1
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Meyer JM, Vávrová K, Radner FPW, Schneider H, Dick A, Mauro TM, Elias PM. ALOX12B and PNPLA1 Have Distinct Roles in Epidermal Lipid Lamellar Organization. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:332-335.e4. [PMID: 36116510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Meyer
- Dermatology Service, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennesse, USA; Department of Dermatology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennesse, USA.
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Franz P W Radner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Holm Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Angela Dick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Dermatology Branch, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peter M Elias
- Dermatology Branch, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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2
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Champmartin C, Chedik L, Marquet F, Cosnier F. Occupational exposure assessment with solid substances: choosing a vehicle for in vitro percutaneous absorption experiments. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:294-316. [PMID: 36125048 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2097052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Percutaneous occupational exposure to industrial toxicants can be assessed in vitro on excised human or animal skins. Numerous factors can significantly influence skin permeation of chemicals and the flux determination. Among them, the vehicle used to solubilize the solid substances is a tricky key step. A "realistic surrogate" that closely matches the exposure scenario is recommended in first intention. When direct transposition of occupational exposure conditions to in vitro experiments is impossible, it is recommended that the vehicle used does not affect the skin barrier (in particular in terms of structural integrity, composition, or enzymatic activity). Indeed, any such effect could alter the percutaneous absorption of substances in a number of ways, as we will see. Potential effects are described for five monophasic vehicles, including the three most frequently used: water, ethanol, acetone; and two that are more rarely used, but are realistic: artificial sebum and artificial sweat. Finally, we discuss a number of criteria to be verified and the associated tests that should be performed when choosing the most appropriate vehicle, keeping in mind that, in the context of occupational exposure, the scientific quality of the percutaneous absorption data provided, and how they are interpreted, may have long-range consequences. From the narrative review presented, we also identify and discuss important factors to consider in future updates of the OECD guidelines for in vitro skin absorption experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Champmartin
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Lisa Chedik
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Marquet
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Cosnier
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
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3
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Hatta I, Nakazawa H, Ohta N, Uchino T, Yanase K. Stratum Corneum Function: A Structural Study with Dynamic Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Experiments. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1181-1199. [PMID: 34373412 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the effectiveness of substances such as drugs and cosmetics that act on the skin require structural evidence at the molecular level in the stratum corneum to clarify their interaction with intercellular lipid and soft keratin. For this purpose, when applying the substances to the stratum corneum X-ray diffraction experiment is one of the powerful tools. To detect minute structural changes in a stratum corneum sample, using a "solution cell", dynamic synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements were performed when applying aqueous solution of the substances to the stratum corneum: (1) It was found that a surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, significantly disrupted the long-period lamellar structure. (2) To study the effects of water, structural modifications of the short-period lamellar structure and the soft keratin in corneocytes were measured as a function of time. At the initial water content of 15 wt%, the spacings of the short-period lamellar structure and the soft keratin increased toward those at the water content of 25 wt%, that is a key water content in the stratum corneum. (3) Nanoparticles composed of assembly of amphiphilic molecules are one of the leading pharmaceutical formulations. When the nanoparticles were applied, a new assembly of amphiphilic molecules originated from the nanoparticle appeared. This phenomenon suggests that the formation of the new assembly at the surface of skin is concerned with the release of the drug from the nanoparticles. (4) When ethanol was applied to the stratum corneum, only the liquid state in the intercellular lipid matrix was dissolved. After the removal of ethanol from this stratum corneum, the ordered hydrocarbon-chain packing structures appeared. From this fact we would propose that the liquid state region is the main pathway for hydrophobic drugs with a small molecular weight in connection with the so-called 500 Da rule. Here, not only the technique but also the background to these studies and the characteristic results obtained from these studies are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Hatta
- Department of Research, Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute
| | | | - Noboru Ohta
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI/SPring-8)
| | - Tomonobu Uchino
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Kaori Yanase
- Beauty Care Laboratory, Kracie Home Products, Ltd
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4
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Nigam P. Thermodynamic quantification of sodium dodecyl sulfate penetration in cholesterol and phospholipid monolayers. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 232:104974. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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5
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Nørreslet LB, Serup J, Kezic S, Engebretsen KA, Thyssen JP, Agner T, Clausen M. Tattoos and skin barrier function: Measurements of
TEWL
, stratum corneum conductance and capacitance,
pH
, and filaggrin. Skin Res Technol 2019; 25:382-388. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Line Brok Nørreslet
- Department of DermatologyBispebjerg HospitalUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Jørgen Serup
- Department of DermatologyBispebjerg HospitalUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Coronel Institute of Occupational HealthAmsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdam UMCUniversity of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyHerlev and Gentofte HospitalUniversity of Copenhagen Hellerup Denmark
| | - Tove Agner
- Department of DermatologyBispebjerg HospitalUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Maja‐Lisa Clausen
- Department of DermatologyBispebjerg HospitalUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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6
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Nakaune-Iijima A, Sugishima A, Omura G, Kitaoka H, Tashiro T, Kageyama S, Hatta I. Topical treatments with acylceramide dispersions restored stratum corneum lipid lamellar structures in a reconstructed human epidermis model. Chem Phys Lipids 2018; 215:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Jakasa I, Thyssen JP, Kezic S. The role of skin barrier in occupational contact dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:909-914. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivone Jakasa
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology; University of Zagreb; Zagreb Croatia
| | - Jacob P. Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; National Allergy Research Centre; Herlev and Gentofte Hospital; University of Copenhagen; Hellerup Denmark
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Coronel Institute of Occupational Health; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute; Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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8
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Yanase K, Hatta I. Disruption of human stratum corneum lipid structure by sodium dodecyl sulphate. Int J Cosmet Sci 2017; 40:44-49. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Yanase
- Kracie Home Products; 134 Goudocho, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-0005 Japan
| | - I. Hatta
- Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute; 1-13 Yotsuyadori Chikusa-ku Nagoya Aichi 464-0819 Japan
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9
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Uchino T, Hatta I, Miyazaki Y, Onai T, Yamazaki T, Sugiura F, Kagawa Y. Modulation mechanism of the stratum corneum structure during permeation of surfactant-based rigid and elastic vesicles. Int J Pharm 2017; 521:222-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Walters RM, Khanna P, Chu M, Mack MC. Developmental Changes in Skin Barrier and Structure during the First 5 Years of Life. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 29:111-8. [PMID: 27161444 DOI: 10.1159/000444805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The structure of the stratum corneum (SC) and the corresponding skin barrier develops from before birth up to about 4 years of age. Large subject-to-subject variability within an age group requires a large population to observe trends in skin barrier properties over time. Barrier function, quantified by transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and SC thickness, was measured on the upper inner arm and dorsal forearm in subjects aged 3 months to 4 years (n = 171) and a subset of mothers (n = 44). The rate of skin surface area expansion as a function of age peaked before birth (∼90 cm2/week) and declined to a steady plateau (∼10 cm2/week) by 1 year of age. SC thickness increased and TEWL decreased, but did not reach adult values until 3-4 years of age. A better understanding of how skin hydration changes after birth suggests that barrier function may be related mechanistically to skin surface area expansion.
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11
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Chemical penetration enhancers in stratum corneum - Relation between molecular effects and barrier function. J Control Release 2016; 232:175-87. [PMID: 27108613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Skin is attractive for drug therapy because it offers an easily accessible route without first-pass metabolism. Transdermal drug delivery is also associated with high patient compliance and through the site of application, the drug delivery can be locally directed. However, to succeed with transdermal drug delivery it is often required to overcome the low permeability of the upper layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC). One common strategy is to employ so-called penetration enhancers that supposedly act to increase the drug passage across SC. Still, there is a lack of understanding of the molecular effects of so-called penetration enhancers on the skin barrier membrane, the SC. In this study, we provide a molecular characterization of how different classes of compounds, suggested as penetration enhancers, influence lipid and protein components in SC. The compounds investigated include monoterpenes, fatty acids, osmolytes, surfactant, and Azone. We employ natural abundance (13)C polarization transfer solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) on intact porcine SC. With this method it is possible to detect small changes in the mobility of the minor fluid lipid and protein SC components, and simultaneously obtain information on the major fraction of solid SC components. The balance between fluid and solid components in the SC is essential to determine macroscopic material properties of the SC, including barrier and mechanical properties. We study SC at different hydration levels corresponding to SC in ambient air and under occlusion. The NMR studies are complemented with diffusion cell experiments that provide quantitative data on skin permeability when treated with different compounds. By correlating the effects on SC molecular components and SC barrier function, we aim at deepened understanding of diffusional transport in SC, and how this can be controlled, which can be utilized for optimal design of transdermal drug delivery formulations.
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12
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Silva LAD, Andrade LM, de Sá FAP, Marreto RN, Lima EM, Gratieri T, Taveira SF. Clobetasol-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for epidermal targeting. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 68:742-50. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the epidermal targeting potential of clobetasol propionate-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (CP-NLC) when compared to that of chitosan-coated (CP-NLC-C).
Methods
CP-NLC were prepared by microemulsion method and characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, in vitro release and permeation studies. To verify epidermal targeting, permeation studies were performed in two sets of experiments. For the first set, the skin was removed from the diffusion cell and stratum corneum (SC) was separated from the remaining skin (RS). For the second set, the whole epidermis (EP) was separated from the dermis (DER). CP quantification was performed in each skin layer.
Key findings
A novel clobetasol propionate-loaded NLC was produced with 1/5th of the drug dose used in commercial formulations and, even so, presented greater skin permeation. Both chitosan-coated and uncoated NLC enhanced the amount of CP in the epidermis more than 80-fold when compared to the commercial formulation (20.26 ± 2.77; 17.85 ± 0.49 and 0.22 ± 0.02 μg/cm2, respectively). Differently from chitosan-coated NLC, the uncoated NLC did not show dermal retention.
Conclusions
NLC proved to be a system with potential for targeting drug delivery to the epidermal layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Antônio Dantas Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Lígia Marquez Andrade
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Fernando Augusto Pires de Sá
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, 70.910-900, Brasíl, Brasíl, DF, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Neves Marreto
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Eliana Martins Lima
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Tais Gratieri
- Laboratory of Food, Drugs and Cosmetics (LTMAC), Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, 70.910-900, Brasíl, Brasíl, DF, Brasil
| | - Stephânia Fleury Taveira
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, GO, Brasil
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13
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Aggarwal M, Fisher P, Hüser A, Kluxen FM, Parr-Dobrzanski R, Soufi M, Strupp C, Wiemann C, Billington R. Assessment of an extended dataset of in vitro human dermal absorption studies on pesticides to determine default values, opportunities for read-across and influence of dilution on absorption. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:58-70. [PMID: 25765508 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dermal absorption is a key parameter in non-dietary human safety assessments for agrochemicals. Conservative default values and other criteria in the EFSA guidance have substantially increased generation of product-specific in vitro data and in some cases, in vivo data. Therefore, data from 190 GLP- and OECD guideline-compliant human in vitro dermal absorption studies were published, suggesting EFSA defaults and criteria should be revised (Aggarwal et al., 2014). This follow-up article presents data from an additional 171 studies and also the combined dataset. Collectively, the data provide consistent and compelling evidence for revision of EFSA's guidance. This assessment covers 152 agrochemicals, 19 formulation types and representative ranges of spray concentrations. The analysis used EFSA's worst-case dermal absorption definition (i.e., an entire skin residue, except for surface layers of stratum corneum, is absorbed). It confirmed previously proposed default values of 6% for liquid and 2% for solid concentrates, irrespective of active substance loading, and 30% for all spray dilutions, irrespective of formulation type. For concentrates, absorption from solvent-based formulations provided reliable read-across for other formulation types, as did water-based products for solid concentrates. The combined dataset confirmed that absorption does not increase linearly beyond a 5-fold increase in dilution. Finally, despite using EFSA's worst-case definition for absorption, a rationale for routinely excluding the entire stratum corneum residue, and ideally the entire epidermal residue in in vitro studies, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Fisher
- Bayer SAS, Bayer CropScience, France
| | - A Hüser
- Dr. Knoell Consult GmbH, Germany
| | | | | | - M Soufi
- DuPont de Nemours GmbH, Germany
| | - C Strupp
- ADAMA MAH BV Amsterdam NL Schaffhausen Branch, Switzerland
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14
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Fernández E, Rodríguez G, Cócera M, Barbosa-Barros L, Alonso C, López-Iglesias C, Jawhari T, de la Maza A, López O. Advanced lipid systems containing β-carotene: stability under UV-vis radiation and application on porcine skin in vitro. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:18710-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02052b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid-based nanostructures, bicelles and bicosomes, are proposed as carriers of the antioxidant β-carotene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cristina Alonso
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC)
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | | | | | | | - Olga López
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC)
- Barcelona
- Spain
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15
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Limpongsa E, Jaipakdee N, Pongjanyakul T. Skin deposition and permeation of finasteridein vitro: effects of propylene glycol, ethanol and sodium lauryl sulfate. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 20:984-991. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2014.954727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Moghadam SH, Saliaj E, Wettig SD, Dong C, Ivanova MV, Huzil JT, Foldvari M. Effect of Chemical Permeation Enhancers on Stratum Corneum Barrier Lipid Organizational Structure and Interferon Alpha Permeability. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2248-60. [PMID: 23587061 DOI: 10.1021/mp300441c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi H. Moghadam
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Evi Saliaj
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Shawn D. Wettig
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Chilbert Dong
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Marina V. Ivanova
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - J. Torin Huzil
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Marianna Foldvari
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
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17
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Juluri A, Peddikotla P, Repka MA, Murthy SN. Transdermal Iontophoretic Delivery of Propofol: A General Anaesthetic in the Form of its Phosphate Salt. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:500-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Karadzovska D, Brooks JD, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Riviere JE. Predicting skin permeability from complex vehicles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:265-77. [PMID: 22342772 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that vehicle and formulation components influence the rate and extent of passive chemical absorption through skin. Significant progress, over the last decades, has been made in predicting dermal absorption from a single vehicle; however the effect of a complex, realistic mixture has not received its due attention. Recent studies have aimed to bridge this gap by extending the use of quantitative structure-permeation relationship (QSPR) models based on linear free energy relationships (LFER) to predict dermal absorption from complex mixtures with the inclusion of significant molecular descriptors such as a mixture factor that accounts for the physicochemical properties of the vehicle/mixture components. These models have been compiled and statistically validated using the data generated from in vitro or ex vivo experimental techniques. This review highlights the progress made in predicting skin permeability from complex vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Karadzovska
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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19
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van Hemelrijck C, Müller-Goymann CC. Rheological characterization and permeation behavior of poloxamer 407-based systems containing 5-aminolevulinic acid for potential application in photodynamic therapy. Int J Pharm 2012; 437:120-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Cleansing formulations that respect skin barrier integrity. Dermatol Res Pract 2012; 2012:495917. [PMID: 22927835 PMCID: PMC3425021 DOI: 10.1155/2012/495917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactants in skin cleansers interact with the skin in several manners. In addition to the desired benefit of providing skin hygiene, surfactants also extract skin components during cleansing and remain in the stratum corneum (SC) after rinsing. These side effects disrupt SC structure and degrade its barrier properties. Recent applications of vibrational spectroscopy and two-photon microscopy in skin research have provided molecular-level information to facilitate our understanding of the interaction between skin and surfactant. In the arena of commercial skin cleansers, technologies have been developed to produce cleansers that both cleanse and respect skin barrier. The main approach is to minimize surfactant interaction with skin through altering its solution properties. Recently, hydrophobically modified polymers (HMPs) have been introduced to create skin compatible cleansing systems. At the presence of HMP, surfactants assemble into larger, more stable structures. These structures are less likely to penetrate the skin, thereby resulting in less aggressive cleansers and the integrity of the skin barrier is maintained. In this paper, we reviewed our recent findings on surfactant and SC interactions at molecular level and provided an overview of the HM technology for developing cleansers that respect skin barrier.
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21
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Visscher MO, Randall Wickett R. Hand hygiene compliance and irritant dermatitis: a juxtaposition of healthcare issues. Int J Cosmet Sci 2012; 34:402-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2012.00733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Randall Wickett
- The James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy; University of Cincinnati; Cincinnati; OH; 45267; U.S.A
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22
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Saad P, Flach CR, Walters RM, Mendelsohn R. Infrared spectroscopic studies of sodium dodecyl sulphate permeation and interaction with stratum corneum lipids in skin. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011; 34:36-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2011.00678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Nitsche JM, Frederick Frasch H. Dynamics of diffusion with reversible binding in microscopically heterogeneous membranes: General theory and applications to dermal penetration. Chem Eng Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Javadzadeh Y, Hamishehkar H. Enhancing percutaneous delivery of methotrexate using different types of surfactants. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 82:422-6. [PMID: 20951009 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Regarding the potential severe toxicity associated with systemic administration of methotrexate (MTX), a topical formulation might be of greater utility for the treatment of psoriasis and other hyperproliferative skin disorders. One of the presumed reasons for the lack of clinical activity of topical methotrexate in psoriasis is insufficient percutaneous penetration necessary to inhibit epidermal DNA synthesis. The present study was undertaken to prepare a formulation to enhance skin penetration of MTX. For this mean, topical gel formulations were prepared and evaluated for MTX percutaneous absorption using rat skin and standard Franz diffusion cells. For enhancing percutaneous absorption, three surfactants (anionic, cationic and nonionic) were incorporated into formulations with different concentrations. Finally salicylic acid as a keratolytic material was added for more enhancement effect. The results showed that SLS (sodium lauryl sulphate) and alkyl benzyl dimethyl chloride did not show significant enhancement effect on the penetration of MTX. Transcutol was able to enhance transdermal absorption of MTX and the higher enhancement ratio was obtained with 2% (w/w) concentration of transcutol. Addition of salicylic acid increased this ratio. Prepared formulation containing transcutol 2% (w/w) and salicylic acid 6% (w/w) showed higher enhancement property and could be used clinically for local treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Javadzadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Street, Tabriz, Iran.
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25
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Rodríguez G, Rubio L, Cócera M, Estelrich J, Pons R, de la Maza A, López O. Application of bicellar systems on skin: diffusion and molecular organization effects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:10578-10584. [PMID: 20380392 DOI: 10.1021/la100691m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The effect of bicelles formed by dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)/dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine (DHPC) on stratum corneum (SC) lipids was studied by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy at different temperatures. Analysis of the lipid organization in terms of chain conformational order and lateral packing shows that the use of bicelles hampers the fluidification of SC lipids with temperature and leads to a lateral packing corresponding to a stable hexagonal phase. Grazing incidence small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS and GIWAXS) techniques confirm these results and give evidence of higher lamellar order after treatment with these bicelles. Additionally, the effects of DPPC/DHPC and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC)/DHPC bicelles at different SC depths were compared. The combination of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and the tape-stripping method was very useful for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelen Rodríguez
- Departament de Tecnologia Química i de Tensioactius, Institut de Quimica Avançada de Catalunya, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Merino V, Micó-Albiñana T, Nácher A, Díez-Sales O, Herráez M, Merino-Sanjuán M. Enhancement of nortriptyline penetration through human epidermis: influence of chemical enhancers and iontophoresis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:415-20. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.4.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Different known percutaneous chemical enhancers and iontophoresis have been tested in-vitro to study their ability to increase transdermal absorption of nortriptyline hydrochloride (20 mg mL−1). The chemicals 1-dodecanol, Span 20, Azone, (R)-(+)-limonene or isopropyl myristate were used as an overnight pretreatment at 5% (w/w) in ethanol. Furthermore, isopropyl myristate (20%, w/w) and propylene glycol (15%, w/w) were tested in the same vehicle. Iontophoresis was applied directly to the nortriptyline hydrochloride donor solution for three different concentrations (20, 2 and 0.5 mgmL−1). The chemical enhancers slightly increased the nortriptyline transdermal flux but iontophoresis was more efficient. In this case, nortriptyline transdermal flux was concentration dependent, having a higher flux when the concentration was lowered. Therefore, iontophoresis was the most suitable technique to increase transdermal absorption of nortriptyline and it could be an alternative method to provide therapeutic concentrations of this drug in smoking cessation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Merino
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Teresa Micó-Albiñana
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Amparo Nácher
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Octavio Díez-Sales
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Marina Herráez
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Matilde Merino-Sanjuán
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Javadzadeh Y, Shokri J, Hallaj-Nezhadi S, Hamishehkar H, Nokhodchi A. Enhancement of percutaneous absorption of Finasteride by cosolvents, cosurfactant and surfactants. Pharm Dev Technol 2009; 15:619-25. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450903397610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ahad A, Aqil M, Kohli K, Chaudhary H, Sultana Y, Mujeeb M, Talegaonkar S. Chemical penetration enhancers: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2009; 19:969-88. [PMID: 19552513 DOI: 10.1517/13543770902989983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ever since transdermal drug delivery came into existence, it has offered great promises, although most of them are yet to be fulfilled owing to some intrinsic restrictions of the transdermal route. On the positive side, transdermal drug delivery systems present advantages including non-invasiveness, prolonged therapeutic effect, reduced side effects, improved bioavailability, better patient compliance and easy termination of drug therapy. The greatest hindrance in the percutaneous delivery is the obstruction property of the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin, in addition to usual problems such as skin binding, skin metabolism, cutaneous toxicity and prolonged lag times. OBJECTIVE This paper reviews investigations on the feasibility and application of penetration enhancers as described in recent patents, which help in the selection of a suitable sorption promoter(s) for enhanced delivery of medicaments through the skin. METHOD The patents granted under various categories of penetration enhancers have been discussed including fatty acids, terpenes, fatty alcohol, pyrrolidone, sulfoxides, laurocapram, surface active agents, amides, amines, lecithin, polyols, quaternary ammonium compounds, silicones, alkanoates and so on. CONCLUSION Scores of promising chemicals have been harnessed for their skin permeation promoting capacity as mentioned earlier. In future, many more chemicals and putative enhancers are likely be documented and patented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ahad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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Simons EJ, Bellas E, Lawlor MW, Kohane DS. Effect of chemical permeation enhancers on nerve blockade. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:265-73. [PMID: 19105721 DOI: 10.1021/mp800167a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) have the potential to improve access of local anesthetics to the nerve, thereby improving nerve block performance. We assessed the effects of six CPEs on nerve blockade from tetrodotoxin (TTX) and from bupivacaine. Each of the six surfactants, representing three CPE subgroups (anionic, cationic, and nonionic surfactants) was coinjected with TTX or bupivacaine at the sciatic nerve of Sprague-Dawley rats. Myotoxicity of CPEs, alone and with TTX, was assessed in vitro in C2C12 myotubes and in vivo via histological analysis. All enhancers produced marked concentration-dependent improvements in the frequency and duration of block with TTX but not bupivacaine. An in vitro toxicity assay showed a wide range of CPE myotoxicity, but in vivo histological assessment showed no signs of muscle or nerve damage at concentrations of CPEs that produced a half-maximal increase in the duration of block of TTX (except in the case of the cationic surfactant DDAB). This study demonstrates that CPEs can provide marked prolongation of nerve blockade from TTX but not bupivacaine, without apparent local tissue toxicity. These results may enhance the clinical applicability of TTX for prolonged-duration local anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel J Simons
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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DOI T, ISHII R, HOSOKAWA S, HIRANO T, NARUSE T. Mechanisms of Heparinoid-induced Skin Moisturizing Effect: Influence on Bound Water and Lamellar Structures in Stratum Corneum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.2336/nishinihonhifu.69.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Jakasa I, Verberk MM, Bunge AL, Kruse J, Kezic S. Increased permeability for polyethylene glycols through skin compromised by sodium lauryl sulphate. Exp Dermatol 2006; 15:801-7. [PMID: 16984262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this in vivo human study we assessed the influence of skin damage by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) on percutaneous penetration of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) of different molecular weights (MW). Percutaneous penetration of PEGs was determined using tape stripping of the stratum corneum (SC). The forearm skin of volunteers was pretreated with 5% w/w SLS for 4 h, and 24 h later patches with PEGs were applied for 6 h. The penetration parameters were deduced by data regression to Fick's law for unsteady-state diffusion. The trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) increased after SLS treatment from 6.3 +/- 2.1 to 17.9 +/- 8.7 g/m(2)/h. The diffusion coefficient for all PEGs was increased in the SLS-damaged skin. The increase was smaller for higher MW. In addition, the partition coefficient of PEGs between SC and water was larger in the SLS-compromised skin and showed a tendency to increase with MW. The permeability coefficient decreased gradually with increasing MW of PEGs in both control and SLS-compromised skin. SLS caused a threefold increase in the permeability coefficient for all MWs ranging in control skin from 0.34 to 0.70 x 10(-5) cm/h and in the SLS-compromised skin from 1.20 to 2.09 x 10(-5) cm/h for MW of 590-282 Da. The results of this study show the deleterious effect of SLS on the skin barrier for hydrophilic PEGs. A defective skin barrier will facilitate absorption of other chemicals and local skin effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivone Jakasa
- Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Academic Medical Center, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kartono F, Maibach HI. Irritants in combination with a synergistic or additive effect on the skin response: an overview of tandem irritation studies. Contact Dermatitis 2006; 54:303-12. [PMID: 16787451 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2006.00792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) has often been chosen as a model for irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) to study the effect of irritants in combination (1-14). Recently 'tandem', or sequential, exposures with SLS have been performed to study the mechanism of skin barrier impairment in ICD (1-6, 15). The assessment of reactions have been documented with visual scoring, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin colour reflectance measurements, skin blood flow; among which TEWL has been noted as the most sensitive value (16). The matched control groups were treated with either a single exposure to a single irritant or in tandem with the same irritant repeatedly. Synergistic and additive effects have been reported for various tandem pairs of irritants, however, the mechanism for both remains unclear. The results of tandem irritation studies were evaluated to define and investigate the responses produced and deduce a possible mechanism of action. Clinical ramifications, albeit complex, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Kartono
- Department of Dermatology, UCSF, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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35
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De Jongh CM, Verberk MM, Withagen CET, Jacobs JJL, Rustemeyer T, Kezic S. Stratum corneum cytokines and skin irritation response to sodium lauryl sulfate. Contact Dermatitis 2006; 54:325-33. [PMID: 16787454 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-1873.2006.00848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about cytokines involved in chronic irritant contact dermatitis. Individual cytokine profiles might explain at least part of the differences in the individual response to irritation. Our objective was to investigate the relation between baseline stratum corneum (SC) cytokine levels and the skin response to a single and a repeated irritation test. This study also aimed to determine changes in SC cytokine levels after repeated irritation. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and erythema were measured in 20 volunteers after single 24-hr exposure to 1% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and during and after repeated exposure to 0.1% SLS over a 3-week period. SC cytokine levels were measured from an unexposed skin site and from the repeatedly exposed site. Interleukin (IL)-1alpha decreased by 30% after repeated exposure, while IL-1RA increased 10-fold and IL-8 increased fourfold. Baseline IL-1RA and IL-8 values were predictors of TEWL and erythema after single exposure (r = 0.55-0.61). 6 subjects showed barrier recovery during repeated exposure. Baseline IL-1RA and IL-8 levels are likely to be indicators of higher skin irritability after single exposure to SLS. Barrier repair in some of the subjects might explain the lack of agreement between the TEWL response after single and repeated irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M De Jongh
- Academic Medical Center, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Coronel Institute of Occupational Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Wang TF, Kasting GB, Nitsche JM. A multiphase microscopic diffusion model for stratum corneum permeability. I. Formulation, solution, and illustrative results for representative compounds. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:620-48. [PMID: 16447176 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A two-dimensional microscopic transport model of the stratum corneum (SC) incorporating corneocytes of varying hydration and permeability embedded in an anisotropic lipid matrix is presented. Results are expressed in terms of a dimensionless permeability (P(SC/w)(comp), which is a function of two dimensionless parameters, R and sigma. R is a ratio of transbilayer to lateral molecular flows within a lipid bilayer and sigma is the ratio of (lateral) permeability in the lipid phase, D(lip)K(lip/w), to that in the corneocyte phase, D(cor)K(cor/w.) The shape of the dimensionless permeability surface is also governed by the arrangement of the SC lipids, where Model 1 represents the extreme in which lipid-phase transport can occur with no transbilayer transport, whereas Model 2 entails maximum transbilayer transport. Model calculations are exemplified by characterizing the skin permeability of four representative permeants: water, ethanol, nicotinamide, and testosterone. A comparison with experimental steady state permeability and partition data supports that the transport properties of the SC lipids are highly anisotropic, with lateral diffusivities several orders of magnitude higher than the equivalent diffusivity calculated from transbilayer hopping. Nevertheless, the calculations suggest that corneocyte-phase transport plays a major role for all four permeants. These results confirm our previous calculations on water permeability and present a marked contrast to the commonly stated doctrine that the SC transport pathway is primarily intercellular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuo-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, 14260-4200, USA
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Belsito DV. Occupational contact dermatitis: etiology, prevalence, and resultant impairment/disability. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 53:303-13. [PMID: 16021126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous irritant and allergic responses account for the vast majority of cases of occupational contact dermatitis (OCD). Although the pathophysiologic responses to these two different exposures are distinct, the clinical differentiation between chronic cumulative irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis can be difficult and frequently requires patch testing. This article reviews the recommended algorithms that clinicians should utilize to assess whether a worker suffers from OCD. The prevalence of OCD, its predisposing factors (both endogenous and exogenous), and prognosis are discussed in depth. Finally, issues surrounding the assessment of impairment and disability resulting from OCD are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald V Belsito
- Division of Dermatology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7319, USA.
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Copoví A, Díez-Sales O, Herráez-Domínguez JV, Herráez-Domínguez M. Enhancing effect of alpha-hydroxyacids on "in vitro" permeation across the human skin of compounds with different lipophilicity. Int J Pharm 2006; 314:31-6. [PMID: 16545927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The percutaneous penetration-enhancing effects of glycolic acid, lactic acid and sodium lauryl sulphate through the human epidermis was investigated using 5-fluorouracil as a hydrophilic model permeant and three compounds belonging to the phenylalcohols: 2-phenyl-ethanol, 4-phenyl-butanol and 5-phenyl-pentanol. The lipophilicity values of the compounds ranged from log Poct -0.95 to 2.89. The effect of the enhancer concentration was also studied. Skin pretreatment with aqueous solutions of the three enhancers did not increase the permeability coefficient of the most lipophilic compound (log Poct = 2.89). For the other compounds assayed, the increase in the permeability coefficients depended on the concentration used in skin pretreatment, and on the lipophilicity of the compounds tested-and was always greater for the most hydrophilic compound (5-fluorouracil), for which lactic acid exerted a greater enhancer effect than glycolic acid or sodium lauryl sulphate. Primary irritation testing of the three enhancers was also carried out at the two concentrations used in skin pretreatment for diffusional experiments (1% and 5%, w/w). The least irritant capacity corresponded to lactic acid; consequently, this alpha-hydroxyacid could be proposed as a percutaneous penetration enhancer for hydrophilic molecules that are of interest for transdermal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Copoví
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Avd. Vicente Andrés Estellés, s/n 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Liu H, Li S, Wang Y, Yao H, Zhang Y. Effect of vehicles and enhancers on the topical delivery of cyclosporin A. Int J Pharm 2006; 311:182-6. [PMID: 16439077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 12/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Topical delivery of cyclosporin a (CysA) is of great interest for the treatment of autoimmune skin disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various vehicles and enhancers on the topical delivery across rat skin. The topical (to the skin) delivery of CysA was evaluated in vitro using rat skin mounted in a Franz diffusion cell. CysA was analyzed by UV-HPLC. As vehicles, CysA vehicle containing 40% ethanol showed significantly enhanced deposition of CysA into the stratum corneum (SC) and deeper skin, as compared to other vehicles. The efficiency of the vehicles to improve the topical delivery of CysA was sequenced in the order of: 40% ethanol>ethyl oleate>Transcutol>isopropyl myristate>ethanol>Labrasol>propylene glycol>Lauroglycol FCC. Next, we tested effect of pre-treatment with chemical enhancers on the penetration of CysA. The permeation-enhancer effect of enhancers was in the following order: 10% menthol approximately 0.05% SLS>5% Azone>5% NMP>5% DEMO. Moreover, chemical enhancers shortened the lag time of the penetration of CysA into deeper skin. The present study suggests that the suspension of 40% ethanol containing 0.5% drug can more effectively enhance the topical delivery of CysA after skin pre-treatment with 10% menthol or 0.05% SLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhuo Liu
- School of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wen Hua RD NO 103, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
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de Jongh CM, Jakasa I, Verberk MM, Kezic S. Variation in barrier impairment and inflammation of human skin as determined by sodium lauryl sulphate penetration rate. Br J Dermatol 2005; 154:651-7. [PMID: 16536807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin irritability after a brief exposure to the model skin irritant, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), is known to vary considerably between individuals. A difference in the skin barrier to SLS may contribute to this variation. To date, no human in vivo data have been available on SLS penetration into the skin. OBJECTIVES We studied whether the SLS penetration rate into the stratum corneum (SC) is related to impairment of the water barrier function and inflammation of the skin. METHODS The penetration of SLS into the SC was assessed using a noninvasive tape-stripping procedure in 20 volunteers after a 4-h exposure to 1% SLS. Additionally, the effect of a 24-h exposure to 1% SLS on the skin water barrier function was assessed by measuring the transepidermal water loss (TEWL). The accompanying inflammation was quantified by measuring erythema. RESULTS The mean +/- SD diffusivity of SLS (D) and the SLS permeability coefficient (Kp) were 1.4 +/- 0.6 x 10(-8) cm2 h(-1) and 1.5 +/- 0.7 x 10(-3) cm h(-1), respectively. A multiple regression analysis showed that the baseline TEWL, SC thickness and SLS penetration parameters K (SC/water partition coefficient) and D clearly influenced the increase in TEWL after the 24-h irritation test (explained variance: r2 = 0.80). Change in erythema was mainly influenced by SC thickness. CONCLUSIONS We found that variation in the barrier impairment and inflammation of human skin depends on the SLS penetration rate, which was mainly determined by SC thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M de Jongh
- Coronel Institute for Occupational and Environmental Health, AmCOGG, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Fluhr JW, Praessler J, Akengin A, Fuchs SM, Kleesz P, Grieshaber R, Elsner P. Air flow at different temperatures increases sodium lauryl sulphate-induced barrier disruption and irritation in vivo. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152:1228-34. [PMID: 15948986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined exposure to dry climatic conditions and local heat sources together with detergents represents a common workplace situation. These conditions may support the induction of chronic barrier disruption leading subsequently to irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). OBJECTIVES To test the irritant and barrier disrupting properties of air flow at different temperatures and velocities. METHODS Using noninvasive biophysical measurements such as transepidermal water loss (TEWL) (TM 210; Courage & Khazaka, Cologne, Germany) we assessed the effects of short-term exposure to air flow at different temperatures (24 degrees C and 43 degrees C) in combination with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) 0.5% on the skin of 20 healthy volunteers in a tandem repeated irritation test. Chromametry was used to control the accuracy of the SLS irritation model. RESULTS In our study air flow alone did not lead to a significant increase in TEWL values. Sequential treatment with air flow and SLS led to an impairment of barrier function and irritation stronger than that produced by SLS alone. The two different air flow temperatures led to different skin temperatures but had no influence on permeability barrier function. CONCLUSIONS Warm air flow has an additional effect on the SLS-induced barrier disruption in a tandem irritation test with sequential exposure to SLS/air flow. This combination is suspected to promote ICD in workplace and household situations, especially in short-term applications as tested in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Fluhr
- Skin Physiology Laboratory, Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740 Jena, Germany.
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42
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Percutaneous penetration through slightly damaged skin. Arch Dermatol Res 2005; 296:560-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-005-0555-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Borrás-Blasco J, Díez-Sales O, López A, Herráez-Domínguez M. A mathematical approach to predicting the percutaneous absorption enhancing effect of sodium lauryl sulphate. Int J Pharm 2004; 269:121-9. [PMID: 14698583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A study has been made of the effect of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) at several concentrations from 0.24 to 5% (w/w) on skin permeability. Seven model drugs were selected for this study on the basis of their lipophilicity as represented by their logP(oct) values (from -0.95 to 4.2). Skin pre-treatment with aqueous solutions of SLS does not increase the permeability coefficient of the most lipophilic compounds (logP(oct)> or =3). For the other compounds assayed the increase in the permeability coefficients depends on the concentration of SLS used in the skin pre-treatment, and on the lipophilicity of the compounds tested.The correlation between the inverse of SLS efficacy as an enhancer (1/ER) and the lipophilicity (logP(oct)) of the model permeants was established via a hyperbolic equation. This model makes it possible to predict the percutaneous absorption enhancing effect of SLS, expected for a compound of specific lipophilicity, according to the concentration used in skin pre-treatment. An excellent accuracy (r(2)>0.94) for the linear relationship between the experimental (n=15) and theoretical (ER) values predicted by the equation was obtained. The model proposed was also useful for experimental data obtained previously using Azone and compounds with the same range of lipophilicity.
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Jiang SJ, Zhou XJ, Sun GQ, Zhang Y, Jiang SJ, Sun GQ, Zhang Y. Morphological alterations of the stratum corneum lipids induced by sodium lauryl sulfate treatment in hairless mice. J Dermatol Sci 2003; 32:243-6. [PMID: 14507452 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(03)00134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nokhodchi A, Shokri J, Dashbolaghi A, Hassan-Zadeh D, Ghafourian T, Barzegar-Jalali M. The enhancement effect of surfactants on the penetration of lorazepam through rat skin. Int J Pharm 2003; 250:359-69. [PMID: 12527163 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lorazepam is an anxiolytic, antidepressant agent, having suitable feature for transdermal delivery. The percutaneous permeation of lorazepam was investigated in rat skin after application of a water:propylene glycol (50:50%v/v). The enhancing effects of various surfactants (sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), benzalkonium chloride or Tween 80) with different concentrations on the permeation of lorazepam were evaluated using Franz diffusion cells fitted with rat skins. Flux, K(p), lag time and enhancement ratios (ERs) of lorazepam were measured over 24 h and compared with control sample. Furthermore, lorazepam solubility in presence of surfactants was determined. The in vitro permeation experiments with rat skin revealed that the surfactant enhancers varied in their ability to enhance the flux of lorazepam. The permeation profile of lorazepam in presence of the cationic surfactant, CTAB, reveals that an increase in the concentration of CTAB results in an increase in the flux of lorazepam in comparison with the control. But an increase in concentration of CTAB or benzalkounium chloride from 0.5 to 1% w/w or from 1 to 2.5% w/w resulted in a reduction in ER, respectively. Benzalkonium chloride which possessed the highest lipophilicity (logP=1.9) among cationic surfactants provided the greatest enhancement for lorazepam flux (7.66-fold over control) at 1% w/w of the surfactant. CTAB (logP<1) and sodium lauryl sulphate at a concentration of 5% w/w (the highest concentration) exhibited the greatest increase in flux of lorazepam compared with control (9.82 and 11.30-fold, respectively, over control). This is attributed to the damaging effect of the cationic and anionic surfactants on the skin at higher concentration. The results also showed that the highest ER was obtained in presence of 1% w/w surfactant with the exception of SLS and CTAB. The increase in flux at low enhancer concentrations is normally attributed to the ability of the surfactant molecules to penetrate the skin and increase its permeability. Reduction in the rate of transport of the drug present in enhancer systems beyond 1% w/w is attributed to the ability of the surfactant molecules to form micelles and is normally observed only if interaction between micelle and the drug occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nokhodchi
- School of Pharmacy, Tabriz Medical Sciences University, Tabriz, Iran.
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Shokri J, Nokhodchi A, Dashbolaghi A, Hassan-Zadeh D, Ghafourian T, Barzegar Jalali M. The effect of surfactants on the skin penetration of diazepam. Int J Pharm 2001; 228:99-107. [PMID: 11576772 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(01)00805-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The percutaneous permeation of diazepam was investigated in rat skin after application of a water-propylene glycol (50:50% v/v) using a diffusion cell technique. The effect of various surfactants (sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), benzalkonium chloride or Tween 80) with different concentrations on skin permeability were evaluated. Flux, K(p), lag time and enhancement ratios (ERs) of diazepam were measured over 10 h and compared with control sample (containing no surfactant). Furthermore, diazepam solubility in presence of surfactants was determined. The in vitro permeation experiments with rat skin revealed that the surfactant enhancers varied in their ability to enhance the flux of diazepam. Benzalkonium chloride which possessed the highest lipophilicity (logP=1.9) among cationic surfactants provided the greatest enhancement for diazepam flux (7.98-fold over control). CTAB (logP<1) at a concentration of 1% w/w exhibited no significant increase in flux of diazepam compared to control (1.16-fold over control). The results also showed that the highest ER was obtained in presence of 1% w/w surfactant with the exception of SLS and CTAB. The increase in flux at low enhancer concentrations is normally attributed to the ability of the surfactant molecules to penetrate the skin and increase its permeability. Reduction in the rate of transport of the drug present in enhancer systems beyond 1% w/w is attributed to the ability of the surfactant to form micelles and is normally observed only if interaction between micelle and the drug occurs. The results showed that the nature of enhancer greatly influences cutaneous barrier impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Shokri
- Drug Applied Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Tabriz Medical Sciences University, Tabriz, Iran
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Warner RR, Boissy YL, Lilly NA, Spears MJ, McKillop K, Marshall JL, Stone KJ. Water disrupts stratum corneum lipid lamellae: damage is similar to surfactants. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113:960-6. [PMID: 10594737 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Using electron microscopy, we investigated the effect of (i) a dilute surfactant and of water alone on the ultrastructure of stratum corneum lipids in pig skin exposed in vitro at 46 degrees C, and (ii) of water alone on human skin exposed in vivo at ambient temperature. For pig skin, the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate disrupts stratum corneum intercellular lamellar bilayers, leading to bilayer delamination and "roll-up" in a water milieu after 1 h, extensive bilayer disruption after 6 h, and nearly complete dissociation of corneocytes after 24 h. Corneodesmosomes show progressive degradation with exposure time. Water alone also disrupts the stratum corneum, but with a slower onset. Alterations in intercellular lamellar bilayers, but not intercellular lamellar bilayer roll-up, are detected after 2 h. Intercellular lamellar bilayer roll-up occurs after 6 h. Extensive dissociation of corneocytes occurs after 24 h of water exposure. Unlike sodium dodecyl sulfate, water exposure results in the formation of amorphous intercellular lipid. Corneodesmosome degradation parallels intercellular lamellar bilayer disruption; calcium appears to offer some protection. Similar disruption of intercellular lamellar bilayers occurs in human skin in vivo at ambient temperature. Our studies show that water can directly disrupt the barrier lipids and are consistent with surfactant-induced intercellular lamellar bilayer disruption being due at least in part to the deleterious action of water. Intercellular lamellar bilayer disruption by water would be expected to enhance permeability and susceptibility to irritants; accordingly, increased attention should be given to the potential dangers of prolonged water contact. For common in vitro procedures, such as skin permeation studies or isolation of stratum corneum sheets, exposure to water should also be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Warner
- Miami Valley Laboratories, Procter & Gamble, Cincinnati 452539, USA.
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Abstract
Abnormal water barrier function occurs in irritated skin and certain cutaneous diseases. Methods have been compared for separating the epidermis (site of the barrier) from the whole skin without disturbing the barrier function. The epidermis was separated from newborn rat skin by (1) exposure to 10% trypsin at 4 degrees C for 16 h, (2) exposure to 0.2% dispase at 4 degrees C for 16 h, (3) heating for 50 s at 55 degrees C, (4) or heating for 40 s at 50 degrees C after the whole skin was kept in medium at the air-liquid interface for 1 day at 35 degrees C. Water permeation of the isolated epidermis was then measured immediately or after 3, 5, 8, and 10 days of maintenance at the air-liquid interface. The water permeation barrier constant (kp) was 1.9+/-0.9 cm/h in intact rat skin. At 0 day of maintenance, the kp of the epidermis was 2.1+/-0.9 after treatment with trypsin, 3.8+/-1.2 after dispase, and 4.3+/-1.4 after immediate heating, or 2.2+/-0.7 cm/h after culture and heating. The dispase and heating methods disrupted the barrier to a greater extent than did the trypsin and culture-heating methods. The latter two methods allowed the kp to be maintained at low levels for 8 days (kp for trypsin 2.8+/-0.9 and 2.5+/-0.8 for culture-heating). Epidermis isolated by the trypsin or culture-heating techniques and maintained at the air-liquid interface can be used to study the mechanism by which barrier function is disrupted by chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Nanjing Railway Medical College, People's Republic of China
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Influence of sodium lauryl sulphate on the in vitro percutaneous absorption of compounds with different lipophilicity. Eur J Pharm Sci 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(96)00184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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