referring to the most frequent c-KIT mutations sensitive or resistant to this novel drug compared to imatinib, and masitinib safety profile. We, also, explore preclinical and clinical (completed and ongoing) trials with the aim to emphasize as this recent anti-angiogenic therapy, at first approved in CMCTs and, currently in development for the treatment of several human neoplasms, could be represent a milestone in translational oncology, in which the murine experimental model of cancer research could be integrated by canine spontaneous tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marech
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Patruno
- Department of Prevention and Animal Health, ASL BAT, Barletta, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Gadaleta
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello Introna
- Chair of Pathology, Veterinary Medical School, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Cosmo Damiano Gadaleta
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Girolamo Ranieri
- Interventional Radiology Unit with Integrated Section of Translational Medical Oncology, National Cancer Research Centre "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy.
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15
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Lee KW, Park SR, Oh DY, Park YI, Khosravan R, Lin X, Lee SY, Roh EJ, Valota O, Lechuga MJ, Bang YJ. Phase I study of sunitinib plus capecitabine/cisplatin or capecitabine/oxaliplatin in advanced gastric cancer. Invest New Drugs 2013; 31:1547-58. [PMID: 24091982 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-013-0032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and safety of sunitinib plus capecitabine/cisplatin (XP) or capecitabine/oxaliplatin (XELOX) in Korean patients with advanced gastric cancer (GC). METHODS Sunitinib (37.5 or 25 mg/day) was administered on a 2-week-on/1-week-off schedule with chemotherapy. Assessments included dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), safety, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor activity. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients received sunitinib/XP; 48 received sunitinib/XELOX. The MTDs were: sunitinib 25 mg/day, cisplatin 80 mg/m(2), and capecitabine 1,000 mg/m(2); sunitinib 37.5 mg/day, oxaliplatin 110 mg/m(2), and capecitabine 800 mg/m(2); and sunitinib 25 mg/day, oxaliplatin 110 mg/m(2), and capecitabine 1,000 mg/m(2). DLTs at the MTDs comprised grade (G) 4 febrile neutropenia plus G3 diarrhea (n = 1; sunitinib/XP), dose delays due to hematologic toxicity (n = 2; both sunitinib/XP), G3 bleeding (menorrhagia; n = 1; sunitinib/XELOX), and G3 increased alanine aminotransferase levels (n = 1; sunitinib/XELOX). There was a high frequency of G3/4 hematologic adverse events observed with both treatment regimens, particularly with sunitinib/XP. Frequent non-hematologic, G3/4 adverse events were nausea, stomatitis, and hypophosphatemia with sunitinib/XP and hypophosphatemia and pulmonary embolism with sunitinib/XELOX. No drug-drug interactions were apparent. At the MTDs, median progression-free survival was 6.4 months and 5.5-8.0 months for sunitinib/XP and sunitinib/XELOX, respectively; and the objective response rate was 46.7% and 43.5-45.5% for sunitinib/XP and sunitinib/XELOX, respectively. CONCLUSIONS At the MTD, sunitinib/XELOX had an acceptable safety profile in patients with advanced GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-W Lee
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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16
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Hou XW, Bai CG, Liu XH, Qiu C, Huang L, Xu JJ, Ma DAL. Expression of stem cell factor in gastrointestinal stromal tumors: Implications for proliferation and imatinib resistance. Oncol Lett 2012; 5:552-558. [PMID: 23420128 PMCID: PMC3572958 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
KIT autophosphorylation caused by mutation of KIT is considered to be a critical mechanism for the oncogenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). However, little is known regarding whether stem cell factor (SCF), the KIT ligand, is able to induce the proliferation of GIST cells by activating the wild-type KIT receptor in GISTs. Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been demonstrated to be effective as treatment for the majority of GISTs. However, primary resistance to imatinib in GISTs with wild-type KIT and acquired resistance in GISTs with mutant KIT are becoming increasingly significant problems. The aims of this study were to detect the expression and function of SCF in 68 GIST samples, and to explore the relationship between SCF activity and imatinib resistance using immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis. Results showed abundant expression of SCF in GISTs and demonstrated that SCF is capable of enhancing GIST cell proliferation. Similar to its ineffectiveness in wild-type GISTs, imatinib also failed to inhibit SCF-induced KIT activation in GISTs with mutant KIT. We also found increased SCF expression in GIST cells treated with imatinib. Overall, our results indicated that SCF-induced KIT activation is a novel essential pathway for the proliferation of GISTs. Imatinib was not able to inhibit the activity of SCF, while it promoted the expression of SCF, which may have contributed to acquired imatinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Hou
- Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433; ; Department of Oncology, 401 Hospital of PLA, Qingdao, Shandong 266071
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17
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QIU CEN, LIU XIAOHONG, BAI CHENGUANG, MA DALIE. The expression of KIT receptor dimers in gastrointestinal stromal tumors independent of c-kit mutation and SCF expression is associated with high-risk stratification. Oncol Lett 2012; 4:805-811. [PMID: 23205104 PMCID: PMC3506609 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the dimerization of KIT, a receptor tyrosine kinase, plays a major role in a number of tumors, correlations between the clinicopathological parameters and KIT receptor dimers have not been identified. In the current study, a method for the detection of KIT receptor dimer expression was described and correlations between the clinicopathological parameters and KIT receptor dimers were analyzed. A single center cohort study of 49 patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) was conducted to analyze the expression of KIT receptor dimers by SDS-PAGE, Native-PAGE and modified Native-PAGE. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of ki-67, c-kit and stem cell factor (SCF). Mutations of the c-kit gene were examined in 48 GISTs according to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequencing methods. Based on the data, a signal for the KIT receptor monomer was obtained by SDS-PAGE. Faint bands were observed on the nitrocellulose membrane by Native-PAGE, while clear bands were identified for KIT receptor dimers and monomers using modified Native-PAGE (15 out of 49 cases). The tumor size was larger in KIT receptor dimer-positive cases compared with that in KIT receptor dimer-negative cases. Analysis of KIT receptor dimer expression levels and risk stratification demonstrated that KIT receptor dimer-positive cases belonged to the higher risk classification. In addition, there was no significant correlation between the existence of KIT receptor dimers and c-kit gene mutations, including SCF expression. In conclusion, this study established a method for the detection of the existence of KIT receptor dimers in tissues and confirmed that KIT receptor dimers were correlated with risk stratification. Data also indicated that ligand-dependent SCF/KIT dimerization is an independent crucial mechanism in GIST cell proliferation and increases the risk of GIST. Therefore, blocking KIT dimerization may prove to be an effective approach for the treatment of GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- CEN QIU
- Departments of Pathology and
| | - XIAOHONG LIU
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200443,
P.R. China
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18
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Zhao W, Ji X, Zhang F, Li L, Ma L. Embryonic stem cell markers. Molecules 2012; 17:6196-236. [PMID: 22634835 PMCID: PMC6268870 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17066196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell (ESC) markers are molecules specifically expressed in ES cells. Understanding of the functions of these markers is critical for characterization and elucidation for the mechanism of ESC pluripotent maintenance and self-renewal, therefore helping to accelerate the clinical application of ES cells. Unfortunately, different cell types can share single or sometimes multiple markers; thus the main obstacle in the clinical application of ESC is to purify ES cells from other types of cells, especially tumor cells. Currently, the marker-based flow cytometry (FCM) technique and magnetic cell sorting (MACS) are the most effective cell isolating methods, and a detailed maker list will help to initially identify, as well as isolate ESCs using these methods. In the current review, we discuss a wide range of cell surface and generic molecular markers that are indicative of the undifferentiated ESCs. Other types of molecules, such as lectins and peptides, which bind to ESC via affinity and specificity, are also summarized. In addition, we review several markers that overlap with tumor stem cells (TSCs), which suggest that uncertainty still exists regarding the benefits of using these markers alone or in various combinations when identifying and isolating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Zhao
- Life Science Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (X.J.); (F.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Xiang Ji
- Life Science Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (X.J.); (F.Z.); (L.L.)
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- Life Science Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (X.J.); (F.Z.); (L.L.)
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liang Li
- Life Science Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (X.J.); (F.Z.); (L.L.)
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Life Science Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; (W.Z.); (X.J.); (F.Z.); (L.L.)
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A phase I, dose-finding study of sunitinib combined with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Invest New Drugs 2012; 31:390-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-012-9830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Li R, Hou J, Xu Q, Liu QJ, Shen YJ, Rodin G, Li M. High level interleukin-6 in the medium of human pancreatic cancer cell culture suppresses production of neurotransmitters by PC12 cell line. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:91-100. [PMID: 22109853 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-011-9270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that pancreatic cancer is associated with a greater prevalence of depression than many other cancers, but the mechanism accounting for this potential association has not yet been illustrated. In the present study, conditioned media (CM) from three pancreatic cancer cell lines and primary pancreatic cancer cells from two patients were added to culture system of differentiated pheochromocytoma cell line PC12. The release of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) by PC12 was significantly inhibited after CM treatment (P < 0.05), similar to what happened after recombinant interleukin 6(IL-6) treatment. Furthermore, pretreatment with anti-IL-6 antibody significantly blocked the inhibitory effects of pancreatic cancer CM on DA and NE production (P < 0.05). We also demonstrated that tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme for synthesis of catecholamine, was reduced after exposure to IL-6, which was accompanied by JAK-STAT3 pathway activation. Our results demonstrated that IL-6 in CM from pancreatic cancer down-regulated the production of DA and NE by PC12 cell. The possible underlying mechanisms might be decreasing TH production via activation of JAK-STAT3 signal transduction pathway. The present study might help to better understand the close relationship between pancreatic cancer and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Department of Hematology, Chang Zheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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21
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Buergy D, Wenz F, Groden C, Brockmann MA. Tumor-platelet interaction in solid tumors. Int J Cancer 2012; 130:2747-60. [PMID: 22261860 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elevated platelet counts in patients diagnosed with malignant tumors were first described more than 100 years ago. Today it is well known that in many types of solid tumors, thrombocytosis at the time of diagnosis is associated with shorter survival. From this well-documented clinical correlation between platelet count and prognosis of solid tumors, the following questions arise: (i) Are the increased platelet counts the reason for shortened survival as platelet-secreted cytokines might boost tumor growth and angiogenesis? (ii) Do platelets affect tumor metastasis thereby shortening survival time? or (iii) Are increased platelet counts simply an epiphenomenon of tumor growth with larger tumors resulting in higher platelet counts and shorter survival times? We address these three questions within our review of the current literature to provide a comprehensive overview of the current concepts in tumor-platelet interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Buergy
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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McLuckie KIE, Waller ZAE, Sanders DA, Alves D, Rodriguez R, Dash J, McKenzie GJ, Venkitaraman AR, Balasubramanian S. G-quadruplex-binding benzo[a]phenoxazines down-regulate c-KIT expression in human gastric carcinoma cells. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:2658-63. [PMID: 21294544 DOI: 10.1021/ja109474c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the structure and function of G-quadruplex nucleic acid secondary structures, their cellular functions, and their potential as therapeutic targets. G-Quadruplex sequence motifs are prevalent in gene promoter regions and it has been hypothesized that G-quadruplex structure formation is associated with the transcriptional status of the downstream gene. Using a functional cell-based assay, we have identified two novel G-quadruplex ligands that reduce the transcription of a luciferase reporter driven from the G-quadruplex-containing c-KIT promoter. We have further shown that endogenous c-KIT expression in a human gastric carcinoma cell line is also reduced on treatment with these molecules. Biophysical analysis using surface plasmon resonance has shown that these molecules preferentially bind with high affinity to one of the two G-quadruplex sequences in the c-KIT promoter over double-stranded DNA. This work highlights the utility of cell-based reporter assays to identify new G-quadruplex binding molecules that modulate transcription and identifies benzo[a]phenoxazine derivatives as potential antitumor agents.
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Yun HY, Sung R, Kim YC, Choi W, Kim HS, Kim H, Lee GJ, You RY, Park SM, Yun SJ, Kim MJ, Kim WS, Song YJ, Xu WX, Lee SJ. Regional Distribution of Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC) in Human Stomach. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 14:317-24. [PMID: 21165331 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2010.14.5.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We elucidated the distribution of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in human stomach, using cryosection and c-Kit immunohistochemistry to identify c-Kit positive ICC. Before c-Kit staining, we routinely used hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining to identify every structure of human stomach, from mucosa to longitudinal muscle. HE staining revealed that the fundus greater curvature (GC) had prominent oblique muscle layer, and c-Kit immunostaining c-Kit positive ICC cells were found to have typical morphology of dense fusiform cell body with multiple processes protruding from the central cell body. In particular, we could observe dense processes and ramifications of ICC in myenteric area and longitudinal muscle layer of corpus GC. Interestingly, c-Kit positive ICC-like cells which had morphology very similar to ICC were found in gastric mucosa. We could not find any significant difference in the distribution of ICC between fundus and corpus, except for submucosa where the density of ICC was much higher in gastric fundus than corpus. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the density of ICC between each area of fundus and corpus, except for muscularis mucosa. Finally, we also found similar distribution of ICC in normal and cancerous tissue obtained from a patient who underwent pancreotomy and gastrectomy. In conclusion, ICC was found ubiquitously in human stomach and the density of ICC was significantly lower in the muscularis mucosa of both fundus/corpus and higher in the submucosa of gastric fundus than corpus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Yung Yun
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
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Hirano K, Shishido-Hara Y, Kitazawa A, Kojima K, Sumiishi A, Umino M, Kikuchi F, Sakamoto A, Fujioka Y, Kamma H. Expression of stem cell factor (SCF), a KIT ligand, in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): a potential marker for tumor proliferation. Pathol Res Pract 2008; 204:799-807. [PMID: 18602222 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) show a high incidence of gain-of-function mutations of the c-kit gene, which encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase KIT. This mutation is seen independently of metastasis and/or recurrence of tumors; thus, the factors involved in tumor proliferation rate and malignancy are still not known. Some mesenchymal and epithelial tumors have been reported to co-express KIT and its ligand, stem cell factor (SCF), for autonomous proliferation by the autocrine mechanism. The purpose of this study is to clarify whether GIST cells produce SCF, despite mutated KIT with constitutive activation. Immunohistochemically, we examined the co-expression of KIT and SCF in 36 GIST cases. All cases were found to be KIT-positive, and of these, 21 cases, including four recurrent or metastatic GISTs, showed co-expression of SCF. MIB-1 labeling index was significantly higher, and the average tumor size was larger in SCF-positive cases. By confocal microscopy, KIT was expressed on the cellular membrane, around which SCF was distributed less densely. Western blot analysis revealed that the membrane-bound SCF of 31 kDa was found to be approximately 10 times more abundant than the soluble SCF of 18.5 kDa, suggesting continuous KIT activation. These results indicate that proliferation of GIST cells can be caused not only by the gain-of-function mutation of c-kit, but also by the autocrine mechanism of the SCF/KIT system. Thus, SCF expression would be a useful marker for tumor proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Hirano
- Department of Pathology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Bejugam M, Sewitz S, Shirude PS, Rodriguez R, Shahid R, Balasubramanian S. Trisubstituted isoalloxazines as a new class of G-quadruplex binding ligands: small molecule regulation of c-kit oncogene expression. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:12926-7. [PMID: 17918848 DOI: 10.1021/ja075881p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mallesham Bejugam
- The University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
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26
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Mireskandari M, Shafaii AF, Kayser G, Kayser K. Lack of CD117 and rare bcl-2 expression in stomach cancer by immunohistochemistry. An immunohistochemical study with review of the literature. Diagn Pathol 2006; 1:7. [PMID: 16759362 PMCID: PMC1475889 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric adenocarcinoma is one of the most frequent malignancies worldwide including Iran. This study was designed to immunohistochemically evaluate the CD117 and bcl-2 expression in gastric carcinomas and their potential use as therapeutic targets in the treatment of patients with advanced stage gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Representative paraffin blocks obtained from 38 operated gastric adenocarcinoma patients were retrieved from Afzalipour Hospital pathology department archive, Kerman, Iran. Immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) for CD117 was carried out in all cases including negative (normal gastric epithelium) and positive (Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor) controls. In addition, the cases were evaluated immunohistochemically for apoptosis-related protein (bcl-2), to evaluating a potential association of CD117 expression with the cell proliferation regulatory pathways. RESULTS No positive reaction for CD117 was seen in gastric carcinoma tumor cells irrespective to the cell type, grade, and stage, proliferation and apoptosis rate. Expression of bcl-2 was observed in only one case. CONCLUSION We conclude that CD117 overexpression detectable by immunohistochemistry does not play a significant role in gastric carcinoma pathways and development, although overexpression at the gene level and/or mutated CD117 expression might exist. Thus, it is unlikely that the CD117 pathway is of clinical significance in gastric carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Mireskandari
- Afzalipour Hospital, Pathology Department, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Fakhr Shafaii
- Afzalipour Hospital, Pathology Department, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gian Kayser
- Department of Pathology, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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27
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Hitora T, Yamamoto T, Akisue T, Marui T, Nakatani T, Kawamoto T, Nagira K, Yoshiya S, Kurosaka M. Establishment and characterization of a KIT-positive and stem cell factor-producing cell line, KTHOS, derived from human osteosarcoma. Pathol Int 2005; 55:41-7. [PMID: 15693848 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2005.01787.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor that commonly affects adolescents and young adults. In the present study a human osteosarcoma cell line, KTHOS, was established from a primary osteosarcoma lesion in the distal femur of a 16-year-old girl. After 106 passages, the KTHOS cell line retained the biological characteristics of osteosarcoma. The KTHOS cells had spindle to pleomorphic cytoplasm with round to ovoid nuclei containing multiple prominent nucleoli, as expected based on the mesodermic origin of osteoblasts. The KTHOS cells were immunoreactive for osteocalcin, osteonectin, stem cell factor (SCF), and KIT (CD117). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction indicated that the KTHOS cell line expressed mRNA for SCF and KIT. The KTHOS cells produced relatively high amounts of soluble SCF as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results suggest that cell proliferation of the KTHOS cell line might be involved in autocrine and/or paracrine loops of the SCF/KIT signaling system. The KTHOS cell line is a novel human osteosarcoma cell line that releases SCF and expresses KIT. This cell line can be used for studies to explore the mechanisms for oncogenesis of human osteosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Hitora
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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28
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Treff NR, Dement GA, Adair JE, Britt RL, Nie R, Shima JE, Taylor WE, Reeves R. Human KIT ligand promoter is positively regulated by HMGA1 in breast and ovarian cancer cells. Oncogene 2004; 23:8557-62. [PMID: 15378028 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
KIT ligand (KL) and its receptor, c-kit, are coexpressed in many types of cancer cells and have been implicated in tumor growth and angiogenesis. While Sertoli cell-specific regulation of the KL promoter has been well characterized, regulation in cancer cells remains to be elucidated. We recently reported microarray results demonstrating that increased high-mobility group (HMG) A1a protein expression correlates with increased KL transcription in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Sequence analysis indicates a potential for multiple HMGA1 binding sites within the human KL promoter. In order to better define the underlying molecular mechanisms that HMGA1 uses to facilitate malignant transformation of cancer cells, we have used a variety of methods to determine whether HMGA1a directly regulates the human KL promoter in breast and ovarian cancer cells. Our results indicate that: (i) KL promoter activity is significantly higher in MCF-7 cells overexpressing HMGA1a; (ii) HMGA1a protein binds to AT-rich regions of the KL promoter DNA both in vitro and in vivo; (iii) mutation of the AT-rich regions inhibits HMGA1a binding in vitro; and (iv) HMGA1a-specific inhibition significantly decreases transcription of KL in OCC1 human ovarian cancer cells. In addition, MCF-7 cells with transgenic HMGA1 overexpression stained positive for the KL protein by immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry, and were growth-inhibited by KL neutralization. The cumulative evidence indicates that HMGA1 positively regulates the human KL promoter in breast and ovarian cancer cells and implicates serum KL as a diagnostic marker for HMGA1-positive carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Treff
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, PO Box 644660, Pullman, WA 99164-4660, USA
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29
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Abstract
AbstractStem cell factor (SCF), interleukin 3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) are members of a group of glycoproteins called hematopoietic cytokines (HCs). These cytokines regulate the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells and functionally activate mature neutrophils or macrophages. The effect of HCs is not limited to bone marrow cells. Some studies have shown that HCs can also stimulate the proliferation of non-hematopoietic cells. The receptors for HCs have been detected in cancer cell lines, and stimulation of HCs receptors induced proliferation of tumor cells. Moreover, some investigations have shown HC mRNA expression in these cell lines and recent studies have demonstrated that HCs can stimulate tumor progression. Several cells of malignant tumors have been observed to secrete large amounts of HCs and increased concentrations of HCs have been found in the sera of cancer patients. There are a number of situations in which the measurement of HCs may provide clinically useful information, particularly regarding prognosis and response to treatment. In this paper we discuss the results of studies that have examined the potential use of HCs as tumor markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical Academy, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
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30
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Esposito I, Kleeff J, Bischoff SC, Fischer L, Collecchi P, Iorio M, Bevilacqua G, Büchler MW, Friess H. The stem cell factor-c-kit system and mast cells in human pancreatic cancer. J Transl Med 2002; 82:1481-92. [PMID: 12429808 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000036875.21209.f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) and its receptor c-kit take part in the regulation of developmental processes of mast cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and melanocytes, as well as in the growth control of human malignancies. To explore the possible role of the SCF-c-kit system and of mast cells in pancreatic cancer, the concomitant expression and distribution of the two molecules were examined in 17 normal and 26 cancerous human pancreatic tissues and in 6 cultured pancreatic cancer cell lines. Mast cell distribution was also evaluated in the same tissue samples. In addition, the effects of SCF and of the c-kit tyrosine-kinase inhibitor STI571 on the growth of the cancer cell lines and of the normal pancreatic ductal cell line TAKA-1 were assessed. SCF immunoreactivity was absent in acinar, ductal, and islet cells of the normal pancreas and faint in pancreatic cancer tissues and cell lines. In contrast, c-kit was clearly present in some normal and hyperplastic ducts of the normal pancreas, in the cancer cells of 73% of the tumor samples, and in all the cell lines tested. Mast cells, identified by tryptase and chymase immunostaining on consecutive tissue sections, showed immunoreactivity for SCF and c-kit in both normal and cancerous specimens and their number was significantly increased (p = 0.03) in pancreatic cancer compared with the normal pancreas. SCF showed a dose-dependent growth inhibitory effect on TAKA-1 cells (p < 0.001), whereas pancreatic cancer cells were resistant to the SCF-induced growth inhibition. Nonetheless, the growth of TAKA-1 cells and pancreatic cancer cells was inhibited by the c-kit tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571. In conclusion, the SCF-c-kit system, possibly with the contribution of mast cells, may have a growth-regulating role in the normal pancreas, which is altered during malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Esposito
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Esposito I, Friess H, Kappeler A, Shrikhande S, Kleeff J, Ramesh H, Zimmermann A, Büchler MW. Mast cell distribution and activation in chronic pancreatitis. Hum Pathol 2001; 32:1174-83. [PMID: 11727255 DOI: 10.1053/hupa.2001.28947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is characterized by mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration and replacement of the destroyed parenchyma by fibrous tissue. Recently, mast cells have been implicated in chronic inflammatory processes with fibrous tissue deposition. Therefore, the number and distribution of mast cells and their state of activation were evaluated in 12 normal specimens and in 46 specimens of CP with different causes (alcoholic, tropical, and idiopathic). Furthermore, the presence of stem cell factor (SCF), the main mast cell growth factor, and of its receptor, c-kit, was also assessed. In CP tissues, mast cells were localized both in the fibrotic areas and in the residual acinar parenchyma. The total number of mast cells was significantly higher in CP than in the normal pancreas (P < .0001) and correlated positively with the extent of fibrosis and the intensity of inflammation. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent mast cell activation was higher in CP than in the normal pancreas. No differences in mast cell number or IgE positivity were found among the 3 causes of CP. SCF-and c-kit immunoreactive mast cells were mostly localized in fibrous tissue and around regenerating ducts, which were also positive for c-kit but were negative for SCF. These results suggest that mast cells, activated by an IgE-dependent mechanism and/or by an SCF-c-kit autocrine loop, are a relevant component of the inflammatory infiltrate in CP, independent of the underlying cause. Their localization near degenerating acini and regenerating ducts might indicate that they play a crucial role in tissue destruction and remodeling in CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Esposito
- Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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32
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Kataoka H, Miura Y, Joh T, Seno K, Tada T, Tamaoki T, Nakabayashi H, Kawaguchi M, Asai K, Kato T, Itoh M. Alpha-fetoprotein producing gastric cancer lacks transcription factor ATBF1. Oncogene 2001; 20:869-73. [PMID: 11314020 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2000] [Revised: 11/30/2000] [Accepted: 12/06/2000] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) producing gastric cancer (AFP-GC) is very malignant and highly metastatic compared with common gastric cancer. However, the causal relationship between AFP production and the high malignancy of AFP-GC is unclear. We investigated AFP gene regulation in AFP-GC by an active transcription factor, HNF1 (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1) and a repressive transcription factor, ATBF1 (AT motif binding factor 1). RNase protection assays revealed that the production of AFP in gastric cancer cells did not directly associate with HNF1 expression. An inverse relation between the expressions of ATBF1 and AFP was clearly observed in gastric cancer cells. CAT assays showed the direct inhibition of AFP gene expression by ATBF1. Methylation analysis of the AFP promoter region in gastric cancer cells suggested that methylation itself could not explain the silencing of the AFP gene. Immunohistochemistry of resected clinical samples revealed that AFP producing cells lacked ATBF1 immunoreactivity. Our data suggests that the absence of ATBF1 is responsible for AFP gene expression in gastric cancer, and the absence of ATBF1 is a distinct characteristic of AFP-GC and might be important for its highly malignant nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kataoka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Nagoya City University Medical School Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
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33
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Elmore LW, Domson K, Moore JR, Kornstein M, Burks RT. Expression of c-kit (CD117) in benign and malignant human endometrial epithelium. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001; 125:146-51. [PMID: 11151069 DOI: 10.5858/2001-125-0146-eockci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proto-oncogene c-kit encodes a tyrosine kinase receptor (CD117) with a molecular weight of 145 kd. Previous studies, predominantly utilizing immunohistochemistry, have led to contradictory findings regarding the expression of CD117 in the endometrium. To help resolve this issue, we analyzed a series of benign and malignant endometrial tissues using both immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. OBJECTIVE To examine the expression of CD117 in benign and malignant human endometrial tissues. METHODS The expression of CD117 in 35 benign endometrial tissues (7 hyperplastic, 14 proliferative, 14 secretory) and 10 endometrioid carcinomas was investigated by immunohistochemistry (clone K45 monoclonal antibody). Immunoprecipitation (clone K69 monoclonal antibody) followed by Western blotting (clone K45 monoclonal antibody and clone 1.D9.3D6 monoclonal antibody) was performed to confirm CD117 expression. RESULTS Fifty-seven percent of the hyperplasias, 93% of proliferative endometria, and 79% of secretory endometria immunostained positively for CD117. In benign endometria, epithelial staining tended to be more intense in the hyperplastic and proliferative endometria as compared to the secretory endometria, whereas endometrial stromal cells were not immunoreactive. Of the 10 frozen endometrial tissues analyzed by immunohistochemistry, 4 of 9 endometrioid carcinomas and a single case of an endometrioid polyp developing in association with a carcinoma expressed CD117. Immunoprecipitation followed by Western blot analysis confirmed expression of full-length CD117 in an endometrial polyp and carcinoma, and revealed a correlation between levels of immunoprecipitated CD117 and immunohistochemical staining intensity. CONCLUSIONS Benign and malignant endometrial tissues express CD117. Our data suggest (a) a possible relationship between estrogen and CD117 expression in benign endometrium and (b) potential involvement of this growth factor receptor in endometrial carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Elmore
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Va 23298, USA
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34
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Abstract
Carcinoma of the stomach is one of the most prevalent cancer types in the world today. Two major forms of gastric cancer are distinguished according to their morphological and clinicopathological classifications (well differentiated/intestinal type and poorly differentiated/diffuse type), characteristics that could also be attributed to the altered expression of different types of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Significant differences exist for gastric cancer incidence comparing people of different ethnic origins, implicating various genetic and epigenetic factors for gastric oncogenesis. There are only a limited number of molecular markers available for gastric cancer detection and prognostic evaluation, among which are tyrosine kinases. There is convincing evidence that tyrosine kinases are involved in oncogenesis and disease progression for many human cancers. Amplifications of certain tyrosine kinases (c-met, k-sam and erbB2/neu) have been associated with human gastric cancer progression. Alternatively spliced transcripts and enhanced protein-expression levels for some of these tyrosine kinases are correlated with clinical outcomes for gastric cancer patients. With advent of high throughput techniques, it is now possible to detect nearly all expressed tyrosine kinases in a single screen. This increases the chance to identify additional tyrosine kinases as predictive markers for gastric cancers. In this article, we will first review the literature data concerning certain tyrosine kinases implicated in gastric carcinogenesis and then summarize more recent work which provide comprehensive tyrosine kinase profiles for gastric cancer specimens and cell lines. Two new gastric cancer molecular markers (tie-1 and mkk4) have been identified through the use of these profiles and demonstrated effective as clinical prognostic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
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35
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Tsuneyama K, Sasaki M, Sabit A, Yokoi K, Arano Y, Imai T, Nakanuma Y. A case report of gastric carcinosarcoma with rhabdomyosarcomatous and neuroendocrinal differentiation. Pathol Res Pract 1999; 195:93-7; discussion 98. [PMID: 10093828 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(99)80077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report herein an unusual gastric carcinosarcoma with rhabdomyosarcomatous and neuroendocrinal differentiation in a 63-year-old Japanese male. The tumor was a pedunculated large polypoid tumor (7 x 6.5 x 3.5 cm) located in the pylorus. Histologically, it invaded to the subserosa and was composed of both adenocarcinomatous and sarcomatous components. Adenocarcinomatous foci generally showed tubular to solid patterns and occupied the parts facing the gastric lumen, while the sarcomatous components showed a generally irregular and solid arrangement. There were transitions between the sarcomatous and carcinoma elements. In addition, carcinoma cells with a cord-like or trabecular arrangement similar to that seen in endocrine carcinoma expressed chromogranin A, and were mainly observed in an intermediate area between the adenocarcinomatous and sarcomatous foci. The sarcomatous areas were mainly composed of spindle cells and occasionally contained a sarcomatous component showing rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation. This is an interesting case to consider how the variety of cell type appeared in such a type of tumor in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsuneyama
- Second Department of Pathology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Japan
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